Lee County AlArchives History .....Auburn 1888
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AUBURN.

    AUBURN. one of the most moral and cultured communities to be found anywhere,
is a town of l,500 inhabitants situated on the Western Railroad seven miles from
Opelika, and sixty miles from Montgomery. The State Polytechnic Institute and
the Agricultural and Mechanical College is located here. Brownsville,
Loachapoka, Salem and Yongesborough are pleasant towns in the county that enjoy
fine railroad and school advantages. The various neighborhoods in the county
have good schools and churches, and new settlers are accorded hearty welcome.

    Land can be had from $2 to $20 per acre.

    The valuation of taxable property in Lee County for the year 1887 is
$3,017,938, as shown by the abstract of assessment filed with the Auditor.

ALABAMA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE.

    In 1862 an act was passed by Congress donating public lands to the several
States and Territories for the purpose of establishing colleges "for the liberal
and practical education of the industrial classes." Owing to the demoralization
incident to the civil war, and the subsequent period of reconstruction, this
grant, for ten years, was unutilized by the State of Alabama. Finally, in
February, 1872, during the administration of Gov. R. B. Lindsay, an act was
passed by the State Legislature accepting the national grant, and incorporating
a college pursuant to the Federal act. The Board of Trustees was immediately
appointed, and by the latter part of March the college was organized and in
operation.

    The proceeds of the sale of the land scrip furnish the only permanent
endowment for strictly collegiate purposes. The amount of public land that fell
to the share of Alabama was 240,000 acres, which realized on sale $253,500. The
sum is invested in State bonds bearing eight per cent.— which rate is guaranteed
as perpetual—making the permanent annual income $20,280. About ninety per cent,
of this income is used in the payment of salaries.

    In 1884, the State Legislature appropriated to the college $30,000, and in
1887 $12,500 more for technical education. According to an act of 1885,
one-third of the net proceeds arising from the taxation of the commercial
fertilizers sold in the State goes to defray the expenses of the experimental
station. This fund has averaged about $8,000 per annum. By a recent act Congress
has made an annual appropriation of $15,000 to aid the experiment station. An
annual income of about $1,500 is derived from the incidental fees.

    The Congressional Act forbidding the use of any of the endowment fund for
building purposes, and the State treasury being depleted in 1872, the
Legislature was forced to offer the location of the college to the community
making the most liberal bid in buildings or money. In the village of Auburn, in
1858, through the zealous efforts of Rev. L. B. Glenn, president of their Board
of Trustees, the Methodists of Alabama had erected a handsome structure for a
college, known as the East Alabama Male College.

    The structure was a handsome brick building four stories in height, of the
Italian school of architecture. It was one hundred and sixty by seventy-five
feet, containing thirty-eight rooms. Its erection cost $75,000. Through the
generosity of the Methodist denomination, this commodious building was preferred
the State for the accommodation of the Agricultural and Mechanical College, and
easily won the location over many competitors. This building, with nearly all
its valuable contents, furniture, laboratories and museums, was burned, June 24,
1887.

    The new building, now in process of construction, will be upon the same
basement as the old building, and will conform, in the main, to the same
proportions, with such changes and modern improvements as are desirable. It will
be an elegant and impressive structure, finished off with pressed brick, and
stone trimmings. The new chemical laboratory at the north end of the campus has
been recently completed. It is a stately building sixty by one hundred feet, two
stories high, with a tower, and is of the same finish as the main building.

    Langdon Hall is two-stories high, and is ninety by fifty feet. The first
story is appropriated to the use of the wood and machine shop of mechanic arts:
the second story is used as the College Audience Hall.

    To the rear of Langdon Hall stands the boiler house, and a single story
brick building, seventy-two by thirty-two feet, divided into two rooms for the
forge and foundry departments. The Chambers residence adjoining the campus has
recently been purchased, and furnishes offices and lecture rooms for some of the
officers of the College. Ultimately, it will be used as a dormitory. The college
also owns two residences, and several out buildings on the experiment station farm.

    Objects—Faculty—According to the act of Congress, the leading object of this
institution is, "excluding other classical and scientific studies, and including
military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to
agriculture and the mechanic arts, in such a manner as the Legislature of the
State may prescribe, in order to promote the liberal and practical education of
the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions of life."

    United States Commissioner Eaton says in his report of 1883: "These colleges
seek to educate for leading industries. They aim also to prepare by a general
education for a share of the government of the people." Since its organization
in 1872, the college has kept steadily in view these main objects. About
nineteen-twentieths of the salaries, and more than this ratio of the
expenditures for apparatus, has been in behalf of the department ever since.
Seven of the eight original claims pertained to a strictly technical college,
and one to the "classical studies" referred to in the Act of Congress. The first
faculty consisted of the president, who was also (1) professor of Political
Economy and Rhetoric, and professors of (2) Pure Mathematics, (3) Analytical and
Agricultural Chemistry, (4) Natural History and Civil Engineering, (5) Practical
Agriculture and Horticulture, (6) Moral Philosophy, and English Literature, (7)
Ancient and Modern Languages, (8) Military Service and Engineering. With the
exception of the chair of Ancient Languages, all of these chairs, bearing some
slight mollification, remain intact. In 1883 Greek was eliminated from the chair
of Ancient Languages and Latin was associated with History. In 1886, Latin was
combined with English into a chair. In 1884 the Department of Mechanic Arts was
established under an instructor. There are now also an adjunct professor of
Modern Languages, and two instructors for the fourth class.

    The faculty and officers at present are as follows: William LeRoy Broun, M.
A., LL. D., President, and Professor of Physics and Astronomy; Otis D. Smith, A.
M., Professor of Mathematics; P. H. Mell, Jr., M. E., Ph. D., Professor of
Natural History and Geology; James H. Lane. C. E., A. M., Professor of Civil
Engineering and Drawing; J. S. Newman, Professor of Agriculture and Director of
the Experiment Station: Charles C. Thach, B. E., Professor of English and Latin;
N. T. Lupton, A. M., M. D., LL. D., Professor of General and Agricultural
Chemistry and State Chemist; Lieut. M. C. Richards, 2d Artillery, U. S. A. [West
Point], Commandant and Professor of Military Science; George H. Bryant, M. E.
[Mass. Institute Technology], Instructor in Mechanic Arts: George Petrie, M. A.
[University of Virginia], Adjunct Professor of Modern Languages and History : L.
W. Wilkinson, B. Sc.. B. S. Burton, B. Sc., Assistants in the Chemical
Laboratory; C. H. Ross, P. Sc, V. L. Allen, B. Sc., Assistants in Mathematics
and English; J. H. Drake, M. D., Surgeon; C. C. Thach, Recording Secretary: E.
T. Glenn. Treasurer.

    Previous to this organization the offices and chairs were filled as follows:
The presidency by Rev. I. T. Tichenor, D. D. (1872-82); W. L. Broun. LL. D.,
(1882-83); Col. D. F. Boyd, (1883-84); the Chair of Agriculture by Prof. W. H.
Jemison (1872); President Tichenor (1873-78); Col. W. H. Chambers (1878-83);
Prof. W. C. Stubbs (1881-83); Engineering by Prof. J. B. Read (1872); Col. R. A.
Hardaway (1873-81); Chemistry by Prof. W. C. Stubbs (1872-85): English by Prof.
B. B. Russ (1872-78); Prof. G. W. Maxson (1878-84); Mathematics by Prof.
Alexander Hogg (1872-74); Ancient Languages by Prof. J. T. Dunklin (1872-86);
Natural History was united with Chemistry until 1877, when Prof. E. Q. Thornton
was elected (1877); Military Science and Tactics and office of Commandant by
Gen. G. P. Harrison (1872-73). For several years this chair was filled by the
Professor of Engineering; a United States officer is now detailed to discharge
its duties. Four professors have died while connected with the institution.
Prof. B. B. Ross in 1878: Prof. E. Q. Thornton in 1878; Col. W. H. Chambers in
1883; Prof. J. T. Dunklin, l886.

        Courses—Studies—Degrees—If the above enumeration of departments indicate
that the Board has always addressed itself in good faith to meet the letter and
spirit of the law that requires the college to teach such branches of learning
as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts, equally has the faculty
shown itself in accord with the predominance of the scientific element by the
arrangement of the courses of instruction. Instruction was at first offered in
four regular courses: (1) Agriculture. (2) Science, (3) Civil Engineering, (4)
Literature. Three of these, it is seen, were purely scientific; the fourth one
was also well filled with science. The three first courses have undergone little
or no change. Modern languages were eliminated from them in 1883, and
agriculture and science were consolidated, leaving two courses strictly
technical. Greek was eliminated from the literary course, and French and German
were substituted. These three courses are now known as—(1) Chemistry and
Agriculture (2) Mechanics and Engineering, (3) General Courses.

    Course I. includes theoretical and practical instruction in those branches
that relate to chemistry and agriculture, and is especially adapted to those who
propose to devote themselves to agriculture or chemical pursuits.

    Course II. includes the principles and applications of the sciences that
directly relate to civil and mechanical engineering, and is adapted to those who
expect to enter the profession of engineering.

    Course III. has been arranged to give a general and less technical education
in subjects of science and language to meet the wants of those students who have
selected no definite vocation in life, as well as of those who propose
ultimately to engage in teaching, or in some commercial or manufacturing business.

    The three courses require four years for graduation. The first two years'
work is substantially the same for all.

    Freshman Year (introductory to all courses)— English grammar and the
principles of English composition, history of United States, algebra after
quadratic equations, geometry (six books), physics, linear drawing and graphic
studies, physiology, agriculture, mechanic arts (covering a course of carpentry,
turning and pattern-making). In the general course, Latin (Virgil, Cicero and
composition) is substituted for physics and physiology.

    Sophomore Year (common to all courses)—Rhetoric, critical study of American
poetry, plane and spherical trigonometry, solid geometry, surveying and
mensuration, general chemistry, theoretical and practical agriculture, or modern
languages for students who have decided to follow the course in engineering,
drawing in projection, shades and shadows and perspective, mechanic arts
(embracing a course in moulding and casting iron), forge work in iron and steel,
and lectures on the working of metals. In the general course, Latin (Cicero,
grammar and composition) is substituted for English.

    At the end of the second year the courses diverge, and the work in the
junior and senior classes become more special in the several lines followed.

    The studies pursued in common by all members of junior and senior classes
are: In junior year—English, history of literature, critical study of English
poetry and prose, elements of criticism, political economy, physics, rational
mechanics, treated graphically, molecular mechanics, properties of matter,
military science. In senior year: English criticism continued, physics,
practical application of electricity, astronomy and meteorology, geology,
mineralogy, military science.

    I. The special studies pursued in chemistry and agriculture are: In Junior
year—(1) Recitations and lectures in industrial and theoretical chemistry,
qualitative analysis and laboratory practice; (2) Theoretical and practical
agriculture, stock-raising and feeding, etc.; (3) Zoology, with practical
laboratory work in the study of insects; (4) Lectures and analytical laboratory
work in botany. In Senior year: (1) Lectures on agricultural chemistry,
including "a thorough discussion of the origin, composition and classification
of soils, the composition and growth of plants, the sources of plant food and
how obtained, the improvement of soils, the manufacture and use of fertilizers,
the chemical principles involved in the rotation of crops, in the feeding of
live stock, and m the various operations carried on by the intelligent and
successful agriculturist"; (2) Agriculture, the objects and results of
experiments, propagation, planting, pruning, and cultivation of plants, farm
management and improvement; (3) Zoology continued.

    II. The course in Mechanics and Engineering embraces the following special
studies: In Junior year—(1) Analytical geometry, descriptive geometry: (2)
Engineering and laying out curves, leveling, grading, construction of railroads
and common roads, Henck's Field Book; (3) Technical drawing in perspective,
shades and shadows, machines and buildings. In the Senior Year—(1) Differential
and integral calculus, with their practical application: (2) Engineering,
building material, resistance of materials, roofs and bridges, graphic and
mathematical problems in strains, location and construction of roads, Wheeler's
engineering; (3) Technical drawing in topography and machines.

    III. The general course offers special instruction in Junior year in: (1)
Latin, Tacitus, Horace, composition: (2) Analytical geometry; (3) French and
German. In Senior year: A full course in French and German is offered in
addition to the scientific and other studies pursued in common with the other
courses.

    In fine, according to President Broun's announcement: "The college endeavors
to subject each student under its influence to the exact and accurate training
of science-discipline, giving prominence in its instruction to the sciences and
their applications so far as the facilities at its disposal will permit.

    "The essential discipline obtained by an acen-arte and critical study of
languages is not neglected. All students are required to study the English
language in each course of study for a degree, thus giving it special
prominence. The Latin, French and German languages are taught, and opportunity
for their study is offered to students in any course. In the general course they
are required for a degree."

    Until 1883, four (different) degrees were conferred; subsequently only one.
Bachelor of Science, has been conferred. There is a post-graduate course in
Mining Engineering, leading to the degree of M. E. Master of Science and Civil
Engineer are conferred upon graduates on examination after at least one year's
residence at the college. No honorary degrees are conferred.

    Attendance—Graduates—The success of the college on the new line, if not
brilliant, was stable. To be sure, some practical, narrow-minded people
pooh-poohed at book-farming, and fifteen years ago there was a dearth of
technical pursuits in the South to induce students to pursue technical courses
as a means of securing a sure and ready income.

    Farming had not then advanced to the point of science and profit that it now
occupies, and that enables it to offer such flattering rewards to young men who,
though without capital, may be possessed of scientific training. Indeed, none of
those material walks had then been developed that have since made Alabama the
cynosure of the world, and that have created a demand for skill in all branches
of mechanics. Still, the college grew. The attendance the first session was 103;
in 1880 it was 279. For various causes a period of depression intervened, but
for several years past the attendance has been steadily increasing. The numbers
of students in attendance the last session 1886-87 was 185. Of these, ten were
resident graduates, 13 seniors, 24 juniors, 50 sophomores, 82 freshmen.

    The College has given tuition, altogether, to about 1,600 students, of whom
150—nearly ten per cent., the usual rate in Southern institutions—have
graduated. In the distribution of this patronage, the one classical chair did
not, as has been charged in some quarters, overshadow the other five chairs of
science: the sheaves of the three scientific courses did not make obcisance to
the solitary course, called literary. During the first decade, according to the
records, ninety-four students graduated as follows: In engineering, 36; science,
and agriculture, 26; literature, 32.

    Sixty-nine of these, about seventy per cent., engaged in those pursuits,
"which," according to Commissioner Eaton, "the aid given to their Alma Mater was
intended to promote." Of this number, 22 were teachers, 12 farmers, 4
manufacturers, 7 civil engineers, 7 scientists, 17 merchants. Several of these
young men have taken leading positions in their professions. Large numbers of
these graduates began their careers as teachers, and it is to the credit of the
institution that they have given eminent satisfaction.

    No data are available to show the occupation of those who have graduated
during the last five years. It is to be presumed that the percent, following
technical courses is even higher than the above exhibit.

    Nine-tenths of the 1500 under-graduates are engaged in other than the
learned professions, and have carried into their life work all the benefits of
the valuable instruction in science given in the lower classes.

    Practical Work—Equipment—The Board has, from the first, done all in its
power to develop the practical work of the college. Its desires and designs have
been long thwarted, or at least trammeled, by lack of means. It must be borne in
mind that an equipment for technical instruction is expensive. Some subjects can
be successfully taught in a bare room—some advantage possibly accruing from a
bench and a blackboard. Not so scientific, technological courses. Plants for
practical agriculture, for engineering, mechanic arts, physics, natural
history—are all expensive. Not a cent of the endowment could be touched: for
twelve long years not a dollar did the State appropriate. Only incidental fees
and, at first, tuition were available for this end. With their funds a farm was
purchased, and, at an expense of $2,000, was stocked and put in repairs. Though
inadequate for all the purposes desired, it snfficed for much valuable research
under Dr. Tichenor, and Professors Chambers and Stubbs. A chemical laboratory
was equipped, the department of engineering furnished with necessary
instruments, and even an effort was made to obtain a slight equipment for
mechanics. The impecunious condition of the Board was finally relieved in 1884
by the State appropiation of $30,000. As soon as judicious investigation could
be made of an untried field, the department of mechanic arts was established
after the plan of the leading technical institutions in this country and Europe;
a large farm with proper appliances was bought, and a thoroughly appointed
experiment station was organized, and all the departments of science were
furnished with the most improved apparatus for field and laboratory use.
Unfortunately. much of this valuable apparatus was destroyed by the recent fire.
However, neither the experiment station nor the department of mechanic arts
sustained any injury. By means of the State appropriation, made in 188?, the
equipment of mechanic arts has been completed, and the departments of
engineering, natural history, physics, and chemistry partially rehabilitated
after their destruction. Laboratory instruction is now offered in the following
departments: Mechanic Arts, Agriculture, Civil Engineering, Technical Drawing,
Chemistry, Physics, Natural History. It may be well to specify the equipments
and facilities for instructions in these departments of science and manual
training.

    I. Agriculture anil Horticulture—The farm contains 226 acres, and is
supplied with illustrative specimens of stock of select varieties. By Act of the
Legislature the experiment station for the State of Alabama is located at
Auburn. The Professor of Agriculture is also Director of the Experiment Station.

    "This public work done at Auburn in behalf of the agricultural and
industrial interests of the State affords to students an unusual opportunity to
become familiar with its "agriculture, its defects and remedies.

    "The Experiment Station is not a model farm; but a place where experiments
and scientific investigations in agriculture are made, at the public expense,
for the common good, and where the young men at the college receive instruction
in the methods applied.

    "The students of agriculture accompany the professor in the field, garden,
conservatory, stockyard, etc., where lectures are delivered in presence of the
objects discussed."

    All students of the fourth class attend lectures in this department.
Instruction continues through the third, second and first classes.

    II. Mechanic Arts—The laboratory is thoroughly equipped in all four
departments. The power for running the apparatus in this department is derived
from a twenty-five horse-power Harris-Corliss automatic engine, which is
supplied with steam by a thirty horse-power steel horizontal tubular boiler of
most approved design. A Deane steam pump and a heater for the feed-water form a
part of the steam apparatus.

    The equipment for the wood-working shop comprises the following: 20 double
wood-working benches, each with complete set of carpenters' tools: 20 turning
lathes, 10-inch swing, each with complete set of tools; 1 double circular saw; 1
band saw; 1 board planing machine: 1 buzz planer; 2 scroll saws (power); 1 large
pattern maker's lathe, 10-inch swing; 1 30-inch grindstone. In addition to
these, the tool-room is supplied with a variety of extra hand tools for special
work.

    The equipment for the foundry consists of moulding benches for twelve
students, each supplied with a complete set of moulder's tools; a 14-inch cupola
with all modern improvements, capable of melting 1,000 pounds of iron per hour;
a brass furnace in which can be melted 100 pounds of brass at a heat, with a set
of crucibles, tongs, etc., also a full supply of ladles, large and small
moulding flasks, special tools, etc. The forge shop equipment consists of twelve
hand forges of new pattern, each with a set of smith's tools, anvil, etc. The
blast for all the forges is supplied by a No. 3 Sturtevant steel pressure blower
(which also furnishes blast for the foundry cupola): and a No. 15 Sturtevant
exhaust blower draws the smoke from the fires into the smoke flues and forces it
out through the chimney.

    The machine shop is furnished with the following machines and appliances:

    Six engine lathes, 14-inch swing and two ditto 16-inch swing; one speed
lathe, one 20-inch drill press, one post drill press, one planer, 22x22 in. by
5ft., one 15-inch shaper, one Universal milling machine, one corundum tool
grinder, one bench emery grinder. Vise benches for twelve students are provided;
each bench is supplied with vise, sets of files, chisels, hammers, etc. The tool
room is well supplied with cutting and measuring tools, shop appliances, etc.

    This course is obligatory upon the students of the three lower classes
(fifth, fourth and third.) For satisfactory reasons a student may be excused
from this laboratory work by the faculty.

    The full work of each class is six hours per week. in three exercises of two
hours each.

    President Broun says: "The work performed by the students is as instructive
in character as in any other college laboratory: the classes are taught in
sections under the supervision of the professor. There is no attempt to teach
students skill in constructing special articles, of commercial value, but all
exercises are systematically arranged and designed for purposes of education.
The Mechanic Art Laboratory is used as an auxiliary in industrial education, to
instruct in the arts that constitute the foundation of various industrial
pursuits;, thus aiding in giving mentally and manually, in theory and practice,
that sound education that will, in a measure, qualify a young man to enter upon
some one of the associated industries: that education which comes of training
the eye and the hand as well as the mind, and tends to associate skilled manual
and mental labor."

    III. Civil Engineering and Drawing—This department, having recently had
valuable additions made to its equipment, is now well supplied with instruments,
with which all important field work-is taught. All the students in the two lower
college classes are required to take drawing. Well-lighted drawing rooms are
provided with suitable tables.

    IV. Chemistry—The entire chemical department of the college, the professors'
lecture-room, student laboratory, State laboratory, and offices are situated in
the new chemical laboratory building.

    This building affords accommodation to sixty analytical students; and all of
its rooms are furnished with the best of modern appliances for analyzing,
assaying—in short, for all fields of experimental and original work. The student
laboratory is provided with gas and water, filtering pumps, analytical balances,
and working tables for each student; indeed, "it is provided with everything
necessary for instruction in chemical manipulation, in the qualitative and
quantitative analysis of soils, fertilizers, minerals, mineral waters, technical
products. It is perfectly equipped for the special study of practical
chemistry." A course of systematic laboratory work is carried on in connection
with each course of lectures. The laboratory is open from 9 A. M. to 5 P. M.,
five days in the week. By law, the Professor of Chemistry is also State Chemist.
In the State laboratory work is done for the State Department of Agriculture,
and the Experiment Station. Several hundred quantitative analyses are annually
made of fertilizers, soils, and minerals.

    V. Physics—Valuable additions are constantly being made to this department.
Practical work is given in the applications of electricity, manipulation of
batteries, dynamos, circuit-laying, etc. A physical laboratory will be equipped
when the new building is completed.

    VI. Natural History—In the junior class, considerable time is devoted to
systematic and structural botany, and to advanced laboratory work with the
microscope, in the preparation of specimens showing plant structure, sufficient
not only to familiarize the students with the methods of plant building and
cellular organizations, but also to practice them in detecting the various forms
of fungi that are injurious to fruits and vegetables. A biological laboratory
has been fitted up for students, provided with excellent microscopes of the most
improved patterns, well-constructed tables, and all the necessary chemicals for
preparing and mounting vegetable tissues. A dark room is attached to this
laboratory for micro-photographic work.

    Admission—Expense—Applicants for ad mission must be of good moral character.
To enter the fourth class the applicant must be not less than fifteen years of
age, and be qualified to pass a satisfactory examination in the following subjects:

    I. Geography and history of the United States.

    II. English.—(a) An examination upon sentences containing incorrect English.
(I) A composition giving evidence of satisfactory proficiency in spelling,
punctuation, grammar, and division into paragraphs.

    III. Mathematics.—(a) Arithmetic, including fundamental operations: common
and decimal fractions; denominate numbers: the metric system: percentage,
including interest and discount; proportion: extraction of square and cube
roots; (b) Algebra to quadratic equations.

    For admission to the fourth class in the general course a satisfactory
examination is also required in Latin grammar and Caesar, four books.

    Incidental fee, per half session, is      $7 50
    Library fee, per half session              1 00
    Surgeon's fee, per half session            2 50
    Board, per month, with fuel and lights    $12 to 14 00

    These fees are payable, $11 on matriculation and $11 on February 1st. By
order of the Board, no fees can he remitted. Tuition is free.

    The College has no barracks or dormitories, and the students board with the
families of the town of Auburn, and thus enjoy all the protecting and beneficial
influences of the family circle.

    By messing, the cost of board has been reduced by a few students to $8.50
per month. For students entering after January 1st, the fees for half session
only are required.

    Any economical student can bring his annual expenses, including clothing,
books, washing, board and lodging within the limits of $200.

    Experiment Station—On February 24, 1888, the Board of Trustees organized the
Experiment Station as a department of the College, with the following corps of
officers:

    President of the College in charge; Agriculturist and Director, Chemist and
Vice-Director, Physiologist, Botanist, Entomologist and Meteorologist, First and
Second Assistant Chemists, First and Second Assistant Agriculturist, Assistant
Meteorologist.


Additional Comments:
Extracted from:

Northern Alabama: Historical and Biographical
Birmingham, Ala.: Smith and De Land
1888

PART III.
HISTORICAL RESUME OF THE VARIOUS COUNTIES IN THE STATE.
MINERAL BELT.


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