ELISHA TALMON HARBOUR HIS LIFE AND FAMILY Special thanks to Robert L. Adair Jr. for submitting this for all of our benefit! USGENWEB NOTICE: In keeping with our policy of providing free information on the Internet, data may be freely used by non-commercial entities, as long as this message remains on all copied material. These electronic pages cannot be reproduced in any format for profit or other presentation. AN ACCOUNT OF THE HARBOUR, RADFORD, AND WATTERS FAMILIES OF E. T. HARBOUR, AND THE HISTORY OF THE 8TH ALABAMA VOLUNTEER INFANTRY BY ROBERT L. ADAIR JR. BATON ROUGE, LA. 1995 FOREWORD For the past few years I have devoted what time I could spare to the research of my family history. I have enjoyed different degrees of success in every family line but have yet to feel that I have done all that I can. There comes a point in this research however, that requires some detailed assembly of the material. A suitable format of the material provides a better understanding of it and also makes it easier to enjoy and share with others. This last reason is important in that I hope that by sharing this text, I can learn more about the subject. It is not my intent to formally publish this work in any way. It was written solely for the reasons mentioned. The material in this book is all that I have concerning the Harbour and related families. Parts of it rely on the work of others, and when this is the case, it is noted. If the reader discovers any errors, has information not included but relating to the subject, or would just like to make a comment, please write. I certainly hope that you derive the same pleasure as I have in learning about our forefathers. Sincerely, Robert L. Adair Jr. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Maps 1 Introduction 2 SECTION ONE: The Harbour Ancestors 4 Chapter 1 Origins of the Harbour Name 5 Chapter 2 The First Harbours, Thomas and Sarah 7 Chapter 3 The Talmon Harbour Family 18 Chapter 4 The Second Talmon Harbour and Family 24 SECTION TWO: The Radford Ancestors 32 Chapter 5 The Ancient Radfords 33 Chapter 6 The Reuben Radford Family 36 Chapter 7 The Family Of William Radford 41 SECTION THREE: E. T. Harbour's Parents and Early Life 45 Chapter 8 William C. Harbour and Family 47 SECTION FOUR: The War Years 51 Chapter 9 The Beginning 52 Chapter 10 The Early Battles 54 Chapter 11 Reorganization and the Seven Days 57 Chapter 12 From Manassas to Maryland 60 Chapter 13 Fredericksburg to Salem Church 66 Chapter 14 The Gettysburg Campaign 72 Chapter 15 The Defensive of '64 77 Chapter 16 The Siege at Petersburg 83 Chapter 17 The End 87 SECTION FIVE: The Family Years of E. T. Harbour 90 Chapter 18 Post-War Alabama 91 Chapter 19 Life in Arkansas 94 Chapter 20 Later Years 96 Chapter 21 The Harbour Family after E. T.'s Death 98 SECTION SIX: The Watters Ancestors 101 Chapter 22 The William Watters Family 102 Chapter 23 The Samuel Watters Family 108 Chapter 24 The Joseph Radford Watters Family 110 Chapter 25 The Griffins 113 APPENDIX 115 Appendix A The Battles, Commanders, and Losses 116 of the 8th Alabama Infantry Regiment Appendix B The Harbour Family Group Sheets 118 Appendix C The Radford Family Group Sheets 128 Appendix D The Watters Family Group Sheets 132 Appendix E The Griffin Family Group Sheets 139 Appendix F The Descendants of E. T. Harbour 142 Appendix G The Will Of Reuben Radford 143 Appendix H Pension Record of E. T. Harbour 144 Map Credits 145 Bibliography 146 Index Not included LIST OF MAPS 1. Virginia Counties Of E. T. Harbour's Family 3 2. Central Virginia Counties of the Harbours 6 3. Southern Virginia Counties of the Harbours 23 4. The Harbours in North Georgia 31 5. Eastern Perry County, Alabama 46 6. The Seven Days 59 7. Sharpsburg 65 8. Chancellorsville/ Salem Church 71 9. Gettysburg 76 10. Spotsylvania 82 11. Petersburg 86 12. White County, Arkansas 93 INTRODUCTION In his time E. T. Harbour was an average American from the South. Born in Alabama in 1840, E. T. prepared for a life in a world based on agriculture. In his twenty first year he, like so many other Americans, was drawn into the Civil War. One of the bloodiest and dramatic episodes of any American generation, the Civil War was a violent struggle that had far reaching consequences. E. T. served in the 8th Alabama Volunteer Infantry. He had a remarkable view of a war that to this day still attracts the attention of millions. His eyes set upon Richmond in the early days of Southern independence. He was present when General Robert E. Lee took command of the Army of Northern Virginia and remained under his command for the entire war. He participated in some of the most famous actions in American history, including the Bloody Lane at Sharpsburg, Pickett's Charge at Gettysburg, the Bloody Angle at Spotsylvania, and the Crater at Petersburg. The South after E. T. Harbour laid down his arms at Appomattox was not the one of his youth. He left Alabama after the war and moved on to raise a large family in Arkansas. He did not become wealthy or famous. The experiences of his earlier life were not passed on to his family. All that is left are some memories among the old, a few photos, and an old grave marked with a new headstone. It is the purpose of this small book to set down the events of E. T. Harbour's life so that what memories are left are not forgotten, so that new generations of his descendants will know who E. T. Harbour was, and be proud that they can call him grandfather. Virginia Counties Map SECTION 1 THE HARBOUR ANCESTORS This section focuses on the early Harbours of Virginia, Georgia, and Alabama. Material from Louis William's book provides the framework for the section on the Virginia Harbours but has been augmented by outside sources. Many of the Harbours at this time had large families and used the same names, including many biblical ones, repeatedly for their children. This has often made it difficult for researchers to sort out the different lines as several individuals with the same name can be found in Virginia and Georgia at the same time. The records kept in Virginia in the 1700's have not all survived to the present, making the history of the Harbours incomplete. Sections in the book by Williams covering the early Harbours rest on deduction and single sources of information. The instances in which personal research was conducted in this area reinforced what was found in the Williams book. Nevertheless, much of the material on the children of Thomas cannot be proven "in a court of law" and should be read as so. The line of E. T. Harbour to Thomas Harbour, however, is one of the better documented ones and no reason exists to doubt that connection. CHAPTER 1 ORIGINS OF THE HARBOUR NAME The surname Harbour dates back to the medieval age of Europe. It originates from the old French word 'herberjour,' meaning one who gave lodging. In French there were various spellings, Le Herberjurs, Le Herbers, and Le Herberers are but a few.1 The word has been carried over to English in the form of harbor. Webster's Dictionary traces the word back to the Middle English form of herberge, which is very similar to the French. In the English form as a noun it denotes a place of security and comfort. As a verb, it represents those who provide such places. This does not mean that all of the ancient Harbours were inn-keepers of some type, but the forefathers of many at some time must have provided such a place and became known for it. Another item of note from Webster's is that the word 'harbour' is the chief British variant of 'harbor.' Thomas Harbour's family in the British Isles, before he migrated to the New World, must have adopted this spelling as it was maintained in that form in E. T. Harbour's family.2 There have been several unconnected lines of Harbours in North America throughout its history. One of the earliest was a John Harbour in Massachusetts in the early 1600's.3 Another line was a family of Acadians that moved from Novia Scotia to Louisiana and later changed the name to Arbour. Researchers of the Harbour family mentioned in the Williams book found several other Harbours living in Colonial Virginia but failed to connect them to any known line. Central Virginia CHAPTER 2 THE FIRST HARBOURS, THOMAS AND SARAH The progenitor of E. T. Harbour came from the British Isles to Virginia in the early part of the eighteenth century. Thomas Harbour was born in Wales1 . The year of his birth is in dispute but it is likely that it was somewhere around 1695.2 The small country of Wales had been populated and the land developed for centuries before the birth of Thomas. Unless a man came from a wealthy family or was the eldest son, he stood little chance of obtaining any land. To the people of the time land was equated with wealth and security as most of the economy centered on agriculture. In Wales there was very little available land and without it one was forced either to work in the fields as a laborer or to pick up some type of trade as a skilled worker. These options must not have been pleasing career choices to young Thomas Harbour. If so, he would have stayed in Wales. Instead Thomas opted for an opportunity that had been open to ambitious, adventurous risk takers for only a short time. The frontier land of the New World was a chance to escape the limitations of life in Wales. At some point as a young man, Thomas decided to seek his fortunes in America. Nothing is known of Thomas Harbour from preserved records before the year 1728. Judging from facts gleamed from later years, Thomas seemed to hold some excellent qualities. He acquired a large amount of land, all on the frontier, during his lifetime. In the hardships of this frontier Thomas raised a large family and lived to be an old man. These achievements must reflect the intelligence, discipline, determination, and health of Thomas that made this possible. The first trace of Thomas in America is the tradition of his marriage to Sarah Witt in Charles City County, Virginia. The Witts and Harbours had a very close relationship in those early days of Virginia. Wherever deeds for one family are found, the other family is found nearby. The Witts were French Huguenots that were driven out of Europe for religious reasons. The British Crown and the colony of Virginia gave them the privileges of British citizenry3 and immediately the Witts began to become large landowners. The first Witts in America were John Witt and his two sons, John and William. John Witt first appeared in the latter part of the 17th century in Virginia. His name appeared several times in a series of land patents. Before 1699 when treasury rights were instated, land was deeded in the form of head bounties granted to people who brought new immigrants to the colonies. One of these individuals who obtained land by bringing in settlers was Captain William Randolph. A relative of Thomas Jefferson4 , Randolph amassed a hugh estate known as Tuckahoe. Randolph and others like him to obtain more land often made several patents claiming the same individual. One of the individuals claimed several times was John Witt. The first patent that John Witt was included in was for 623 acres in Charles City County, Bristoll Parish. It was for land on the south side of the Appomattox River, beginning at Hugh Lee's, to the Great Meadow, up the swamp, and was dated 20 November 1682.5 Another, submitted by Thomas Cock Sr., was for 816 acres in Henrico County on the south side of the Chickahominy. This was dated 20 October 1689.6 John Witt is found in another claim of William Randolph's recorded on 25 October 1695. This was for 2,926 acres in Charles City County, Wynoake Parish, on the south side of the James River. These three land patents have some common names between the listed immigrants, making it likely that the John Witt listed is one and the same. John Witt was married to Ann Daux, daughter of Walter Daux. Walter, the son of a London merchant, Richard Daux7 , is first found in Virginia in 1637 when he is listed on a patent of land near Herring and Oldman's Creeks in Charles City County.8 A series of court entries from the 1670's concerning a dispute between orphans of Walter Daux establishes John Witt as the husband of Ann. In February 1687 a work order was issued to clear and lay a road from the Chickahominy down towards the James River. This road was connected to the main road9 near John Witt's land.10 By 1715 both of the Witt brothers, John and William, moved a few miles west to Henrico County. On 13 September 1715 the brothers bought 300 acres from Charles Hudson for 10 pounds. The land was on a fork of Tuckahoe Creek, bounded by the southern branch and John Bradley's land.11 The Witts may have already been established here before 1715 as the land noted in the patents submitted by William Randolph was in this area. Also, in 1695, John Witt had a court suit in Henrico County.12 According to the tradition noted in the Williams book, John Witt Jr. had a wife named Lavina. A will dated 5 August 1730, in Charles City County, leaves that in doubt. John Rogers of Westover Parish left livestock and items to his daughter Ann, wife of John Witt.13 Tradition also is that Thomas Harbour married Sarah Witt in Charles City County. If this is true, Thomas followed his wife's family to their home in Henrico County. The first existing document of Thomas Harbour dates from 28 September, 1728. He paid 40 shillings for a land grant of 400 acres of new land on the lower forks of Deep Creek.14 Deep Creek is in Henrico County on the north side of the James River less than a mile from Tuckahoe Creek. When Goochland County was formed from Henrico in 1728 Tuckahoe Creek formed the eastern most boundary, encompassing the Witt lands in the new county. Three Notched Road, an old track following the watershed between the James and South Anna Rivers and named for a long-gone peculiar tree mark along the route, connected the short distance between Thomas Harbour and his father-in-law.15 It was in Goochland County that the second record of Thomas is found. Thomas was involved in a court case there in 1729/30 in which he, as a plaintiff, had a case dismissed.16 It was around this time that the couple began to have children. Four sons were likely born here, David, Talmon, Abner, and Elisha.17 Lavina and Mary, two daughters,18 would also have been born in this period. The movement of the Harbour and Witt families was typical among the early Virginians. Jamestown had only been settled 100 years earlier. The lack of roads made it necessary for people to live on navigable waters. Few homes were without private wharfs. As the population grew, the people begin to move west along the James River and the local creeks around it. It appears from surviving records that the Witts and Harbours began to amass property as they slowly continued to move westward. John Witt and his wife Elizabeth sold 400 acres, both south of the James and granted to him 1731, in two 200 acre parcels on 28 April 1734.19 That same year John Witt paid 3 tithes in King William Parish, Henrico County.20 The land in western Goochland County during the 1730s was virgin wilderness. Though not many Indians lived in the area, few white men had seen the area before 1730. Land grants were first available there in 1727.21 On 1 August 1734, Thomas was granted 400 acres on both sides of Ballenger's Creek in Goochland County, Virginia.22 It is unclear if Thomas kept his land on Deep Creek when he received the new parcel of land. Thomas was recorded in Goochland as witnessing a deed for Charles Cox on 17 November 1735.23 Three years later Thomas received 1,463 more acres in the form of a land grant adjoining his 400 acre farm.24 By this time Thomas must have established himself as a man of means. A 1704 Virginia law limited land patents to 500 acres. Exceptions were made only to those who could employ the land with at least five servants or slaves, which apparently Thomas must have had. It is possible that Thomas was moving closer to his Witt relatives when he received the Ballenger's Creek grant. William Witt was known to have lived there as well. In a deed dated 10 August 1741, William left to his son John 200 acres bounded by the James and Rivanna Rivers, and Ballenger's Creek. He stated that this land was his place of residence.25 A deed from 1737 lends weight to the possibility that William lived there near Thomas. On 28 May 1737 John Graves of Goochland County sold 400 acres known as "Graves Indian Field" on both sides of Ballenger's Creek. The deed stated that the land was next to Thomas Harbour's and was witnessed by William Witt.26 On 18 July 1739, Thomas was appointed as a surveyor in Goochland County. He worked along a road that led up to the ridge of Mechunk Creek.27 Four years later, on 18 October 1743, he did some more surveying along the road from Ballenger's Creek to Mountain Road.28 This was the "Three Notched Road"29 in the vicinity of his wife's family, the Witts. Around this time frame the last of Thomas and Sarah's children were born. Elijah and Adonijah are two known sons and two daughters, Jane and Sarah, may be included here as well. Around 1742, Sarah's father, John Witt Jr., died.30 Any details of the personal and daily life of Thomas and Sarah have been lost over the generations. What their political and religious beliefs were are unknown. It is evident that religion played an important part in their life as many of the children were given biblical names. Sarah, as the daughter of Huguenots, had a Protestant leaning and probably associated with those of similar beliefs. The family was most likely Baptist. In 1760 their son Talmon was a charter member of the Dan River Baptist Church. Regardless of the affiliation, however, religion was important to the family. Thomas on 20 September 1745 received another land grant in Goochland County. A 400 acre tract was obtained on the north branch of Horsley's Creek.31 Thomas must have moved his family there for that same month he sold 1,000 of his acres around Ballenger's Creek to John Bisby and he may have needed a new home.32 Houses, fences, and orchards were established here as fifteen years later it was sold as developed property.33 As they grew older, Thomas's children were probably very important in helping him run his vast land holdings. On 28 September 1753, Thomas acquired eight separate grants for land in Southern Virginia, and they were most likely obtained for his children. 354 acres were acquired on Fall Creek and the Mayo River junction in Halifax County.34 According to Williams, this was the land that Thomas chose for his own farm. The land bordered Rockingham County, North Carolina along the southern property line. That day he also obtained two tracts on Irwin's River35 in Lunenburg County, one of 130 and another of 150 acres,36 two tracts of 204 and 144 acres on Sycamore Creek, Halifax County,37 115 and 318 acres on Goblintown Creek,38 and one 140 acre tract on both sides of Blackberry Creek, in Halifax County.39 This land totaled 1,555 acres. Thomas probably had spent some time down in old Halifax County, where the land was located, save that part on nearby Irwin's River, and handpicked the choice areas of land as the tracts were not all together. The survey dates on the land dated back to 1749 so perhaps Thomas left Sarah and his younger children at home while he looked for land in Southern Virginia. The rules for land grants required that someone settle on each tract for cultivation, so it is possible that each son and daughter, along with himself, settled one.40 This would be the last big move for Thomas Harbour. He was nearing the end of middle age. In October 1760, Thomas sold the land that he had received years before on Horsley's Creek up in Albermarle County. With all his family down south, Thomas no longer had any need for it.41 It was sold for 25 pounds. After raising a large family he settled down in the beautiful hills of the Blue Ridge Mountains, surrounded by children and grandchildren.42 Of the large family that surrounded Thomas, only a partial picture can be formed from the remaining records.43 One daughter, Lavina, is believed by some to have married her cousin Charles Witt around 1746 and to have lived near her parents in Halifax County. This is questionable but a Charles Witt did own land that bordered Thomas's farm. There is strong evidence to believe that Mary, wife of Palatiah Shelton, was the daughter of Thomas and Sarah Harbour. Shelton was their close neighbor. In a 1767 tithe in Pittsylvania County, Palatiah was listed as a neighbor.44 He became owner of three tracts of Thomas's land. On 18 September 1766 Thomas sold 144 acres on Sycamore Creek to Palatiah Shelton.45 Shelton sold this land 4 years later, on 29 November 1770, to Richard White for 50 pounds.46 The land was described as being a south branch of Smith's River, on the south side of Sycamore Creek, crossing a branch of the Sycamore, and crossing two branches. Shelton's wife Mary relinquished her right of dower. If Thomas gave Shelton this land as a gift to his son-in-law and daughter, it would have been necessary for Mary to do this. On 25 August 1768 Shelton bought two tracts from Thomas. For 100 pounds Shelton received the 130 acre tract on Irwin's River, being on both sides and starting at the mouth of Peeping Creek.47 Witnessing the deed was Thomas's two sons, Abner and Adonijah, and Adonijah's brother-in-law, Sam Dalton Jr. Again, four years later, Shelton sold it. He received 70 pounds from Sam Crowly, the land was recorded as being on Smith's River, a place known by the name of Rock Castle, up Peeping Creek, down Smith's River, formerly Irwin's. This deed was recorded the same day that he sold the previous tract, 29 November 1770. Again his wife Mary relinquished her right of dower. Shelton took a 30 pound loss on the land if he actually paid 100 pounds for it. Shelton on the same day that he received the 130 acre tract on Irwin's River, sold 200 acres on both sides of Falling Creek, on the Mayo River, and on the dividing line between David Witt and Shelton, to Adonijah Harbour for 100 pounds.48 This land was surveyed in a 400 acre parcel for David Witt and Shelton in 1765, and later granted to them in 1767. The price, 100 pounds, is significant as it is identical to what Shelton paid Thomas for the 144 acre lot that same day. It was most likely an even swap. When Adonijah sold this land later, he described it as the land his father "gave" David Witt and Shelton. What became of Mary and Palatiah Shelton after 1770 is not clear, but evidence does support the belief that Mary was a daughter of Thomas. Abner married Joyce Thornhill around 1750. Abner lived near Irwin's River on Sycamore Creek. Thomas deeded him the 204 acre tract there on 17 August 1763.49 Abner witnessed several deeds for his brothers and father and it appears that he was the only one to leave his mark vice a signature. Sycamore Creek lies in what is now Patrick County. Abner's Ridge in Patrick is near his old farm. Part of the Blue Ridge Mountains, it is said to be named after him.50 Abner died in 1778, leaving his land to his four sons, and other items to all his unnamed children. His widow Joyce remained in Virginia.51 Elisha Harbour married a woman named Margaret around 1760. On 17 August 1763 Elisha was given a 150 acre tract on Irwin's River by his father.52 He appeared on Edward Booker's tax list of 1765 near Abner.53 On a 17 July 1767 tax list, Elisha paid 1 tithe for 150 acres, next to him was his brother Elijah.54 This was the land that his father gave him 4 years earlier. On 22 September 1769, Elisha sold the Irwin's River tract of 150 acres to Thomas Henderson for 35 pounds, beginning at Charles Witt's land.55 The last record of Elisha dates 22 May 1773, when he bought 243 acres from John Witt on Marrowbone Creek.56 Elijah was one of the younger sons of Thomas and Sarah. He married Prudence Pusey around 1758. They lived on the 318 acre Goblintown Creek tract that his father deeded him in October 1761 for a mere 10 shillings.57 He was living there on 17 July 1767 when Peter Copeland recorded him there on his tax list. Elijah had 310 acres and "a negro named Hannah", he paid two tithes.58 Elijah died fairly young in 1769. The appraisal of his estate included a stock of hogs, sundrey cattle, 3 horses, and a parcel of books, all totaling 57 pounds.59 Not much is known about Jane, the daughter of Sarah and Thomas. Her sister Sarah deeded her half of her personal belongings after her death. Sarah referred to her as Jane Witt of Patrick County.60 Some researchers believe, through the process of elimination, that Jane was the wife of Elijah Witt, but no direct evidence exists for this. Sarah married David Witt and lived near her parents. David was a son of William Witt, making him a cousin. David, like Palatiah Shelton, received a land grant of 200 acres near Thomas, apparently with his help, in 1767. David and Sarah's two sons, John and William Witt, were deeded the 140 acre Blackberry Creek tract by their Grandfather Thomas.61 The Witts also came into some land on Goblintown Creek as David sold a 313 acre tract on the south fork to David Harbour, a son of Elisha, for only 40 pounds on 28 May 1772.62 Both Sarah and David appeared to have lived in Southern Virginia for the rest of their lives. As they lived in the part of Virginia that eventually became Patrick County, they recorded their wills there, David in 1808, and Sarah, through a series of deeds, in May of 1809. She died in 1814. In 1815, their son John Witt sold two tracts on Blackberry Creek, including the one his grandfather Thomas gave him 53 years earlier. Soon after this he moved to Tennessee.63 Adonijah Harbour appears to have been the youngest son of Thomas and Sarah. In 1767 Adonijah was listed in a tithable entry with his father. In 1768 Thomas and Palatiah Shelton became involved in some land trading that resulted in a deed of 200 acres on Falls Creek in Adonijah's name. A year later, on 25 August 1769, he married a neighbor, Ann Dalton, in Pittsylvania County.64 Only a few years later Adonijah later moved across the border to North Carolina. After a short stay, he moved his family to East Baton Rouge, Louisiana, where he died around 1815. As noted earlier, it appears that Thomas passed the deeds he received in 1753 on to his family. Only one tract was not directly passed to a known relation. On 17 August 1763 George Vourtman was deeded the 115 acre Goblintown Creek tract, for only 40 pounds.65 Vourtman does not appear in later tax lists and his identity is unknown. After Thomas completed the last of these transactions he was well within old age.66 Still surrounded by family and friends, including many grandchildren, Thomas probably enjoyed the twilight of his life. It is not clear when exactly this long and busy life ended. In 1767 he was listed in a tithable entry with his son Adonijah.67 He was recorded as paying 4 tithes on 790 acres that he owned.68 He later paid tax on 1,302 and 1,392 acres in Halifax County.69 A series of three deeds were made in August of 1777, documenting the sell of three tracts and using the name Thomas and Sarah Harbour. In two of these deeds, Thomas and Sarah sold Philip Anglin 304 and John Journican 50 acres on Falls Creek and the Mayo River.70 Put together, this maybe the 354 acre tract that Thomas received back in 1753. It was passed through the family that Thomas had died in 1768, but if he was alive in 1777, he had not long to live. From a work order dating around 1779, Sarah is listed without Thomas.71 Sometime after this date, Sarah passed on as well. After the death of Thomas and Sarah, the family that they left behind continued to prosper. It seems that most of this generation remained in the Virginia area. The family house probably went to Abner Harbour as his oldest son, David, later obtained the land.72 It remained in the family until David's death when it was sold in 1849 as part of the estate in what had become Patrick County.73 The grandchildren however, began to spread out towards Tennessee and North Carolina. Only one son, Adonijah, left the region. Thomas Harbour left a legacy that was to last many generations in his family. The restless spirit that drove him out of Wales was kept alive in his offspring. The Harbours were never content to remain in any one place that had been settled for long. They did not spend energy on the politics in towns, but rather moved their large families74 to the outer fringes of the ever expanding frontier. From Georgia to Alabama, to Mississippi, Arkansas and Texas, the drive of Thomas Harbour lived on. CHAPTER 3 THE TALMON HARBOUR FAMILY Talmon Harbour was the son of Thomas and Sarah Harbour. He was likely one of the oldest children but his birth date is uncertain. He was born in the central area of Virginia, in either Henrico or Goochland County. His parents lived on Deep Creek, Henrico County, during the 1720's, which was the time frame of Talmon's birth. The man Talmon was named for is not known today but it is likely that it was a family name from his parents. It has survived over the years down to the present day in the Harbour line. Nothing is directly known about the early life of Talmon. By looking at the records of his parents, he probably grew up in the area of Virginia that he was born in. He likely helped his father to farm and to conduct his surveying jobs of 1739 and 1743. Later, when Thomas went south to stake out his family's eight homesteads in Halifax County, Talmon was probably at his father's side helping him. By 1747 Talmon was a young man in his twenties. He married Mary Wright1 , who bore him a son, Esaias, on 29 May 1747. Over the next few years, more children were probably born. Family tradition that has been passed down states that Talmon and Mary had 14 children. If this is so, the names of some children have been lost. It is clear that in 1753, when Talmon's father formally petitioned for the land in Halifax County that he had surveyed out as early as four years prior, Talmon had already made the move south. He is found in several entries in the Pleas Book, Halifax County, Virginia, from 1752 to 1755.2 It was here in Halifax County that Talmon and his wife had the remainder of their known children. Talmon, his namesake, was born around 1755.3 Noah was born 23 October 1757. Two more sons, Joel and Elijah, were born around 1760 and 1763 respectively.4 Exactly where Talmon as a young family man lived is unclear. It is known that he owned 607 acres around Goblintown Creek. His father surveyed land and received a grant for 433 acres there in 1753. Talmon was old enough then to secure his own land and this is likely what he did.5 The first record of him receiving any land is 1762, when he bought 100 acres in Halifax County from James Maybe. In August 1763 ,when his father relinquished claims to several tracts of land, Talmon's brothers, Abner and Elisha, and two nephews, John and William Witt, became the beneficiaries. Talmon was a witness to all three transactions. On the same day he witnessed a deed transferring 115 acres on Goblintown Creek from his father to George Vourtman.6 It appears that Talmon and his wife Mary were religious people. Like his father and many others of the time, Talmon gave his children biblical names, including the new one, (for the Harbours), of Noah. Talmon is also recorded as belonging to the Dan River Baptist Church.7 This church was organized in 1760, and Talmon appears to have been a charter member. The church at Dan River was the first separate Baptist church in Virginia.8 When the Charity Primitive Baptist Church was founded sometime after 1790, Talmon was a charter member there and remained so until his death.9 He was also at least slightly involved in local politics as his name appears on Mr. Hamp Wade's Poll list for a Burgess election recorded 28 November 1764.10 On 18 September 1766, Thomas Harbour sold 144 acres on Sycamore Creek to Palatiah Shelton.11 He appears on Nathaniel Terry's list for Halifax County in 1768.12 Talmon witnessed this deed for his father as did his two sons, Esaias and Joel. In 1770 he received a deed from Sherwood Watson for 150 acres of land in Halifax County.13 In 1771 both Talmon and his son Joel were recorded paying two tithes on J. Turner Jr.'s list. This suggests that Joel may have been born earlier than believed.14 Around this time Talmon's son Esaias married a woman named Catherine. Talmon's first recorded grandchild, named for himself, was born around 1772. Noah married Judith Strange circa 1775 and began having children as well. From the 1770's on, Talmon and Mary enjoyed an ever growing amount of grandchildren and soon became surrounded by a very large family. Entered into the Halifax County Pleas Book Number 6, 1770, page 486, is a work order to clear some county roads. Micajah Watkins, a neighbor who often witnessed deeds for Thomas, was appointed surveyor of the road from Robert's Ferry Road to Burches Creek. People with homes along the road were ordered to keep the road in repair. Talmon and his mother Sarah were listed as separate heads of house.15 As the order was not dated, it may have occurred, judging from the page number, after 1777. Whenever it did occur it shows that Talmon lived near his mother and that his father had passed on. During the American Revolution, Talmon saw two of his sons take an active part in the war.16 Noah served for two periods and was a Major in the militia. He later received a pension for his services.17 Joel was a private in the militia. Esaias had already established a large family by this time and took no active part in the war. He did, after refusing in 1777, sign an oath of allegiance in 1778, in Henry County, Virginia.18 Talmon (Jr.) was probably too young to play an active role. Though too old to be a soldier, Talmon was active in supporting the Revolution through his work on the farm. On 15 March, 1782, after the fighting was over, Talmon presented to the Halifax County Court claims for supplies that he had provided the Revolutionaries during the war. The substantial list includes 625 pounds of beef, 167 pounds of bacon, 101 pounds of fodder, 60.5 bushels of Indian Corn, 12 bushels of oats, 62 diets, and 45 gallons of brandy. Also included were some small casks, shoe leather, and mutton. The amount shows that Talmon's farming was unhindered by the war. The total monetary amount of Talmon's claim was near 92 pounds.19 Talmon's young son Joel also presented a claim for goods that he supplied the army, on 24 May 1782, in Henry County. It consisted of 360 pounds of beef, 3 packs of corn, 2 bundles of fodder, and two diets. Joel was likely unable to maintain his farm and provide as much as other farmers as he was in the militia.20 Talmon and Mary continued their life on the farm in the 1780's. The farm on Goblintown Creek was in the part of the county that eventually became Patrick County in 1791. The family had also acquired other tracts of land as well. In 1788, Talmon deeded 141 acres to his son Esaias. The land, which the deed states was sold for 100 pounds, was on the north side of Irwin's River. Witnessing the deed was John Witt and Joseph Reynolds.21 On the same day, 19 May 1788, Joel also received land, 229 acres, from his father. The parcel was on both sides of Irwin's (Smith's) River and on both sides of Widgon Creek, and it "sold" for 100 pounds. The witnesses were the same as Esaias's deed.22 Shortly after this, Esaias removed his large family to Franklin County, Georgia. He sold a tract of land in Halifax to his brother Noah in 1791 and recorded it in Elbert County, Georgia.23 Here Esaias lived until his death in 1833.24 Also in 1788 Talmon became involved in the estate of William Burnett. Thomas Cummings and John Henderson were bound onto Talmon for 100 pounds, to be paid by 13 August 1788, pending the securement of claims against Burnett's estate. On 15 August 1788 Talmon recorded that he received 16 pounds, 16 shillings, 4 pence, the full estate of Burnett. Esaias Harbour was a witness.25 In 1790, the first census of the United States was held. Though it was later lost in a fire, a reconstructed census has been created. From 1785 tax records Talmon was recorded as living in Halifax County, Virginia.26 His family continued to grow larger but with the spirit of Thomas Harbour, they were beginning to move on. Esaias in Georgia was quickly establishing himself and his sons as large land owners. His son Talmon left Virginia in 1796 with his family to move near his brother in Georgia. His son Joel moved even further away, to the frontier of Ohio. Talmon's wife, son Noah, and assorted grandchildren remained behind with him in Patrick County.27 It appears that his wife was in poor health at the time however. On 28 December 1795, Talmon Harbour sold for 100 pounds 350 acres of land in Halifax County to Philip Vass. This was land that had belonged to his wife's family. Mary was unable to appear in court, perhaps from illness or old age, and a committee visited her at her house to allow her to relinquish her dowry rights.28 Mary was probably in her sixties at the time and though the actual date is unknown, she died before her husband. A drawn out court affair involving Talmon took place in the spring of 1799 in Patrick County, Virginia. The details are lacking on the case, which concerned a deed, but on 1 March, the civil court in the case of Corn vs. Harbour, found the defendant not guilty. Talmon Harbour was ordered, however, to pay an undisclosed amount in a deed between Abram and Jasiel Eckolds that same day.29 Talmon lived on after his wife's death in the house near Goblintown Creek. It is likely that some family, perhaps a grandson, John Harbour, son of Noah, lived with him. Talmon was probably in his 90's in the year 1820. Knowing that he did not have long to live, he deeded on the 29th of May, 1820, all the land that he had left to his grandson John. This was the 607 acres on Goblintown Creek. One gray mare and all the implements were included for the sum of one dollar.30 Talmon died shortly after this as a membership roll from his church, Charity Primitive Baptist, in 1820, shows the word dead next to his name.31 Talmon and Mary left behind a large family, but few Harbours remained in Virginia. John sold his grandfather's land before 1830 and moved to Alabama. After Noah died around 1847 few members of a family that had been in Virginia for 150 years remained.32 Southern VA Map Chapter 4 The Second Talmon Harbour and Family Talmon Harbour was born in old Halifax County, Virginia to Talmon and Mary Wright Harbour. As stated in the previous chapter, the exact date of birth is unknown. Tradition set the date at 1755, but based on later events of his life, it might have been as late as 1770. Though Talmon had several brothers that fought in the Revolution, he did not participate, perhaps due to youth. Talmon grew up on a farm in Southern Virginia. He was most likely brought up in the Primitive Baptist Church of his parents. Years later, his children and grandchildren would still hold that affiliation. Details of his early life do not exist but it was probably the life of an average frontier farm boy. When Talmon grew of age, he married Elizabeth Calloway.1 Not much is known about Elizabeth before the marriage save that she was born between the years 1770 and 1780.2 The Calloways were a distinguished Virginian family of the 1700's. Frances Calloway, of "Poplar Forest," was founder of the family in America.3 He had two daughters and five sons. One son, Richard was a sergeant and officer from Bedford County, Virginia during the French and Indian War. Later he went with Daniel Boone to settle Kentucky. A very famous incident took place there involving Richard. His two daughters, Elizabeth and Frances, and Jemima, Boone's daughter, were captured by five Indians on 7 July 1776. Elizabeth, the older sister, and the two others, who were both about 14, had been hiding in an island cave in the Kentucky River, within sight of Boonesboro. Their fathers and some others, including the two lovers of the Calloway girls, Samuel Henderson and Captain John Holder, recaptured the girls. A month later, Elizabeth and Holder were married in the first solemnized marriage in the state of Kentucky.4 This incident was the inspiration for Cooper's Last Of The Mochicans. Richard returned to Virginia to serve in the Burgess in 1777, and three years later, back west, he was killed by Indians. His brother William is known as the progenitor of the Virginia line. While Elizabeth's heritage is unclear, it most likely leads back to William. He had patented 15,000 acres in Lunenburg, Brunswick, Bedford, and Halifax Counties.5 A William Calloway either lived on or owned land on Sycamore Creek in 1768 very close to where Talmon lived.6 It is unclear when and where Talmon and Elizabeth were married. Around the time of the marriage Talmon, evidently dissatisfied with Virginia, left for Georgia. A large influx of immigrants at this time began to settle in North Georgia. They consisted mostly of Virginians and Carolinians. Esaias and his family settled in Franklin County near the present day sight of Carnesville, Georgia. The Old Federal Road, which followed an Indian trail that ran from Charleston westward into the Cherokee Nation passed nearby. An Indian trading post stood on this road and was the focal point of the local area. It was not far from Esaias's farm on Nail's Creek.7 Esaias bought his land on 21 October 1789 from William Smith.8 He appeared on a tax list for 1790 owning 110 acres in Wilkes County, 283 in Franklin, and two slaves.9 Esaias's sons also had success starting their own farms amid the cheap land of North Georgia. This fact has made it difficult to determine exactly when Talmon Harbour moved from Virginia to Georgia. Two deeds recorded in October of 1788 indicate both Esaias's intention to move and that he and Talmon were living near each other in Virginia. One dated 31 October deeded 169 acres on the north side of Irwin's River and on both sides of Widgen Creek to James Bartlett for 250 pounds.10 The boundary lines show that Talmon, Esaias, and Joel all lived close together and the meeting house was in close proximity. The second deed records 100 acres in the same area being transferred from Esaias to Joel for 55 pounds.11 While it is clear that Esaias was selling land prior to his move, Talmon appears to have done no such thing, making the time of his departure uncertain. The first deed in Georgia bearing Talmon's name is for 360 acres on the North Fork of Broad River in the Nails Creek area. Dated 26 September 1791 and recorded in Elbert County, Joshua Sledd sold the lot for 100 pounds.12 It is not clear if this Talmon was Esaias's brother or son. The first definite record of Talmon (our subject) in Georgia is in 1796 when he bought 421 acres from his nephew Thomas in Franklin County on the north fork of Broad River. He added to that by buying from James Freeman 60 acres on the north side of North Fork Road for 40 pounds on 17 November, 1797.13 Regardless of when Talmon moved, by 1796 the Harbours had settled on several farms in the Nails Creek area of Franklin County. It is likely that they were all members of the Nails Creek Baptist Church. Founded in 1787 on the site of an old stockade, the early records of the church have been lost and their membership cannot be proven14 Another aspect of Talmon's life is the date and place of his marriage to Elizabeth. While it is most likely that it occurred circa 1790 in Virginia and that they moved to Georgia a few years after Esaias, it is quite possible that Talmon married her in Georgia. Around the time that the Harbours moved to Georgia, several of the Calloways did as well. John, William, and Frances Calloway can all be found in Wilkes County as early as 1785.15 They lived several miles south of the Harbours in the area of Dry Fork Creek.16 A will dated 1806 in Franklin County shows that the Calloways had some business in the area, making it possible that Georgia was the site of Talmon and Elizabeth's nuptial. The first child for the couple arrived in 1795, in Georgia.17 This daughter was named Nancy. The next two children, daughters also, were named Sarah and Mary. Mary's nickname was Polly.18 The dates of their births are unclear but are close to 1798 and 1799 respectively. Their first son, Isaiah, was born 18 April 1800 in Georgia. A second son, Thomas, was born on 17 March 1801. He carried the name of his great grandfather. Jemima, whose nickname was Nina,19 was born around 1804. In 1805, a land lottery was held in the state of Georgia providing the prospect of winning free land. Talmon entered the lottery but drew a BB, which equated to nothing. Unlucky there, Talmon bought some more land in 1808. William Bullock sold two tracts, 150 and 100 acres, to Talmon in Franklin County.20 Several more children, in the Harbour tradition of large families, were born to Talmon and Elizabeth while they lived in Georgia. Abner was born around 1806, John, a year later. David followed on 4 October 1808. William, the sixth son of Talmon, was born around 1810. Elijah was born circa 1812 and Barsheba, a daughter, arrived around 1815. This large family was raised in North Georgia until Talmon, ready again for a move and new land, decided to pick up and move to Alabama. On 28 August 1818, Talmon and Elizabeth sold for 1,200 dollars, a sizable sum in that day, 400 acres on the North Fork of Broad River in Franklin County. The deed stated that this is where the family lived. Another 260 acres were sold to William Atkins.21 At some point, Nancy married Elijah Skelton and began to raise a family of her own in Jefferson County, Georgia. They eventually settled in Tuscaloosa County, Alabama. Sarah married James Verner and moved to Saint Clair County, Alabama by 1831.22 With his Georgia holdings disposed of, Talmon, his wife, and ten of his children, moved by wagon to Perry County, Alabama. At that time land was plentiful in Perry County on account of the Cherokee lands that had been opened for settlement. Talmon received 160 acres in Northeast Perry County.23 He built up a farm and began to grow some cotton. His 13th child, Calloway,24 was born in 1821. Another notable event took place on 20 December 1823. Talmon's oldest son Isaiah married Mary Jincy Miller, and Polly, his third oldest daughter, married John Warren in a double wedding. Polly and her husband remained in Perry County for some time and raised a large family.25 As the year 1824 rolled around, Talmon and Elizabeth saw two more of their children get married. On 12 January 1824, Thomas married Mary Green. On 16 March 1824, Jemima married Michael Hemeter. This couple, after living in Perry County for awhile, moved west to Tuscaloosa, Alabama, and later to Winston County, Mississippi.26 These were to be the last children that Talmon would live to see married. In 1824, probably in the fall, Talmon Harbour died suddenly.27 He was still a man in his prime, somewhere in his forties. He left behind in his household a wife and six children. On 5 November 1824, Elizabeth and Isaiah went to the courthouse to begin the legalities of Talmon's estate.28 They were appointed administrators and five others, including a William Calloway, perhaps a relative of Elizabeth's, were appointed to appraise his estate. The estate remained open in this condition for several years. In 1830, Elizabeth Harbour was recorded in the U.S. Census living next door to her eldest son, Isaiah. Her youngest children, William, Elijah, Barsheba, and Calloway were still living with her. David had married Harriet Shotts on 26 November 1829. John and Abner must have moved out and were living unmarried before 1830. In September, 1831, Isaiah petitioned the court in Marion to allow the sale of Talmon's land. The estate had been open for several years and the family knew of no other way to divide it than by selling the land.29 Given the permission, Isaiah bought the land for 1550 dollars.30 That December the estate, including the cotton crop sold back in 1825, totaled 4,548.66. It was shared equally among Elizabeth and 12 children For some reason, Thomas was not listed as a heir.31 In the last decade of her life, Elizabeth was in her fifties. After the farm her husband built was sold, she moved to a new home near the town of Radfordville. She continued raising her children and saw several more get married. On 12 July 1832,32 William married Temperance Radford. On the 17th of November, Barsheba, the youngest daughter, married Robert Bishop. Shortly after this, Elizabeth saw her last child get married when Elijah wed Louisa Skinner on 20 January 1833. Her house was now nearly empty, perhaps only Calloway remained. According to family and deed records, Isaiah had moved to Yalobusha County, Mississippi in 1832. Land was plentiful there after the Choctaw Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek.33 His land in Perry County was sold 20 November 1833. Tradition has it that Elijah and Calloway went with him.34 Sometime before August 1835, Elizabeth Harbour passed on. David Chandler35 was appointed administrator of her estate. Before she died, Elizabeth had sold the land that she lived on to Joshua Crow. He received the title to the land near Radfordville early in 1837.36 On 9 January 1837, Elizabeth's heirs, all 13 children, received 187.75 dollars each.37 After the death of their mother, the Harbours in Perry County slowly followed in their brother Isaiah's footsteps. If Calloway and Elijah had not already gone to Mississippi, they soon did. Thomas moved to Marion County Alabama, for a year or two, and then settled in Itawamba County Mississippi. Here he raised a family on Bull Mountain. Elijah decided to really go west and by 1840, he was in Texas. This evidently did not suit him as by 1844, he was back in Mississippi. He later moved to Arkansas but kept in contact with the family through many visits. In 1843, David took his family and moved to Marion County, Alabama. His sister Barsheba and her husband moved there as well.38 After living there a few years he moved to Kemper County Mississippi in 1857. His brother Abner probably followed him as a son of his, John, was a Primitive Baptist Church preacher there.39 By the late 1840's, most of the Harbours had left Alabama for Mississippi. For two of the family Mississippi was not even frontier enough. In 1853 Isaiah made his final move. He packed up his family and moved to Lavaca County, Texas. Here, where he organized a Primitive Baptist Church and served as the pastor, he lived out the remainder of his days. Calloway probably went to Texas at the same time as his big brother. His first child born in Texas arrived born in 1855, in Lavaca County. Calloway too, lived out his days in Texas. The family of Talmon Harbour had spent only a few years in Alabama before the same drive that brought their forefathers to the frontier had pushed themselves west. The only son of Talmon living in Alabama after David left in 1857 was William Chandler Harbour. The Harbours in North GA Map SECTION 2 THE RADFORD ANCESTORS This section is a brief account on the family of Temperance Radford, the mother of E. T. Harbour. The first chapter, which deals with Radford ancestors, is included solely for the sake of researchers. The only two Radford generations before Temperance that are substantially documented are the Reuben and William Radford families. This material was supported by information supplied by Dori Warnock and Rod Bush. Chapter 5 The ANCIENT RADFORDS The Radfords were an ancient English family of note. The lineage of the family while in Britain is well documented. The Radfords were from Devon County and date back to 1066, when members of the family rode with William the Conqueror to victory at the Battle of Hastings. One researcher, James Radford, presented the following line. John Radford of Rockbere had a son of the same name from Chudley, both in Devon County. Robert was the third in line, from White Church, Devon County. His son, Francis, settled in Virginia around 1636. He had a son John, 1674-1752, that was from Henrico County, Virginia. Milner, his son, had another John Radford, who married a woman named Jane. This is reported to be the parents of Reuben Radford.1 This pedigree derives from a much cited entry in Burke's The Landed Gentry dating from 1939.2 It is a mistake, however. There were two Reuben Radfords during the time frame of the American Revolution. One was indeed the son of John and Jane Radford but it is well established that the Reuben Radford of Georgia was not John's son. Much work on the Radford family history has been complied by Hester E. Garrett in A Book Of Garretts.3 This work has the respect of many Radford researchers but it unfortunately does not prove beyond doubt the ancestry of Reuben Radford of Georgia. According to this book, the Radford line of Perry County, Alabama began with George Radford of Essex County, Virginia. He married an Ann Massey and had four known children. Three were daughters. Ann, one daughter, married Charles Burnett. Elizabeth married Jacob Sherwood, and Mary married Andrew Enat. His son was John Radford. George died between 1739, when his will was signed, and 1746, when it was probated in Essex County, Virginia. John was married twice. His first wife was Agnes Maxey. They are thought to have had eight children. Susanna, born in 1717, married Richard Epperson. A son George, born 1740, died without heirs after 1818. Agnes, born circa 1724, married a Dr. Joseph Bondurant. Nancy married John Cannifax and Mary married John McCargo. Another daughter, Elizabeth, married a Mr. Blackburn. John had two other sons. One was John, born circa 1735. He married Jane Johnson around 1757, and had several children, including a Reuben Radford. This Reuben was born near 1760 and married Phobe Gibson. This is the same John and Jane given in the James Radford account, in which case the two do not collaborate. The other son, Richard, married a woman named Anne. She died after 1782 but Richard survived her until the 1830's. One daughter, Martha, has been fully documented. She married Jesse Dunkin. Others are thought to be Richard's children as well, but no substantial proof exists. Elizabeth, born 16 May 1761, married Richard Gunn. Henry was married to a Juliana, George to Agga. Richard, Julia, William, and Susan are others about which nothing much is known. Reuben Radford, E. T. Harbour's great grandfather, may also be this Richard's son. The John Radford, husband of Agnes, who may be the father of all these children, is said to have had a second wife, Elizabeth Maxey Barnes. He lived in Cumberland and Goochland Counties, Virginia, which is in the James River area. His will was dated 9 July 1772. Ms. Garrett included all of these people as the children of Richard on the basis that the parents of all the other Radfords in the area at that time are known. It is understood that Reuben, Henry and Julia were all siblings. To go further than that and connect them to Richard solely on the basis of that all the other Radfords of the area are accounted for is not very compelling. For that reason we will start the history of E. T. Harbour's Radford line with his great grandfather, Reuben. First though, another possibility exists for the parentage of Reuben Radford. A Jonathan Jones Radford was listed in the will of the above mentioned George. His wife was named Rebecca and they are found in Bedford County, Virginia, in the 1770's4 . Jonathan Radford is found in Pittsylvania County, Virginia in 1785. with 10 souls in his household.5 Research conducted by Dori Warnock on the Hackworth family, from which Reuben's wife Elizabeth belonged, calls for more attention to this possibility. Warnock has found only one Hackworth family in Virginia during the Revolutionary period. This was the George Hackworth family. They moved to Bedford County sometime around 1750.6 Bedford County appears then, to be the only place in Virginia that the Radfords and Hackworths are found together, making Jonathan a strong possibility for being the father of Reuben. CHAPTER 6 The Reuben Radford Family Reuben Radford was born circa 1754 in Virginia. His parentage is not known for sure. Very little at all is known about him in Virginia. He was said to have been a Virginian soldier of the Revolution.1 Around 1779, in the time frame of the Revolution, he married Elizabeth Hackworth, a Virginian born in 1756.2 They lived in the section of Bedford County that became Campbell County in 1782. They had seven known children. Frances, the oldest son, was born around 1779. William, around 1781.3 Anna was born closely afterwards. Sometime after the birth of Anna, Reuben decided to move his family to Georgia. A most interesting record exists relating to this move.4 Reuben obtained a passport of sorts dated 9 October 1783 stating his intent to travel to the Southern parts of the U. S. It states that Reuben was acquainted with tobacco farming and had been a resident of Virginia for many years. It was signed on 21 October 1783 by James Calloway, who said Reuben "supported the character of an honest, industrious, sober man, is a good planter and a fine citizen." Calloway, had been before 1782 the county-lieutenant of Bedford County.5 Calloway states that he had been neighbors with Reuben for many years. This document shows that Reuben left Virginia around 1783 after living there for at least several years. When Reuben moved to Georgia with his family, accompanying him was his sister Julia and his brother Henry. The first record of Reuben in Wilkes County, Georgia is from 1785. He paid 1 poll on 200 acres in Captain Autrey's Militia District.6 He was listed 13 entries away from a William Hackworth.7 This could be a relative of Elizabeth. Two more records place Reuben in Wilkes County in the 1780's. The first record is dated 15 October 1789 in Wilkes County. Here he attested a deed for James Hart.8 Two months later, on 23 December, he did the same for Alex Patrick. In 1790, Reuben Radford was recorded as living in Captain Diamond's Militia District, Wilkes County.9 He owned 307 acres of land listed as third quality oak and hickory.10 He reported owning no slaves. His brother Henry appeared for the first time in Georgia in the same record. He was listed as a tax defaulter in Harris's Militia District. On 25 February 1794 Reuben received a land grant from Georgia.11 It may have been for the land that he already lived on and was recorded as being 297 acres. Shortly after receiving this grant, Reuben sold part of it. A deed dated 30 December 1794 shows that Reuben and Elizabeth sold 144 acres on Long Creek to Matthew Rainy. His neighbors were Rainy, Joshua Sanders, Hugh Mere, and Thomas Dunn. Both Reuben and Elizabeth left their mark vice a signature on the deed. In the 1798 tax digest of Oglethorpe, both Henry and Reuben are found living near one another. On 1 May 1798 in Oglethorpe County, Vina Radford married George Bradshaw. This was likely a daughter of Reuben's.12 The Bradshaws had been long time neighbors of the family in Georgia. In 1800 Reuben was recorded in the U. S. Census. Both Reuben, Elizabeth, and Julia, Reuben's unmarried sister, appear in the 26 to 45 age group. The entries for the children indicate that the couple had four daughters and five sons. Polly Ann and an unidentified female would fit in the 16 to 26 female category, Sarah and another unknown girl in the 10 to 16 female category. Two sons were 16 to 26. This should be Francis and William. Three males under ten would be Elijah, born around 1795, Obediah,13 born 1796, and John, 21 October 1797. Henry and his family do not appear in the census. Reuben and Henry continued to live near each other in Oglethorpe according to the tax digests. Henry also paid tax on land in Jackson and Clark counties in 1801 and 1802 respectively. Henry appears to have become sick and succumbed to some illness. He recorded a will in Clark County on 4 December 1804 and it was probated a month later on 7 January 1805. The will mentions his brother Reuben, wife Juliana, and children Peggy,14 Rebecca, Silas, and Nathan.15 Sometime after this Reuben became the guardian of Silas, who on 4 March 1817 was listed as an orphan.16 Reuben and his wife had two more children while they were living in Oglethorpe County. Reuben Westly was born in 1803 and Samuel on 9 March 1806. Reuben and Elizabeth were both well advanced in age when their last child was born. Elizabeth would have been 50 in 1806. A series of deeds record some of Reuben's land dealings and mark the time of his move to a new home a few miles west of Oglethorpe in Morgan County. In a deed dated 7 December 1807 Reuben, of Oglethorpe, bought 202.5 acres, known as lot # 84, in Baldwin County's 16th District17 for 100 dollars.18 This deed was witnessed by Samuel Watters, the husband of Reuben's daughter Ann. It shows that the deed was made in Oglethorpe, though it was not probated until October of 1808. This suggests that Reuben moved his family west to a new farm in Morgan County in the early part of 1808.19 The following year Reuben sold a quarter of lot # 84, 50.5 acres in the southwest corner, to Joseph Crockett for 250 dollars, far more than he had paid for the whole lot a year before.20 A tax digest of 1817 in Morgan County records the Radford Family living close together in William's Militia District, with several children having moved out of the house. Reuben and his sons William, Elijah, and Obediah all paid a separate tax.21 Soon after this William, with his sister's husband's family, the Watters, decided to join a larger group on a move to Perry County, Alabama.22 Land would be easy to come by as the Indians had given it up by treaty. They moved before 1820, circa 1818.23 Meanwhile, on his family farm in Morgan County, Reuben died on 20 December 1819. He was nearly 75 years old at the time. He was laid to rest in a family cemetery on the property that became the final resting place for many in his family. As William was named, along with John, as an executor, he returned to Georgia to handle his father's estate. Reuben's will was probated on 7 January 1820.24 On 19 November 1820, the executors made a public sale of Reuben's belongings. The list provides a good insight to the type of life that Reuben led. Most of the house hold items were purchased by William and Elizabeth.25 Elijah was curiously not mentioned in the will of his father. He never married and when he died in 1865, he willed his property to the Methodist Church.26 He is buried in the family cemetery near his father. Frances, the oldest son, was not listed in the census either. As no record of him in Georgia has been found it is likely that he died in his youth. It appears that John Radford was left with the family farm. He married Eliza Pryor, probably around 1817 as their first born, John P., died in August of 1818, only 7 days old. John and his family lived here for many years. On 9 May 1840, just a week after the birth of his son Robert F., John died. Julia, Reuben's sister, died that year also and both were buried in the family cemetery. John's widow Eliza lived on the farm until her death in 1891. She buried two more of her and John's children in the cemetery, Robert in 1846 and Martha in 1849. During the Civil War the family farm lay in the path of Sherman's march north from Savannah into the Carolinas. Eliza begged Sherman's troops to spare the house. She was successful and the house remains standing today.27 Sarah, the only other daughter whose name is known, married Reuben Bennett in Georgia around 1806. Bennett, a blacksmith, followed his wife's family to Perry County, Alabama. Sarah and her husband raised several children,28 and lived in Radfordville near the rest of her family. In the 1850 census, Sarah and her family were living next door to her widowed sister and elderly mother. Reuben Westly married Elizabeth Duke on 21 July 1825, and lived out his life in the Tallapoosa County, Alabama area. He died circa 1865. The youngest son of Reuben and Elizabeth, Samuel, also remained in Morgan County. Married to Theresa Goggans on 25 September 1827, Samuel died on 6 July 1879.29 The mother, Elizabeth Hackworth Radford, lived to be a very old lady. It is not known where she lived immediately after Reuben's death. She is not listed in her own or her son's households in the 1820 and 1830 Alabama and Georgia Census.30 By 1850, however, she was living in Perry County. In the census of that year she was found with her daughter, Polly Ann Watters, the widowed wife of Samuel Watters, in Radfordville, the town named after her family. She was the ripe old age of 94. Sometime around 1855 Elizabeth Radford passed on. She was buried in a small family cemetery near her son William's house known today as the Stone Family Cemetery.31 CHAPTER 7 THE FAMILY OF WILLIAM RADFORD William Radford was the oldest son of Reuben and Elizabeth Radford of Campbell County, Virginia. Born in Virginia in 1779, William moved with his family to Georgia as a young boy.1 At some point the family probably was living on the land granted to Reuben in 1794. William married Nancy James, a woman about two years his junior, on the 17th of July, 1804.2 The marriage took place in Oglethorpe County. She was born in Georgia about 1784.3 Their first son, Reuben, was born about a year after the marriage. That year William appeared in the Oglethorpe County tax digest.4 Elizabeth, the first daughter, was born in 1806. In 1807 William was fortunate when he participated in the land lottery. He received two draws, both in Wilkinson County, Georgia. They were for lots 56 and 107 in districts 18 and 13 respectively. His brother-in-law Samuel Watters drew land in the same county.5 Sometime in 1808, William's father Reuben moved to Morgan County, Georgia. William packed his family up and moved there as well. That year, another son was born. His name was Elisha. The first record of William in Morgan dates from 1810. In August of that year he served on the Number 2 jury.6 In 1810 he also paid tax on land near his father in William's Militia District.7 William's family grew very large over the years. Susan H. was born around 1812. Temperance, or "Peggy," was born circa 1814.8 A son, John W., was born around 1815. Another daughter, Polly Ann, was born in the early part of William's marriage but her birthday is unknown. Though the dates and facts are vague, it appears that William's wife Nancy, died around this time, 1817.9 Around 1818 a large group of people from the area in North Georgia that William lived in began a migration to Alabama. Included in this group were his sister Ann, her husband Samuel Watters, and his family. William decided to seek out his fortune as well for land in Perry County, Alabama was cheap and plentiful, so he packed up his family and joined them. A month after his father's death, on 24 January 1820, William was granted 160 acres of land.10 His sister Susan Bennett moved out to Perry County after the death of her father and Elizabeth, their mother, came as well at some later time. The land that William was granted was in the close proximity of what became known as Radfordville, named after him. Evidently William accumulated much land in his long lifetime. It also seems that William remarried had several more children. Mary, or "Winnie," was born around 1820. William T. came in 1822. Nancy J. was born in 1825 and the youngest child, George Washington, in 1827. As William's family grew larger, some of the older children began to move out and start their own families. On 22 August 1823, in Perry County, Reuben is recorded in a marriage to Sarah Wilbanks. In 1830 he is recorded in the census with a daughter under four. He and his wife are in the 20 to 30 year old category. In 1840 he is listed in the Perry County census two houses down from George Watters, of his aunt's husband's family. He is three households over from his father. He and his wife are in the 30 to 40 year group and they have 11 others living with them. He must have died in the 1840's as his wife Sarah is listed in the 1850 census as a forty year old woman alone with 7 children in Radfordville. That same year, Elizabeth, the oldest daughter, was married. On October 1823, Elizabeth wed John H. Smith. By 1850 she had 10 children and was still in Perry County. Apparently, however, she died before 1862.11 Susan married George M. Henson on 11 July 1829. They were living in Perry County in 1850 and she was named in her father's will in 1862. A few days after Susan's marriage, on 25 July 1829, Elisha married Mary Ross. Elisha Radford and his wife were recorded in the Perry County 1850 census as a couple between 20 to 30, and had a daughter under five. On 31 March 1835 Elisha was granted 320 acres near Radfordville. In 1840, this family and 8 children, still in Perry County, were not living very closely to the other Radfords. Elisha did not stay in Alabama his whole life. In 1870 he died while living in Meridian, Mississippi.12 In the 1830's, William was able to receive more government patents to increase his land holdings. On 14 April 1834, he received 80 acres.13 On 16 January 1836, he received another 80 acres.14 Both of these were near his previous land holdings. As William's land holdings increased, so did his flock of grandchildren. Peggy married William Harbour in July of 1832. She soon had several children of her own. Polly Ann was married to George W. Mayfield around the same time but little is known about her life after this.15 On 18 January 1837, Winnie married John C. Oaks. She had a large family that she reared in Perry County. Not much is known about John save that he was named in his father's will. He later became a well driller in Choctaw County, Alabama. On 19 August, 1841, William married Elizabeth Griffen, the widow of Owen Griffin16 . She had moved from Wilkes County, GA. to Perry County with her two children. The 1840 census shows that William continued to prosper in his holdings. His daughter Nancy, who was not on the 1840 Census, had married Thornberry W. Bolling.17 By the time of the 1850 census, the Bollings were back living with William and Elizabeth along with their children. George was living with his parents as well. William in 1850 owned 4,000 in real estate. The younger William was not found with his parents in 1850 as he married a woman named Amanda in the early part of the 1840's. He had three known children. George moved out soon after the 1850 Census when he married a girl named Martha circa 1852. He then lived close to his parents. By the 1850's, it appears that Radfordville was establishing itself as a real focal point for the region's farmers. As William owned much of the land in the area, the Radfords certainly became prosperous. In 1853 he and his wife donated 1 acre in the village to establish the "Radfordville Academy." The trustees of this school were all local men, many whose families had married into the Radfords. Included here was Samuel Bolling, James M. Watters, Joseph R. Watters, and James W. Oaks.18 The town was a prominent place in the local area for many years. Near the school a post office and a brick store were built.19 In the Civil War a company of the 8th Alabama Volunteers was formed there. The school continued to function until 1928. It is likely that many of the young Harbours, Watters, and Radfords that this book is concerned with were members of this school. The school was torn down in 1930 and all that remains of it, the store, and the post office, is an empty field.20 Sometime after 1853 William lost his wife Elizabeth. William was an old man in his 70's, but loneliness did not set in. On 13 July 1858, William married Massey Leach.21 She was a widow from nearby Bibb County. Born in South Carolinia in 1813, she had at least 4 children by a previous marriage.22 In the 1860 census William was listed with Massey, 33 years his junior. The census had him still listed as a farmer with a real estate value of 6,200. His personal holdings were more than 2,000. Massey's daughter, Lucinda Leach, was listed as an 18 year old house keeper. Living next door was his son George and his wife Martha. He was listed as an overseer, evidently running the large farm that his father owned. It appears that the family of Mssie did not approve of this marriage, and the last few years may not have been pleasant, despite all of his wealth, and being surrounded by many children and countless grandchildren, many living near the town and attending a school bearing his name. W. G. Leach from Bibb, apparently a relative of Massey, brought a case against William and had him declared a lunatic. Duke Nall, who later as an officer in the 8th Alabama died in the Civil War, was appointed guardian. He later resigned and John C. Oakes, his son in law, became guardian and managed his affairs until William's death on 23 October 1862. He left a will that divided his estate among many children and grandchildren.23 He was most likely buried in the old Stone Family Cemetery. Marked with wooden headboards, the markers have since rotted and the exact grave sites lost. What became of Massey is not known.24 SECTION 3 ELISHA TALMON HARBOUR'S PARENTS AND EARLY LIFE This section of the text is derived from various sources as will be noted. The subject of this book, in every document he signed that is left today, recorded his name as E. T. Harbour. A granddaughter of his wrote that no one in her family even knew what the "E" stood for as they called him Talmon. As it seems that he preferred E. T., this will be what this text refers to the subject as. Eastern Perry Co. Map CHAPTER 8 WILLIAM C.HARBOUR AND FAMILY William Chandler Harbour was a young man of 14 when his father died in 1824.1 He lived with his mother and helped her on the farm as the family continued to raise cotton. He also managed to get some education as well.2 His mother had to move in 1832 or 1833 after Isaiah, her oldest son, bought all the land and sold it again in 1833 when he was moving to Mississippi. The Harbours then took up residence near Radfordville, Alabama, a few miles southwest of the previous homestead. While living here, William met Temperance Radford, whose family the town was named for. The two decided to marry and on the 4th of July, they went to the courthouse in Marion and received a marriage license. Returned on the 12th, it shows that they were married by William Calloway, minister of the Gospel.3 The first child for the couple was born on 17 November, 1833. It was a daughter that they named after William's sister, Barsheba. The first son, William Chandler, was born 10 October 1835. A curious entry appears in the probate minutes of Perry County in November of that year.4 Elijah Harbour, William's brother, was named guardian of William C. Harbour, the infant. As it is clear that William grew up in the house of his father, and Elijah moved on to Texas shortly afterwards, the meaning of this entry is a mystery. It appears that William was a solid businessman and planter.5 He slowly began to accumulate land and wealth. Soon after his marriage, he received 349.89, his share of his father's estate. This surely helped the new family get started. In 1835, William suffered the death of his mother Elizabeth. As a heir to her estate, he received 187.75 on 9 January 1837.6 After the death of his mother, many of William's siblings decided to move further west and left the county. William though, decided to stay as his family and farm seemed to be doing well. Around 1837, another daughter was born. Her name was Nancy Jane. Three years later, another son came along one spring day. On 14 April 1840, Elisha Talmon Harbour was born. He was the fourth in his line to hold the name of Talmon. Elisha had not been used as a name in the line for quite a while though. Not since the first Thomas Harbour named a son that in the 1730's had it been used in William's direct line. Perhaps the memories of those great uncles were still present, but it is uncertain exactly why the name Elisha was chosen. When the census taker came to Perry County in the early summer of 1840, he was able to record a young family of six. All the children were accounted for and William and "Peggy", as she was called, were marked off as adults in the 20 to 30 age category. The family was not to remain the same for long. Sometime before the end of the year, Peggy died.7 E.T., just an infant, was left without a mother. His oldest sister, Barsheba, was just seven years old at the time and while she was probably a big help, William needed someone to help him with his four youngsters as he also had to run the farm. It is not known what help William received from his outside family. He may have had help from his sister Barsheba, or from some of his sister-in-laws. Three years after his wife's death, William decided to remarry. On Columbus Day, 12 October 1843, William Chandler took as his second wife, Lucretia Nalley. William's youngest child was too young to ever recollect his mother, so Lucretia was the only mother that E. T. knew. William and Lucretia soon began having children of their own. First, four sons were born to the couple. Christopher C., was born in 1844. Two years later John R. was born. Ezekial, or "Zeke," came in 1848 followed by Bazel David on 19 December 1851. During the 1840's Williams farm continued to prosper. In 1843 the last of his remaining brothers left Perry County. David, for whom the sixth son was probably named for, left for Marion County, Alabama. He must have kept close relations with the family as years later, when he moved to Kemper County, Mississippi, some of William's children joined him there. Though many of his father's family had left, his Radford grandparents were living close by and he probably knew them well. He also had many aunts, uncles, and cousins from his mother's side in the vicinity. His closest playmates however, were probably his older brother William, and his two half brothers, Christopher and John. On 21 May 1849, William's first daughter, Barsheba, was married. The groom was John William Griffin. Just 15 and a half when married, she would soon start a family of her own. After the Civil War the two moved to Kemper County, Mississippi, where they spent the remainder of their lives. In 1850, the Perry County census taker found the Harbour family living in the Plantersville Beat. In addition to the children, the census taker noted that the value of William's real estate was 1,400 dollars. He was recorded as a farmer. William and Lucretia followed their first four boys with four daughters. In 1854, Mary Frances, or "Fannie." was born. Martha, or "Matt" was next in 1858. Ruby was born in 1860. Betty is the name of the fourth but her birth date is uncertain. Nothing much is known about any of these girls.8 In 1855, when E. T. was 15, his big brother William moved out and left the state. He went to Kemper County where his Uncle David was living. David must have been in correspondence and relating the fortunes to be had there to young William. After a short stay, in which he married Caroline Jones, he returned to Perry County. He stayed less than a year before he returned to Mississippi, where he remained the rest of his life. He became a wealthy and respected businessman, and lived to be a very old man, dying in 1911.9 Nancy was the next to get married. She married James Middleton Fuller, a young man who lived right down the road from the Harbours.10 In 1860 the census taker arrived in Perry County in July. The Harbours were now living in the Perryville Beat. This is a few miles east of Radfordville. William was listed as 53 years old, his wife Lucretia, was 35. E. T. is the only child of Peggy's still living at home. Of his children with Lucretia, four are listed. Ruby was yet to be born.11 Also living with the family is a 56 year old Georgia born boarder named Maddleton Mosely. Who exactly this man was is not known. Three other things are important to note about this census record. One is, that this household is the only Harbour family in the index for the entire state of Alabama for 1860.12 By this time, all of Talmon's family had moved on save William. Also interesting are the figures that William claims on his property values. He reports that he held 5,760 dollars in real estate, and 6,912 in personal property. The result of William's business success is evident. This would establish him as a very wealthy planter of some note in the local area. The final interesting note is the entry for E. T. He was listed as being 19, but Lucretia, who probably gave the taker the information while the men were at work, forgot that he had turned 20 three months before. Most interesting is the entry for E. T.'s occupation. In a time and area where most men were farmers or laborers, E. T. was described as a farm agent. Most likely he was an overseer of some type. The term was rarely used and perhaps E. T. did not see himself as a simple farmer. Whatever E. T.'s ambitions and goals were, where ever he saw himself going, the events of the next year would change the twenty year old's life forever. SECTION 4 THE WAR YEARS This is an account of E. T. Harbour's regiment, the Eighth Alabama Volunteer Infantry Regiment, and the actions they were involved in from 1861 to 1865. It is largely based on Hilary Herbert's excellent regimental history. From the pension application that E. T. completed in 1902, it is known that he was wounded in three places. Etta Wagner remembers that her grandfather was wounded twice. The examining doctor found gunshot wounds on the left arm, right wrist, and right leg. As the bullet that struck the leg may also have struck the arm, it is possible that E. T. was wounded only on two occasions. It is not known when or where these wounds occurred. The roster in Hilary Herbert's history is based on complied service records and apparently these do not answer the question. Therefore it is very possible that E. T. did not participate in some of these actions mentioned. Herbert's roster has an entry stating "released 3-24-65." What E. T. was released from is unclear. It was not likely a Northern prison camp because he would not have been able to rejoin his regiment in time for the surrender at Appomattox a month later. The record does not mention any capture or hospitalization so it is unlikely that this is the case. A probable guess was that he was slightly wounded or ill during the many months that the army was before Petersburg, and he required a short hospitalization. As the author has been unable to peruse the records first hand, the question will remain unanswered here. Considering his wounds, lack of other entries in the record, his presence at the surrender, and the fact that pensions were not given to deserters, it is most likely that E. T. was present at all the engagements in the following narrative.1 CHAPTER 9 THE BEGINNING The tide of events that led up to the American Civil War had started before the birth of E. T. Harbour.1 It is doubtful that E. T was at all familiar with the Missouri Compromise of 1820 as a youngster nor would the Compromise of 1850 attract much attention of a ten year old. The events of 1859-60, notably John Brown's raid and the presidential election, however, led to the talk of a Southern succession. The wave of fervor that spread across the country was so great that hardly anyone could ignore it. E. T., a young man of twenty, undoubtedly was caught up in the emotion. The state of Alabama voted to secede in January of 1861 and after the firing upon Fort Sumter, she called upon her men for volunteers in her defense. E. T. and many other citizens of Perry County heeded that call. On the 16th of May, 1861, E. T. went into Radfordville, as did his first cousin, Samuel Watters, and a distant cousin and future brother-in-law, John O. Watters, and enlisted in the "Southern Guards," which was being organized that day. E. T. left no record of his feelings or motivations that led to this action. It is doubtful that he felt that strongly about slavery. There is no record of him or his father owning any slaves. Colonel Hilary Herbert, many years after the war, attempted to provide an explanation for his men. In defense of an essay introducing his history of the 8th Alabama that explained his beliefs of the war's cause, Herbert wrote, "... my conclusion of the whole matter is that the abolition crusade was the direct cause of the antagonism between the two sections..."2 He felt that the fanatics in the North had organized a voting block that by size alone could force their extreme views on others, and this issue only happened to be slavery.3 No doubt he felt that the men who joined the 8th felt this way as well as he wrote "slave owners or their sons did not constitute more than 20 to 25 percent of the regiment."4 After the formation of the "Southern Guards" it was ordered that they make their way to Richmond, Virginia by rail. The trip, during late May and early June, Herbert wrote: ... was like a triumphal procession. The country was ablaze with enthusiasm. >From houses by the wayside flags and handkerchiefs waved, and at every station multitudes greeted soldiers with cheers and flowers and every manifestation of love and admiration. We will never know if E. T. had any conception at all of the hard realities that lay ahead that were so far from the dreams he had on that trip back to the home of his ancestors in Virginia. On the 10th of June, 1861, the Southern Guards were mustered into the Confederate service along with nine other Alabama companies. It was now known as Company K, 8th Alabama Volunteer Infantry. Prior Alabama regiments had volunteered for only 12 months, the 8th was proud to claim itself as the first Alabama unit to enlist for three years or "for the war." The regiment had no time to glorify in this as it was immediately ordered to Yorktown, where it arrived on the 12th of June and stayed for nearly a year. CHAPTER 10 THE EARLY BATTLES The 8th became part of General John B. Magruder's small force that was facing a large Federal army threatening Richmond via the Peninsula. The 8th spent the first few months in camp at a beautiful beach on the York river under a high bluff that had sheltered Cornwallis's magazines during the Revolution. The regiment's officers used this time for intense drilling of the men to begin the slow transformation of citizens into soldiers. The 8th was engaged in three slight skirmishes during this time. One, on 22 December 1861, resulted in the first battle death. Shortly after this the 8th broke camp, and after a brief stay near Bethel, struck winter camp at Harwood's Mill. The comfortable quarters built here were known to the men as Camp Prudence.1 Again the 8th used the interlude of this winter camp to become efficient on the drill field. Herbert wrote of the effort it took to convert those who held democracy so dear into efficient, obedient soldiers. It was hard for the non-soldier to see the practical side of many of the movements that was practiced. Only later, when in the face of enemy shells and musketry when these maneuvers were used several times to employ the regiment into a position to confront and dispose of their enemies did the men appreciate these days of drudgery. Often the days consisted of marches around the Peninsula that seemingly were aimless. Only later did they learn that General Magruder used these marches near the enemy to fool the Federal General George McClellan into thinking that he was facing a force many times it's actual size. The arrival of conscripts2 to the camp on 17 March 1862 certainly raised the excitement of the men. E. T. particularly had good reason to be happy as there were some familiar faces among the new recruits from Perry County. His half brother, Christopher C. Harbour, only eighteen, arrived along with his oldest sister's husband, John Griffin. His sister Nancy's husband, J.M. Fuller, also arrived, as did his first cousin Samuel Watters and S. H. White. White was a close life-long friend of E. T.'s and it is probable that this friendship developed around this time. On the 3rd of April, 1862, the 8th left Camp Prudence for the last time and moved to the front near Wynne's Mill. Two days later the men heard their first artillery shell fired at them in anger. This was just the first of many as McClellan was about to begin his offensive. These bombardments continued through April as Magruder held his line waiting for reinforcements from General Joseph Johnston. This became known as the "siege of Yorktown." Once General Johnston arrived he decided that the defensive line was unsuitable and ordered a withdrawal that began on 3 May. McClellan had just placed some heavy mortars in range but the withdrawal ended the siege and any chance of bombardment. WILLIAMSBURG AND SEVEN PINES The march from Yorktown was slow as the roads were muddy from heavy rains. This helped McClellan somewhat in his pursuit once he found that the works at Yorktown were empty. He forced Johnston to make a stand at Williamsburg, his second line of defense.3 The haphazardness of this stand is evident in that the 8th was split into four separate sections to man different positions of the defense. E. T.'s Company K was assigned along with Company B to Fort Magruder. Here the only action Company K saw was a small exchange of rifle fire. The brunt of the battle was fought by General James Longstreet's division. The Federal's advance was halted and Johnston was able to continue his withdrawal towards Richmond as the rains slowly made the roads impassible for the Federal army.4 The 8th left Williamsburg on 6 May 1862 and it reached camp near Richmond several days later. Here they stayed until General Johnston saw a chance to cut McClellan off from his supply base. McClellan had arranged his troops in such a way that the Chickahomany River divided his army in half. A terrible storm on 30 May flooded the river and swampy area around it. This threatened to cut McClellan's two sides in half. Johnston attacked the southern portion of the Federal army on 31 May and hoped that the bridges across the river would be flooded and prevent any reinforcements. The attack had some initial success but the 8th, part of Pryor's Brigade at the time, was held in reserve and saw no action the first day. Despite the swollen river, the Federals were able to reinforce the endangered wing on the night of 31 May. The next morning, 1 June, the 8th was ordered forward to continue the assault. As they were marching in quick time5 through thick woods towards the sound of battle, a body of Federal infantry ambushed them and with a volley of musketry aimed at their flank, dealt them a beating. Forty fell in the first volley and the 8th fell back in disorder 100 yards. Here they rallied and made a stand, repulsing the Federal attack with the help of the 14th Alabama. The assault everywhere went badly and Johnston was forced to withdraw his troops back to the original lines. Though his plan was sound, it was complex and his subordinates had trouble carrying it out. The battle was essentially a draw, with a Confederate loss of 6,000 compared to 5,000 of the Union.6 The 8th had lost 131 killed, wounded, and missing. This was the first battle that brought heavy casualties.7 Though a draw, the battle of Seven Pines8 as it became known, had some very important consequences. General Johnston was wounded and ordered to replace him was General Robert Edward Lee. What E. T. thought of the new general is not known, but Lee was to soon establish a reputation as one of the greatest generals of all time. E. T. Harbour and the 8th Alabama was at his side every step, of every battle that Lee was involved in to establish that reputation. CHAPTER 11 REORGANIZATION AND THE SEVEN DAYS Lee lost little time in beginning that reputation. A brief organizational change followed the change of command. Col. Winston, the 8th's first colonel, resigned for health reasons. He was replaced by Lt. Col. Royston. The 8th was organized with four sister Alabama regiments, the 9th, 10th, 11th, and 14th, into a brigade under Camdus M. Wilcox. In this brigade the 8th remained for the entire war and helped it to establish a well respected reputation. Wilcox's Brigade was placed into Longstreet's Division of what was soon to become known as the Army of Northern Virginia. At the same time this organization was underway, Lee was studying the layout of McClellan's troops. He discovered that McClellan's right flank was open to attack. He decided to strike and began his first offensive on 26 June at Mechanicsville. After a tough fight the Federal general, Fitz John Porter, fell back at night near Gaine's Mill. Up to this point the 8th, though it moved several times, had not engaged the Federals. On the morning of 27 June, Lee ordered 57,000 of his troops against Porter's 34,000. The 8th took part in this task. The Federals had formed three lines of infantry on the hill that a Dr. Gaines lived on. The 8th, as part of Wilcox's brigade, drove through these three lines, capturing breastworks and batteries, and pushed Porter back to the swamps of the Chickahominy. They were stopped only by night.1 Though Lee had problems throughout the day getting his troops to the front, this assault, in which the 8th took part, forced Porter to cross the river. In this action known as Gaine's Mill,2 the 8th, numbering only 400 men, lost 149 casualties. Included here was E. T. Harbour's cousin, Samuel Watters, who was severely wounded.3 Wilcox was full of praise for the bravery of all his men. After battle the men of each company themselves voted on whom they thought deserved recognition for bravery. In this Roll of Honor for Gaine's Mill, E. T.'s brother-in-law, John Griffin, was noted for gallantry. Though the Federals had decided to withdraw, the battle was not over. On the 29th McClellan's rear guard fought off Lee's pursuers at Savage Station. Wilcox's Brigade had remained on the battle field at Gaine's Mill on the 28th. On the morning of the 29th, the brigade recrossed the Chickahominy and marched south camping on Central Road near the Atlee Farm for the night.4 The next morning, the 30th of June, the 8th, with the rest of Wilcox's Brigade, continued their march up Central Road. Late in the evening, around 1700, after they had waited three hours in battle formation, artillery shells began to rain down on their heads. The brigade marched across a field to Long Bridge Road, where thick woods were on both sides. The 8th and 11th Alabama regiments were on the left side of the road and the rest of the brigade was on the right. Both halves upon marching forward ran into enemy batteries of six guns apiece in a field. The 8th stood fast and engaged while the 11th on the left continued forward and rushed the battery, seizing it and driving the Federals back. The regiments on the right did likewise to the other battery. The 11th, in the face of superior numbers, lost the battery it had just captured and with the 8th fell back.5 After being reinforced by Pryor and Featherstone's Brigades, the battery was finally secured. Wilcox's Brigade was relieved of the line at 2100 that night and withdrew from the field. This battle was known as Frayser's Farm6 and resulted in 60 killed and wounded out of less than 120 engaged for the 8th Alabama.7 On the final day of this series of battles, Lee again attacked the Federals at Malvin Hill, only to be bloodily repulsed by Northern artillery. Lee nevertheless had saved Richmond and forced McClellan to retire back to the Peninsula near Harris Landing. This victory was achieved at a high cost to Lee. 20,000 were killed or wounded compared to 11,000 for the Federals.8 In the Seven Days battle, in which the 8th only saw heavy fighting in two, the loss to the regiment was 232. 51 were killed, and the rest wounded. The grand illusion E. T. Harbour and his friends had on that train ride out of Perry County on the way to Richmond were rapidly becoming a distant memory. Seven Days Map CHAPTER 12 FROM MANASSAS TO MARYLAND The 8th spent the next month in camp near Richmond, Virginia. During the repose the regiment received Major Herbert, who was captured at Seven Pines, back into it's ranks. Wilcox's Brigade also was placed in the division of R. H. Anderson, Longstreet's Corps, as Lee began another reorganization.1 Lee during this time had reached a decision on his next course of action. He ordered General Stonewall Jackson to the Shenandoah Valley to fight General John Pope. McClellan was about to withdraw from the Peninsula and anticipating this, Lee took 30,000 troops north to help Jackson force Pope across the Rappanhannock. The 8th was involved in this and marched for Gordonsville on 11 August 1862. As portions of McClellan's force was joining Pope, Jackson was marching 50 miles to destroy the Federal supply depot at Manassas. Pope saw this as a chance to destroy Lee's army in piecemeal and rushed to the area. Once Jackson's troops were aware of Pope's presence on the 29th, they deployed on the old battlefield of Manassas2 and held him of until Longstreet, with whom the 8th was attached, could get there to help. Longstreet not did arrive in time to fight until the 30th of August. When he did, he attacked the Federal left in support of Jackson. The 8th Alabama was held as a reserve in a supporting position near the lines. As they watched their comrades fight, the 8th followed behind. Herbert described the day as "one grand, onward, victorious sweep." They witnessed an extraordinary charge by the Washington Artillery of Louisiana. Two sections, one of four guns, the other two, advanced in a leapfrog style 50 yards at a time in line with the advancing infantry. Once the 8th was ordered to support General John B. Hood's Texans in one area of the field but when they arrived there, they were greeted by a field full of dead New York Zouaves the Texans already had dispatched. Their red breeches made one soldier compare the field to a "beautiful bed of roses." The fighting was easy that day for the 8th. They suffered only 17 killed and wounded, mostly from artillery fire.3 With the desire to move the theater of operations away from Virginia to the North, both for supply reasons and to impress the Europeans who seemed on the verge of recognizing the Confederacy, Lee began his Maryland campaign. The army started it's march northward and began to concentrate near Frederick, Md. on 7 September. The 8th on that day crossed the Potomac River near Leesburg at White's Ford. On the 9th, having decided that the 12,000 man garrison at Harper's Ferry threatened the Confederate supply line, Jackson was ordered by Lee to capture it. Anderson's Division, in which the 8th was part of, marched to Hagerstown on the 11th and hoped to induce the garrison at Harper's Ferry to withdraw. When they did not, Jackson recrossed the Potomac and attacked them from the Virginia side while Anderson crossed South Mountain, using the Brownsville Gap4 and marched down to Pleasant Valley near Maryland's Heights overlooking the town to prevent the garrison from escaping to the north. A Federal army meanwhile, entered Pleasant Valley through Crampton's Gap by defeating a detachment left there to guard it. The 8th formed part of the line deployed across the valley awaiting the Federal attack by the 6th Corps under William Franklin. Here they lay trapped for two days until General McLaw captured Maryland's Heights, forcing the garrison to surrender on the 15th. Meanwhile, McClellan, having learned through a copy of Lee's orders that he had split his army, proceeded west to destroy him piece by piece.5 When Lee learned this he considered withdrawing back into Virginia but upon hearing of Jackson's victory, he decided to make a stand at Sharpsburg, Md. and ordered his army to assemble there. On the 16th of September, the 8th marched through Harper's Ferry and took the road for Shepardstown. The entire army up to this point had endured many miles of marching. The straggling of soldiers not able to keep up was at one, if not the greatest points of the war. Herbert wrote that what effected the 8th the most was fatigue. Where as other soldiers in the army were suffering from weeks of living off of green apples and green corn6 , the 8th was fortunate in partaking in the capture on the rations at Harper's Ferry. After resting for part of the day, the regiment began a grueling night march for Sharpsburg. At sunrise they waded the Potomac River near Shepardstown and reached Sharpsburg around 0700 on 17 September 1862.7 The battle had already begun when the 8th arrived on the field.8 At muster that morning, the 8th only could account for 120 men as many were left behind in the rush to the field. As the 8th marched to the battle it passed near Lee's headquarters. At some point in the line of march, the regiment passed near their beloved General Lee. The admiration for their general is shown by Herbert's account written forty years later: ... we passed close by our peerless leader, standing upon a rock-covered eminence overlooking the battle field. With his hat off to acknowledge the loud and continuous cheers we gave him, the light of battle in his eye, the morning sun lighting up his silvery hair and beard, his martial form outlined against the blue sky, Lee in the eyes of his men, amid the roar of the battle, on that rock at Sharpsburg, was a figure such as no pen has ever described and no brush has ever painted. He seemed a very God of War!. After passing through Sharpsburg the 8th, was ordered up to the front in support of D. H. Hill, then in a desperate struggle at the "Bloody Lane." Anderson marched to the left of the Boonesburg Turnpike and formed his division on Hill's right, with the line running southward towards the Piper house.9 The 8th crossed over a hill into an apple orchard, the whole time being under an artillery barrage. They went down the hill near the Piper house,10 across a corn field to the extreme right on the Confederate line. This was known as the Sunken Road. To the right of the 8th was a gap in the lines that remained open until A. P. Hill arrived in the afternoon. The 8th was now in a heavy fight facing a line of infantry 120 yards distant and grapeshot from the Federal batteries. Two well directed batteries poured a fire on the Confederates who lacked artillery of their own.11 The regiment was forced to use the ammunition of the dead and dying as it began to run low. In the heavy fighting two color bearers were shot down in rapid succession. The Federal line partially broke but recovered when it was reinforced by fresh troops. To the left Hill's lines along the bloody angle came under enfilade12 fire and the line began to fall back to the Hagerstown Turnpike.13 As the troops to the left began to be pushed back, Herbert, in command, retreated the 8th back 300 yards to secure their flank from the advancing Federals. Back on the Piper's hill near the apple orchard that had been passed earlier, a see-saw battle was fought. The Federals advanced through a corn field in front and charged the 8th, but the 8th counterattacked and drove them back behind a rock fence on the opposite ridge, 100 yards back. Heavy artillery fire now forced the 8th to retire from the orchard. Once again the Federals began to advance across the cornfield. The 8th went forward a second time to the orchard to drive off the advancing attackers. Again fighting was terrific and two more color bearers were shot down, but the Federals were again knocked back to the rock fence. Heavy artillery fire again forced the 8th off the hill but the enemy had fought enough for the moment and the orchard remained unoccupied until later in the evening. The fighting was intense in other sectors as well in what was the bloodiest single day of the war. Hood's Division was nearly destroyed on the far left in the morning. Longstreet had held off General Ambrose Burnside on the right at the cost of much bloodshed. Hill in the center, where the 8th reinforced, was pushed back with heavy losses. The only thing that saved the outnumbered Confederates,14 was that McClellan had launched his attacks separately and allowed Lee to effectively use his reserves. McClellan had 25,000 fresh troops that could have changed the outcome but were never used. Despite the poor leadership on the Northern side, the day was bleak for Lee until 1600 when A. P. Hill's troops arrived from Harper's Ferry. Hill was ordered forward to the exposed gap on the right of D. H. Hill. The 8th was on the immediate right of the fresh troops when they entered the field near sunset. The 8th had used a lull in the fighting to regroup and now along with Cook's Georgia Brigade,15 they moved to the right to support Hill. The Federals saw this as a chance to take the long contested apple orchard and turn the flank of the line A. P. Hill was using to drive the Federals in his front back across Antietam Creek. Cook ordered his troops to shift face towards the advance and this was concealed from the enemy by the crest of the hill. As the Federals approached unknowingly just 30 yards away, the 8th and Cook's Brigade fired a volley and charged, saving the orchard once again. Though the troublesome batteries across Antietam Creek forced them to withdraw behind the hill again, nightfall arrived and the battle came to a close. Lee and his army remained in their positions the next day, inviting another assault from McClellan but fortunately, none came as both armies had been badly bloodied. The Federals had lost about 12,000 to the Confederate's 10,000.16 Herbert wrote that of the 120 men who made it to the field,17 78 were killed and wounded. This was a 65 percent causality rate. Among the wounded was E. T.'s brother, Christopher Harbour.18 One item of note deserves to be mentioned at this point. R. H. Anderson, the 8th's divisional commander, was wounded early in the battle. Command passed to General Pryor, though he may not have been aware of it at the time.19 As a result the division was scattered along the field as they took heavy casualties along the Hagerstown Road. Wilcox was not present either and his stand in, Colonel Cummings, was wounded early in the battle. This resulted afterwards in the failure for anyone to submit an official report. Therefore the role of Wilcox's brigade in this battle has at times been ignored.20 On the night of 18 September 1862, Lee ordered his army to withdraw from the field, and they marched out of Maryland much less happy than they had been coming in eleven days earlier. The army stopped to regroup at Martinburg, Virginia. Stragglers arriving there brought back the army's strength to 36,000 infantry.21 Sharpsburg Map CHAPTER 13 FREDERICKSBURG TO SALEM CHURCH On the 26th of September, the 8th broke camp and moved to another one six miles out from Winchester, Virginia, setting down near a spring. This spot became known to the men of the 8th as "Chuckaluck Hill." The men played a dice game in camp of that name using the money that the army finally paid them.1 A sad event took place back in Perry County as E. T. was in camp in Virginia. The only grandfather he had a chance to know, William Radford, passed away on 23 October 1862.2 The news was surely delayed in reaching E. T. but it certainly added to the hardships and pains that he was already enduring as a soldier. By this time, both armies had sufficient time to recover from the bloodletting at Sharpsburg. McClellan began to launch another offensive and crossed the Potomac just east of Harper's Ferry and moved south on 25 October. As the line of march changed to an easterly direction, Longstreet marched to face them at Culpeper Court House3 . The 8th was included in this move and arrived after a five day march on 3 November. As the two armies were squaring off, General McClellan learned that he had lost his job. He was replaced by General Burnside. With uncharacteristic energy for the Army of the Potomac, Burnside was able to "steal" a march on Lee and moved his army to Fredericksburg, Virginia. This was an effort to cross the Rappahonnock and to threaten Richmond. Lee, a day behind, rushed his own troops there to confront him. He was aided by poor weather. As Federal troops began to arrive on 17 November, a terrible storm raised the river level and Burnside had to wait for the arrival of pontoon bridges.4 This gave Lee the chance to catch up and concentrate his troops on the heights facing Fredericksburg. The 8th left Culpeper Court House on 19 November and took the line on the extreme left of Lee's army on 22 November. Wilcox's brigade manned the section that ran from the river to the right, and the 8th was stationed near Dr. Taylor's house. Here the armies stood until the 13th of December, when Burnside launched a frontal attack. It was a bloody repulse and the casualties ran high as the Federals struck at the strong defensive positions at Marye's Heights. As the 8th was at the extreme left, it took no part in the battle. One man was wounded from the shelling. Burnside lost nearly 13,000 that day to his counterpart's 5,300.5 It was the last big battle of the year in the Eastern theater as both armies begin to dig in for the winter. The 8th took station at Bank's Ford, 3/4 of a mile above Dr. Taylor's on the Rappahannock. Comfortable log houses were built on the brow of the hill facing the road that leads to the ford. These huts were within Federal artillery range but a tacit truce was understood to be in effect and neither side fired upon the other during the winter. The cold season was passed practicing precision drill and because of the close proximity to the lines, trade and talk with the enemy was common.6 Spring was accompanied by more desperately needed conscripts from back home as the fields of '62 were planted with many of these fallen comrades. CHANCELLORSVILLE Across the river, during the winter, the Federals were busy. General Burnside had been replaced by General "Fightin Joe" Hooker. He avoided the deadly frontal assault that Burnside had tried and decided upon an attack on Lee's rear. After a feint to his front on the 28th of April, Hooker led 70,000 the next day around to Lee's rear by crossing the Rappahannock above it's junction with the Rapidan River. 40,000 troops were left facing Lee, who upon hearing of the spring offensive, ordered Anderson's Division to Chancellorsville to protect his rear. Lee was now facing two large armies on separate fronts. Here he took a giant gamble and in doing so achieved his greatest victory. Leaving 10,000 troops under General Jubal Early at Fredericksburg and Wilcox, with his brigade, at Bank's Ford, he brought his 48,000 troops to face Hooker at Chancellorsville on 1 May. Again Lee split his force in front of the enemy and sent Stonewall Jackson on his famous flank march around to Hooker's rear while Lee stayed at his front with 18,000 men. In the evening of 2 May, Jackson struck hard at the rear of the Federals, the 11th Corps were driven back two miles with heavy casualties. Again on the morning of the 3rd, Stuart, now in command of Jackson's Corps after he was mortally wounded, placed some artillery at Hazel Grove that sealed the battle in that part of the field for the South. Meanwhile the Federals left at Fredericksburg, realizing that Early's force was small, assaulted and took Marye's Heights. The roads leading to Lee's rear were now open. Only one small brigade stood in the way of two Federal Army Corps, Wilcox's. Private E. T. Harbour was about to give Lee one of his biggest contributions of the war. SALEM CHURCH Wilcox had remained during the battle of 1 and 2 May guarding Bank's Ford. On the morning of the 3rd, Wilcox made the observation that the Federal picket line had their haversacks with them. Fewer troops were also visible than the day before.7 Orders to Bank's Ford had directed him to report to Chancellorsville if he thought that the enemy did not intend to cross the river there. With these conditions met, Wilcox left a small force to watch and proceeded to Orange Plank Road. In doing so Wilcox had placed himself between Lee and the advancing Federals of the 6th Corps, under General John Sedgwick. At the first sight of the enemy column he thought it was a feint to keep him away from Chancellorsville. He soon learned, however, that Early had given way at Fredericksburg before a large Federal advance. Wilcox sent messengers to Lee for reinforcements and deployed his troops to began a delaying action against the Federals now marching down the plank road. Wilcox slowly withdrew before the Federals until he reached Salem Church. Here at the little red brick church building, with a school nearby, the Alabamians prepared for a fight. The woods were thick around the road at this point and allowed for a narrow front. Lee, understanding the plight of his army from the rear, ceased offensive operations against Hooker and sent reinforcements to the church. Due to the terrain, the woods prevented the Federals from observing their arrival,8 and this explains why they did not pursue any flanking action with vigor. Two brigades, Kershaw's and Wofford's, were placed on the right of Wilcox and never came under fire. The brigades of Mahone and Semmes were placed to the left of Wilcox. His regiments were positioned in the following manner.9 The 10th Alabama was to the right of the road, it's left on the church and the right on the 8th. The 11th and 14th were on the left, or north side of the road. Semmes's Brigade was on their immediate left and to the far left was Mahone's troops. The 9th Alabama, then the smallest regiment of Wilcox's, was placed as a reserve behind the 10th. The 9th also placed a company of men in both the church and the school. In addition, four pieces of artillery were placed on the road.10 General Sedgwick, commanding the 6th Corps, expected his troops to overrun Wilcox's small force. In the lead brigade, General Bartlett, of Brook's Division, formed his soldiers on the south side of the Orange Plank Turnpike. The order of the regiments from the road south were the 27th New York, 5th Maine, 121st New York, and 96th Pennsylvania, respectively. The 16th New York held the skirmish line.11 According to General Wheaton's report, the 98th Pennsylvania and 92nd New York, of Newton's Division, were also south of the road. On the northern side of the plank road was Newton's Division and Wheaten's Brigade, for a total of twelve regiments. With this Sedgwick planned to turn the flank of Wilcox. Highly confident of victory, Sedgwick at his headquarters in the house of Mr. Guest, quipped that his troops " were after Camdus (Wilcox) and we're going to pick him up."12 The fight began as Federal artillery stationed near the toll gate 1000 yards east of Salem Church opened up an ineffective fire on the Confederate positions. The four pieces of Wilcox's returned fire until depleted of ammunition. The enemy continued fire until 1700 at which time the three lines of Federal infantry began to advance.13 From 250 yards out, the Federals gave three cheers and commenced a charge. At 80 yards out the Alabamians unleashed a fearful fire but the 6th Corp pressed on. The small school house was overrun and the company within it taken prisoner. Firing was now strong along the Confederate line from Wilcox's Brigade left ward. With the second line of Federal infantry pushing hard, the 10th Alabama fell back 30 yards into the reserve regiment, the 9th. The 121st New York, under a future general, Emory Upton, pressed onward past the left flank of the 8th, which stood fast as it continued to delivery a heavy fire to the front. Under Herbert's order, the three left companies of the 8th wheeled backwards to face the side of the 121st New York. That regiment, now taking fire from the flank and reinforced fire from the 9th and regrouped 10th Alabama regiments, spent itself out. With a great ferocity and a rebel yell, the 9th commenced a charge that induced the New Yorkers to turn to their rear in disarray. Caught up in the emotion, all of Wilcox's Brigades and two regiments of Semmes's, began a charge that did not stop until the Federals were back behind the safety of the artillery near the toll gate.14 Herbert wrote that the Federals fell back in confusion and disorder.15 With daylight fast ebbing away, the brigade retired back to their lines leaving pickets forward near the Federal lines. Wilcox's Brigade buried 248 Federals, 189 were wounded, and 375 captured, Wilcox wrote: Thus ended this spirited conflict at Salem Church; a bloody repulse to the enemy rendering entirely useless to him his little success of the morning at Fredericksburg. The rear of our army at Chancellorsville was now secure and free from danger, and the 6th Corps of the enemy and a part of the Second were now content to remain on the defensive.16 Thus, E. T. Harbour was involved in the battle that gave Wilcox and his Alabamians a great respect that was held on both sides. It is sad that in many current accounts of this battle, credit is not placed where it is due.17 Wilcox alone can be credited with the delaying action fought earlier in the day, and even after four brigades of reinforcements arrived, due to the nature of the ground, General Lee wrote " the attack (was) directed mainly against General Wilcox, but partially involving the brigade on his left."18 The latter sentence was added to satisfy General Semmes who asserted that the attack was directed against his brigade, but as the account of the 27th New York relates, the attack on the far right side of the Federals, Semmes's front, was not "vigorous"19 to begin with. That night, the brigade stayed in the field. The next day, the 5th, the Confederates received more reinforcements and in a light engagement drove the already retreating Federals back across Bank's Ford. Wilcox's Brigade in the early morning hours of the 5th marched back to Chancellorsville along with the rest of Anderson's Division to man the line still confronting Hooker. The Federals retreated that night, however, and Wilcox's brigade marched back to the old camp at Bank's Ford. Chancellorsville Map CHAPTER 14 THE GETTYSBURG CAMPAIGN An episode occurred during the next stint of camp life that certainly helped to break the monotony. It was the practice of the Federals to use hot air balloons of Dr. Lowe for reconnaissance of the Confederate lines. The Confederates had often seen these contraptions before but the balloons had carefully stayed out of artillery range. Herbert wrote that towards the end of May, balloons began to go up very close to the lines. One day Herbert stationed two field pieces on a hill and fired at a 200 yards distance upon a balloon as it began it's daily flight. The balloon made it down safely but in a very rapid manner. This was one of the last instances of the use of balloons in the Civil War. As the summer of 1863 rolled along, the outlook for the Confederacy looked gloomy. The North's dominance and the South's lack of resources had begun to really show. The war was proceeding poorly in the West. Both Vicksburg and Port Hudson were hard pressed, and the fall of these positions on the Mississippi would leave the entire length of the river in Federal hands. The Army of Tennessee under Johnston was faring little better in it's summer campaign. Despite all this, morale was high in the Army of Northern Virginia. Lee had just led it in a stunning success against a numerically superior force. The men knew that Lee would lead them to victory, and Lee believed that strategy dictated another move towards the North. The army was in much better shape that it had been in the excursion into Maryland the previous September. The army had time to organize and prepare, and the troops were ready when Lee's orders filtered down to the 8th on 14 June. That day, after a feint at Bank's Ford to cover the northward march, the 8th broke camp. The march northward was not particularly hard. Stragglers were not a problem and the worst thing that the 8th had to face was the flaunting of the Northern populace as they marched through towns. People dressed in their finest clothes to watch the Alabamians in their dirty remnants of uniforms march by. Union flags waved everywhere. Herbert wrote of one amusing story of a lady sitting in a doorstep with a small Union flag over her bosom. A soldier of Company F told her, "Madam, you had better be particular how you flaunt that flag; these boys are in the habit of storming breastworks where they see that flag flying!"1 Wilcox made camp near Fayettesville, Pennsylvania on 28 June 1862.2 On the first day of July the army began to concentrate at Gettysburg after a brigade had run into Union cavalry there. The 8th left Fayettesville that morning via the Chambersburg Turnpike and stopped a mile and a half from Gettysburg within earshot of the battle that was already underway. Like many other regiments near the vicinity of the battle, the 8th marched off the road through the woods where they saw no action. Here they camped for the night. The next morning, near 0700, Wilcox took position on Seminary Ridge. With his right flank anchored into some woods at the left on Perry's Florida Brigade, Wilcox faced at some 600-700 yards distant the enemy who were near some farm houses on the Emmittsburg Turnpike. Many books have been written covering the details of Gettysburg and it is not in the scope of this work to attempt to do likewise. For whatever reason, General Longstreet, to whose Corp Wilcox's Brigade was temporarily assigned, hesitated to launch the attack. After being in place for nearly four hours, the order was finally given to advance. Marching on the left of McLaw's Division, the 8th on it's advance was to the right of the brigade. As the 8th reached the Emmittsburg Turnpike it passed around some houses and became separated by 200 yards from the rest of the brigade. Here the 8th met and repulsed a line of infantry and artillery. After crossing the turnpike, the 8th flushed some more Federals out of an apple orchard and some more in line near the Trostle House.3 The 8th now entered a ravine on the north side of the Trostle House facing the artillery amassed on Cemetery Ridge. Here, reunited with the rest of the brigade, the 8th fought off a series of attacks as the North tried to drive the Alabamians from the foot of the hill. During this thirty minute struggle, Wilcox three times asked for support with which he proposed to take the heights. After no support arrived, the brigade was forced to retire back to Seminary Ridge. The Federals did not pursue though they did deliver a heavy artillery barrage. Back on their side, the 8th took a well deserved rest and passed the night there.4 The fighting for Cemetery Ridge had been terrific. Wilcox's Brigade reported a loss of 577 casualties on the second day. It is likely that this was the day that E. T.'s brother- in-law, J. M. Fuller, was wounded and captured, as was S. H. White, his close friend.5 Lee's Army had fought hard the second day at Gettysburg but it was not enough to carry the day. It was decided that General George Pickett's fresh Virginia troops would lead a similar attack on the positions on the Third of May. It was Lee's intention for Pickett's men to be accompanied by Wilcox's Brigade acting as a flank guard.6 Wilcox's Brigade, on the morning of the Third, went forward in support of Colonel Alexander's artillery along the Emmittsburg Turnpike. Alexander was preparing the barrage preceding the charge of Pickett. The 8th, without any thing to eat since the morning before, stayed at the front with the rest of the brigade, with Pickett's Division on it's left. At the end of the barrage Pickett went forward. Shortly after this Longstreet directed Wilcox to begin his advance. By the time the orders reached Wilcox the advance of Pickett was twenty to thirty minutes old and close to repulse. The 1,200 man brigade moved forward in the face of concentrated enemy cannon fire. Due to the smoke, Wilcox could not see the men of Pickett's Division that he was to support. If he had, he would have seen the ones that were not wounded coming back out of the smoke in defeat. Longstreet stood and watched this and became so enthralled that Wilcox's Brigade was forgotten! Now E. T. Harbour and his fellow Alabamians faced the entire Federal army alone.7 As Federal troops advanced to turn his flank, Wilcox ordered his men back to the lines in the face of heavy cannon fire to avoid useless sacrifice. In the fiasco Wilcox's Brigade lost 204 men, killed, wounded, or missing.8 Back in the lines, the Confederates stood, not demoralized, but hoping to get a chance to see the Federals charge so that they could inflict restitution.9 All the next day, 4 July 1863, the armies stood facing one another, but no action occurred. As night approached Lee began his slow withdrawal in a downpour of rain back to Virginia. The Federal commander, General George Meade followed dutifully but showed no eagerness to renew battle, despite the prodding of President Lincoln. Lee's army was gathered to cross the Potomac near Hagerstown on the 7th. On the 12th of July the 8th was involved in a small skirmish near St. James College as they were covering the march of Lee's Army. The remainder of the summer saw a series of maneuvers between the two armies. First at Orange Court House, then at Culpeper, Meade refused to battle Lee. A Bristoe Station on 14 October a rear guard action by the Federals repulsed a Confederate brigade. The 8th, though forced to do much marching, saw no action. It was during this time, back in Perry County, that William Radford's estate was divided. It was noted in the records that E. T. Harbour and his brother-in-laws, John Griffin and John Fuller, were away in the Confederate Army.10 E. T's older brother William was living in Mississippi at the time. The property was sold and divided equally among all of William's heirs. The 8th made camp for the winter of 1863-64 near Orange Court House. The winter passed away in relative quiet as Meade did not appear eager to engage Lee's army. The officers spent time at balls with the local ladies while the enlisted men took part in a camp revival. The Chaplain of the 10th Alabama led the movement throughout the brigade.11 It was also during this time that the original enlistments made in 1861 began to expire. General Lee was concerned that in the face of hardship, his army might disband. On the 29th of January, 1864, the 8th reenlisted unconditionally for the war. As it was among the first to do so and alleviate Lee of his worries, on 3 February Lee issued an order that thanked the 8th and others for their devotion to the independence movement.12 Meanwhile, in the Federal camp, many enlistments expired as well. Only half of the veterans chose to reenlist.13 They were replaced by men recruited through the use of bounties. These men not only were lacking experience, many also lacked integrity and the army as a whole was weakened. This was more than made up in the change in strategic direction and leadership of the Federals. General Ulysses S.Grant was now in overall command and he sought to coordinate all the armies of the Union together in one big attack that would not cease until the South was bled white. Gettysburg Map CHAPTER 15 THE DEFENSIVE OF '64 This movement began when Grant moved his 115,000 men across the Rapidan on 4 May 1864 to began his spring offensive. Lee rushed to meet him while he was still in the area known as the Wilderness. This region of thick trees and undergrowth negated the Union advantages in numbers and artillery. Lee began his attack against the Federals on 5 May, but Longstreet, with whom the 8th was attached to, was not present. The 8th left that day and halted that night a few miles from the fighting. General Winfield Scott Hancock of the Federals made a strong attack on the morning of the 6th to defeat Lee before Longstreet arrived and had some initial success. The 8th was not slow in arriving at the battle. Leaving camp at 0500, they marched up the plank road east and entered the woods on their left as they neared the battlefield. All the officers dismounted and the 8th crept forward and took position laying down in high grass, awaiting the thrust of Hancock. It came near 0700 as elements of the 4th Division, 5th Corps, of the Federal Army, encountered the brigade's skirmishers. Both the woods and the fighting were heavy and thick. The 8th's three leading officers were wounded in quick succession. The brigade, now under General Abner Perrin, began firing at the Federals at close range. They charged and drove back their enemies a half mile inflicting heavy loss along the way. Found mortally wounded in front of the 8th was General Wadsworth, commander of the 4th Division. The attack of Hancock was likewise checked along the entire front and the armies stood exhausted by the end of the day. The next day, 7 May 1864, the regiment was only slightly engaged, with little lost. The casualties for the 8th during the Battle of the Wilderness was 46 killed, wounded, and missing.1 The Army of North Virginia had lost 11,000 to Grant's 17,000. It appeared during the lull of the 7th of May, that Lee again had turned away another general of the Army of the Potomac. Grant soon proved that he was different. That night, instead of marching back behind the safety of the Rapidan River, he prepared to swing around Lee's left flank towards Spotsylvania Court House. The armies would now be in almost daily fighting until the end of the war. The battle had been costly to both sides, but now Lee really began to suffer from the losses of his most valuable resource, his generals. Stonewall Jackson had been killed, and since Gettysburg, he had lost many of his brigade commanders. Wilcox had been promoted to command of a division before the Wilderness which left General Abner Perrin in command of the brigade. Now with the wounding of Longstreet it was necessary to give General Richard Anderson his corps. The 8th now belonged to General Mahone's Division. This reorganization occurred on the 7th, none to soon as it appeared to Lee that Grant would not retreat. Lee realized that if Grant was not going to retreat, his best move would be a flank march to put himself between Richmond and Lee's army. Spotsylvania Court House had a crossroads that suited this purpose and anticipating Grant, Lee ordered Anderson to take Longstreet's old corps there. Anderson made a night march and beat Grant's troops there by just a few moments. These troops, after an indecisive battle, faced off and began to entrench. Both sides during the day continued to be reinforced by tired troops just completing the march. SPOTSYLVANIA The 8th had orders to march as soon as the Federals in their front had left. After scouting parties had determined this to be the case, Mahone in the afternoon led his division off the Wilderness battlefield for Todd's Tavern. The Brock Road would lead the men to Spotsylvania. Mahone's Division arrived in Spotsylvania after noon time and halted near the town. The other brigades of the Third Corps, (Early's) had arrived and with the First and Second Corps already on the field, Lee again was quicker than Grant in concentrating his men. He decided to protect his left flank along the Shady Grove Church Road so on the night of 8 May Mahone was ordered to take a position covering the Black House Bridge.2 Mahone reached this area before dawn, 10 May, and began to entrench near the bridge. Lee continued to expand his left flank using Heth's Division. The action in this area of the field was light and consisted of maneuvering action, skirmishing, and shelling. That night however, Colonel Emory Upton led 12 handpicked Federal regiments and struck a portion of the Confederate lines that formed a salient.3 After an initial success, without reinforcements they were forced to withdraw. The next day Lee ordered Mahone to Shady Grove to further protect his flank. Later in the day, realizing that Grant was not a threat in that area, he withdrew the order. The 8th had just began to make camp near the Po River in the rain when the order came to march back down the muddy road where they just came from in the dark.4 They made their way back and were two miles from the salient when they made camp for the rest of the night. The reason Grant stopped his flanking move was that since Upton's attack of the 10th was nearly successful, he had decided to try it again on a larger scale on 12 May. Hancock's 2nd Corps formed a massed group of infantry and preceded to attack the eastern half of the salient at 0430. The wet night air combined with the warm ground and formed a fog that obscured these troops until they were quite close to the Confederate lines. When the Confederates tried to fire, they found that their percussion caps had been ruined from moisture. Not being able to fire, the Federals soon wiped out the Confederate line in hand to hand fighting. They captured 3,000 troops and it looked as if Lee's entire line might give way. General Gordon was in charge of the reserves in the immediate area and launched his counter attack as soon as he heard firing. Rushing to the far right of the line, they began to drive off the Federals who had become disorganized by their success. Shortly after Gordon attacked, General Ramser reinforced the left part of the line. This was the situation when E. T. Harbour's regiment entered the fray. The Alabamians of Perrin's Brigade had arrived at the courthouse around the time that the firing began. They immediately were ordered to the field and marched via Brock Road to near the Harrison House. Here they were deployed in battle formation and ordered to lie down. General Perrin was now informed of the situation by an excited group of field officers, including General Ewell, Rhodes, and Gordon. Suddenly Perrin shouted to his men to rise and dashed forward. His men followed behind him with a yell. They began this counter attack somewhere near 0615 and directed it from the center of the reserve line to the west section of the Bloody Angle. With the 8th on the left of the brigade, Perrin advanced past the McCoull House and reached the second line of works, clearing the McCoull field of the enemy in the process. In the beginning of the advance Perrin was shot and killed as his horse was leaping over some captured works. The Alabamians now began to receive fire from their rear. These were the Federals that Gordon had flushed out in his counterattack. They soon were driven out of sight. As a result of the counterattacks of Perrin and Gordon the Federals were driven out of the salient and the line, at least momentarily, was saved. With the death of Perrin and the disorder caused by the counterattack, Wilcox's old brigade ceased to function as an organization for the rest of the day. Now, with what was left, the brigade manned the works in pieces with the rest of the defenders. The 9th, it was recorded, fell in with the 13th Virginia on the right side of the salient.5 E. T. Harbour, withstanding any wounds, probably manned the line with his regiment more towards the western section of the Bloody Angle. It was in this angle that some of the toughest fighting of the war took place. Within a few feet of each other, the two sides fought madly for hours. The fight was so intense that an oak tree nearly two feet in diameter was cut down by musket fire just behind the works. The bodies of men who fell between the line were mutilated by bullets. Many were cut in half and some resembled sponges after the battle.6 The mud at the bottom of the trenches, half full of rain water, turned into a muck of blood and gore. The soldiers still fighting from time to time had stop and throw the dead and wounded out of the trenches to make room for the living. The battle continued on through the night but the Confederates managed to hold onto their line. Grant now realized that another assault against the Confederate front would be too costly and attempted to flank Lee again. There were several moves around the field but no heavy fighting actually occurred. After the hell of 12 May, The Alabamians of Perrin's old brigade were gathered up and reformed. C. C. Sanders of the 11th Alabama, was the senior and assumed temporary command.7 On 18 May Grant decided it was time to again move south. Lee anticipated again his adversary's move and ordered his army into a defensive position on the North Anna River. The 3rd Corps, now under Hill8 were the last Confederates on the field. The battle had been costly to both sides. The Federals lost 18,000 to Lee's 11,000.9 The 8th reported 26 casualties.10 Lee beat Grant in the race to the North Anna and placed his troops in a strong defensive position. Grant stumbled on these works as he was beaten in another race. For two days Grant's army was split by a wedge formed by Lee's army. This was a classic opportunity for Lee to strike a hard blow but unfortunately for the Confederacy, Lee was incapacitated these two days with severe intestinal illness. Grant had realized the danger and before Lee could recover he again concentrated his army and "sidled" south. On 24 May at Hanover Junction, the 8th and 11th Alabama regiments flanked some of the enemy works capturing 55 at a loss of 8 casualties. Lee followed and now entrenched behind the Totopotomy Creek. In a small engagement there on 1 June 1864, the 8th lost 8 killed and wounded. COLD HARBOR After another standoff Grant again tried to sidetrack Lee but that general had already rushed as many troops as he could to an important crossroads named Cold Harbor.11 Union Calvary had captured it from the Confederate's on 31 May but Lee attacked them with Anderson's Division of infantry on 1 June. This attack failed and the Confederates were forced to entrench in the face of counterattacks. On 2 June troops from both armies raced for that spot. At dawn on the next day, Grant ordered a frontal assault. His troops were beaten off so easily that some Confederates did not realize that they were facing a major attack. 7,000 Federals went down in a few moments and only inflicted 1,500 Confederate casualties. The 8th was involved in this repulse and received 15 killed and wounded. Grant always regretted this frontal assault as Cold Harbor which helps explain why later at Petersburg, he chose for the most part to conquer by siege rather than by assault. Spotsylvania Map CHAPTER 16 THE SIEGE AT PETERSBURG Grant was rapidly losing room for maneuver. Swinging off Lee, he again marched south. The 8th had a small run in on 13 June at White Oak Swamp. Only two casualties were reported. On the 18th, Grant reached the James River and was before Petersburg. The Confederates had built 26 miles of works around Petersburg in case of attack. Manned by old men and boys, the lines there held long enough for Lee to arrive and take over. The 8th crossed the James at Chaffin's Bluff and took position in the works near Battery Number 30. C. C. Sanders, now in command of Wilcox's old brigade, was manning the far right of the Confederate lines. At this point, they curved westward while the Federal lines continued south. This created a gap and allowed the troops of the right to act as a reserve when other sections of the line was threatened. The Weldon railroad ran through the two mile gap spoken of above. It became the focal point of many Union attacks in late June. On 22 June Mahone's Division was involved in a large engagement at the railroad. Several divisions launched a thrust against the Federal 2nd and 6th Corps. The 8th Alabama was on the far left of the attack. Marching through the woods, the 8th confronted the enemy breastworks while the rest of the brigade flanked and routed the Federals. 1,600 prisoners were taken as well as 10 flags. The Federals soon counterattacked but the Alabamians, using captured cannon, repulsed them. That night they returned to their own works. The 8th had lost 27 casualties. The next day, 23 June, the 8th lost two more men at Gurley's Farm.1 The Weldon Railroad on 29 June was again the focus of Federal attention. Sander's Brigade took part in the fight at Ream's Station that resulted in 198 captured Federals and much equipment. The 8th lost five men.2 The 8th continued through July in participating in the interception of Federal raiding parties. On 30 July 1864, the 8th was to become involved in one of the best known occurrences of the war. THE CRATER As the two armies faced off, some Pennsylvania miners under General Burnside had an idea to tunnel under the Confederate line and blow it up. Grant approved it and decided that it would accompany a large assault and work was started immediately. The Confederates suspected as much and dug countermines but found nothing. In the early morning hours of 30 July, the Federals exploded 8,000 pounds of gunpowder underneath a section manned by men from South Carolina. It blew a hole 150 feet long, 10 feet wide, and 30 feet deep, and killed almost 300 Confederates in their sleep.3 A large Federal force advanced and poured into the crater left behind. The startled Confederates fell back and small sections of the line on both sides of the hole were taken before the Confederates regrouped. To drive out the Federals, the division of Mahone's was called out. Lee personally came to Mahone and informed him of the situation. Mahone formed his troops in a ravine to the rear of the crater. At 0800 Mahone's Virginia brigades charged forward and recaptured the inner works. Later two more brigades were thrown in but they only managed to drive the Federals away from the intact trenches on the left side. The works on the right of the crater and the crater itself remained captured. That morning the 8th Alabama with her sister regiments filed into the ravine from Blanford Cemetery. Here in almost unbearable heat and with no shade or water, the brigade waited for hours while the rest of the division fought. General Mahone finally came forward and informed the Alabamians of the problem. He said that the Federals still held the works and they were the last reserves of Lee's army. If they failed to take the crater, both Petersburg and Richmond would fall. Finally it was said that General Lee, Beauregard, and others were personally going to watch the assault. With this motivation, the Alabamians were given their final instructions. They were told to fix bayonets, trail arms, and without firing or yelling, quietly move close to the captured works before attacking. At close to 1300, the 628 men of Sander's Brigade began the assault. There had been a lull in the fighting and the Federals were caught off guard. Once within sight of the crater, they could no longer follow orders and with a loud rebel yell, they charged the Federals. The intact works were quickly taken and all that remained was the crater. In the crater were portions of Burnside's colored division. These were the first black men that the 8th had encountered and they were enraged. The blacks were heard crying, "no quarter," and "Remember Fort Pillow" and many fought hard. Captain Fagan, of Company K, 8th Alabama, wrote: the Confederates surrounded (the crater) on every side, poured volley after volley into this pent-up mass of terrified negroes and their brave officers. The negroes ran in every direction and were shot down without a thought. Bayonets, swords, and the butts of muskets were used. The dead had piled up around the side of the crater. In the deep crater the Federals were caught as if in a box and the slaughter was great. Those remaining could not endure and finally surrendered. Sander's Brigade captured 34 officers, 536 white and 131 black enlisted men. Altogether, the North lost 5,000 men in the attack. Most were killed or wounded, only 1,500 were captured. The Confederates only lost 1,500.4 Sander's Alabama Brigade, lost 89.5 Grant called it the saddest affair that he ever saw during the war. Though the crater was retaken, the 8th remained to man the lines in case of counter attack. The crater, full of dead and wounded, had to be repaired. The dead were gathered up and buried. This was surely an emotional time for E. T. as his brother, Christopher C., was among the dead. They were all thrown in the crater and buried so the fort could be reconstructed.6 That night the brigade manned these trenches above the dead. The next day, under a truce, the Federals buried the hundreds of dead between the lines. Sander's Brigade remained at the crater until 1 August, when they were finally relieved for a well deserved rest. This rest was short as the brigade was continued to be used as a reserve. Lee was forced by attrition to use his reserve force to counter the enemies cavalry raids. This meant many fruitless marches for the 8th. On 18 August 1864 the Federals stuck at Globe Tavern.7 In heavy rain, swamps and woods, Sander's Brigade captured 600 men with little loss.8 On 21 August, at Poplar Springs Church, Sanders was killed. At Ream's Station on 25 August, the 8th was in reserve. A stay near Battery 27 then provided them some rest for a month. The next action they fought was 27 October at Burgess Mill. The fighting here was light. After that engagement, the 8th manned the line near Battery Number 30 for the rest of the winter. Here, they suffered from lack of food as the Southern supply system, hard hit by the blockade, began to fall apart. On the 8th of January the 8th again marched to Burgess Mill. Over frozen roads with tattered shoes and little food, it was said to be one of the worst marches of the war for the 8th Alabama. Petersburg Map CHAPTER 17 THE END On 4 March 1865 Mahone's Division relieved Pickett's on the Petersburg line. The men continued to suffer from lack of food but unlike other divisions, Mahone's did not suffer from widespread desertion. Here they stayed until 1 April, when the key pin to the Confederate lines was broken. While their commanders were at a shad bake, Fitz Lee's and Pickett's Divisions were routed by Sheridan at Five Forks. 5,000 men were lost, most captured. The whole Petersburg line was forced to fall back. This was the beginning of the end as both Petersburg and Richmond had to be evacuated. A. P. Hill, the 8th's Corps commander, was killed that day when he came upon some enemy troops. The next day the 8th remained in camp. Many rumors were heard and speculation filled the air. Marching orders arrived that night and the regiment was soon on the road headed for Chesterfield Court House. The plan of Lee was for his army to regroup at Amelia Court House where food and ammunition had been ordered to be sent This spot was also on the rail line that would facilitate a retreat into North Carolina. The 8th spent 3 April on the march. Early in the morning they passed a wagon train out of Richmond. Looks of disgust were given when ambulances that could have been used for rations or the wounded were taken by civilians fleeing Richmond. On the 4 April, the 8th started out early, as did the rest of the army. At 0400 it began a march to Goode's Bridge, where it waited for Ewell's men and crossed the Appomattox River. On the morning of the 5th, Mahone's Division finally made it to Amelia Court House, only to find out what Lee had discovered the day before. The rations that motivated the men to make the grueling march were not there. Richmond had bungled the order. Still hungry, they left around noon down the railroad towards Farmville.1 They briefly fought off some Federal Calvary and then marched all through the night. By the next morning, the 8th was 17 miles out of Farmville. Without food or sleep, many of the men became sick and fell out. Still they marched on to High Bridge, where they arrived at 1600. During this march the troops behind Mahone, under Anderson, halted without telling Mahone. As Mahone pressed on, a gap was created in the line of march. This allowed Federal cavalry to surround and cutoff Anderson and Gordon's men at Saylor's Creek.2 Both corps, basically half of the army, were captured or routed. Mahone's Division was of no help to Anderson and on 7 April they continued towards Farmville. They burned the High Bridge behind them after they crossed it but this did not stop the Federals. The 8th was now part of the rear guard of the army and was in an almost nonstop, desperate struggle to ward off the enemy. On the 8th of April, Lee's tattered army continued to straggle without rations. All day they marched, and at any temporary halt, men would fall down into instant sleep.3 During the day, all along the lines, flags of truce appeared. The Federals had surrounded Lee and they knew it. Still Lee would not give up and refused all overtures. He turned his army towards Appomattox, where he knew some rations had been stored. That night his men planned a breakout to occur at 0100, on 9 April. On that fateful morning the Confederates, after some initial success against dismounted cavalry, quickly fizzled out of steam. Without food and other supplies, surrounded by a force three times their size, Lee's army was finished. After a conference with Longstreet and Mahone, at which both recommended surrender, Lee sadly rode off in the direction of Appomattox Court House to meet Grant. His only thought was to save the men who had served him so well from needless sacrifice. When the first flashes of news hit the 8th, they refused to belief them. As other people came up and confirmed it, the men broke out in tears. They took their proud banner, the one that had flown across so many battlefields, never touched by a Yankee, and tore it to shreds to ensure that it's honor remained intact. Later in the day the men saw the Federals drive some cattle past them on the road. The men killed two of the cows but the Federals, aware of the Confederates hunger, did not protest. The men could not wait to start a fire and hungrily ate up the beef raw. For the next two days, the 8th stayed in their camp as the rolls of Lee's Army were gathered for the parole lists. On 12 April, the army marched, for the last time, to the site of the surrender. They proceeded silently, saddened, but still able to be proud that they had always fought hard. The road was lined with Federal troops at attention. As the head of the Confederate column reached the surrender site, Federal General Joshua Chamberlain ordered his troops to salute. Aroused from his sullenness, General Gordon, leading his the head troops, wheeled around and returned the salute, answering "honor with honor." The Federals watched in an eerie silence as their former enemies filed past and drew down their weapons for the last time.4 After the surrender, Mahone formed his division in a square and addressed them for the final time. He told them to accept the terms and return home and become as good citizens as they were soldiers. Company K was mustered then for the last time. Out of 159 present at their first muster back in Radfordville, Alabama, few remained. Forty-one were dead on the field, 101 dead from wounds. 27 died of disease and every man save one private had been wounded at some point.5 General Grant had given Lee 25,000 rations for his men at the surrender. Lee having 28,000 men, had counted on 3,000 of his own to supplement it, but found out later that the rations had been captured. Among the 3,000 men to go with out rations that last day at Appomattox was the 8th Alabama. They spent the final day in camp eating parched corn.6 SECTION 5 THE FAMILY YEARS OF E. T. HARBOUR CHAPTER 18 POST-WAR ALABAMA E. T. Harbour and his brother John were paroled from the Confederate Army on 9 April 1865. They faced a long walk through a countryside torn apart by war to get back home in Perry County. The walk probably took several weeks, making it close to summer when they arrived home. It was surely a happy occasion when E. T. and John walked through their parent's door at the house in Perryville. One wonders what tales the two could have told if they wished. At some point they probably discussed the unhappy demise of their brother Christopher the year before in Petersburg. It seems that it was not long after E. T's arrival that he became a married man. Gabriella Murvelle Watters was a small petite woman of 18 with auburn hair.1 E. T. had most likely gone to school with her at the Radfordville Academy, just 5 miles away from his house. He was seven years older than Gabriella, making her just a young girl when E. T. went to war. E. T. had served in the 8th along side her brother, John O. Watters. This gave him an opportunity to keep in contact with her if he was so interested at the time. When E. T. returned from Virginia, he wasted no time in marrying Gabriella.2 Their first child, Sarah Callie, was born the following year. In the late summer of 1866, E. T. Harbour suffered the death of his father William. William, who was described by his oldest son as a plain and practical planter, and a honorable and upright citizen,3 passed on in Perry County sometime in August. He was probably buried near the rest of his family in Radfordville. On 27 September 1866, D. H. Smith was granted letters of administration for William's estate. E. T. was appointed as a security for Smith.4 In November proceedings took place to give Lucretia Harbour her dower, which she received on 10 June 1867 in the form of 160 acres in Perryville. August of 1866 also saw the marriage of E. T.'s brother Ezekial. On the 29th, E. T. signed as a witness and probably served as best man in his brother's marriage to A. M. Fuller in Perry County.5 On the 18th of March, 1868, E. T. and Gabriella saw the birth of their second daughter, Birdie Lorene. On 3 May 1870, the first son was born to the couple. He was Joseph William, named after both of his grandfathers. On 9 May 1870, just a few days later, the estate of E. T.'s father was finally closed. Gabriella's uncle, George Washington Watters, had served as administrator and guardian ad literm for the minor heirs. The heirs of William Harbour received nothing.6 It appears that the small fortune that William had amassed was reduced in the aftermath of the Civil War to basically nothing. In August of that year, the census found E. T. and family living in Radfordville near Gabriella's family. E. T's farm was valued at 900 dollars. His wife and three children were listed with him and he was recorded as being eligible to vote. Life in Alabama must not have been pleasing to E. T .and to some of his family and friends. E. T. might have been waiting around for the estate of his father to close before moving out. Since he received no land from his father and most of his relatives had already left the state, little remained in Perry County for E. T. Harbour. Sometime after the census on 12 July 1870, the Harbour family packed up their belongings and left for Arkansas. E. T. was leaving behind his stepmother and his half sisters. His half brother John, with whom he served in the war, had left for Milam County, Texas as a married man around 1868. It is not known if they ever saw each other again. Bazel also left. In 1871 he married Christine "Fannie" Fuller and raised a large family with her in Kemper County, Mississippi, near his father's family.7 Whatever became of Lucretia and her daughters is not known. Unlike E. T., Gabriella was leaving behind her father, and a large extended family. One of E. T.'s friends, Joseph Ford, had moved to Northeast Arkansas after the war. He wrote back to his brother J. D. about the place and spoke of the cheap land. It must have sounded good to J. D. Ford, E. T., Tom Watson, and S. H. White, his long time war friend, because they packed up their belongings in covered wagons and made the move to Arkansas.8 It was said that E. T.'s wagon was driven by a racehorse and an ox.9 CHAPTER 19 LIFE IN ARKANSAS The area of Arkansas that the Harbours and their friends settled and made their home in the 1870's was still considered wilderness. That section of the state was very undeveloped and the Harbours were some of the very first pioneers in the area. They chose as their home about 60 acres1 in the gentle foothills of the Ozarks in White County. The land was situated in what is now the Bald Knob Lake. In 1870 it was a small valley near a spring and within walking distance of a nice swimming hole on Village Creek. The area was virgin timber that covered most of the hilly ground. The land was listed as "swampland entry" on maps and valued at only fifty cents or a dollar an acre. The nearest town and post office, Judsonia, was five miles away as the crow flies. Some of the families living in the area where the Harbours settled were the Edwards, Browns, Gays, Princes, and Fords.2 One of the first priorities in Arkansas for the family was the building of a new home. E. T.'s granddaughter, Etta Wagner, remembers the log house as having just two large rooms separated by a large hallway. The north side of the hallway was closed up with boards and a door. It also had two windows with shutters that swung out like gates. These windows were kept open in the summer and closed of course during the winter. There was an open fireplace on each end of the log house. In addition to heating, Gabriella used the open fireplace to cook for the family.3 Several more children were born in the family during the 1870's. A daughter, Etta, was the first born in Arkansas, in 1872. A second son, Phelan Samuel, arrived on 30 January 1873. In 1877 John C. was born, followed in August of 1879 by Pellie. In 1880 the family was recorded by the census taker as living in Harrison Township, White County, Arkansas.4 E. T. and Gabriella's seven children were all listed. Sarah and Birdie are both listed as being in school, and their close neighbors were their companions from Alabama, Tom and Lucy Watson. The school that is referred to in the census was the old Forty-Five School house in the Shady Grove community. The school started in 1876 in a single room log house that doubled for a Baptist church. The furniture was sawed log segments with a plank laid between two to form desks. School lasted only three months and began in April. It was not publicly funded and the Harbours had to pay a dollar or one and a half dollars for each of their children that went there.5 E. T. continued to farm to provide for his family. It is not known exactly what he farmed, but he must have done well enough to have provided for his large family. As his war wounds and age began to affect his strength, E. T. relied more on his children for help. Though it is said that he had a strong determination to do what he wanted,6 his son Walker was quoted as saying, "Pa could have done more if he would have worked more hours." Walker said that E. T. would "lay off a task" for the day and regardless of the time it was finished, when he was done he would go into the house for the remainder of the day. It seems that E. T. and Gabriella continued to rear their children in the Baptist religion of their parents. E. T. was active in church activities and his granddaughter remembers that E. T. led the Sunday School held in the log house that he lived in. This house was also used as a meeting place for the people in the area. In the 1880's, E. T. and Gabriella, now entering their forties, continued to have children. On 22 March 1882, Walker Harbour was born. Two years later, in 1884, Eastland Talmon was born. The final child came in January of 1887 when E. T. was 47 and Gabriella was 40. This daughter was named Willie.7 E. T. and Gabriella at the same time saw the first of their children marry off. Sarah Callie married Benjamin R. Huff and went on to raise five children near Judsonia. In 1886, Birdie married Thomas Gay, a young man from a family that had been the Harbour's neighbors the whole time that they were in Arkansas. After the marriage of these first two daughters, the Harbours rapidly became grandparents. To these were added more grandchildren as others grew up and married. Etta was married in 1890 and a year later gave birth to a daughter named Ola.8 Phelan married in December of 1893 and Joseph did the same sometime in 1894. CHAPTER 20 LATER YEARS As the turn of the century rolled around the corner, E. T. was creeping up on 60 years of age. A tragic event shook the family at this time. Their young daughter Pellie had married in 1898. A year later, in childbirth, she died. The name of her husband is not known. In 1900 the Harbours continued to be surrounded by life-long friends. The Whites, Tom Watson, and the Emdees were close by. Only three children remained in the house. Walker was 18 and would remain in the house for the rest of his parent's lives. Eastland and Willie were also at home. Ola Millner, the Harbour's granddaughter, was also living with them.1 It is not known how well Gabriella remained in contact with her family in Alabama. Arnold Gay remembers that once E. T. was in a financial bind and that their family in Alabama helped them out. Whose family it was is not known. Regardless of how well Gabriella kept up, in 1901 she had to have been saddened by the news of her father's death. In 1902 the second child of the family was stricken down in death. Young Eastland, only 18, died of pneumonia. E. T. was not enjoying good health either. In April of 1902 he applied to the Arkansas state government for a small Confederate pension. These pensions had started only a year earlier. Two of E. T.'s lifelong friends and comrades, S. H. White and T. O. Monnor.2 signed a proof of service claiming that they knew E. T. as a soldier many years earlier. On 9 April 1902, 47 years to the day after Appomattox, a doctor examined E. T. and found three old gunshot wounds, in the right leg and wrist, and one in the left arm. In addition he suffered from chronic stomach trouble. It was deemed that he had a half disability and began to receive a 50.00 annual pension. As E. T. grew unable to work the farm, his son Walker took over most of the duties. At some point E. T. was forced to take out a mortgage on the farm to pay his bills.3 As his family continued to marry and begin families of their own, E. T. could claim many grandchildren. Unfortunately, he spent his last few years sick, as one of the grandchildren, only two at the time, remembers.4 On a fall day in 1913,5 surrounded by family, in the house that he had built forty years earlier, the old veteran of many battles that had claimed so many comrades, passed on to join them and his loved ones in death. CHAPTER 21 THE HARBOUR FAMILY AFTER E. T.'S DEATH E. T. Harbour was laid to rest in Shady Grove Cemetery, not far from the house he lived in for so long. He left behind a large family that for the most part remained in the area for many years. Hampered by poor health and unable to work much, he also left behind a mortgage on the farm. Walker Harbour was still living at home and he took over the farm. His siblings agreed to give him the farm if he paid off the mortgage, which he finally did several years later. Walker married a young woman that lived nearby, Sarah Davis. He began raising his own children and was given much help by his mother, Gabriella, who remained there on the farm. In March of 1914 Gabriella applied as a widow of E. T. Harbour for a continuance of the Confederate pension that they had received. This provided the chance for S. H. White to give one last service for his old comrade. He supplied the proof of service for Gabriella and she was soon receiving 100.00 annually. This continued for the rest of her life.1 Gabriella enjoyed the company of her grandchildren that she lived with very much. Mrs. Etta Wagner has many fond memories of the times that she spent with "Grandma." She went everywhere with Gabriella, walking with her as she visited neighbors or when she went to town. She told her many stories as they went to bed at night to sleep. Mrs. Wagner said that she thought that her Grandma could do no wrong.2 An example of the skill of Gabriella and her love of the family is told by her great granddaughter, Bonnie Adair. Dr. Adair was too young to remember Gabriella before she died, but her great-grandmother spent many hours working on a beautiful, hand stitched, star patterned quilt. Despite sewing by candlelight at night, Gabriella made the stitches so tight that none could be seen. This is the only memory Dr. Adair has of her great grandmother. Unfortunately, the quilt was destroyed in a fire when Bonnie was 8, and to this day she is still saddened by the loss. The long life of Gabriella Harbour ended in a most tragic way. In the spring of 1923, on the Thursday before Easter, Gabriella was doing some laundry outside near the spring. The day was windy and despite Walker warning her about lighting the fire to heat the water, she did it anyhow and the wind blew flames on her dress, catching it afire. She jumped in the spring in an attempt to douse it. Walker and his children had been at the barn loading a wagon. When he saw his mother, he told young Alice to fetch a quilt and he ran down to the spring. Despite jumping in the water, Gabriella was severely burned from her knees to her neck. Her clothes, save her apron spring and petticoat waistband, were completely burned off. Walker wrapped her in the quilt that Alice had brought. With her son's help she was able to walk back into the house. There she was dressed in strips of sheets dipped in linseed oil. The memory of the smell of linseed oil and the moaning of Gabriella were imprinted forever in young Alice's mind.3 On the Saturday before Easter, 31 March 1923, just a month shy of her 76th birthday, Gabriella died from her burns. She was buried in Shady Grove Cemetery along side her husband. Today the spot is marked by two stones flush with the ground that were placed there only recently.4 Walker continued to live on the farm of his parents. His wife died in 1927 and left him to raise their children alone. He never did remarry. At some point he sold 40 acres of E. T.'s homestead to the Baker's and eventually, sold the rest, which comprised only of 17 acres, when he was too old to farm. Walker lived until 21 September 1969 and is buried in Prince Cemetery. The valley where the house once stood has become the Bald Knob Lake. The lake was formed by damming one of the local creeks and is used as a drinking source for the town whose name it bears. As for the rest of the children,5 Sarah Huff raised five children near Judsonia. She died in 1952. Joseph married Rosa Young and died 17 December 1960. Phelan married Elizabeth Hixon. He broke away from the Harbour's Baptist tradition and became a member of the Church of Latter Day Saints. He died in 1943 and is buried in Shady Grove. Not much is known about Etta or the fate of her daughter, Ola Black Basel. Etta was said to have been married twice, to a Mr. Black and a Mr. Guynn. In later years she lived in Helena Springs, Arkansas. John C. married Martha Bullock. Both are buried in Shady Grove. He died in 1947. Willie, the youngest child, married Lonnie Best. Both are buried in Helena, Arkansas. Birdie Harbour was married to Tom Gay. They had three children. Lula, the oldest, married Lee Hill Adair in 1909. Lula had three children, Lester, Cleveland, and Bonnie.6 Mildred married Will Evans and Arnold, Ethel Martin. Arnold still lives in the Bald Knob area. Another son, Norman, died young. Birdie remained in White County all her life and when she died in 1945, she was laid to rest near her husband in Prince Cemetery. SECTION 6 THE WATTERS ANCESTORS This section is derived from mainly two sources, a book on William Watters and census records. The family name in many early records was spelled with a single T. For the sake of continuity, the newer spelling of two t's will be utilized. A small section is included on the Griffin family. The Griffins were also married into the Stovall and Heard lines. All three were very prominent families in North Georgia and many books are rich in detail about them. Much of the information in this section is based on papers supplied by Elia Daws. CHAPTER 22 THE WILLIAM WATTERS FAMILY The Watters family ancestors in America can be traced back to a William Watters in the middle part of the eighteenth century. The Watters are said to have arrived in America from a small town in Wales, famous for having the longest geographic proper name in the world, Llanfairpwillgygogyllgogerychwrndrodwilllantsyiloigogoch. This 57 letter monster is shortened to Llanfair P. G. It is not known if William was born there or if his parents were from there. The earliest evidence of William in America places him in Burlington County, New Jersey. Family tradition states that William took as his wife, Nome Ann Holmes.1 A marriage record from Burlington County, however, provided contrary evidence. On 31 January 1757, William Watters married Ann Monroe of Northampton Township, Burlington County, New Jersey.2 The family of Ann is in question. According to research by Dori Warnock, only two Monroes are recorded in Burlington County in that time frame. One, John Monroe, left a detailed will naming all of his children, which did not include an Ann. George Monroe, who married Sarah Perkins on 23 November 1737, had 4 known children.3 Though Ann is not among them, it is possible that this could be her family. An older sister who married and left the state could easily be forgotten a generation later. The first known child of the couple was Joseph James Watters. He was born 22 May 1759, in New Jersey.4 A second son, Bradford, was born in New Jersey sometime between 1755 and 1774.5 Samuel, the third son, was born in 1775 in New Jersey.6 Two other sons were John and William. There were three known daughters, Charity, Nancy, and one whose given name is unknown.7 William is recorded as having served as a soldier in the Revolutionary War. He served in the "active military forces" of New Jersey from 1775 to 1783. He was fined forty dollars on 17 December 1777 for failing to serve in the militia during the month of November 1777.8 His son Joseph also served in the militia from 1775 to 1783. He was listed as a private in the Burlington County Militia.9 During the 1780's the Watters Family began a migration out of New Jersey. The possibility that William had some relatives with similar family names in New Jersey has clouded the details of this migration. The New Jersey Department Of Defense records previously mentioned indicates that both William and Joseph were in New Jersey as late as 1783, or maybe even 1 May 1784. In addition, Kenn Stryker-Rodd in Revolutionary Census Of New Jersey, states that William Watters was from Amuell, New Jersey, in Hunterden County, nearby to Burlington. This William paid tax in Hunterden as late as 1785.10 Whether this William in Amuell is the same person as our subject in Burlington, or that the Joseph in the records is his son becomes cloudy when the records in Culpeper County are examined. Though enough documentation exists to prove that the Watters Family at one time lived in New Jersey, the records are not specific enough to prove any details with certainty. The records from Culpeper County dealing with the Watters, while not as numerous as desired, are more substantial than those from New Jersey. It is the belief of this author that William Watters and all his family moved from New Jersey to Virginia around the same time.11 It is even possible that William served in the Revolution as a Virginian soldier.12 The first record of any member of this family being in Culpeper County is the marriage of Joseph to Sarah Collins. Sarah, who was born in Culpeper County around 1760, bore her first child, George, on 12 January 1783.13 This would date the time of the wedding as circa 1782.14 Joseph is recorded on a tax list for Culpeper County.15 He paid two polls and had 0 slaves. The source of the tax list places it only as specific as between the years 1783 and 1787. The same source also shows William Watters paid a toll without slaves between 1783 and 1787. While this may either be the father or the son, it is most likely William Sr, as young William did not marry until 4 January 1787, when he and Mary Brown of Culpeper became man and wife.16 The Watters Family made their stay in Virginia very short. They left little behind as far as records are concerned. The family went south sometime after the birth of Joseph's third child, William, born 15 October 1785 in Virginia.17 Joseph and his family moved to Oglethorpe County, Georgia, where he had received two land draws for his Revolutionary War service. The area of Oglethorpe Joseph lived in was on the western extreme, outside the boundary of Wilkes County from which Oglethorpe was formed from in 1793.18 . The area was still very much part of the frontier and the Indians were a source of problems for the first few years the Watters were there. On several occasions Creek Indians stole horses from the farm, beginning in 1788 when a mare was taken. Another mare and 3 horses were taken in 1789 and as late as September 1794, the family lost several horses.19 It is well established that Joseph's family was in Georgia by 1788, but evidence that the rest of the family was there is lacking before 1796. That year William was listed in an Oglethorpe County tax digest.20 On 20 February 1797 William purchased from Shelton Sandifer 67 acres on Big Creek.21 William died sometime shortly after this transaction. He was not listed in the 1797 tax digest of Oglethorpe County. On 29 November 1800, a warranty was made by the heirs of William for the 1797 deed. It is from this deed that the heirs of William are known. By the time William died, most, if not all, his children had moved out the house. Joseph, the first one found in Georgia, was well established by the time that his father died. He owned some land in Greene County, for which he paid tax on in 1798.22 The same year he also paid tax for his farm in Oglethorpe. He was listed as living in Water's Militia District. Whether this was his or his brother's district is not clear.23 Joseph was recorded as having a large household for the 1800 Oglethorpe County census. There were four males under ten and one male and three females between ten and sixteen. George appeared in the 16 to 26 category. Also listed with Joseph and Sarah are a male and female over 45 years old. Their identity is unknown. Joseph also had a slave. He continued to be found in Oglethorpe records for the rest of his life. As his children moved out, they are found on tax digests living nearby.24 Joseph died around 1814. His will, dated 1 August 1813, named his sons William, George, son William Chadoin, his wife, and the three youngest sons, Joseph, James B., and Collings.25 Bradford, the second oldest son, was married before 1796, probably in Georgia, giving weight to the belief that William Sr. was there well before 1796. Bradford was the husband of Jane Cain.26 In a deed dated 9 March 1796, her father John Cain, gave 250 acres on Long and Big Creeks for the token price of 5 shillings.27 From 1798 on, Bradford is found living next to Joseph and the other Watters on Oglethorpe in the recorded tax digests.28 In the 1800 census, Bradford and Jane had six children under the age of ten, four of which were girls. This would put the time of Bradford's marriage to at least 1794 or 1795. Bradford lived in Oglethorpe until circa 1815, when he moved to Newton County, Georgia where he had drawn land in 1805. He lived here until his death sometime before 1819. Samuel, the third son listed in the warranty deed, is discussed in detail in the next chapter. John, another son, lived near his brothers in Oglethorpe. He is listed in the 1800 census as a separate household but no entry followed. He does not appear in the later tax records in Oglethorpe and his fate is unknown. William, the last son in the warranty deed, never appears to have left Virginia. As stated earlier, he married Mary Brown in 1787. He is mentioned in a Chancery suit in Culpeper County dated 20 February 1792 involving his children in regard to an inheritance from his wife's family.29 What became of William and his family is not known. Little is also known about William and Ann's three daughters. There is a marriage record from New Jersey dated 25 July 1782 in which a Charity Watters weds a Henry Oglee. The authors of William Watters, His Descendants And Related Families, believe that this Charity is the daughter of William and Ann. In the warranty deed mentioned Charity is referred to as the wife of John Swan. In the 1800 Oglethorpe Census, Charity Oglee appears as a widow with six children in her house. She must have remarried after 1800 to one of the local Swan men, of which there were several in the local area. Perhaps Charity was married twice but the possibility exists that the New Jersey Charity is a close relative but not the same person. The second daughter is known only as the wife of Samuel Smith. The third daughter was Nancy. A marriage record does exist in Oglethorpe for a marriage between a Nancy Watters and Lewis Patrick on 16 March 1802.30 Patrick was in the 1800 census with a wife and two daughters two entries down from John. Perhaps his wife died and he remarried quickly afterwards.31 It appears that Ann lived in her husband's farm after William's death with the unmarried children, if any, living with her. Her son Samuel had moved out as early as 1798.32 In an 1800 tax list, both Ann and Samuel were recorded paying tax on different land, though they were close together. Ann does not, however, appear in the 1800 Oglethorpe Census in her own household. Instead, she appears in Samuel's household. Samuel, who was unmarried, had in addition to his mother a boy and a girl under ten, another male 16 to 26, and a female 26 to 45. The older girl was probably his sister Nancy and the younger ones may have also been siblings. It seems that Ann continued to live on the farm in Oglethorpe for many years. In 1802 Samuel was married and started his own family. Around 1817 Samuel decided to move west with his wife's family to Perry County, Alabama. On 15 October 1817, Samuel sold some of his land to William Lumpkin. In the deed his mother Ann had to relinquish her right to the property.33 Two weeks later, on 29 October, the family recorded the old 1797 warranty deed in the courthouse. It had specified that Ann was to live on her "tract of land unmolested during her life." This was not to be. Samuel's actions in October show that he was planning to move his family to Perry County soon. When he did move, Ann came with the family. It was in Perry County that Ann, when she died, was buried in a small cemetery that later became the Stone Family Cemetery in Radfordville, Alabama. The exact date is unknown. CHAPTER 23 THE SAMUEL WATTERS FAMILY Samuel Watters was born in 17751 to William and Ann Watters, in New Jersey.2 He moved with his parents when they went to Oglethorpe County in the late years of the eighteenth century. After his father's death in 1797, Samuel was found paying taxes on land of his own, separate from his mother.3 One of the few records of Samuel's in Georgia is his witnessing of a deed dated 20 February 1797. Alexander Read sold one acre on Big Creek to Joseph Espeth and Samuel was the only witness.4 In 1800 it appears by looking at the census that he became the head of a household which included his mother and siblings. It was three years later, on 21 February 1803, before he was married.5 His wife was Anna Radford.6 While living in Oglethorpe County, the couple had six children. Elizabeth, or Betsy, was the eldest, and the only known daughter. She was born on 14 January 1804. William, named for Samuel's father, was born 21 September 1805, and Reuben, named for Anna's father, in 1807. George Washington Watters was born 30 September 1808, Samuel Jackson on 3 May 1814, and Joseph Radford in 1816. After the death of two brothers in Georgia, Samuel sold his land,7 packed up his bags and his family, including Ann, his mother, and joined the large migration to Perry County, Alabama. As Anna's family left around the same time, they probably went together. The first Watters child born in Alabama was James Madison, born on 13 March 1819.8 In 1830 the couple's sons William and Reuben were out living on their own. In a dicenary index of 1830, a John H. Watters was found in Perry County. This may be the brother of Samuel. In 1840, Samuel is again recorded in the census. James Madison had recently moved out of the household when he married on 9 January 1840. On 7 September, 1848, Samuel Watters, then an old man, passed away. He was buried in the Stone Family Cemetery. The family continued to live in the county for a very long time. Betsy married J. Reuben "Buck" Rogers. She lived in Perry County for the remainder of her life. Her husband died before 1850 and she passed away on 25 November 1892. Two of the brothers went off to Texas. William, who married Amy White, died 11 December 1859 in Cherokee County, Texas. He was the father of at least 12 children. Samuel Jackson married three times and died in Wilmer, Texas, on 19 February 1907.9 The first sibling to die had been Reuben when he passed away on 15 September 1842.10 He was unmarried. George Watters lived a long life in Perry County. He married Lucy Oaks on 22 March 1836. George died many years later, on 13 October 1893.11 James Madison married Susan Bennett and died in Perry County. Joseph Radford Watters passed on in 1901. All these brothers and sisters tended to live for a long time and became progenitors of large families. After the death of her husband, Anna continued to live in her house in Radfordville. She was found in the 1850 census, fairly well off, holding 2,200 in real estate. She was 69 years old. Her mother Elizabeth Radford was living with her at the time. As she was surrounded by caring children and grandchildren, Elizabeth and her mother were well taken care of.12 Her mother passed away between this census and the one in 1860. In 1870 Anna is listed as 79 years old and employing a twenty year old man as an overseer. This was necessary as she held 3,500 dollars in real estate. Living next door was her son Joseph R. Waters and his family. Just a few houses over was her brother William. They must have been living near what best could be described as downtown Radfordville because the only household between Joseph R. and his Uncle William was the town merchant, William Palmore. Here surrounded amid her family and many friends, Anna Watters died.13 She is buried in the same Stone Family Cemetery as her mother, her mother-in-law, and many other of the Radfords and Watters clan. CHAPTER 24 THE JOSEPH RADFORD WATTERS FAMILY The last son born to Samuel and Anna Watters in Oglethorpe County Georgia was Joseph Radford Watters. He was born in March of 1816.1 When he was just two, his parents packed up all their belongings in a wagon and moved with Anna's family to Perry County, Alabama. Joseph was to make Alabama his home for the next 83 years, he never lived anywhere else. Joseph grew up in what became known as Radfordville. He was surrounded by his many Radford and Watters aunts, uncles, and cousins. He undoubtedly knew well both his Radford and Watters grandmothers. As the second youngest child, Joseph witnessed the marriage of his many brothers and one sister, and became close to their children. On 17 January 1843, Joseph married Sarah Ann Frances Griffin.2 They soon began a family of their own. John O. was the eldest son, born October 1845. Gabriella Murvelle was born next, on 8 May 1847. On 26 February 1849, another daughter, Elizabeth Ann, nicknamed Betty, was born. In the 1850 census, taken on 12 December, Joseph and Sarah F. lived on a farm valued at 700 dollars. They had three children in each household. In 1853, Joseph's uncle, William Radford, donated an acre in Radfordville to establish the Radford Academy. Joseph and several other men of old Perry County families, including his brothers Joseph and Samuel, were asked to function as trustees. It was at this school, just a short distance from home, that the Watters family's children received their schooling. Several more children followed. Delana F.,3 a daughter, was born in 1855, Sarah J, on 29 July 1856, Joseph Radford in 1858, and Rebecca C. in 1860.4 Rebecca was just a month old in July 1860, when the census taker came. Joseph was a farmer with 3,500 in real estate. Both Joseph and Sarah are listed as being born in Georgia and the oldest son, John, was a laborer. The family was living next door to Grandma Watters, and two houses down from Uncle William Radford. They were living as close as one could to downtown Radfordville.5 Three more children were born to Joseph and Sarah after 1860. Susan R. was born close to 1861, Pellie in 1862, and William Jackson in 1864. Sometime after William's birth, but before 1870, Sarah died. In the neighborhood of 40, her death must have been unexpected. Raising these young children alone must have been hard for Joseph, but surrounded by so many family members, he surely got a lot of help. By 1870, his two oldest children had moved out. Gabriella married E. T. Harbour around 1866. John had served in the war along side E. T. in the 8th Alabama. John lived the rest of his life in Perry County, but it is not known if he ever married.6 All the other children were in the house save Rebecca. She must have died as a young girl. Elizabeth was twenty when she was recorded in the census and was keeping the house for her father. She later married William Elliot and lived in Perry County until her death in 1929.7 She is buried with the rest of her family in the cemetery behind the Stone House. In the 1870's Delana moved out and married a man named Davis. Sarah married Harvey Stone circa 1874. They remained in Perry County as well and raised a large family. Her oldest son, Melvin, bought William Palmore's old house that is near the family cemetery. This is the house now known as the Stone-Watters House.8 Sarah died on 7 October 1942 and she was laid to rest behind her son's house just as the rest of her family had been. Joseph Jr. is listed on the 1870 census as being 12 years old. What became of him after this is not known.9 Susan married Samuel Lowery but died a young woman in 1886.10 Pellie was 8 in 1870, and she also died young, passing away in 1888. As his children grew older and moved out, Joseph decided that he would remarry. He married Lucinda Brown. His first child with her was a son Edward, born in 1877. A daughter, Mary, was born in May of 1880. In 1880, in addition to his new wife and children, his 16 year old son William, working as a laborer, was living with him.11 The family was still living in Radfordville. William did not marry until several years later when he wed Carrie Middleton. They lived in Perryville, a few miles east of Radfordville. Their first child, Sallie, came in October of 1891.12 She was the first of four children. One, Joe, was still living in Perry County in 1920.13 Joseph had one more child with Lucinda. Perry was born in April of 1883. By the time of the 1900 Census,14 it appears that Lucinda had died. Edward by that time had moved out, what became of him is unknown.15 Mary was still living with her father but later married Gene Gregg. She died in 1937 and is buried in the family cemetery. Perry was with his father in 1900, but like Edward, nothing is known about him after this census. One son, Nicholas, was born in 1881 and did not appear in either the 1880 or 1900 census. He married Annie Katherine Fulton on 28 June 1924. He was killed in 1931 during a holdup in his store.16 Joseph did not live long after the census. He died sometime in 1901. Joseph Watters was one of the earliest settlers of Perry County and many of his descendants live there today. Unfortunately, besides a few individuals holding the name, little is left as a visible legacy of the Watters family. The family members buried in the Stone Family Cemetery had their graves marked with wooden headboards. With the passage of time, they have all disappeared and nothing remains to mark the final resting places of this large family. CHAPTER 25 THE GRIFFINS The Griffins of Gabriella Harbour mother's family can be traced back to Richard Griffin Sr. and his wife Mary Green. They lived near Lunenburg County, Virginia during the middle part of the 1700's. A son, Owen Griffin, was born there circa 1745. Owen at one time owned some land on Hico Creek in Halifax County, Virginia. This land was part of an 118 acre tract sold to his parents on 16 April 1764 by Ralph Griffin of Halifax for 50 pounds.1 Owen sold his share to his cousin John on 13 September 1767.2 Sometime after this Owen moved south to Granville County, North Carolina. He married Anne Stovall, the daughter of John and Dorcas Stovall, around 1770 in Granville County. Anne had been born in that county in August of 1754. Their first children, Mary, came on 29 January 1771.3 A few years later John Stovall gave his daughter and son-in-law the land that they were living on.4 During the Revolution Owen took an oath of allegiance in Granville County in John Yancey's District in 1778.5 By the middle part of the 1780's, Owen Griffin had followed his wife's family down to Wilkes County, Georgia. He bought some land on Soap Creek in Eastern Wilkes County in what is now Lincoln County.6 His namesake, son Owen, was born in 1786 in Wilkes. Owen Sr. was not able to enjoy a long life down in Georgia as he died sometime in 1789.7 His will was probated on 3 April 1790. Anne continued to live on the 200 acre Soap Creek farm for the next 30 years, raising her children and paying taxes on the land. Owen's estate which gave her the land was not divided until Anne herself had died. By 1820, Anne was a very old lady and was recorded living with her son in the 1820 census. They were still living on the farm as she last paid tax on it in 1822. In December of 1822 a deed was drawn up that had the heirs of Owen and Anne passing the farm to the younger Owen.8 All the heirs were listed. Owen meanwhile, had married Elizabeth Heard on 10 September 1820.9 The Heard's were a prominent Wilkes County family. They came to Wilkes in 1784 and many lived in the Fishing Creek area.10 Elizabeth, who was about 25 when she married, had two children. John William Griffin was born 20 January 1822. Sarah Ann Frances was born in 1826. In 1830, at 44 years of age, Owen died.11 He was living in Wilkes County at the time. In his will he bequeathed to his wife all his property for life or widowhood. Final division was between his two children.12 Elizabeth followed some of her family to Perry County Alabama13 . She brought along her two young children. It was in Alabama that they reached adulthood. John married Barsheba Ann Harbour on 21 May 1849. They had seven children. During the Civil War, despite his age and his service in the Mexican War of 1848, John served in the 8th Alabama Volunteer Infantry. Though a conscript,14 John served with distinction. He was cited for gallantry at the Battle of Gaine's Mill, June of 1862, and served for the length of the war. He was paroled at Appomattox at the end of the war. Afterwards, John moved his family to Kemper County, Mississippi, where several of his wife's family had relocated. Here on 26 October 1897, John W. died. Sarah and Joseph Watters married on 17 January 1843. She remained in Perry County until her death in the 1860's. Elizabeth remarried on 19 August, 1841, to William Radford15 . She lived with William until her death sometime around 1858. APPENDIX APPENDIX A MAJOR BATTLES OF THE 8TH ALABAMA AND THE COMMAND THEY BELONGED TO AT EACH. BATTLE REGIMENT BRIGADE DIVISION 1. Yorktown John Winston John Winston McLaws 2. Seven Pines John Winston R. Pryor 3. Seven Days Y.L. Royston C.M. Wilcox Longstreet 4. 2nd Manassas H. Herbert1 C.M. Wilcox R. Anderson 5. Harper's Ferry H. Herbert A. Cummings2 R. Anderson 6. Sharpsburg H. Herbert A. Cummings3 R. Anderson4 7. Fredericksburg Y. L Royston C. M. Wilcox R. Anderson 8. Salem Church Y. L. Royston C. M. Wilcox R. Anderson 9. Gettysburg H. Herbert C. M. Wilcox R. Anderson 10. Wilderness H. Herbert5 A. Perrin R. Anderson6 11. Spotsylvania J. Emrich A. Perrin7 Mahone 12. Cold Harbor J. Emrich C. C. Sanders Mahone 13. Petersburg J. Emrich C. C. Sanders8 Mahone 14. Appomattox J. Emrich W. Forney Mahone APPENDIX A continued BATTLE CORPS ARMY LOSSES9 1. Yorktown J.B. Magruder 4 2. Seven Pines J. Johnston10 131 3. Seven Days J. Longstreet R. E. Lee 20911 4. 2nd Manassas J. Longstreet R. E. Lee 17 5. Harper's Ferry J. Longstreet12 R. E. Lee 0 6. Sharpsburg J. Longstreet R. E. Lee 78 7. Fredericksburg J. Longstreet R. E. Lee 1 8. Salem Church J. Longstreet R. E. Lee 44 9. Gettysburg A. P. Hill13 R. E. Lee 262 10. Wilderness A. P. Hill R. E. Lee 46 11. Spotsylvania J. Early14 R. E. Lee 26 12. Cold Harbor A. P. Hill R. E. Lee 15 13. Petersburg A. P. Hill15 R. E. Lee 4416 14. Appomattox H. Heth R. E. Lee 169 APPENDIX B1 THE FAMILY OF THOMAS HARBOUR FATHER: Thomas Harbour Born: 1675/95 Place: Wales Died: 1768/1778 Place: VA Married: ca 1705/25 Place: Charles City County, Virginia MOTHER: Sarah Witt Born: ca 1700 Place: VA Died: After 1777 Place: VA Children: Number Known: 10 ------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. David Born: 1708/26 Place: VA Married: Place: Died: Place: Number of Known Children: 2. Talmon Born: 1718/28 Place: VA Married: Mary Wright Place: ca 1746 VA Died: 1820 Place: Patrick Co. VA Number of Known Children: 9 3. Lavina Born: ca 1720 Place: VA Married: Charles Witt Place: Died: 1781 Place: VA Number of Known Children: 11 4. Mary Born: Place: VA Married: Palatiah Shelton Place: before 1766 VA Died: Place: Number of Known Children: 5. Abner Born: ca 1730 Place: VA Married: Joyce Thornhill Place: ca 1750 VA Died: 1778 Place: VA Number of Known Children: 6 APPENDIX B1 CONTINUED 6. Elisha Born: ca 1733 Place: VA Married: Margaret Place: ca 1755/60 VA Died: after 1773 Place: Number of Known Children: 7. Elijah Born: ca 1735 Place: VA Married: Prudence Pusey Place: ca 1758 VA Died: 1769 Place: VA Number of Known Children: 4 8. Jane Born: Place: VA Married: Elijah Witt Place: VA Died: Place: Number of Known Children: 9. Sarah Born: Place: VA Married: David Witt Place: VA Died: 1814 Place: Patrick Co. VA Number of Known Children: 5 10. Adonijah Born: 1743 Place: Goochland Co. VA Married1: Ann Dalton Place: 25 Aug. 1769 VA Married2: Charlotte Dalton Place: 3 April 1791 VA Died: ca 1815 Place: Baton Rouge, LA Number of Known Children: 5/1 APPENDIX B2 THE FAMILY OF Talmon Harbour FATHER: Talmon Harbour Born: ca 1728 Place: VA Died: 1820 Place: Patrick Co. VA Married: ca 1747 Place: VA MOTHER: Mary Wright Born: Place: VA Died: before 1820 Place: VA Children: Number Known: 9 (including candidates) ------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Esaias Born: 29 May 1747 Place: VA Married: Catherine Place: ca 1770 VA Died: 15 July 1833 Place: Carnesville, GA Number of Known Children: 7 2. Talmon Born: 1755 Place: Halifax Co. VA Married: Elizabeth Calloway Place: VA Died: ca 1824 Place: Perry Co AL Number of Known Children: 7 3. Noah Born: 23 Oct. 1757 Place: Halifax Co. VA Married: Judith Strange Place: ca 1775 VA Died: after 1840 Place: Patrick Co. VA Number of Known Children: 15 4. Joel Born: ca 1760 Place: Halifax Co. VA Married: Sarah Packard Place: Henry Co. VA Died: 1814 Place: Champaigne Co. Ohio Number of Known Children: 5 5. Elijah Born: ca 1763 Place: Halifax Co. VA Married: Hannah Bell Place: 27 Sept. 1787 Lincoln, Co. KY Died: 1838 Place: Wayne Co.TN Number of Known Children: 6 APPENDIX B3 THE FAMILY OF Talmon Harbour FATHER: Talmon Harbour Born: ca 1755/1770 Place: Halifax Co. VA Died: 1824 Place: Perry Co. AL Married: ca 1790 Place: MOTHER: Elizabeth Calloway Born: 1770/1780 Place: VA? Died: 1835 Place: Perry Co. AL Children: Number Known: 13 ------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Nancy Born: ca 1795 Place: GA Married: Elijah Skelton Place: GA Died: after 1850 Place: AL? Number of Known Children: 2. Sarah Born: ca 1798 Place: Franklin Co. GA Married: James Verner Place: Died: Place: Number of Known Children: 3. Mary (Polly) Born: ca 1799 Place: GA Married: John Warren Place: 20 Dec. 1823 Perry Co. AL Died: Place: Number of Known Children: Several 4. Isaiah Born: 18 Apr. 1800 Place: Franklin Co. GA Married: Mary Jincy Miller Place: 20 Dec. 1823 Perry Co. AL Died: 21 June 1856 Place: Lavaca Co. TX Number of Known Children: 14 5. Thomas Born: 17 Mar 1801 Place: Franklin Co. GA Married: Mary Green Place: 12 Jan. 1824 Perry Co. AL Died: 14 Apr 1881 Place: MS Number of Known Children: 10 APPENDIX B3 CONTINUED 6. Jemima Born: 1804 Place: Franklin Co. GA Married: Michael Hemeter Place: 16 Mar. 1824 Perry Co. AL Died: 1890 Place: MS Number of Known Children: 7. Abner Born: 1806 Place: Franklin Co. GA Married1: Permelia Calloway Place: Married2: Elizabeth Chilsom Place: Died: Place: MS Number of Known Children: 4/1 8. John Born: 1807 Place: Franklin Co. GA Married: Place: Died: Place: Number of Known Children: 9. David Born: 4 Oct. 1808 Place: Franklin, Co. GA Married: Harriet Shotts Place: 26 Nov 1829 Perry Co. AL Died: 24 July 1890 Place: MS Number of Known Children: 13 10. William Born: ca 1810 Place: Franklin Co. GA Married1: Peggy Radford Place: 12 July 1832 Perry Co. AL Married2: Lucretia Nalley Place: Perry Co. AL Died: ca Aug. 1866 Place: Perry Co. AL Number of Known Children: 4/8 11. Elijah Born: ca 1812 Place: Franklin Co. GA Married: 4 times Place: Died: after 1886 Place: Calhoun Co. AR Number of Known Children: 8 (all from first wife) 12. Barsheba Born: ca 1815 Place: Franklin Co. GA Married: Robert W. Bishop Place: Perry Co. AL Died: 1895 Place: OK Number of Known Children: APPENDIX B3 CONTINUED 13. Calloway Born: ca 1821 Place: Perry Co. AL Married: Serena Lasiter Place: 5 May 1843 Yalobusha Co. MS Died: 1870 Place: Lavaca Co. TX Number of Known Children: 9 APPENDIX B4 THE FAMILY OF William Harbour FATHER: William Chandler Harbour Sr. Born: ca 1810 Place: Franklin Co. GA Died: ca Aug. 1866 Place: Perry Co. AL Married: 4 July 1832 Place: Perry Co. AL MOTHER: Temperance "Peggy" Radford Born: ca 1821 Place: Perry Co. AL Died: ca 1842 Place: Perry Co. AL Children: Number Known: 12 ------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Barsheba Ann Born: 17 Nov. 1833 Place: Perry Co AL Married: John Griffin Place: 21 May 1849 Died: 16 Sept. 1887 Place: Kemper Co. MS Number of Known Children: 7 2. William Chandler Born: 10 Oct 1835 Place: Perry Co. Ala Married: Caroline H. Jones Place: 25 Oct. 1855 MS Died: 19 Mar. 1911 Place: Meridian, MS Number of Known Children: 8 3. Nancy Jane Born: ca 1837 Place: Perry Co. AL Married: J. M. Fuller Place: Perry Co. AL Died: Place: Number of Known Children: 1 4. Elisha Talmon Born: 14 Apr 1840 Place: Perry Co. AL Married: Gabriella Watters Place: ca 1865 Perry Co. AL Died: 30 Oct 1913 Place: White Co. AR Number of Known Children: 10 The following are children of William Harbour and Lucretia Nalley 5. Christopher C. Born: 1844 Place: Perry Co. AL Married: Never Place: --- Died: 31 July 1864 Place: Petersburg, VA Number of Known Children: 0 APPENDIX B4 CONTINUED 6. John R. Born: 1846 Place: Perry Co. AL Married: Elizabeth Place: AL Died: 2 Apr 1931 Place: Milam Co. TX Number of Known Children: 6 7. Ezekial "Zeke" P. Born: 1848 Place: Perry Co. AL Married: A. M. Fuller Place: Perry Co. AL Died: Place: Number of Known Children: 8. Bazel David Born: 19 Dec. 1851 Place: AL Married: Fannie Fuller Place: 1871 Died: 5 Feb 1941 Place: MS Number of Known Children: 18 (from four marriages) 9. Mary Frances "Fannie" Born: 1852 Place: Married: Place: Died: Place: Number of Known Children: 10. Betty Born: 1854 Place: Married: Mr. Mosely Place: Died: Place: Number of Known Children: 11. Martha "Matt" Born: 1858 Place: Married: Place: Died: Place: Number of Known Children: 12. Ruby Born: 1860 Place: Married: Place: Died: Place: Number of Known Children: APPENDIX B5 THE FAMILY OF E. T. Harbour FATHER: Elisha Talmon Harbour Born: 14 April 1840 Place: Perry Co. AL Died: 30 Oct. 1913 Place: Shady Grove Cem. White Co. AK Married: ca 1865 Place: Perry County AL MOTHER: Gabriella Murvelle Watters Born: 8 May 1847 Place: Perry Co. AL Died: 31 March 1923 Place: Shady Grove Cem. White Co. AR Children: Number Known: 10 ------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Sarah Callie Born: 1866 Place: Perry Co. AL Married: Benjamin R. Huff Place: White Co. AR Died: 1952 Place: Number of Known Children: 2. Birdie Lorene Born: 18 May 1868 Place: Perry Co. AL Married: Thomas J. Gay Place: 1886 Died: 20 Apr. 1945 Place: White Co. AR Number of Known Children: 5 3. Joseph William Born: 3 May 1870 Place: Perry Co. AL Married: Rosa Alice Young Place: ca 1894 Died: 17 Dec. 1960 Place: Shady Grove Cem. White Co. AR Number of Known Children: 4. Etta Born: 1872 Place: White Co. AR Married1: Black Place: Married2: Guynn Place: Died: Place: Number of Known Children: 1 5. Phelan Samuel Born: 30 Jan. 1873 Place: Perry Co. AL Married: Elizabeth Hixson Place: Dec 1893 White Co. AR Died: 1943 Place: Shady Grove Cem. White Co. AR Number of Known Children: 9 APPENDIX B5 CONTINUED 6. John C. Born: 1877 Place: White Co. AR Married: Martha H. Bullock Place: White Co. AR Died: 1947 Place: White Co. AR Number of Known Children: 1 7. Pellie Born: Aug. 1879 Place: White Co. AR Married: Place: White Co. AR Died: 1899 Place: White Co. AR Number of Known Children: 1? 8. Walker Watters Born: 22 Mar. 1881 Place: White Co. AR Married: Sarah Lena Davis Place: White Co. AR Died: 21 Sept. 1969 Place: White Co. AR Number of Known Children: 7 9. Eastland Talmon Born: Mar. 1884 Place: White Co. AR Married: Never Place: --- Died: 1902 Place: White Co. AR Number of Known Children: 0 10. Willie Born: Jan. 1887 Place: White Co. AR Married: Lonnie Best Place: Died: Place: Helena, AR Number of Known Children: 3 APPENDIX C1 THE FAMILY OF Reuben Radford FATHER: Reuben Radford Born: 1760 Place: Campbell Co. VA Died: 20 Dec 1819 Place: Morgan Co. GA Married: ca 1779 Place: Bedford Co. VA ? MOTHER: Elizabeth Hackworth Born: 1756 Place: Bedford Co. VA Died: ca 1865 Place: Perry Co. AL Children: Number Known: 7 ------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Frances Born: 1779 Place: VA Married: Place: Died: Place: Number of Known Children: 2. William Born: 1781 Place: Bedford Co. VA Married: Elizabeth Place: ca 1803 GA Died: 23 Oct. 1862 Place: Perry Co. AL Number of Known Children: 10 3. Polly Anna Born: ca 1781 Place: Bedford Co. VA Married: Samuel Watters Place: 21 Feb. 1802 Ogl. Co. GA Died: after 1860 Place: Perry Co. AL Number of Known Children: 7 4. Elijah Born: ca 1785 Place: Oglethorpe Co. GA Married: never married Place: --- Died: ca 1865 Place: Morgan Co. GA Number of Known Children: APPENDIX C1 CONTINUED 5. John Born: 21 Oct. 1797 Place: Oglethorpe Co. GA Married: Mary Pryor Place: GA 1817 Died: 9 May 1840 Place: Morgan Co. GA Number of Known Children: 3 6. Reuben Westly Born: ca 1803 Place: GA Married: Elizabeth Dukes Place: 21 Jul 1825 Perry Co. AL Died: 1840's Place: Perry Co. AL Number of Known Children: 7 7. Samuel Born: 9 Mar 1806 Place: Morgan Co. GA Married: Theresa Goggans Place: 25 Sep 1827 Perry Co. AL Died: 6 July 1879 Place: Coosa Co. AL Number of Known Children: APPENDIX C2 THE FAMILY OF William Radford FATHER: William Radford Born: 1781 Place: Bedford Co. VA Died: 23 Oct 1862 Place: Perry Co. AL Married: 17 July 1804 Place: Oglethorpe Co. GA MOTHER: Nancy Massie James Born: 1784 Place: GA Died: 1817 Place: GA? Children: Number Known: 11 ------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Reuben Born: 1805 Place: Perry Co. AL Married: Sarah Wilbanks Place: 22 Aug. 1823 Perry Co. AL Died: before 1850 Place: Perry Co. AL Number of Known Children: 7 2. Elizabeth Born: ca 1806 Place: GA Married: John H. Smith Place: 4 Oct. 1823 Died: before 1850 Place: Number of Known Children: 3. Elisha Born: 1808 Place: Morgan Co. GA Married: Mary Ross Place: Perry Co. AL 25 July 1829 Died: 1870 Place: Meridian, MS Number of Known Children: 8 4. Susan H. Born: 1812 Place: Morgan Co. GA Married: George M. Henson Place: 11 July 1829 Perry Co. AL. Died: after 1862 Place: Number of Known Children: 5. Temperance "Peggy" Born: ca 1814 Place: Perry Co. AL Married: William C. Harbour Place: 4 July 1832 Perry Co. AL Died: 1842 Place: Perry Co. AL Number of Known Children: 4 APPENDIX C2 CONTINUED 6. John W. Born: ca 1815 Place: Perry Co. AL Married: Place: Died: after 1862 Place: Number of Known Children: 7. Polly Ann Born: ca 1816? Place: Perry Co. AL Married: George W. Mayfield Place: Perry Co. AL Died: before 1862 Place: Perry Co. AL Number of Known Children: The following are children of William and an unknown wife. 8. Winnie (Mary) Born: ca 1820 Place: Perry Co. AL Married: John C. Oaks Place: 18 Jan 1837 Died: after 1860 Place: Perry Co. AL Number of Known Children: 9 9. William T. Born: 1822 Place: Perry Co. AL Married: Amanda E. B. Place: ca 1841 Perry Co. AL Died: Place: Number of Known Children: 3 10. Nancy Born: ca 1825 Place: Perry Co. AL Married: T. W. Bolling Place: Perry Co. AL Died: before 1862 Place: Perry Co. AL Number of Known Children: 3 11. George W. Born: 1827 Place: Perry Co. AL Married: Martha A. Place: ca 1852 Died: after 1870 Place: Number of Known Children: APPENDIX D1 THE FAMILY OF William Watters FATHER: William Watters Born: early 1730's Place: Llanfair P. G. Wales or NJ Died: 1797 Place: Oglethorpe Co. GA Married: 31 Jan 1757 Place: Burlington Co. NJ MOTHER: Ann Monroe Born: early 1730's Place: NJ Died: shortly after 1818 Place: Perry Co. AL Children: Number Known: 8 ------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Joseph James Born: 22 May 1759 Place: NJ Married: Sarah Collins Place: Culpeper Co. VA Died: 1813/14 Place: Oglethorpe Co. GA Number of Known Children: 2. Bradford Born: 1755/1774 Place: NJ Married: Jane Cain Place: ca 1794 Died: 1805/1819 Place: Newton Co. GA Number of Known Children: 3. Samuel Born: 1775 Place: NJ Married: Anna Radford Place: 21 Feb. 1802 GA Died: 7 Sept. 1848 Place: Perry Co. AL Number of Known Children: 7 4. John Born: Place: Married: Place: Died: Place: Number of Known Children: 5. William Born: Place: NJ Married: Mary Brown Place: 4 Jan. 1787 Culpeper Co.VA Died: Place: Number of Known Children: APPENDIX D1 CONTINUED 6. Charity Swan Born: Place: Married: John Swan Place: GA Died: Place: Number of Known Children: 7. ? Born: Place: Married: Samuel Smith Place: Died: ca 1800 Place: Oglethorpe Co. GA Number of Known Children: 8. Nancy Born: Place: Married: Lewis Patrick Place: GA Died: Place: Number of Known Children: APPENDIX D2 THE FAMILY OF Samuel Watters FATHER: Samuel Watters Born: ca 1775 Place: NJ Died: 7 Sept. 1848 Place: Perry Co. AL Married: 21 Feb. 1803 Place: Oglethorpe Co. GA MOTHER: Anna Radford Born: ca 1781 Place: Campbell Co. VA Died: after 1860 Place: Perry Co. AL Children: Number Known: 7 ------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Elizabeth (Betsy) Born: 14 Jan. 1804 Place: Oglethorpe Co. GA Married: J. Reuben Buck Rogers Place: Died: 25 Nov. 1892 Place: Perry Co. AL Number of Known Children: 1 2. William Born: 21 Sept. 1805 Place: Oglethorpe Co. GA Married: Amy White Place: 7 Jan. 1830 GA Died: 11 Dec. 1859 Place: Cherokee Co. TX Number of Known Children: 12 3. Reuben Born: 1807 Place: Oglethorpe Co. GA Married: Never Married Place: Died: 12 Sept. 1842 Place: Number of Known Children: 4. George Washington Born: 30 Sept. 1808 Place: Oglethorpe Co. GA Married: Lucy Oakes Place: 22 Mar. 1836 Died: 13 Oct. 1893 Place: Perry Co. AL Number of Known Children: 3 5. Samuel Jackson Born: 3 May 1814 Place: Oglethorpe Co. GA Married1: Rebecca Pitts Place: Married2: E. Thurmond Place: Married3: M. Bebb Place: Died: 19 Feb. 1907 Place: Wilmer, TX Number of Known Children: 2 APPENDIX D2 CONTINUED 6. Joseph Radford Born: Mar. 1816 Place: Oglethorpe Co. GA Married1: Sarah A.F. Griffin Place: Perry Co. AL Married2: Lucinda Brown Place: Perry Co. AL Died: 1901 Place: Perry Co. AL Number of Known Children: 9/3 7. James Madison Born: 13 Mar. 1819 Place: Perry Co. AL Married: Susan S. Bennett Place: ca 1840 Died: 11 July 1905 Place: Perry Co. AL Number of Known Children: 9 APPENDIX D3 THE FAMILY OF Joseph R. Watters FATHER: Joseph Radford Watters Born: Mar. 1816 Place: Oglethorpe Co. GA Died: 1901 Place: Perry Co. AL Married: 17 Jan. 1843 Place: Perry Co. AL MOTHER: Sarah Ann Frances Griffin Born: 1826 Place: Wilkes Co. GA Died: 1864/70 Place: Perry Co. AL Children: Number Known: 10/4 ------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. John O. Born: Oct. 1845 Place: Married: Place: Died: after 1900 Place: Number of Known Children: 2. Gabriella Murvelle Born: 8 May 1847 Place: Perry Co. AL Married: E. T. Harbour Place: ca 1865 Died: 31 Mar. 1923 Place: White Co. AL Number of Known Children: 3. Elizabeth Ann Born: 1850 Place: Perry Co. AL Married: William Elliot Place: Died: 1 April 1929 Place: Number of Known Children: 4. Delana F. Born: 1855 Place: Perry Co. AL Married: Mr. Davis Place: Died: Place: Number of Known Children: 5. Sarah J. (Sally) Born: 29 July 1858 Place: Perry Co. AL Married: Harvey Stone Place: Perry Co. AL Died: 7 Oct. 1942 Place: Perry Co. AL Number of Known Children: 9 APPENDIX D3 CONTINUED 6. Joseph Radford Born: 1858 Place: Perry Co. AL Married: Place: Died: Place: Number of Known Children: 7. Rebecca C. Born: 1860 Place: AL Married: Place: Died: died young Place: Number of Known Children: 8. Susan R. (Nellie) Born: ca 1861 Place: Married: Place: Died: Place: Number of Known Children: 9. Pellie Born: ca 1862 Place: Married: Place: Died: 1888 Place: Number of Known Children: 10. William Jackson Born: Aug. 1864 Place: Perry County, AL Married: Carrie Middleton Place: Died: Place: Perry Co. AL Number of Known Children: 4 The following are children of Joseph Watters and second wife Lucinda Brown.1 11. Edward Born: 1877 Place: Perry Co. AL Married: Place: Died: Place: Number of Known Children: 12. Mary Born: May 1880 Place: Perry Co. AL Married: Gene Gregg Place: Died: 1937 Place: Number of Known Children: APPENDIX D3 CONTINUED 13. Nicholas Born: 1881 Place: Perry County, AL Married: Annie Fulton Place: 28 June 1924 Died: 1931 Place: Number of Known Children: 14. Perry Born: Apr. 1883 Place: Married: Place: Died: Place: Number of Known Children: APPENDIX E1 THE FAMILY OF Owen Griffin FATHER: Owen Griffin Born: 1745 Place: Lunenburg Co. VA Died: 1789 Place: Wilkes Co. GA Married: 1770 Place: Granville Co. NC MOTHER: Anne Stovall Born: Aug. 1754 Place: Lunenburg Co. VA Died: 1822 Place: Wilkes Co. GA Children: Number Known: 8 ------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Mary Born: 29 Jan. 1771 Place: Granville Co. NC Married: Abolem Cunninghams Place: after 1806 Died: 4 Nov. 1852 Place: Jackson Co. GA Number of Known Children: 2. Joseph Born: 1773 Place: Granville Co. NC Married: Mary Heard Place: Wilkes County, GA 18 Sep 1806 Died: before 1824 Place: Montgomery Co. AL Number of Known Children: 3. Rachel Born: 1779 Place: Granville Co. NC Married: William Heard Place: after 1797, Wilkes County, GA Died: 1866 Place: Cherokee Co. GA Number of Known Children: 4. Darcus Born: 1783 Place: Granville Co. NC Married: Pleasant Pullen Place: 6 Oct 1808, Wilkes Co.GA Died: 1818 Place: Wilkes Co. GA Number of Known Children: 5. Druscilla Born: 1776 Place: Granville Co. NC Married: John Wright Place: GA Died: after 1860 Place: Union Parish, LA Number of Known Children: APPENDIX E1 CONTINUED 6. Drury Born: ca 1784 Place: Wilkes Co. GA Married: Mary Gullatt Place: 5 Jan 1809, Lincoln Co. GA Died: 1834 Place: Montgomery Co. AL Number of Known Children: 7. Owen Born: 1786 Place: Wilkes Co. GA Married: Elizabeth Heard Place: 10 Sep. 1820, Wilkes Co. GA Died: 1830 Place: Wilkes Co. GA Number of Known Children: 8. Susannah Born: 1788 Place: Wilkes Co. GA Married: Elisha Lay Place: 25 Sep. 1811, Wilkes County, GA Died: 1858 Place: Jackson County, GA Number of Known Children: APPENDIX E2 THE FAMILY OF Owen Griffin (II) FATHER: Owen Griffin Born: 1786 Place: Wilkes Co. GA Died: 1830 Place: Wilkes Co. GA Married: 10 Sep. 1820 Place: Wilkes Co. GA MOTHER: Elizabeth Heard Born: ca 1795 Place: GA Died: Place: Perry Co. AL Children: Number Known: 2 ------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. John William Born: 20 Jan. 1822 Place: Wilkes Co. GA Married: Barsheba Ann Harbour Place: 21 May 1849 Perry Co. AL Died: 16 Sep. 1887 Place: Kemper Co. MS Number of Known Children: 7 2. Sarah Ann Francis Born: 1826 Place: Wilkes Co. GA Married: Joseph Watters Place: 17 Jan. 1843 Perry Co. AL Died: 1868 Place: Perry Co. AL Number of Known Children: 10 APPENDIX F NAMES of E. T. and G. M. Harbour's children and Grandchildren as Etta Grace Harbour Wagner remembers them. 1 - Callie -- Oldest, married Ben Huff, lived near Judsonia, AK. Ella, Frona, Lum, Bernice, Mary. 2 - Joe -- Married Rosa, lived in Little Rock. Nell, Horace, Zula, Amy, Lovis, Nathan and Joseph. 3 - John -- Married Helen. One son, Virgil. 4 - Walker Watters -- Married Sarah Lena Davis, lived near Bald Knob. German Clark, Etta Grace, Alice Murvelle, Ophelia Rose, Wesley Davis, Edwin Jefferson, Willie Bird (daughter). 5 - Birdie Lorain -- Married Tom Gay, lived near Bald Knob. Lula, Mildred, Arnold, (and Norman). 6 - Etta -- Married Mr. Black, one child Ola, lived in Helen Springs, AR. 7 - Willie -- Married Lonnie Best 3 children, Louise, Garland, Philip. lived in Helena, AR. 8 - Phelon -- Married Lizzie Hixon lived near Bald Knob. Seth, Glenn, Harmon, Argus, Fern, Rose, Adell. All dead but Adell (1993) who now lives in Memphis, TN. APPENDIX G THE WILL OF REUBEN RADFORD In the name of God Amen I Reuben Radford of Morgan County and State of Georgia being in health and perfect mind and memory thanks be to God calling into mind the mortality of my body and knowing that it is appointed for all men to die do make and ordain this my last will and testament revoking all others. That is to say first of all I recommend my soul unto the hands of Almighty God that give it and my body to the Earth to be buried in a Christian like manner by my Executor hereafter named and as touching such worldly Estate wherewith it hath pleased God to bless me with in life I give and dispose of the same in the following manner and form to wit First I constitute make and ordain my loving Son William Radford and John Radford the Sole Executors of this my last will and testament First it is my desire that my property left thus remaining shall be by my Executors sold at a credit of Twelve months and all the nett proceeds to be equally divided between my loving Son John Radford and my loving Daughter Polly Radford and my two other loving Sons Reuben Westly Radford and Samuel Radford leaving a child's part to my loving wife Elizabeth Radford to be disposed of as she may best think proper- In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and affixed my seal this 19th day of December 1818 Joseph Smith his William Harrison John Radford Reuben Radford John H. Harrison J. P. mark (Will Book B 1815-1830, Pages 68-70) APPENDIX H PENSION RECORD OF E. T. HARBOUR MAP CREDITS Listed In Order of Appearance 1. Hand drawn by author 2. Hand drawn by author. Based on a map from the Official Military Atlas of the Civil War, referred to from here on as OMACW, plates CXXXVII and LXXIV. 3. Map from a loose map in the collection at the East Baton Rouge Parish Public Library, Baton Rouge, LA. 4. Hand drawn by author. Based on the State of Georgia, U. S. Geological Survey, 1970 and a map of Wilkes Co. found in Davidson's Early Records Of Georgia, Wilkes County. 5. Hand drawn by author. Based on the General Highway map, Perry County, AL, prepared by the Alabama State Highway Department, 1949. 6. OMACW 7. Hand drawn by author. Based on OMACW and a map from Luvaus and Nelson. 8. OMACW 9. OMACW 10. OMACW and hand drawn map based on Matter, p. 203. 11. OMACW 12. General Highway Map, White County, AR, prepared by Arkansas State Highway And Transportation Department. BIBLIOGRAPHY GOVERNMENT RECORDS Arkansas, State of Confederate Pension Records, E. T. Harbour,Arkansas History Commission State Board of Health, Death Certificate, Bertie Lorene Gay, 1945. Virginia, State of Halifax County Colonial Tithes, Virginia State Library, RICHMOND, Accession Number 21481. U.S. Census Records. Virginia index. 1790. Morgan County. Georgia, 1830-1840. Perry County, Alabama, 1860-1900. White County, Arkansas, 1880-1920 Tuscaloosa County, Alabama, 1850 Marion County, Alabama, 1850. Dallas County, Texas, 1900. War Of The Rebellion, Official Records of The Union and Confederate Armies, 128 VOLS. Washington, 1880-1901. PAPERS AND LETTERS Altom, Alice Murvell Letter, 31 Oct. 1993. Daws, Elia Papers, 1991. Centreville, AL. Bush, Rod Letter, 18 Mar. 1995, Cypress, CA. Wagner, Etta Grace Letters, 1 Nov. 1993, 30 Nov 1993, 8 Jan 1994, 22 Feb. 1994. Warren, Gwynelle Rice DAR Application, National Number 596401. James Pittman Chapter, Commerce, Ga. 1975. Warnock, Dori Letters, 27 Nov. 1993, 14 Dec 1994. BOOKS Abercombie, Janice L. and Richard Slatten, Virginia Revolution And "Publick Claims". Vol II, ATHENS: Iberian Publishing Company, 1992. 2 Volumes. Acker, Martha W., Deeds Of Franklin County, GA. 1781-1826. 1976. " Franklin County Georgia Court Of Ordinary Records 1787-1849. BIRMINGHAM:\ 1989. Adams, Lela C. Abstracts of Henry County, Virginia Deed Books 1 and 2. GREENVILLE: Southern Historical Press, 1975. " Abstracts of Henry County, Virginia Deed Books 3 and 4. GREENVILLE: Southern Historical Press, 1978. " Abstracts of Order Book "O" Patrick County, Virginia. GREENVILLE: Southern Historical Press, 1989. " 1778-1780 Tax Lists of Henry County, Virginia. GREENVILLE: Southern Historical Press, 1989. An Index To Georgia Tax Digests. SPARTANBURG: The Reprint Company Publishers, 1986. Bicknell, George W., History of the Fifth Maine Volunteers. PORTLAND: Hall L. Davis, 1871. Brooke, Ted O., In The Name Of God, Amen, Georgia Wills 1733-1860. ATLANTA: Pilgrim, 1976. Carrington, Writ Johnson, History of Halifax County, Virginia. BALTIMORE: Clearfield Company, Inc. 1991. Cartwright, Bettye, ed., "Harbour, Harbor, Harber Family Association Bulletin," LUBBOCK: Vol. 1, No. 4. Spring 1979. Catton, Bruce, The Civil War. NEW YORK: American Heritage, 1982. Craig, H. Stanley, Burlington County, New Jersey, Marriages. MERCHANTVILLE, NJ: H. Stanley Craig, Publisher. Curtis, Newton Martin, From Bull Run To Chancellorsville: History Of The 16th New York. NEW YORK: G. P. Putnam and Sons, 1906. Davidson, Grace Gillam, Early Records of Georgia, Wilkes County. Vol. 1 and 2. 1937. Davis, Rev. B. F., Amherst Virginia 1761-1867 and Albermarle, Virginia 1748-1763. EASLEY: Southern Historical Press, 1975. Early, Jubal Anderson, Autobiographical Sketch and Narrative of the War Between the States. NEW YORK: Konecky and Konecky, 1994. England, Flora D., Alabama Notes. Vol. 2. BALTIMORE: General Publishing Company Inc., 1977. Fairchild, C.B., History of the 27th Regiment, New York Volunteers. BINGHAMTON: Carl and Mattews, 1888. Foote, Shelby, The Civil War: A Narrative. 3 vols. NEW YORK: Random House, 1958, 1963, 1974. Fothergill, Augusta, and John Nugle, Virginia Tax Payers, 1782-1787. BALTIMORE: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1966. Freeman, Douglas S., Lee's Lieutenants: A Study In Command. 3 vols. NEW YORK: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1944. Guilford, Joan S. The Monroe Book. 1993. Gwathmey, John H., 12 Virginia Counties. RICHMOND: Dietz Press, 1937. " Historical Register Of Virginia In The Revolution. RICHMOND: The Dietz Press, 1938. Herbert, Hilary A., " History of the 8th Alabama Volunteer Regiment, C.S.A." ed. by Martin Fortina. The Alabama Historical Quarterly, Vol. XXXIX, 1977. Hudson, Frank P., A 1790 Census for Wilkes County Georgia SPARTANBURG: Reprint Company Publishing, 1988. Ingmive, Francis T., Colonial Georgia Marriage Records, 1760-1810. ST. LOUIS: 1985. Johnson, Lincoln, and Elizabeth Short, In and Around the Big Rock: A History of Bald Knob, Arkansas. COLUMBUS:Quill Publications, 1988. Jones, Kathleen Paul, and Pauline Jones Gandrud, Alabama Notes. VOL. 78, COLUMBUS: Blewitt Co., 1980. Kennedy, Frances H. ed., The Civil War Battle Field Guide. BOSTON: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1990. Knorr, Catherine, Marriage Records Of Culpeper County Virginia, 1781-1815. EASLEY: Southern Historical Press, 1982. Lucas, Silas, An Index To Headright And Bounty Grants Of Georgia, 1756-1909. VIDALIA: Georgia Genealogical Reprints, 1970. " Some Georgia County Records. VOL. 7, Southern Historical Press, 1993. " 1807 Land Lottery Of Oglethorpe County, Georgia. VIDALIA: Georgia Genealogical Reprints, 1968. Luvaus, Jay and Harold Nelson. eds., U.S. Army War College Guide to the Battle of Antietam. CARLISLE: South Mountain Press, 1987. Matter, William D., If It Takes All Summer. CHAPEL HILL: University of North Carolina Press, 1988. McPherson, James M., Battle Cry OF Freedom. NEW YORK: Ballantine Books, 1988. " Ordeal By Fire. Vol II, NEW YORK: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982. Murray, Dorthy, Early Oglethorpe County, Georgia Marriages. Hunting For Bears, 1991. Nine, William, and Ronald Wilson, The Appomattox Paroles. The Virginia Civil War Battles And Leaders Series. Nugent, Nell Marion, Cavaliers and Pioneers. VOL. II, VOL. III, RICHMOND: Virginia State Library, 1977, 1979. Owen, Thomas McAdory, History of Alabama and Dictionary of Alabama Biography. CHICAGO: S. J. Clarke Publishing Co, 1921. Payne, Lucille and Neil Payne. Pittsylvania County, Virginia Deed Books 1,2, And 3. Southern Historical Press, 1991. Pfanz, Harry W., Gettysburg: The Second Day. CHAPEL HILL: University of North Carolina Press, 1987. Pedigo, Virginia, G., History of Patrick and Henry County Virginia. BALTIMORE: Genealogical Publishing Company Inc., 1990. Peel, Mrs. William Laven, Historical Collection Of The Joseph Habersham Chapter, DAR. VOL. 1, Genealogical Publishing Company, 1967. Pollard, E. A., The Lost Cause. NEW YORK: Gramercy Books, 1994. Presley, Leister E. Cemeteries, White County Arkansas. Vol. VIII, SEARCY: 1979. Priest, John M., Antietam: The Soldier's Battle. SHIPPENSBURG: White Mane Publishing Company, 1989. Scott, Robert Garth, Into the Wilderness With the Army Of The Potomac. BLOOMINGTON: Indiana University Press, 1992. Smith, Carmae M., The Stovall Family In America. CULLMAN: Gregath Company, 1979. Smith, Sarah Q., Oglethorpe County Wills. WASHINGTON, GA: 1967. Strange, G. G. Nails Creek Baptist Church. (Pamphlet in Corpus Christi, TX. Library). Sparacio, Ruth and Sam Sparacio, Will Abstracts Of Culpeper County, Virginia (1791- 1803). McCLEAN: 1988. Thaxton, Donna B., Georgia Depredation Claims. AMERICUS: Good Image Printers, 1988. Virginia Tax Records. "The Magazine of History and Biography," BALTIMORE: Genealogical Publishing Company Inc., 1983. Virkus, Frederick Adams, The Compendium of American Genealogy. Vol. 7., CHICAGO: Institute of American Genealogy, 1942. Walker, C. Irvine, The Life Of Lieutenant General Richard Heron Anderson. CHARLESTON: Art Publishing Company, 1917. Warren, Mary Bondurant, Colonial Poll and Tithables Lists, DANIELSVILLE: Heritage Papers, 1991. " Halifax County, Virginia Colonial Poll And Tithables Lists. DANIELSVILLE: Heritage Papers, 1991. Weisiger, Benjamin, Charles City County, Virginia Wills And Deeds 1725-1731, RICHMOND: Southern Historical Press, 1984. " Goochland County, Virginia Wills And Deeds 1728-1736, RICHMOND: Southern Historical Press, 1983. " Goochland County, Virginia Wills And Deeds 1736-1742. RICHMOND: Southern Historical Press, 1984. " Henrico County, Virginia Deeds, 1706-1736. RICHMOND: Southern Historical Press, 1985. Watters, Juanita and Nadine Lain, and Ouida Nelson, William Watters, His Descendants and Related Families. CLEBURNE, TX: Hallman Printing and Office Supply, 1967. Williams, Louis J., The Harbours In America. LUBBOCK: Harbour-Harber-Harbor Family Association, 1982. Woods, Rev. Edgar, Albermarle County, Virginia. CHARLOTTESVILLE: The Michie Co. Printers, 1901. 1 Williams, Louis. The Harbours In America. Lubbock: Harbour-Harber-Harbor Family Association, 1982, p. vi. 2 In the records of early Virginia the name can be found spelled many different ways. 3 Williams, p. 1. 1 This is a long held family tradition. 2 The death dates and documented activities of Thomas discredit a birth date closer to 1675, another date frequently cited as his year of birth. 3 Williams, p. 13. 4 Nugent, Nell Marion, Cavaliers and Pioneers, VOL. II, RICHMOND: Virginia State Library, 1977. 5 Virginia Patent Book 7, p.199, from Nugent, VOL. II, p. 247. 6 Virginia Patent Book 8, pp. 1-2, from Nugent, VOL. II, p. 335. 7 Williams, p. 601. 8 Cartwright, Bettye, ed., "Harbour, Harbor, Harber Family Association Bulletin". LUBBOCK: VOL. 1, No. 4, Spring 1979, p. 22. 9 Now Highway 5. 10 Henrico County, Virginia Order Book, p. 108, from Cartwright, p. 26. 11 Henrico County Deed Book 1714-1718, p. 46, from Weisiger, Benjamin, Henrico County, Virginia Deeds 1706-1736. RICHMOND: Southern Historical Press, 1985, p. 46. 12 Henrico County, Virginia Order Book 3, p. 61. from Cartwright, p. 26. 13 Weisiger, Benjamin, Charles City County, Virginia Wills And Deeds 1725-1731. RICHMOND: Southern Historical Press, 1984, p. 40, p. 298 of original book. 14 Land Patent Book 13, p. 314. from Nugent, VOL. III, 1979, p. 347. 15 Woods, Rev. Edgar, Albermarle County, Virginia. CHARLOTTESVILLE: The Michie Co. Printers, 1901, pp. 63-64. 16 Williams, p. 4. 17 The evidence for David's inclusion here is very weak. 18 Through complex research and deduction, these are considered daughters but no direct evidence exists. 19 Weisiger, Benjamin, Goochland County, Virginia Wills and Deeds, 1728-1736, RICHMOND: Southern Historical Press, 1983, pp. 51-52. 20 Virginia Tax Records, "Magazine of History and Biography," BALTIMORE: Genealogical Publishing Company, Inc. 1983. 21 Gwathmey, John H., 12 Virginia Counties. RICHMOND: Dietz Press, 1937, pp. 309-315. 22 Virginia Land Patents, Book 15, p. 248. 23 Goochland County Will And Deed Book 2, p. 71. from Weisiger, 1983, p. 147. 24 Virginia Land Patents, Book 17, p. 356. 25 Weisiger, Benjamin, Goochland County, Virginia Wills And Deeds 1736-1742. RICHMOND: Southern Historical Press, 1984, p. 64. 26 ibid, 1984, p. 8. 27 Goochland Order Book IV, p. 423. 28 Goochland Order Book V, p. 294. 29 Williams, p. 5. 30 Goochland County Order Book V, p. 60. from Williams, p. 5. 31 Virginia Land Patent Book 22, p. 506. This land actually became part of Albermarle County in 1744. 32 Davis, Rev. B. F., Amherst, Virginia, 1761-1867 and Albermarle, Virginia 1748- 1763. EASLEY: Southern Historical Press, 1975, pp. 61. and 63. from Williams, p. 11. Thomas owned an additional 863 acres. Its fate is unknown. 33 Albermarle County Virginia Deed Book 2, p. 325. 34 Virginia Land Patents Book 32, p. 238. 35 Later Smith's River. Williams, p. 9. 36 Virginia Land Patent Book 32, p. 240 and 250. 37 ibid, pp. 242 and 244. 38 ibid, pp. 246 and 254. 39 ibid, p. 252. 40 This is assuming that David or another son existed, considering one tract each for seven children. 41 Albermarle County Deed Book 2, p. 325. 42 An entry shows that by 1757 Thomas was certainly living in Halifax County as he was added to the tax lists. Halifax County Pleas Book 2, p. 236. 43 Little evidence exists to include David as a son, Talmon is discussed in Chapter 3. 44 The section of Halifax that Thomas lived on became Pittsylvania County in 1767. 45 Halifax County Deed Book 6, p. 121. 46 Pittsylvania County Deed Book 2, p. 22. from Payne, Lucille and Neil Payne, Pittsylvania County Virginia Deed Books 1, 2, And 3. Southern Historical Press, 1991, p. 60. 47 Pittsylvania County Deed Book 1, p. 151. from Payne, p. 19. 48 Pittsylvania County Deed Book 1, p. 149. from Payne, p. 60. 49 Halifax County Deed Book 4, p. 372. 50 Williams, p. 21. 51 Fothergill, Augusta, and John Nugle, Virginia Tax Payers 1782-1787, BALTIMORE: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1966. As a widow, she paid no tithe. 52 Halifax County Deed Book 4, p. 378. 53 Warren, Mary Bondurant, Halifax County Virginia Colonial Poll And Tithables List. DANIELSVILLE: Heritage Papers, 1991, p. 10. 54 Virginia Tax Records, "Magazines of History And Biography," BALTIMORE: Genealogical Publishing Company, Inc., 1983, p. 316. 55 Pittsylvania County Deed Book 1, p. 429. from Payne, p. 42. 56 Pittsylvania County Deed Book 3, p. 226. from Payne, p. 143. 57 Halifax County Deed Book 3, p. 203. 58 Virginia Tax Records, 1983, p. 316. 59 Pittsylvania County Deed Book 1, p. 439. from Payne, p. 43. 60 Henry County Deed Book 7, p. 193, from Williams, p. 26. 61 Halifax County Deed Book 4, p. 367. 62 Pittsylvania Deed Book 2, p. 461. from Payne, p. 105. 63 Williams, p. 8. 64 Williams, p. 12. 65 Henry County Deed Book 1, pp. 67-70. 66 An acute observer will note that most of these transactions took place in the fall. They were probably too busy with the crops to do it earlier in the year. 67 Pittsylvania County Virginia Tithable, 1767, p. 52. 68 Adams, Lela, Abstracts Of Henry County, Virginia Deed Books 1 And 2, 1776- 1784. GREENVILLE: Southern Historical Press, 1975, p. 7. 69 Halifax County Colonial Tithes, from Virginia State Library, RICHMOND: Accession #21481, pp. 33-34. 70 Virginia Tax Records, p. 318. 71 Williams, p. 16. See Chapter Three for more discussion on this work order. 72 David's son, Abner, also appears to have received some of the land on Irwin's River. An Indian raid from Chillicothe drove him off and he never returned. Pedigo, Virginia G., History of Patrick and Henry Counties, Virginia. BALTIMORE: Genealogical Publishing Company Inc., 1990, p. 158. 73 Patrick County Virginia Deed Book 13, p. 312. 74 Families of 14 children were common in the Harbour line. 1 Wright, for her maiden name, was passed down in the family. from Williams, p. 16. 2 ibid, p. 19. 3 This is speculation and tradition. Judging from the date of his children, it may have been as late as 1770. 4 Some daughters were surely born but due to the nature of the early legal records, they are hard to trace. 5 No record was reported in the Williams book of any such transaction. 6 See Chapter 2 for the references for these deeds. 7 Williams, p. 19. 8 ibid, p. 29. 9 ibid, p. 19. 10 Warren, 1991, p. 6. 11 Halifax County Deed Book 6, p. 121. 12 ibid, p. 26. 13 Williams, p. 19. 14 ibid, p. 41. 15 Halifax County 1770 Pleas Book Number 6, p. 486, from Williams, p. 17. The index for this record, indexing from 1752 to 1900, for convenience listed the two together. This has confused many researchers. 16 Candidate sons withstanding. 17 Williams, p. 35. 18 ibid, p. 29. 19 Halifax County Court Booklet, p. 31. from Abercombie, Janice L., and Richard Slatten, Virginia Revolution And "Publick Claims". Vol. II, ATHENS: Iberian Publishing Company, 1992, p. 439. 20 Henry County Court Booklet, p. 29. from Abercombie, p. 439. 21 Henry County Deed Book 3, pp. 417-418. from Adams, Lela C., Abstracts of Henry County, Virginia Deed Books 3 And 4. GREENVILLE: Southern Historical Press, 1978, p. 57. 22 Henry County Deed Book 3, pp. 415-416, from Adams, 1978, p. 56. 23 Elbert County Records, p. 158. 24 Will, Franklin County, Georgia. 25 Adams, 1978, p. 57. 26 Williams, p. 19. 27 Formed from Henry County in 1790-91. 28 Halifax County Deed Book 16, p. 496. 29 Patrick County Order Book O, p. 208, from Adams, Lela, Abstracts Of Order Book "O" Patrick County, Virginia, June 1791-August 1800. GREENVILLE: Southern Historical Press, 1984, p. 90. 30 Patrick County Virginia Deed Book 4, p. 401. 31 Williams, p. 19. 32 The index for the 1840 Virginia Census shows seven Harbour families. Only four lived in the counties of Southern Virginia that these Harbours were from. 1 No proof provided of the maiden name. This is a tradition and the name was used for the children. 2 1830 Perry County, Alabama Census. 3 Carrington, Writ Johnson, History Of Halifax County, Virginia. BALTIMORE: Clearfield Co., 1991, p. 134. 4 Peel, Mrs. William Laven, Historical Collection Of The Joseph Habersham Chapter, DAR. VOL. 1, Genealogical Publishing Company, 1967, p. 21. 5 Halifax County History, p. 134. 6 Pittsylvania County, Virginia Deed Book 1, p. 180. 7 Strange, p. 14. 8 Lucas, Silas, Some Georgia County Records. VOL. 7, Southern Historical Press, 1993, p. 75. 9 from Hudson. 10 Adams, Lela, Abstracts Of Henry County, Virginia Deed Books 3 And 4. Southern Historical Press, 1978, p. 64. pp. 471-472 of Deed Book 3. 11 Henry County Deed Book 3, pp. 474-475. from Adams, 1978. 12 Lucas, pp 118b-119, from original document. 13 Williams, p. 19. and Acker, Martha W., Deeds of Franklin County, Georgia, 1781- 1826. 1976, pp. 105 and 107. 14 Strange, G.G., Nails Creek Baptist Church. (Pamphlet in Corpus Christi, TX Library) pp. 18-19. 15 Lucas, Silas, Index To Headright And Bounty Grants Of Georgia, 1756- 1909. VIDALIA: Georgia Genealogical Reprints, 1970. 16 The puzzle of Elizabeth's lineage may never be completely solved but it is clear that both she and the Calloways in Virginia and Georgia are connected. While comparing given names to connect a relationship does not provide substantial evidence, both of these families share a few, giving some weight to the relationship. Jemima Calloway, for example, is listed as a witness on a deed by Francis Calloway in Pittsylvania County, Virginia, (Deed Book 3, p. 117), and Jemima was used to name one of Talmon's daughters. Calloway was the given name for his youngest son. William was also used for the first time in this line of the Harbour family. William's middle name, Chandler, is also the name of a family with connections to both the Harbours and the Calloways. One example is a will dated 3 January 1806, in Franklin County, Georgia. In it Frances and William Calloway, along with Joseph Chandler, are named executors of Charles Morton's estate. While this is mainly speculative, these examples, along with others to be mentioned, do indicate that a relation between the families existed. 17 1850 Tuscaloosa County, Alabama Census, Sheet 144. 18 The 1850 Perry County Census shows Polly to be born around 1815 in Georgia. This is likely a mistake. 19 England, Flora, Alabama Notes. Vol. 2, Baltimore: General Publishing Company Inc., 1977, p. 24. 20 Williams, p. 19. 21 Acker, Martha W. Deeds Of Franklin County, Georgia 1781-1826. 1976, p. 388, and Williams, p. 19. 22 England, p. 22. They may have moved to Benton (Calhoun) County shortly afterwards. 23 NW 1/2 of Section 32, T20N, R10E. England, p. 22, and Williams, p. 103. 24 Perhaps named after his wife's family. 25 1850 Perry County, Alabama Census. 26 Jones, Kathleen Paul, and Pauline Jones Gandrud, Alabama Notes. VOL. 78, COLUMBUS: Blewitt Co., 1980, p. 21. In the 1870 Census the couple was in Covington County, Mississippi. 27 He died intestate, i.e., without a will. 28 Perry County Orphans Court Record, 1823-32, p. 35, from England, p.22. 29 England, p. 22. 30 ibid, p. 23. 31 ibid, p. 23. 32 Perry County Marriage Book, 1832-1839, Number 615. 33 Williams, p. 103. 34 It is more likely that Elijah came later on his own, as records show that several of his children, up to 1838 ,had been born in Alabama. It is also doubtful that Calloway would leave his mother until after her death. 35 This family is probably connected as some of the Harbour children were given that name. 36 This lot was the SW 1/2 of Sec. 21, T19N, R9E. Minutes of Probate Court, Book B, p. 300, from England, p.24. 37 Minutes of Probate Court, p. 305, England, p. 24. 38 1850 Marion County Alabama Census. One daughter is named Temperance H. 39 Williams, p. 106. 1 Letter of James W. Radford Sr., Mobile, Alabama, from the Elia Daws Papers. 2 Entry by John Seth Radford, Burke's Landed Gentry. VOL. II, 1939, p. 2876. 3 Garrett, Hester E., A Book Of Garretts. LANSING: with 3 supplements, (a copy can be found in the Alabama State Archives or in the LDS Library.) 4 A petition against the division of Bedford County was signed on 24 May, 1779. Both Jonathan and Reuban Radford appear on the petition. from Bedford County Legislative Petitons, VSL Box 48, pp Ai-1 thru Ai-21, Bedford County Museum. 5 Garrett, Supplement 3, p. 147. 6 General Index To Real Estate Conveyances, Bedford County, Virginia. Grantees, p. 77. He appeared in a suit in Caroline County, Virginia in 1748/9 and was represented by an agent. He is also listed in the before mentioned petition, along with a George Hackworth Jr. John Frederick, Caroline County, Virginia Order Book 1746-1754. WASHINGTON: 1968, p. 21. 1 From the monument at his grave sight and from Eckenrode, Dr. H. J., Index Of The Revolutionary Records In The Virginia State Archives. p. 646. Reuben also appears on a list in Oglethorpe County of Revolutionary War soldiers who drew land lots in 1804. 2 1850 Perry County Alabama Census. 3 William was 68 in the 1850 census, 79 in the 1860 Perry County Census. 4 Copies of this document are widespread among Radford researchers. It is a poor copy of a small piece of paper. It is unknown if it is recorded in the Beford or Campbell County records, but it was recorded by the J. P., Tho. Leftwich, there on 24 October 1783. This document was referred to in Garrett, p. 148. 5 Early, Ruth Hairston, Campbell Chronicles And Family Sketches. BALTIMORE: Regional Publishing Company, 1978, p. 7. Calloway also signed the 1779 petition. See the paragraph on Jonathan Radford in the previous chapter for more on Bedford County. 6 Davidson, Grace Gillam, Early Records of Georgia, Wilkes County. VOL. II, 1937. 7 Hudson, Frank Parker, "Georgia Genealogical Magazine," VOL. 44-45, p. 257. 8 Davidson, p. 112. 9 The district was bounded by land on Little River and the Long, Buff, and Fall Creeks. When Oglethorpe County was formed in 1793, it became Captain Rian's District of that county. 10 Hudson, Frank P., A 1790 Census For Wilkes County, Georgia. SPARTANBURG: Reprint Company Publishers, 1988, p. 63. 11 Wilkes County Deed Book CCCC, p. 384., from Lucas, Silas, An Index To Headright And Bounty Grants Of Georgia, 1756- 1909. VIDALIA: Georgia Genealogical Reprints, 1970, p. 539. 12 She could be a sister of Reuben's or a daughter of Henry. She is not listed in either of their wills. 13 He could also be a son of Henry. He is not listed in either Henry's or Reuben's will. 14 Peggy was referred to as a juvenile. On 1 February 1809, in Morgan County, a marriage record is found between Tempy Radford and Joshua Brantley. This Tempy was born between 1790 and 1800 and lived in Walton County until her death in 1854. (Austin, Jane, The Georgians, p. 43.) Some people believe that she was the daughter of Reuben. Reuben's son William had a daughter named Temperance whose nickname was Peggy. Perhaps this Tempy from Morgan County was Henry's daughter Peggy listed in the will and she was living with her uncle at the time of her marriage. 15 "Georgia Genealogical Magazine," October 1965, p. 12. It seems that he had more than four children, chiefly another son Henry. 16 Clark County, Georgia Administrator's And Guardian's Bonds Book B, from "Georgia Genealogical Magazine," April 1967, p. 39. 17 Part of Baldwin later became Randolph County. Randolph changed names to Jasper County and should not be confused with the county in Southwest Georgia with the name Randolph. 18 Jasper County, Georgia Deed Book 1, p. 114. from "Georgia Genealogical Magazine," Spring, 1970, p. 129. 19 James Radford refers to this home place as "the cedars." Tax digests support this. In 1805 Reuben was in Oglethorpe, in 1810 he was found in Morgan County. 20 Jasper County Deed Book 2, pp. 62-64. from "Georgia Genealogical Magazine," # 87, p. 37. Elizabeth, or Betty, as she signed her name, had to relinquish her right of dower so perhaps Davis was in some way related to her or Betty owned the land herself. 21 An Index To Georgia's Tax Digests, VOL. V. 22 Ann is discussed in detail in Chapter 23. 23 This is the same time the Harbours left Franklin County, Georgia, for Alabama. 24 Morgan County, Georgia Will Book B, pp. 68-70. 25 See Appendix for will. 26 Elia Daws papers. 27 ibid. 28 The family, like the Harbours, had close ties to the Calloway Family as one of Sarah's children was named Calloway. 29 He may have moved to Coosa County, Alabama. 30 The 1830 John Radford household withstanding. 31 Watters, p. 4. 1 The monument in Morgan County says 1783, a land patent in Wilkes County, Georgia was granted to Reuben in 1794. 2 Ingmive, Frances T., Colonial Georgia Marriage Records, 1760-1810. ST. LOUIS: 1985. 3 The birthdate was taken from information supplied by Rod Bush. The 1800 Oglethorpe Census shows only one James household, John James, who lived in Captain Thomas's District and had four girls under 10. 4 "An Index To Georgia Tax Digests," VOL. 3, p. 71. 5 Lucas, 1968. 6 Morgan County Supreme Court Writs, 1809-1811, p. 210. 7 "An Index To Georgia Tax Digests," VOL. 4, p. 75. 8 In the 1840 Perry County Census, she is in the 20 to 30 category, with a marriage date of 1832, making 1814 the most plausible birthdate. 9 This is a very gray area in the life of William. It is certain that he married Nancy James and a record by his son Elisha in the LDS Library supports this. Elia Daws recently discovered several records that cleared many questions. The main unanswered question that remains is, who is married to William and has 4 of his children after Nancy died but before he married Elizabeth Griffin?Intresting is that one of these four, his youngest daughter was named Nancy J., after his first wife. (Both Temperance and Mary had a daughter named Nancy J.) 10 Government Certificate Number 1598. NE 1/4, SEC. 21, T19N, R9E. 11 She is not listed in her father's will. 12 Elia Daws papers, and Land Patents, Volume 1, p. 148. This land was in T19N, R9E, sec. 16. 13 W 1/2 of SE 1/4, T19N, R9E, from Alabama Land Patents, VOL. 1, p. 24. 14 W 1/2 of SW 1/4, T19N, R9E, from Alabama Land Patents, VOL. 1, p. 170. 15 She was not listed in William's will of 1862 and it is supposed that she was dead. 16 This provided by Mrs. Elia Daws. Perry County Marriage Book 1840 - 1851, # 1280, dated 11 June 1841, executed 19 August 1841. 17 His family and the Radfords had been associated together back in Oglethorpe County and it seems that they made the trip to Alabama together. 18 1853 Deed of Perry County between William Radford and his wife, and the Trustees of the Radfordville Academy. 19 Letter of Woodrow Watters. 20 Letter of Elia Daws. 21 Perry County Marriage Records 1851-63, #553, dated 13 July 1858, L. P. Ramsey, JP. 22 Bibb County Census Record, Household #987, from Elia Daws papers. 23 Perry County Probate Book K, pp. 115-117. The author was using a transcribed copy pertaining only to the children of Temperance. 24 She is listed on the 1870 census index for Perry County. 1 The 1860 Perry County census lists his middle initial as "C." As his first son, apparently named after his father, had a middle name of Chandler, it is presumed that this was his father's middle name as well. 2 Williams, p. 155. 3 Perry County Marriage Records, 1832-1836, Number 615. 4 England, p. 24. 5 Quotes from his son, William Chandler. Williams, p. 155. 6 Perry County Minutes Probate Court, p. 300, from England, p. 24. 7 Williams, p. 155. 8 The source for four the daughters is Goodspeed's 1896, Biographical and Historical Memoirs of Mississippi. p. 859, in which William C. Harbour Jr. tells of his father's family. This is recorded in Williams, p. 155. 9 Williams, p. 153. 10 1850 Perry County Census. Fuller survived the Civil War but details of his life afterwards are lacking. 11 Williams, p. 155, states that there were four girls, in the family sheets of the book, Betty is listed where Mary belongs according to the census records. One might suppose that Betty had died as a child if not for the fact that she married a man named Mosely, (Note the Boarder's name). Betty, if she exists, must have been born after Ruby. 12 With the same spelling. 1 The record did have another entry. It stated that E. T. served while underage but this is untrue. This was likely confused with his brother John R., who served as a 17 year old. 1 It is not intended here that this work be a thorough narrative of the war in the East. It was written in the hope that the reader already has some understanding of the war. If this is not the case, James McPherson's Ordeal By Fire, VOL II. is recommended. Bruce Catton's The Civil War is also a short but thorough examination of the war. Appendix A will also be helpful in understanding the different commands and battles that the 8th was involved in. 2 Herbert, Hilary. "History of the Eighth Alabama Volunteer Regiment, C.S.A." ed. by Martin Fortina. The Alabama Historical Quarterly. VOL. XXXIX, 1977, p. 6. 3 ibid. p. 35. 4 Thomas Harbour, the uncle of E. T., was living in Mississippi in 1860. His son stated that no Harbours owned slaves. Thomas voted for Abraham Lincoln in 1860 and the only thing that kept his neighbors from hanging him was the fact that his son was in the militia. Williams, pp. 149-150. 1 On 31 January, 1862 the 8th was organized into the 2nd Division, Gen. McLaws Commanding. O.R. X111 p. 668-669. 2 Soldiers drafted to serve in the war. 3 For an excellent description of this battle see Freeman, Vol. 1. 4 McPherson, p. 238. 5 A very brisk jog. 6 McPherson, pp. 242-243. 7 Herbert, pp. 61-62. 8 Also known as Fair Oaks in the North. 1 O.R. XXIII pp. 770-775. 2 Also known as the First Cold Harbor. 3 Herbert, p. 316. 4 O.R. XXXIII p. 775. 5 Wilcox, in his official report, wrote that the 8th maintained it's ground. Herbert, using a report he made with the help of fellow regimental officers in 1864, gave this account. Herbert was not present as he was a POW in the North. Wilcox also does not mention Herbert's account of the enemy being induced to retire by a ruse ordered by A. P. Hill in which the 8th was told to move forward cheering "long and loudly" to imitate fresh reinforcements. Herbert, p. 67. 6 Also known in the North as Glendale. 7 Herbert, p. 68. 8 Lee also captured nearly 6,000, making total casualties for the North 17,000. McPherson, p. 248. 1 Walker, C. Irvine, The Life Of Lieutenant General Richard Heron Anderson. CHARLESTON: Art Publishing Company, 1917. p. 96. 2 Also known as Bull Run. 3 Herbert, p. 73. 4 Walker, pp. 106-108. 5 Franklin's Sixth Corps was part of this movement. 6 McPherson, James, The Battle Cry Of Freedom. NEW YORK: Ballatine Books, 1988, p. 535. 7 No official report was ever submitted by anyone in Wilcox's Brigade at Sharpsburg. Anderson was wounded there and Wilcox, being sick, was momentarily replaced by Alfred Cummings. It was Herbert's intention to rectify the absence of any reports in his history. 8 This battle was known in the North as Antietam. 9 Walker, p. 109. 10 This from Herbert. He spelled it Pfeiffer. 11 Herbert, p. 78. He apparently was unaware of the Washington Artillery, (New Orleans) battery in the apple orchard. 12 From the side. 13 Walker, p. 109. 14 75,000 Northern troops to 38,000 Southern troops. Kennedy, p. 64. 15 Herbert, pp. 77-80. 16 Kennedy, p. 64. 17 Herbert, p. 80. Attrition had drastically reduced the regiment but many men were straggling that day. 18 ibid, pp, 80 and 311. 19 Freeman, p. 211. 20 Herbert, writing in 1902, realized this to be the case and rectifies it by including a lengthy report of the battle in his history. 21 Foote, p. 703. 1 Herbert, p. 87. 2 Perry County Probate Book K, pp. 115-117. 3 Walker, p. 113. 4 Catton, p. 271. Anderson. 5 Kennedy, p. 85. 6 Herbert wrote of many interesting episodes, one widely quoted, that took place at this time. 7 Freeman, Vol. 2, p. 621. 8 ibid, Vol. 2, p. 625. 9 O.R. Series I, XXV, Part 1, pp. 854-861. (Wilcox's Report). 10 These retired before the infantry assault due to lack of ammunition. 11 5th Maine History, p. 226. The author of the 27th N.Y.'s history said this regiment was in the rear and did not take part in the fight. 12 Herbert p. 100. 13 O.R. Series I, xxv, p.858. (Wilcox's Report). 14 In this charge the captured company in the school house was freed. 15 The regimental history of the 16th N.Y. said that the "line fell back slowly," but this is doubtful. 16 O.R. Series I, xxv, part 1, p. 859. (Wilcox's Report). 17 Shelby Foote for one is guilty of this. 18 O.R. Series 1. XXV, Part 1., p. 811, (Lee's Report). 19 Fairchild, C. B., History of the 27th New York Volunteers. BINGHAMTON: Carl and Mattews, 1888, p. 170. 1 Herbert, p. 114. 2 O.R. Series I, XXVII, Part II, p. 616 (Wilcox's Report). 3 Herbert refers to "a orchard." This was not the famous Peach Orchard but an apple orchard of the Spangler's farm 650 yards to the north of the Peach Orchard. From Freeman, Vol. 3, p. 123 and 154. 4 Herbert, pp. 115-118. 5 Herbert, after the Salem Church narrative, left out mention of the Roll of Honor, but it was here that White was named to that honor. Herbert, p. 316. 6 Freeman, Vol. 3, p. 146. 7 Perry's small Florida brigade of 250 men also advanced. 8 O. R. XVI, Series 1, Part 2, p. 620. (Wilcox's Report). 9 Herbert, p. 128. 10 Perry County Alabama Probate Record. 11 Herbert, p. 134. 12 Herbert, pp. 136-7. 13 McPherson, p. 410. 1 Herbert, p. 139. 2 Matter, William D., If It Takes All Summer. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988, pp. 129-130. 3 A salient is more difficult to defend than a straight line on account of the large front and dispersion of fire. 4 Matter, p. 173. 5 Matter, pp. 207 and 209. 6 Matter, p. 266. 7 Sanders was temporarily appointed Brigadier General on 7 June. He was 24. 8 Hill resumed command on 21 May after recovering from his illness. 9 McPherson, p. 419. 10 Herbert, p. 140. 11 Known as such because the inn there did not serve hot meals. McPherson, p. 420. The battle fought there was known in the North as the Second Cold Harbor. 1 Herbert, p. 144. 2 Herbert, p. 145. 3 The measurement was an estimate made by General Alexander. 4 Freeman, p. 543. 5 Herbert, p. 158. For a complete description read Herbert's History. He was not present but used the diaries and letters of his men that were. 6 Herbert, p. 161. It is probable that the Southern dead were separated from the Northerners. 7 Herbert, p. 173. 8 Freeman, p. 589. 1 Freeman, pp. 690-691. 2 Freeman, p. 701. 3 Herbert, p. 198. 4 Freeman, p. 747. 5 Herbert, p. 190. 6 Herbert, pp. 190-191. 1 As Etta Wagner remembers in her older age, G. M. was 5'2", 145 pounds. 2 From the birth date of their first child. No marriage record exists. 3 Williams, p. 155. 4 England, p. 24. 5 Perry County Marriage Record, copied from the original at the state archives. A. M. may be A. K. 6 Alabama Notes, p. 25. 7 Williams, p. 158. 8 Johnson, Lincoln, and Elizabeth Short, In And Around The Big Rock: A History Of Bald Knob, Arkansas. Columbus: Quill Publications, 1988, p. 62. From the date of E. T.'s first two children born in Arkansas, they were there before March of 1872. 9 Family tradition passed on by C. M. Adair, grandson of Birdie Harbour Gay. 1 Letter of Mrs. Charles Altom. 2 From Johnson and Short, p. 5. Joseph Ford was the one that helped entice E. T. to Arkansas. 3 Letter of Etta Wagner, 30 November 1993. 4 Census taken 10 June 1880, E. D. 254, p. 22. 5 Johnson and Short, p. 198. 6 Letter of 30 November 1993, Etta Wagner. 7 1900 White County, Arkansas Census. 8 ibid. 1 This is the child of Etta, but as she married a Mr. Black and later a Mr. Guynn, Ola's last name cannot be accounted for. She was born in January of 1891, her father was born in Indiana. 2 Attempt at the name, this may not be correct. He knew E. T. for 40 years and lived in Columbia County at the time. 3 In 1900, the census said he was free from mortgage. 4 Letter of Etta Wagner. 5 30 October 1913, from the pension file. 1 Confederate Pension Records. 2 Letter of Etta Wagner. 3 Letter of Alice Murvelle Harbour Altom dated 20 March 1994. 4 Done so by Emmitt Gay. 5 Most of this is complied from Williams, p. 156. It is supplemented by a letter from Etta Wagner. 6 Bonnie is the only surviving member, she lives in Slidell, LA. 1 Proof of Ann as her name is in Oglethorpe County Deed Book "J," pp. 479-480. 2 Spelled Waters in this document. 3 This Warnock based on Guilford, Joan S., The Monroe Book. 1993, pp. 665-673. 4 A family bible owned by his son, Joseph Watters, recorded this date and the fact that this Joseph Watters was the son of William Watters. 5 1800 Oglethorpe County, Georgia Census. 6 His son Joseph Radford Watters verifies this in later census records. 7 These children are from the entry in Oglethorpe County Warranty Deed Book B, p. 369. 8 Certified records of New Jersey Department Of Defense, from Watters, Juanita and Nadine Lain, and Ouida Nelson, William Watters, His Descendants And Related Families. CLEBURNE, TX: Hallman Printing And Office Supply, 1967, p. 4. 9 Certificate Number 133, 1 May 1784. from Watters, p. 351. Oglethorpe County, Georgia land records confirm his service. 10 Letter of Dori Warnock, dated 9 March 1995. 11 The authors of William Watters held the same opinion. 12 Gwathmey, John H., Historical Register Of Virginians In The Revolution. RICHMOND: The Dietz Press, 1938. Four William Watters are listed. 13 Sarah was the daughter of William and Sarah Collins. 14 This is somewhat in conflict with the information on Joseph from New Jersey as time and dates go, leading to the speculation that there might have been multiple Joseph Watters not too distantly related at the same time in New Jersey. 15 Fothergill and Nugle, p. 132. 16 Knorr, Catherine, Marriages of Culpeper County, Virginia, 1781- 1815. EASLEY: Southern Historical Press, 1982, p. 95. 17 Watters, p. 5, and Warnock, Dori, letter of 9 March 1995. 18 This may explain why the Watters were absent from Wilkes County documents such as the ones Frank Hudson used to form his 1790 reconstructed census of Wilkes. 19 From claims Joseph Watters Jr. made several years later after the death of his father. Thaxton, Donna B., Georgia Depredation Claims. AMERICUS: Good Image Printers, 1988, pp. 312-313, 704, 719, 745, 757. 20 Watters, p. 6. 21 Oglethorpe County Warrant Deed Book B, pp. 342-343. 22 An Index to Georgia Tax Digests. VOL I., p. 77. 23 ibid, VOL I., p. 77. 24 ibid, VOL III., p. 91, VOL IV., p. 95, and VOL. 5. 25 Oglethorpe County Will Book 2, p. 99. from Smith, Sarah Q., Oglethorpe County Wills. WASHINGTON, GA: 1967. 26 Will of John Cain, from Watters, p. 6. 27 Lucas, 1993, p. 456. 28 An Index To Georgia Tax Digests. VOL. II, p. 54, VOL III, p. 91, VOL. IV, p. 75, and VOL. V. 29 Culpeper County Will Book D, pp. 35-37. from Sparacio, Ruth and Sam Sparacio, Will Abstracts Of Culpeper County, Virginia (1791-1803). McCLEAN: 1988, pp. 11-12. 30 Murray, Dorothy, Early Oglethorpe County, Georgia Marriages. Hunting for Bears, 1991, p. 83. 31 In a list of Revolutionary War soldiers drawing land in Oglethorpe, Joseph Watters name is immediately followed by Nancy Patrick, widow. Lucas, 1993, p. 473. 32 An Index To Georgia Tax Digests. VOL. I, p. 77. 33 Oglethorpe County Warranty Deed Book J, pp. 479-480, from Watters, p. 4. 1 From an entry in a family bible, "Samuel Watters departed this life on the 7th of September in the year of our Lord 1848 in his seventy third year of his life." from Watters, p. 186. 2 From later census records completed by his children. In 1880 his son Joseph's entry stated that Samuel was born in South Carolina, but this was a census taker's mistake. 3 An Index To Georgia Tax Digests. VOL. I, p. 77, VOL II, p. 54. 4 Lucas, 1993, p. 449. 5 It may have been 1802. 6 For details on the family of Anna Radford, see Section 2, Chapter 6. 7 Watters, p. 4. This occurred in October of 1817. 8 He may be named after the President of the United States. 9 1900 Dallas County, Texas Census, E.D. 141. 10 Richardson Family Bible of Alto, Texas., from Watters, p. 186. 11 1880 Perry County Census, E.D. 89. 12 Her sister Susan Bennett was next door. 13 She was not in the 1870 census. 1 1900 Perry County Alabama Census. 2 Perry County Marriage Book, entry 1431. 3 Delany in the 1870 census. 4 Birthdates from the 1860 Perry County Census, some are in conflict with the Watters book. 5 The merchant, William Palmore, was a next door neighbor. 6 In the 1900 Perry County Census, E. D. 79, Sheet 14, Line 77, he was living alone. 7 Watters, p. 247. 8 Perry County Heritage. VOL II, Book Committee and Friends of the Perry County Historical and Preservation Society, 1993. 9 He is not listed in the Watters book. Perhaps he died young or moved away and lost contact with the family. 10 Watters, p. 248. 11 1880 Perry County Census, E. D. 89, Sheet 428. 12 1900 Perry County Census, E. D. 78, Sheet 13, Line 5. 13 1920 Perry County, Alabama Census. 14 1900 Perry County, Alabama Census, Vol. 49, E. D. 79, Sheet 9, line 80. 15 He is not listed in the Watters Book. 16 Watters, p. 249. 1 Halifax County Deed Book 5, p. 104. 2 Halifax County Deed Book 7, p. 1. 3 Born in Virginia. This information from Thompson, The Family Of Bartholomew Stovall. p. 137. 4 Granville County, North Carolina Deed Book L, p. 11. 5 from Elia Daws Papers, source cited, (Clark, p. 177.) 6 Wilkes County Deed Book HH, p. 183. 7 Brooke, Ted O., In The Name Of God, Amen, Georgia Wills 1733-1860. ATLANTA: Pilgrim Press, 1976. also, in Hudson's reconstructed 1790 census for Wilkes County, Owen is listed as an estate. 8 Wilkes County Deed Book HHH, p. 89. 9 Wilkes County Marriage Book 1, 1806-1834, p. 171. 10 Lucas, 1970, and Hudson, p. 85. 11 He was in the 1830 Wilkes County Census, Sheet 291. 12 Wilkes County Will Book, p. 299. signed 21 December 1828, probated 6 September 1830, from Davidson, p. 134. 13 1840 Perry County Census. 14 He was not a volunteer, rather, he was drafted. 15 Perry County Marriage Book 1840-1851, #1280. 1 Royston was wounded. 2 Wilcox was absent due to sickness. 3 Cummings was wounded. 4 Anderson was wounded. 5 Herbert was wounded and did not return. 6 Anderson replaced the wounded James Longstreet. 7 Killed. 8 Killed. 9 Killed, wounded, and missing, from Herbert. 10 Wounded. 11 149 at Gaine's Mill, 60 at Frayser's Farm, 60. 12 Under control of Stonewall Jackson for a short period. 13 Under Longstreet, temporarily, for most of the battle. 14 Hill was ill. 15 Hill was killed. 16 Not including the Battle of the Crater. 1 Based on census, these may be stepchildren. ??