Germans in Los Angeles - Chapter IV This file is a part of a manuscript entitled "The Germans in Los Angeles County California 1850 - 1900" by Lamberta Margarette Voget, written in February, 1933. Scanning and OCR by Joy Fisher ------------------------------------------------------------------ USGENWEB NOTICE: These electronic pages may NOT be reproduced in any format for profit or presentation by other organizations or persons. Persons or organizations desiring to use this material, must obtain the written consent of the contributor, or the legal representative of the submitter, and contact the listed USGenWeb archivist with proof of this consent. ----------------------------------------------------------------- CHAPTER IV SOCIAL, BENEVOLENT, AND LITERARY ACTIVITIES OF THE GERMANS "We have a saying," said Carl Entenmann, [1] a pioneer German of Los Angeles, in addressing the Historical Association in 1928, wthat when 3 Germans meet they start a Society." This statement is amply verified by a careful study of the facts. The Germans could play as hard as they could work. Social life commenced among them at an early time. The Turn Verein Germania was the largest and most active society. With the boom of 1886 and 1887 a large number of Germans came to the city along with the other pioneers. The Turn Verein did not suit the needs of everyone; hence, a number of other clubs came into existence. Among them were benevolent organizations as well as social societies. Before the close of the century, singing organizations were also in evidence. The newspapers of the period were the Sud-California Post and the Germania. THE TURN VEREIN GERMANIA The outstanding German club of Southern California, and especially of Los Angeles, was the Turn Verein Germania. [2] Its origin is found in three small societies, the first of which had its beginnings in 1859. In this year, a club known as Turnverein Teutonia was founded, [3] the purpose of which was primarily social. Some of the members, desiring to make music their chief interest, separated from the original organization and started a singing club, the Concordia. But later, the two groups reunited and took the name Teutonia- Concordia. In order to understand one of the primary features in the further development of this society it is necessary to know something of the Turner movement which had arisen in the United States. This was a movement inaugurated and carried on by the Germans in the interest of physical culture. The assumption, a sound one, was that a good mind needs a healthy body. The slogan even today is, "A sound mind develops only in a sound body." Not only this, but intellectual development was stressed, especially in regard to advanced thinking. Innovations in the thought realm were welcomed. The following paragraph, descriptive of the "Amerikanischer Turnerbund," will serve to express the purpose of this national organization: [4] The American Gymnastic Union is a league of Gymnastic Societies of the United States of America, organized for the purpose of bringing up men and women strong in body, mind and morals, and of promoting the dissemination of liberal and progressive ideas. In the harmonious education of body and mind this Union recognizes one of the most important prerequisites for establishingp preserving and perfecting a true democracy. Its societies are required to organize Adult and Juvenile classes for the purpose of pursuing courses of Physical Training based on rational principles, and to further the intellectual and moral welfare of pupils and adults by establishing suitable schools and providing for instructive lectures and debates. The Union did not try to keep alive an old order in a new environment but was attempting to adjust people from the old world to conditions in the new world and at the same time make a valuable contribution to the physical and cultural life of the adopted country. It does not seem to be eulogistic nor a sign of unwarranted patriotic fervor to say that the Union was truly American in spirit. Into this program came the society under consideration. Teutonia-Concordia had the problem first of finding accomodations for singing, social, and gymnastic activities. Los Angeles was sadly deficient in halls; resort was therefore made to Mother Wiebecke's garden, which became the scene of these German revelries. The next step in the early development of the Turn Verein Germania occurred in 1870, when E. Harris and F. Morsch called together a group of men and founded the Los Angeles Turn Verein, a separate organization which later united with Teutonia-Concordia and became the Turn Verein Germania. The immediate stimulus for the amalgamation of these groups was the close of the Franco-Prussian War at which time the Germans enthusiastically celebrated the victory of the Fatherland, The feeling of kinship and brotherhood became so marked as a result of the inspiration of the occasion that when Turner Lecouvreur seized a German flag and delivered an oration urging the amalgamation of the local societies the response was favorable. Mother Wiebecke's garden was inadequate for the activities of the enlarged club, and the building of a hall was undertaken immediately. By the close of the year 1871, a frame structure 50x50 was completed and put to use. This building has a place of its own in the history of the city, housing, apparently, for some time the only stage in Los Angeles. Visiting theatrical troupes resorted to it for their performances, as is evidenced by the city directory for the year 1879 to 1880, [5] which contains a list of the current events including social affairs of various sorts that took place at the Turnverein hall. On March 2, 1878, and again on April 7, a masquerade ball occurred there; on May 27 the Salsbury Troubadours gave a performance; on November 21 a benefit concert was held; Haverley's Georgia minstrels performed on February 12, 1879; and a few days later Dr. Simms, "physiognomist," delivered a lecture. Harris Newmark wrote that when his daughter Ella graduated from the Los Angeles High School in the early 'Eighties the commencement exercises were held in the Turnverein hall. [6] The building was enhanced in beauty and serviceability from time to time by various improvements. In 1880 Thompson and West, in their History of Los Angeles County [7] spoke of this structure as "one of the largest and finest halls south of San Francisco." They continued, "It has a well equipped gymnasium and the best stage in the city." A shooting section of the Turn Verein was organized in 1876. The carefully drilled men participating in this activity made a typical German spectacle in their neat uniforms. Gymnastic instructions, too, began at an early date. However, it was not until the first years of the 'Eighties that a full time instructor could be employed. The first "Turnlehrer" was Andreas Fuhrberg, whose salary was seventy-five dollars per month.[8] The dramatic section was directed by Dr. Joseph Kurtz and Mr. Martin Lehman. This section was an important feature, both German and English performances being produced. Another activity was the support of sick members, a section for this purpose being organized in 1879 and supported by a small fee which brought to the Turners and their families the necessary aid. By July, 1882, the chairman, Jacob Kurtz, could announce that Turn Verein Germania had one hundred and seven members, that all debts were paid, and that the treasury contained one thousand dollars. The following year active members went to Oakland to participate for the first time in the district tournament, an event which was next celebrated in their own midst, for in June, 1884, the Turn Verein Germania of Los Angeles entertained visiting Turners for five days. Festivities were carried on in great style but, unfortunately, left a deficit in the treasury. The Los Angeles boom years of 1885 and 1887 reacted favorable upon the Turn Verein Germania. Membership increased, requiring added facilities. The hall, which had become too small, was moved away, and in its place a three-story brick structure was erected. In comparison with the size of the city this was a large commodious building. Among its attractions were a fine gymnasium with showers and dressing rooms, spacious dance floor with stage, and a library. The cost, amounting to $45,000, proved a heavy burden, but careful leadership guided the society safely through the difficulties. The Sud-California Post for 1889 and 1890 gives interesting glimpses into the activities of the Turn Verein Ger-mania at this time. C. Rhode was the gymnasium teacher. In the month of November, 1889, seventy-seven persons received instructions; in December the number dropped to seventy; [10] and in January it had gone down to fifty-eight. [11] This drop was due, no doubt, to the influenza epidemic which seems to have been raging at this time. Business meetings and social affairs are also recorded. On Sunday morning, January 12, 1890, delegates from San Diego and San Bernardino met in Los Angeles with local members and held their business meeting. [12] In the evening a social affair in honor of the visitors took place, and these lusty Germans amused themselves far into the night. Such occasions seemed to occur quite frequently. For Sunday evening, December 15, 1889, a typical German function has been recorded, [13] which was spoken of as a spiritual rather than a physical tournament. It was in the form of a debate, two questions dealing with physical culture supplying the subjects. Forty members with their wives were present, as well as some outside guests. After the conclusion of the formal part of the program, everyone remained until a late hour for further entertainment, taking part in the singing, conversation and drinking. The New Year's celebration, December 31, 1889 was a grand affair in the form of a Sylvester Ball to which all Germans were invited. [14] The hall was tastefully decorated, and the persons present were in an hilarious mood, continuing their merriment until five o'clock in the morning. Several weeks later, on the Saturday evening of February 22, there took place an annual masquerade which had been widely announced. [15] The hall was scheduled to open at seven o'clock, and the big parade was to begin at nine. The evening proved to be successful, according to the report, and found a large number of costumed individuals and of onlookers present. This time it was six o'clock before festivities ceased. A large sum of money had been raised, and no doubt, "a good time was had by all." Early in 1890 membership in the Turn Verein was reported at two hundred and thirty-six. [16] This year also saw Los Angeles Turn Verein, under the leadership of Mr. Rhode, win first prize in the Tournament at Oakland. The building owned by the Turn Verein was not satisfactory to many of the members, and the decision was finally reached that it be sold. [17] The property had increased in value with the growth of the city and in February, 1893, after careful bickering, it was sold to Mr. W. H. Perry. Committees were appointed, new property was bought at 321 South Main Street, and architectural plans were drawn. Work on the new edifice commenced with great festivities; a ball in the Spring Street hall celebrating the event. By the middle of 1894 it was completed, and the dedication became an occasion of further festivities in which all the Germans of the city were represented. The cost of the new home came to $65,000, but it was thought that this money was well spent, an opinion justified by the general feeling that this was the best Turnhalle of all those in the United States. [18] Membership soon reached three hundred and fifty. All the various departments were active and enthusiastic. In 1895 the big tournament of the coast was again held in Los Angeles, the singing and shooting sections of the local Verein meeting with glowing success. But again expenses proved too much, and the local organization found itself in financial difficulties which continued for some years, being finally relieved only through the generosity of some of the members. The twenty-fifth anniversary of the local society was celebrated on June 20, 1896, with a banquet and ball. The next year, when the national tournament was held in St. Louis, the Los Angeles Turn Verein,, which was represented by fourteen men, took third place. This latter year witnessed the founding of the women's section of the Turn Verein Germania. a society to be noted at some length. The Turn Verein was a club for men only. It was desirable that the wives of members organize for their own ends as well as for the assistance of the men- folk in social and benefit affairs. Hence, early in the year 1890, the ladies came together and founded a Women's section of Turn Verein Germania. [19] The second meeting, which was held on January 29, found sixteen persons present; [20] fourteen women had already joined. Officers were elected and arrangements made for regular meeting to be held twice each month, but unfortunately, leadership proved inadequate, and the society was discontinued. Not until 1897 did agitation for reestablishment become sufficiently strong to bring results. In the latter year representatives of the Los Angeles Turn Verein had gone to St. Louis with the success already indicated, and as might be expected, the members who had remained at home wanted to celebrate lavishly upon the return of the heroes. To be sure, feminine aid was necessary to make the reception as successful as possible, and at the request of the men, the ladies came to the rescue, raised funds, and helped put on a big banquet. The men realized anew how valuable could be the aid of the women, and they used their influence in reconstructing the old club. Efforts were rewarded when eighteen women gathered, adopted the old constitution, and elected officers. In the old club only wives of Turners were admitted, but it was now determined that daughters eighteen years of age and over be eligible for membership. However, as yet growth was not great, and membership remained between twenty-five and thirty. Later it was decided that women might be admitted who had no connections with the Turn Verein Germania, and now the number of members increased as did also the extent and variety of activities. The purpose of the club [21] was to preserve the retention of the German language and customs, also to aid in the social and benefit activities of the members of the Turn Verein. They had their own social circles in which music, declamation and coffee-drinking were the chief, forms of amusement. The singing section of Turn Verein Germania, which also deserves further consideration on its own account, began in 1875 under Professor Knell. [22] The programs at first were not very ambitious, but, after ten years, more serious efforts were undertaken. With Professor Schanz as director and with the assistance of the dramatic department, they put on the opera Preciosa, in the rendition of which they had a full orchestra and chorus. This proved to be a long-talked-of event. Shortly after the completion of the new hall on Spring Street another male chorus united with the above group bringing fresh inspiration for new efforts, A humorous but humiliating episode occurred on an occasion when the society was participating in a singing contest in San Diego, The Los Angeles group performed so poorly and felt so mortified that they escaped from the stage by means of a window! For some time not much was accomplished, the greater victories which have brought fame to this glee club coming in the early years of the next century. The Turn Verein Germania represents indeed a colorful part of German life in Los Angelesc It met a much-felt need of this part of our city's foreign population. The Germans love to "eat, drink and be merry." They are generally conceded to have intellectual ability of a high order, and their athletic interests are by no means inferior. The Turn Verein gave ample opportunity for self-expression. A well-trained shooting section, up-to-date physical culture classes, a singing society of high quality, sick benefits for members, programs featuring lectures, debates, and music, and, last but not least, social functions of various sorts, give evidence of an organization truly worthwhile. THE SONS OF HERMAN In addition to the Turn Verein there were a number of smaller German societies in Los Angeles. One of these was the Sons of Herman, organized in New York in 1840 under the name Teutonia Loge No. 1. [23] The purpose of the club was to cherish German customs, usages, and language, as well as to aid members financially when necessary. Its colors were black, red, and gold, and its motto, "Freundschaft, Liebe und Treue." [24] For the first few decades progress was very slow, but with the significant year of 1870 came an impetus resulting in the establishment of branches all over the country. On September 17, 1887, the Los Angeles branch, was organized by Mr. Hermann Mueller with twenty-five charter members. By 1902 the number had increased to one hundred and thirty- five, the property at this latter date being worth $5,000. [26] The group seems to have kept busy and was quite prominent among the German societies. A branch was organized among the women on November 21, 1898, with thirty charter members. This was officially designated as the Sisters of the Sons of Hermann. [27] In 1902 Minna Suhre, the financial Secretary, reported [28] that the total amount taken in by that time was $2,221 of which $475 had been spent in sick benefits for the sisters, $806 had been paid out for expenses, leaving nearly $950 in the treasury. The membership fee was eight dollars per year for which five dollars per week and free medical care would be given members in case of illness. Seventy women belonged to the organization by this time. Their motto was, "Freundschaft mit Jedermann. Liebe zu unseren Schwestern und Treue in unseren Grundsatzen. [29] THE INDEPENDENT ORDER OF REDMEN The Independent Order of Redmen had several societies in California. [30] Los Angeles Stamm No. 252 came into existence in 1889 with seventy members, its sole purpose seeming to have been to afford sick benefits to members. The plan upon which it operated was somewhat complicated. Eligibility was extended to healthy men of good reputation whose ages ranged between 18 and 50 years. Entrance fees were as followsi men from 18 to 35 years paid five dollars; those between the ages of 36 and 50 years paid five dollars with an additional dollar for each year over 35. A monthly fee of one dollar was charged and an additional sum quarterly for a doctor-tax. In return for these payments several advantages were available. From the beginning of membership the individual was allowed free medicine and free care from the physician of the club. After having been a member for six months the individual would be paid ten dollars per week for thirteen weeks in case of illness; after the thirteen weeks he would receive three dollars per week as long as needed, as well as free medical care for the whole period. In case of the death of a member whose fees had been paid up, one hundred dollars would be paid toward funeral expenses; in the event of the death of the wife of a member fifty dollars would be paid for this purpose. The widow and orphans of a deceased member would receive two hundred dollars if the husband and father had been affiliated with the club for more than ten years, or one hundred dollars if less than ten years. Large sums were expended by the society, the total amount having reached $13,000 by 1905. [31] The membership by this time was more than one hundred. THE FORESTERS OF AMERICA The Foresters of America had their original home in England, where in 1745, "The Royal Foresters" were founded. Nearly a century later a secession movement took place and the "Ancient Order of Foresters" became the name of a new branch. It was the latter that came to America in 1874, In 1889 further difficulty occurred when the English and American members disagreed over negro membership. The English wanted their fellow members across the seas to admit the negroes into the society. This would never do. The American Courts, which now numbered about fifty and had approximately fifty thousand members, withdrew and formed an independent organization. They took the name "Ancient Order of Foresters of America" which was later shortened to The Foresters of America. Many of the Courts, as was true of the society formed in Los Angeles one November 21, 1893, were German. Its official appellation was "Court Germania No. 111." The membership included forty-five persons. [32] THE LOS ANGELES SCHWABEN VEREIN The Los Angeles Schwaben Verein found its inception in the celebration of 1887 which took place here at the same time as the festivities held in Germany to commenorate the anniversary of Ludwig Uhland. [32] The Swabians celebrated in a glowing fashion at one of the local resorts and, having been thus brought together in spirit, it was easy to organize a club, with a few members, which was accomplished on March 8, 1887. The purpose of the club was social, although monetary support was given members in case of illness or death. They were noted for their costumed parades and summer festivals held at the Second Street Park. [33] THE SCHWEIZER VEREIN HELVETIA A similar club was the Schweizer Verein Helvetia. This was really a Swiss society, but the German language was used, and on occasions of united German activities it was well represented. The Verein was founded on August 12, 1887, its purpose being to hold together Swiss people living in Los Angeles, to foster pleasant relations with the home country, to keep alive the old memories and traditions, to supply opportunities for social life together, and to offer support to sick members when this was needed. The cultivation of song was an important item in the life of the club as well as festivals and social events. THE HEBREW BENEVOLENT SOCIETY The Los Angeles Hebrew Benevolent Society was founded by a German Jew, Joseph Newmark. [35] Mr. Newmark had come to Los Angeles in 1854 after having spent many years in pioneer religious work. The society, which probably was the first charitable institution in Los Angeles, met on Sunday evenings in Mr. Newmark's home until more convenient accommodations could be secured. Harris Newmark writes: [36] Its principal objects were to care for the sick, to pay proper respect, according to Jewish ritual, to the dead, and to look after the Jewish Cemetery which was laid out about that time; so that the Society at once became a real spiritual force and continued so for several years. . . Although a Jewish organization, and none but Jews could become members of it or receive burial in the Jewish Cemetery, its aid was to give relief, as long as its financial condition would permit, to every worthy person that appeared, whoever he was or whatever his creed. GERMAN LADIES BENEVOLENT SOCIETY In March, 1881, at the Turnverein hall, the German Ladies Benevolent Society was organized, its purpose being to assist needy German families. [37] Mrs. John Milner was elected the president and served for many years in this capacity. That business was actually transacted may be shown from the secretary's report for 1889 according to which $1,060.25 was taken in and $826.90 was paid out. [38] On Easter Monday, 1890, the operetta Pinafore was produced. [39] ST. JOSEPH'S K. U. VEREIN St. Joseph's church, a German Catholic parish discussed in the next chapter, had a society organized for the purpose of giving aid to sick members. It was founded on April 12, 1888, and in 1905 had one hundred and twenty men included in its membership. [40] It went under the name "St. Joseph's Kranken Unterstutzungs Verein." THE GERMAN NATIONALIST CLUB On Sunday, January 6, 1890, a German Nationalist club was organized with about thirty-five members. [41] Its purpose was to sponsor political discussions as well as to entertain members with music and with social activity. The Sud-California Post for January 17, 1890, [42] announced that the new society, "der deutsche Nationalisten-Verein No. 3 von Los Angeles," would meet every Sunday afternoon at two o'clock. The first meeting featured piano and vocal music, the reading of reports, a lecture on the subject, The Theory of Nationalism, [43] and the reading of a plan of action. [44] The subjects discussed in the meeting on February 2, 1890, were Our Bank System and The Democratic Platform. [45] The lectures seem to have been attended with a great deal of enthusiasm and were frequently interrupted with loud applause. The meetings were not open to the public as only members and their friends were invited to attend. [46] THE CALIFORNIA SINGERS' UNION In the various clubs discussed there has been noted the interest taken in vocal music. A brief account will now be given of the California Singers' Union, which was organized just at the close of the century. First, however, mention will be made of the Pasadena Liederkranz. [48] A group of German gentlemen in Pasadena were sufficiently anxious to sing so that it was decided to found a male chorus. The necessary preparation was made, and on January 3, 1899, eight men formed the above-named society. Male choruses have long been popular in Germany, Coming to the new world, emigrants have continued the old traditions as soon as time and circumstances would permit. As early as 1849 the North American Singers1 Union was founded by the male singing clubs of this continent. [49] During this same year a singing festival was held in Cincinnati, Ohio, by three member societies. In the City of Los Angeles, an existing Liederkranz felt capable of giving a concert of its own in October, 1899, The singing societies of all Southern California were invited, Male choruses participating were the Pasadena Liederkranz, the Concordia of Riverside, [50] the singing section of the Turn Verein Germania, and the singing section of the St. Joseph Verein. Those taking part in the event felt the enthusiasm of the occasion, and the feeling of fellowship made the suggestion of a union a plausible one. Consequently, all the clubs of Southern California were invited to form a union "with the object of promoting German song and melodies by the means of annual tournaments." [51] In May, 1900, delegates met, and the necessary steps were taken. Officers were elected and activities came into full swing. In October of the same year the first vocal tournament was held. THE SUD-CALIFORNIA POST A survey of early Los Angeles newspapers reveals an interesting fact. In 1880 there were ten English papers [52] and three foreign periodicals, the latter being La Cronica, a Spanish semi-weekly, L'Union Nouvelle, a French weekly, and the Sud-California Post, a German weekly. [53] In 1883 another French paper, La Progres, was established. [54] The earliest attempt at a German newspaper in Los Angeles was made in 1869 by F. G. Walther. [55] The time seemed not to have been ripe yet for such an enterprise, however, and it had to be abandoned after a short time. But for a few months the Los Angeles Chronick. as it was called, was issued as a weekly German journal, the first copy appearing on May 19, 1869, the last, in August, 1870. Much more important that this periodical was the Sud-California Post, for many years the only German newspaper in Southern California. [56] The paper just mentioned was established in 1874 by Conrad Jacoby, who remained its editor and proprietor for some time and who had come to Los Angeles for his health a few months before commencing this enterprise. His brother, Philo Jacoby, was publisher of the Hebrew in San Francisco, and Conrad early resolved to operate a German paper in the southern city. The first number appeared in July and was a four page leaflet costing fifty cents per month. The number of subscribers in the early days was small, but the venture paid for itself, largely through advertising. Housing quarters were shared at first with the Herald, L'Union Nouvelle and La Cronica, the offices being located on North Spring across from Market Street. Later, the three foreign papers had to move out, whereupon all three occupied an upper floor of a building on the corner of Spring and Market (Temple Block). Another move was made when friction between the publishers occurred, and the Sud-California Post was transferred to the old Lanfranco Block on Main Street over Heinzemann's Drug Store. Difficulties were numerous. Dry winters and a smallpox epidemic brought hard times to the city, but the paper continued its career. The boom of 1887 encouraged the editor so much that for a time he issued the publication every evening. For the two years in which this was done, William Morlock was the energetic editor. The city directory for 1886-1887 stated that the paper had reached a circulation of one thousand two hundred copies and explained further, "It is a most reliable and interesting medium of information, devoted to the interests of its subscribers everywhere, but more particularly to the colonization of Southern California. It circulates not only throughout the State of California, but all over the United States and Europe." With the passing of the boom, the daily paper was no longer a possibility, and Jacoby found it necessary to back down. For awhile the Post appeared semi-weekly, then finally as a weekly. It may be well to examine, a few copies, taking for examples numbers issued during the year 1889. The address was 122 Commercial Street, and the publisher was the same as from the beginning. The paper appeared every Wednesday and Friday and bore the announcement that it would be delivered to homes for thirty-five cents per month. The rates, payable in advance, were $4.00 per year, $2.00 per half year, and $1.00 per quarter year. In addition to this, every Saturday morning there was issued a weekly paper, chiefly literary, which cost $2.50 per year, $1.50 per half year, and $3.50 to Europe. The regular paper consisted of four eight-column pages, and contained local, state, national and European news; it had a continued story as well as other items of literary and speculative interest in addition to the usual features which make up a newspaper. In December, 1892, a difficult financial situation made it necessary that the paper be suspended. [58] But in February of the following year William Morlock, mentioned above, took up the publication and with Richard Glauch, who had been employed as compositor since 1875, continued the work. Prospects were good when the new century opened. THE GERMANIA The Germania began its career on January 1, 1891, with Messrs. Otto Vogel and Louis Herzog as publishers. [59] The title at this time was Der Sud- Californier. After two years it went in to the hands of Edward Stuetz. In order to relieve his load somewhat, Mr. Stuetz sold an interest to August Boecklin, who took over the publication entirely after a short time. The German American Publication Company, founded by Mr. Boecklin and of which Louis Gottschalk was president, continued the Germania, as it was now called, until May 1, 1899, after which time it was taken over again by Mr. Stuetz, who had bought back the business. Under the latter publisher the paper became quite prominent. Its purpose was to advance the interests of the German element in Los Angeles. The German people of Los Angeles County cherished the ideals, aspirations and customs of the Fatherland. These were to them more than lovely sentiments; they called for the founding of societies and the patronizing of periodicals which tended to foster the traditions brought to the new world. By these means adjustment to the new environment was more easily ef~ fected, and distinct contributions to various phases of American life were made. The German element could thus become more or less conscious of its own existence and could maintain, to a certain degree, its own identity in a foreign land. A similar purpose was served by the German churches, a subject reserved for the next chapter. [1] Entenmann, Carl, Speech, 2. [2] Turn Verein Germania, Golden Jubilee Souvenir has most complete information. Deutsch-Amerikanischer Verband, Feier des Ersten Deutschen Tages, has brief historical account, Thompson and West give a short sketch in their History of Los Angeles County, 122. Carl Entenmann in his Speech also takes up the story briefly. [3] Deutsch-Amerikanischer Verband, Feier des Ersten Deutschen Tages. [4] Turn Verein Germania, Golden Jubilee Souvenir. [5] Los Angeles, City Directory, 1879-1880, 55-66. [6] Newmark, H., Sixty Years in Southern California, 532-533. [7] Thompson and West, History of Los Angeles County" 122. [8] Turn Verein Germania, Golden Jubilee Souvenir. [9] Los Angeles, Sud-California Post. December 27, 1889, 3/4 [10] Ibid.. January 10, 1890, 3/3 [11] Ibid.. February 8, 1890, 3/5 [12] Los Angeles, Sud-California Post, January 15, 1890, 3/3 [13] Ibid.. December 18, 1889, 3/4. [14] Ibid.. January 3, 1890, 3/2. [15] Ibid., March 1, 1890, 3/4. See February 22, 1890, 2/7, 8 for an announcement of the masquerade. [16] Los Angeles, Sud-California Post, January 10, 1890, 3/5 [17] Turn Verein Germania, Golden Jubilee Souvenir. [18] Deutsch-Amerikanischer Verband, Feier des Ersten Deutschen Tages. [19] Turn Verein Germania, Golden Jubilee Souvenir. [20] Los Angeles, Sud-California Post, January 31, 1890, 3/3. [21] Deutsch-Amerikanischer Verband, Feier des Ersten Deutschen Tages. [22] Turn Verein Germania, Golden Jubilee Souvenir. [23] Information is given in Dektsch-Amerikanischer Verband, Feier des Ersten Deutscherc Tages" also in California Singers' Union, Deutsches Sangerfest. 13. The club is known as Orden der Hermannssohne and goes by the initials, O. D. H. S. [24] Friendship, Love and Fidelity. [25] Known as Los Angeles Loge No. 12 des Ordens der Hermannssohne. [26] California Singers' Union, Deutsches Sangerfest, 13. [27] Germania Loge No. 3, Orden der Hermannssohne-Schwestern; initials were O. D. H. S. S. [28] California Singers' Union, Deutsches Sanqerfest. 13. [29] Friendship to everyone, Love to our sisters and Fidelity to our principles. [30] The initials U.O.R.M., used to designate this club stand for Unabhaengigen Ordens der Rothmanner. Information is contained in Deutsch-Amerikanischer Verband, Feier des Ersten Deutschen Tacres} also in California Singers' Union, Deutsches Sangerfest. 13, 15. [31] Deutsch-Amerikanischer Verband, Feier des Ersten Peutschen Tages [32] Deutsch-Amerikanischer Verband, Feier des Ersten Deutschen Tages. [33] Entenmann, Carl, Speech, 5-6 [34] California Singers' Onion, Deutsches Sancrerfest, 17. [35] Newmark, H., Sixty Years in Southern California, 121 - 123. This Newmark was an uncle of Harris Newmark. [36] Ibid.. 122-123. [37] Spalding, W. A., History and Reminiscences, I, 245, Also Deutsch- Amerikanischer Verband, Feier des Erteten Deutschen Tages. [38] Los Angeles, Sud-California Post,, January 10, 1890, 3/3. [39] See announcements in Los Angeles, Sud-California Post. February 8, 1890, 3/3 [40] Deutsch-Amerikanischer Verband, Feier des Ersten Deutschen Tages. [41] Los Angeles, Sud-California Post, January 8, 1890, 3/2 [42] Los Angeles, Sud-California Post. January 17, 1890, 3/4. [43] Die Theorie des Nationalismus." [44] "Ein Actions-Plan." [45] Los Angeles, Sud-California Post. February 8, 1890, 3/5 [46] Ibid., March 1, 1890, 3/5 [47] Saengerbund. [48] Singing circle. Information is found in California Singers' Union, Deutsches Sangerfest, 19. [49] California Singers' Union, Deutsches Sanaerfest. 11, 13. [50] Founded on July 16, 1899, A group of Germans were having a picnic at which the happy thought occurred to them of organizing a society. The purpose was social at first, but in the following year the club was definitely changed to a chorus. [51] California Singers' Union, Deutsches Sangerfest. 13. [52] Los Angeles, City Directory, 1881-1882, 18. California State Historical Association, Index of Newspaper Files. The following is a list of the English newspapers: the Commercial (daily), California Eagle (a weekly first called the Observer), Evening Express (daily). Herald (daily), Morning Journal (daily and weekly), Outlook (weekly), Rescue (weekly), Semi-Tropic California (weekly), Southern Tidings (weekly), and Weekly Mirror (weekly). [53] The United States census for 1880 states the number of German periodicals and newspapers in California as fifteen. See U. S. Census. 1880, Vol. I, Table III, p. 914. [54] Los Angeles. City Directory. 1886-1887. 146-151. This has a list of all papers of Los Angeles. By this time the total number, according to this list, was eighteen. [55] Thompson and West, History of Los Angeles County, 77. Reference is also made to this paper in Deutsch-Amerikanischer Verband, Feier des Ersten Deutschen Tages. [56] In addition to the papers themselves, of which a complete file is not available, information can be found in Los Angeles, City Directory, 1886-1887. Part I, 149; Thompson and West, History of Los Angeles County. 77; Deutsch- Amerikanischer Verband, Feier des Ersten Deutschen Tages. The last named reference has the most extensive account. [57] Los Angeles, City Directory.1886-1887. Part I, 149. [58] Deutsch-Amerikanischer Verband, Feier des Ersten Deutschen Tages. [59] Deutsch-Amerikanischer Verband, Feier des Ersten Deutschen Tages.