Butts County GaArchives History .....SKETCH OF INDIAN SPRINGS AND Varner-McIntosh Memorial ************************************************ Copyright. All rights reserved. http://www.usgwarchives.net/copyright.htm http://www.usgwarchives.net/ga/gafiles.htm ************************************************ File contributed for use in USGenWeb Archives by: Don Bankston http://www.genrecords.net/emailregistry/vols/00024.html#0005864 June 1, 2004, 10:42 pm Introductory Inasmuch as the pamphlet telling of the finding of Indian Springs has been exhausted, and in obedience to the request of the William McIntosh Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, that this booklet be preserved as original from the pen of Rev. H. M. Edge, one time an editor of Butts county, it is with pleasure and much concern that the committee offer it again to the public. We have incorporated with it a little further history concerning the work of the D.A. R to who were given the first hotel built at Indian Springs for historic preservation. The gift of her ancestral home to patriotism is but characteristic of Miss Joe Varner, the last of the distinguished family of Mrs. Cynthia Varner, her well remembered and much beloved sister having died in 1915. No women of our state are better known, nor more appreciated for their true worth, and it is with love that we take up this labor of trying to care for, beautify and pass on to succeeding generations this historic spot. Dependent on the public for its up-keep, rooms in this building may be rented at low prices to those whose modest incomes or desire for more quiet quarters, may cause them to seek shelter where they may enjoy its traditional peacefulness. We call attention to the advertisements in these pages and beg leave to thank proprietors of these stable Butts county institutions that have made it possible for us to get out this little history of Indian Springs. Mrs. Jack Currie, Chairman Mrs. H. W. Copeland Mrs. Doyle Jones, Committee on Publication The following pages were copied from a book published at Indian Springs in The Echo office in June, 1874. It is the property of Mr. W. A. Elder, of the Calumet is the only copy extant, and to whom we are indebted for the privilege of publishing it again. It was compiled by Mr. H. M. Edge, editor of The Echo, now the Argus, of Jackson, Ga. and Dr. T. S. Saunders, whose many excellent traits character are still fresh in the memory of the people of the surrounding county. (note: The Echo was the first newspaper of Butts County. The Calumet was a hotel at the Springs.) INTRODUCTORY In offering this pamphlet to the public, we are actuated by two motives – first, to place well authenticated traditions on record, and second, to give a fresh and condensed history of the early official acts which finally ended in territory between the Ocmulgee and Chattahoochee rivers – including Indian Springs – passing from the possession of the red man forever and vesting in the State of Georgia. There are many visitors and residents of the vicinity who have never heard the history, either traditional or written, of the “early days of their present surroundings;” and these and those who may come after them, may accept this little offering as truthful and compiled from traditional facts and public records with the utmost care. ROMANTIC DISCOVERY About three quarters of a century ago knowledge of the Indian Springs first came to the white races, and with this discovery was connected a sprinkling of romance, to the recital of which, by one of the parties, we have often listened with interest. Occasionally “truths is stranger than fiction.” In 1792, when the country in this vicinity was clothed in its swaddlings of nature, and the red man and wild beasts alone trod the hills and valleys west of the Ocmulgee, a solitary huntsman was wending his way north, south of the Towaliga, about where the public road to Forsyth is now being turnpiked. The party was a model of his class – large, muscular, completely equipped, a frame strong in its every development, and a general contour which indicated that he knew nothing of fear, and dreaded not the dangers of the wilderness in which he was traveling. A deep melancholy on his face, the flashing of his dark eyes, and an occasional sigh evidenced he carried an “iron in his soul,” and was actuated by a purpose that knew no turning. This was Gabriel Dunlap – a Georgian. His object in thus absenting himself from society will be seen hereafter. Dunlap was a careful and wary hunter, and in his hitherto untrodden field was specially on the alert. He knew that dangers lurked around, and was cautious at every step. While thus walking and watching he was startled by the war whoop of the savages, which seemed to burst from every ambush around him. He knew his retreat was cut off, for a hundred savages emerged from the thickets lining the Towaliga. Therefore but one course was left to be pursued – that of taking a due north direction. Leaving the river and crossing the hills he ran without any purpose beyond making his escape. And thus he ran for miles – as the yells of his pursuers would subside, hope bracing him up, again depressed by the reiteration of the voices of his enemies. At length, when almost ready to fall from exhaustion and thirst – his vitals scorched with fire – hope whispered “a little farther.” And soon, overjoyed and exhausted, he was able to spring into a canebrake dark as night, where he slept unconscious of anything that occurred around him. REINFORCEMENTS When he awoke, yet half dreaming, Dunlap gazed about him some time before he could “realize his situation.” With great effort he arose, staggered forward, but fell against a larger stone, and here to his delight, he heard the trickling of water. Quick as though he sought to slake his burning thirst, and soon found, and enjoyed what seemed ice water in a canebrake in August. He drank until every desire for water was satisfied, yet none of the unpleasant feelings that often follow such indulgence were experienced. On the contrary, he felt new life and vigor, and set out to place a greater distance between himself and his enemies. His only safe course he knew was to travel in a northerly direction, and after imbibing another copious draught from the welcome fountain, he set out, toiling through the cane that covered the bottom. When he was about reaching the northern edge of this dense retreat, a well-known signal greeted his ear. To this he responded. His response was replied to by another signal, when he quickly emerged from the brake, ascended the hill, and on approaching a large oak then standing on the present site of the Elder Hotel, was greeted thus: ”Hallo, Gabe! Whar did you come from? Have you been squattin’ in the thicket yonder?” “I’ll be smashed,” answered Dunlap, “if here aint Jube Cochran”. And Jube, I’m gladder to see you than if I had knocked out a panther’s eye with old Betsey here, and without picking her flint, on a two hundred yard line. Cause why – I’m lost and aint no whar ef you aint some place.” And next the two friends met with a hearty shake of hands and a union of warm hearts, such as conventionalities and civilization have long since driven from the brightest spot in Georgia. The huntsmen refreshed the inner man, recounted their several recent adventures, and then sought a place of rest, which they soon found among the rocks skirting the river. Here they slept until midnight, when the report of a gun aroused them. Snuffing danger in the breeze, they at once not only became watchful, but sought to discover the whereabouts of their daring neighbor; and finally in the darkness, almost ran against two human forms, whether paleface or Indian they could not make out, when Cochran hailed: “Who’s thar?” “Watson,” was the reply and soon there was another happy greeting, when all four of the party (one a small boy named Ben Fitzpatrick) walked to the top of the hill between two creeks and again rested until daybreak, reciting the customary yarns of the border. Douglas Watson was about eighteen years of age, six feet in height and boasted of possessing a well developed muscular frame. His companion Fitzpatrick, was an orphan boy, who had the temerity common to adventurous youth to follow Watson in these wilds. Seated by their camp fire Dunlap explained to Watson the invigorating effect the water in the canebrake, at the foot of the hills, had had upon him in his fainting condition the day previous, when the whole party again sought the cooling spring, and after search found it. This was Indian Spring, and this was the first party of whites who is known to drink of its waters. At this gathering, Watson admitted to his comrades that about a month previous he had found the spring, but in consequence of its smelling like gunpowder he fled the vicinity. Watson and Cochran were scouts, sent out by the government in the spring of 1792. Fitzpatrick was the shadow of Watson: and Dunlap divulged to his new friends his history and mission while they lingered around the spring.. DUNLAP’S HISTORY To be brief: Twelve years previous during an Indian raid in Bibb County, a little friend – a ward of his father – was stolen and carried away. Then and there, ere the triumphant yells of the foe were silenced, he had registered an oath in Heaven, which was baptized by the falling rain, never again to seek peach until he found it in the rescue of “Bright Eyes” – his lost Nora. Since that hour his home had been between the Towaliga and Ocmulgee, and his whole exertion was to find the lost one and restore her to her friends. A BATTLE AND RETREAT In the morning the party left the Springs, traveling down stream, but in a few moments the shoals were reached, here was another mystery, which to Watson appeared more wonderful than did the gunpowder spring. They had traveled down stream; of this they were certain; yet here they encountered an opposite current and were amazed. Fitzpatrick, however, soon explored the vicinity and discovered the meeting of the waters near the spring. Here two creeks, running in almost opposite directions met fraternally and formed Big Sandy, which then flowed in an easterly direction until it united with the Ocmulgee. Crossing at the foot of the shoals, the party started down the stream, hunting and traveling leisurely. Noon found them at a little spring near the present site of Tanner’s bridge, where they halted, kindled a fire, and prepared to cook the choice bits of the game they had secured. Here they were again doomed to be disappointed; for suddenly their foe burst upon them in overwhelming numbers. The odds were fearful, but rather than surrender – which would have been death k- the contest was entered upon. Many heroes whose names emblazen the pages of history never exhibited the coolness and calculating courage of Ben Fitzpatrick in his first battle. He stood fearlessly by the side of his companions, fighting bravely until Cochran fell senseless, having been struck by the war club of an Indian. As the Indian stooped to scalp his victim, Ben plunged his hunting knife to his, and when the brave uttered his death yell, the boy attempted to remove his wounded comrade. At this moment young Watson handed Ben his gun, gathered up Cochran, and crying out “Now is our time Ben,” ran through the creek into the dark swamp beyond. They were now safe, for deep darkness had fallen, and their enemies feared to pursue them. Cochran recovered during the night, but diligent search failed to ascertain anything as to the fate of Dunlap; and, warned by the signal smokes of the enemy, the trio started early next morning for the nearest blockhouse east of the Ocmulgee. DUNLAP AND NORA But Dunlap was not lost. He was shot through the left shoulder when the attack was first made, fainted and fell, and was scalped and left for dead. He lay for hours, until nightfall – half waking, half sleeping and dreaming. Suddenly he felt a soft hand bathing his fevered head. He knew this kindness came not from savage hands, or was the rough goodness of a fellow huntsman, for the sweetness of an angel’s breath fanned his face. Pain was forgotten, yet he was afraid to move lest the charm would be broken and the vision vanquish. Half unconscious, he whispered, as if by inspiration, “Nora.” And the guardian angel hovering about him proved to be the Nora for whom he had been searching. She suppressed an involuntary scream as she recognized the object of her compassion, and laying her hand on the face of her old friend, in a trembling voice said: “OH! My more than brother, have we met at last, after so many long and weary years of separation, each of which has seemed an eternity?” The recognition was mutual, but the meeting was too happy, too full of sacred joy to be intruded upon. The wounds of Dunlap were carefully bound up by Nora, and after the fashion of her companions from girlhood, and they at once removed as far as possible from the vicinity of the fight. They were not discovered the next morning and then commenced a long and weary journey homeward, which extended through many days. At last they saw the curling smoke arising from their native cabin. Here the long lost were greeted with joy, and at an early day there was a wedding – Dunlap and Nora were united, and at once settled down to the realities of life. In 1796, fearing other molestations from the savages, who were then hostile to the whites, the Dunlap family sold their lands in Bibb and moved to Liberty county, Georgia where at present time, many of their children’s children may be found occupying high social positions. FATE OF OUR HEROES The boy, Ben Fitzpatrick, grew up to manhood in company with his friend Watson. Subsequently he removed to Montgomery, Ala., where he died a short time since. His career in his adopted state was an honored one, he having served in both branches of the National Congress and as Governor of the State. Governor Fitzpatrick was a cousin of Mrs. Cynthia Varner, of Indian Springs. After the Indians were removed from this section, Douglas Watson settled in Monroe County where he resided until decease, which occurred a few years ago. Of the career of Cochran we have been unable to obtain any data. The foregoing history of the discovery of Indian Springs by the whites is not all fiction. It is an “o’er true tale.” “Duggie” Watson, the here of the foregoing pages- he who feared the smell of gunpowder when he first looked upon the half –hidden spring, and fled – has often repeated the history as we have given it in our hearing. EARLY SETTLEMENT The Indians entertained a superstition that it would be unwise for any of their tribe to make a permanent residence near this “Healing Water;” because the noise and gambols of the squaws and papooses would drive the spell from the water. Thus, as late as 1800, the visits of the race to the Springs, though frequently made, were only temporary, and for a special purpose in each instance. The tents of the red man were always found on the adjacent hills, filled with invalids who were brought to be cured, and again returned to the war path or their hunting grounds. About the date named, Gen. Wm. McIntosh, a half breed, and a cousin of Gov. Troup, erected a cabin for his own use, and afterwards spent the summers here with his family. This broke the spell and subsequently a Mr. Ollison erected a double cabin, which was dignified with the title of hotel and for years was the only house of accommodation afforded visitors. The same gentleman afterwards erected a small corn mill, which stood near on the site of the new mill now being erected by Col. H. J. Lamar. These were the only improvements made until after the treaty of 1821, and are remembered by a number of our old citizens. The McIntosh cabin and the mill were destroyed by fire; what became of the hotel which stood upon the site of the north end of the Varner House we cannot state. The “spell” was broken, and both races pitched their tents around the Spring annually for a number of years, mingling without open hostility. Watson and Fitzpatrick continued to act as scouts for the Government, making the McIntosh cabin headquarters. Among the visitors were Messrs. Dred and Jonathan Philliips, of Jasper County, who brought a friend that had been afflicted with rheumatism, and unable to walk for years. A short stay served to restore the afflicted to his original health, when the party returned to their homes. While here the Phillips brothers observed the excellent condition of the Indian stock, which was attributed to the superabundance of cane then covering the extensive bottoms, and, as a speculation, brought over a large drove of cattle to pasture, which was left in the canebrake, but occasionally visited to be salted and inspected. Subsequently this movement was interfered with as we shall show. THE FIRST OUTBREAK The rival factions of the Creeks were severally headed by McIntosh and Napothlehatchie – the latter termed Big Warrior. Another leader with the Big Warrior clan was Hopoethleyoholo, who was said to have been the most brilliant orator of the tribe. Through his influence the largest number of the tribe joined Big Warrior, and he subsequently took an active part in opposing the treaties of 1821 and 1825, concluded at Indian Springs. Notwithstanding the factions were bitterly opposed to each other, we have no record of any outbreak occurring until 1807. The Phillips brothers were also left undisturbed in their pursuit. The first disturbance occurred in June, 1807, when Big Warrior with a party of his braves entered the stables of McIntosh at night and stole all his horses. The same party also carried off the Phillips cattle. When advised of their loss, the Phillip brothers gathered their neighbors, and, on being joined by Watson and Fitzpatrick, pursued and overtook the plunderers about seventy miles lower down the Ocmulgee. After a desperate conflict the stock was recovered and Hopoethleyooholo made prisoner. This brave refused to smoke the pipe of peace with his captors, and actually spat in the face of the leader of the whites who tendered the symbol of peace. This act aroused the ire of the whites, who were only with difficulty persuaded by Watson to spare his life. The discussion among the whites was suddenly disturbed by Big Warrior, who rushed in with his followers, who had been reinforced, and recaptured their favorite orator. During this second brief struggle Dred Phillips was shot through the fleshy part of the left arm. The cattle were then driven back to the canebrakes of the Big Sandy and again quiet was the rule. But the fires of hatred were only smothered in the breast of Big Warrior. Watson and his companions were conversant with the machinations of the unfriendly chief, and anticipated an outbreak against both the whites and McIntosh party, but no opportunity occurred, and all remained quiet until the war of 1812 was inaugurated. In this war the McIntosh party – which had been gradually gaining in strength – joined with the forces of the State and Government, and Big Warrior united with the public enemy. The struggle in Georgia during the war was bitter, and involved the loss of many whites as well as friendly Indians, and a heavy expense to the State. Upon the declaration of peace between Great Britain and the United States, peace again reigned in Georgia. At the close of the war the whites again began to resort to the Spring, and the sick were gathered from all quarters. The fame of the waters spread and the wonderful cures effected appeared more like the result of magic than the effects of one of nature’s great restorers. In 1816, Mrs. C. H. Varner, who yet lives in our midst, spent some time here; and the scenes of primitive beauty and interest she then looked upon, and also the incidents that occurred, are distinctly remembered by the venerable lady, as if it were but yesterday. Gen. John W. Gordon first visited the Spring in 1819, and continued to spend a large portion of his time here every year until his death. During the sojourns of this gentleman at Indian Springs, he contributed largely to the improvements that were made; and especially was his generosity, through a long series of years, exhibited for the benefit of the needy and afflicted. At his decease he left numbers at Indian Springs who will ever bless his memory for the fruits of the seeds of kindness he was constantly in the habit of sowing. Among the early visitors was the veritable “Simon Suggs” who subsequently became distinguished as a wit and humorist. Douglas Watson, in his capacity of Government Scout, continued to make his headquarters here. In 1819 Mr. Jesse Jolly, Mr. John Lemon, and Mrs. Freeman, with her husband and family, located in Butts. The three first names are still living, and are among the most honored citizens of the county. PUBLIC TREATIES Prior to 1821 efforts were made by the Government to secure possession of the lands in Georgia lying west of the Ocmulgee. The McIntosh party favored such a treaty, while Big Warrior and his adherents opposed it. After many consultations between the two parties, favorable conclusions were arrived at, and the pipe of peace was passed. Bit Warrior alone broke the faith thus cemented around the council-fires of his tribe; McIntosh was again faithful, and in 1821 he concluded a treaty with the agents of the Government, by which he the hunting grounds between the Ocmulgee and Flint rivers were forever ceded away, excepting a portion of the Ward plantation and six hundred and forty acres around the Spring. These reservations were made by McIntosh for himself. The first embraced a large body of fertile land and the second the Spring, the medicinal properties of which McIntosh well understood. This treaty was ratified in Washington, March 2nd, 1821. This action of McIntosh and his adherents aroused another feud between the rival wings of the tribe, which ended in a fierce battle. A heavy loss was sustained on both sides, the McIntosh party suffering most severely. Big Warrior was slain, and thus his party was left without a leader. A little later the orator chief and McIntosh met and smoked the calumet. How faithless the first named could prove to this solemn covenant will be shown. In 1823 Gen. McIntosh and Joel Bailey erected the main building of the Indian Springs Hotel, and opened it for the reception of visitors. This building is still yearly occupied for the purposes originally intended. About the same date other improvements were made, and Indian Springs became a favorite resort at that day. The visits of the whites increased rapidly, and they sought to secure residences, or camped out; while the Indians now peaceable, also flocked to the “Healing Water.” By an agreement, all parties, met at Indian Springs to consider a second treaty, early in February, 1825. The Government agents were protected by United States troops, and large forces of the opposing Indian factions were present. The negotiations were conducted in the hotel, and concluded February 7th, 1825. Under this treaty all the Indian possessions in Georgia were ceded to the whites, and an early removal of the tribe arranged for. The agency of Gen McIntosh in bringing about this treaty resulted in his death within a few months. When it was announced that the treaty was concluded, Hopoetheyoholo seized the occasion to give vent to his long pent-up wrath. The Indians of both the old factions were present in large numbers. All were excited. At last the orator chief mounted the large rock yet to be seen at the south end of the Varner House, and gave vent to his feelings and purposes in the following characteristic talk: “Brothers, the Great Spirit has met here with his painted children of the woods and their paleface brethren. I see his golden locks in the sunbeams; he fans the warrior’s brow with his wings and whispers sweet music in the winds; the bettle joins his hymn and the mocking bird his song. You are charmed! Brothers, you have been deceived! A snake has been coiled in the shade and you are running into his open mouth, deceived by the double-tongue of the paleface chief (McIntosh), and drunk with the firewater of the paleface. Brothers, the hunting grounds of our fathers have been stolen by our chief and sold to the paleface. Whose gold is in his pouch? Brothers our grounds are gone, and the plow of the paleface will soon turn up the bones of our fathers. Brothers, are you tame? Will you submit? Hopoethleyoholo says no?” Then turning to McIntosh, who was standing with the commissioners at a window a few feet distant, he continued: “As for you double-tongued snake, who I see through the window of the paleface, before many moons have waned your own blood shall wash out the memory of this hated treaty. Brothers, I have spoken.” By this treaty the Spring became the property of the State, and the ceded land was laid out in lots in 1826, the Commonwealth reserving ten acres around the Spring for the benefit of her citizens then and thereafter. The act establishing Butts county was passed in 1826. The village of Indian Spring was incorporated by legislative enactment in 1837, and in 1866 a second act changed the name to McIntosh and extended the limits of the incorporation. DEATH OF MCINTOSH Gen. McIntosh and his family removed to his plantation on the Chattahooche, and evidently rested secure. But the avenger was on the war path, and the distinguished chieftain, who had rendered the whites such signal service, was doomed. In compliance with the advice of Hopoethleyoholo, a secret council was held, at which one hundred braves were selected to secure the vengeance desired, and these, headed by the wily orator, set out westward. When near his residence, McIntosh and his son-in-law, Hawkins, were seen by their hidden foe riding together. “They could then have been easily killed,” says White’s Statistics, “but their lives were spared for the moment to preserve a consistency so common in all the plans of the Indians. They had determined to kill McIntosh in his own yard, in the presence of his family, and to let his blood run upon that reservation which had been secured to him by the treaty.” From the same authority we learn that McIntosh rode home unconscious of danger, while the savages prepared for their work. Lightwood was procured to fire the building. About three o’clock the premises were surrounded, and it was not until the torch had been applied to the outbuildings that the sleepers were aroused. Chilly McIntosh, the chief’s son – who is yet living – escaped through a window of one of the outhouses, and running the gauntlet, swam the river. Gen. McIntosh, upon discovering his assailants, barricaded the door and stood near it when it was forced. He fired on them, and at that moment one of his steadfast friends, Toma Tustinugse, fell upon the threshold riddle with balls. The chief then retreated to the second story with four guns in his hand, which eh continued to discharge from a window. He fought with great courage, and, aware that his end was near, determined to sell his life as dearly as possible. He was at this time the only occupant of the burning house; for his two wives, Peggy and Susannah, who had been dragged into the yard, were heard imploring the savages not to burn him up, but to get him out of the house. And shoot him, as he was a brave man and an Indian like themselves. McIntosh came down to the first floor, where he fell pierced with many balls. He was then seized and dragged to the yard. While lying there, the blood gushing from his wounds, he raised himself on one arm and surveyed his murderers with looks of defiance, and it was while so doing he was stabbed to the heart by an Ocfuskee Indian. The chief was scalped and the building plundered and burned. The party then sought for Hawkins, whom they also killed. His body was thrown into the river. AN INDIAN ELOPEMENT The family of Gen. McIntosh spent the summer of 1826 at Indian Spring, where his two youngest daughters, who had been highly educated, spent their time in associating alternately with the dusky maidens of their tribe and their palefacaed sisters. During the visit one of the sisters created a decided sensation by eloping with an Indian lover. A gentleman now residing in the vicinity who at that time was a little boy, whose parents were camped at the Spring, was at the McIntosh cabin – then situated on the lot north of the Varner Hotel – when the occurrence took place. There were hundreds of Indians encamped on the adjacent hills – the friendly party on the south side of the creek and the adherents of Hopoethleyoholo on the north bank. The lover was a leading chief of the latter party, and the match was bitterly opposed by the McIntosh family and their adherents who keenly remembered the events of the previous year; but the young lovers, who had long since determined upon their course, cared not for opposition and arranged their plans. On a bright Sunday morning our little white friend – an aged and respected citizen – was swing in the cabin with two girls when an unusual commotion in the yard attracted the attention of all, and they rushed to the door. The young girl’s favorite pony was hitched outside. Coming up the hill from the creek was seen the determined lover, mounted and accompanied by a score of his braves. On seeing him approach, his intended rushed into the cabin, and, amidst the tears and vehement protestations of her mother and sister, who were weeping bitterly, she rapidly cast off the habiliments of civilization and arrayed herself in a complete Indian costume. This accomplished, she turned to her weeping friends, and, without shedding a tear, and rushed out, kissing her little friend, who was gazing upon the scene with wonder. The lover and his escort were drawn up near the gate; not a word was said, and the girl sprang upon her pony and took her place in the line behind her intended. Silently then the party moved down the hill, crossed the creek, and were soon out of sight. They were legally married at Lawrenceville, Ga., and the union was a happy and prosperous one. INDIAN SPRING, 1874 Nearly half a century has passed since the events we have briefly referred to occurred, and although many and important changes have been witnessed, we find no change in one point. The little Spring, untiring and never varying, continues to supply the “Healing Water” of the Indians for the benefit of all the land. It is admitted to be a natural curiosity by all who approach it for the first time. Silently the tiny stream trickles from the cleft of the rock into the small natural basin, unaltered by change of weather or seasons. The endless blessing is sufficient for all who approach it, and not one of the many thousands who first gazed upon it long ago, can discover the least change should they visit it again. And thus it will most probably continue to flow to the end of time, furnishing, from the laboratory of nature, the same healing properties that have been hitherto enjoyed, and to the same extent. Of the medicinal properties and powers of the waters of Indian Spring it is proposed to allude here. This has been commented upon in the medical article. Nor need we add anything. Their virtues will be attested by thousands of the living all over the South, who, when suffering, came and partook of nature’s remedy and returned to their homes in health. This has been the experience of many every year, and that to the future will afford a repetition of the experience and history of the past we will not permit ourselves to doubt. The village of McIntosh now contains a population of near four hundred. The village and county suffered heavily during Sherman’s “march to the sea,” and consequently the citizens were able to improve but slowly after the ‘late unpleasantness,” But they have been gradually moving in the right direction during the past three years, and many signs of improvement are visible. The local society is moral and cultivated, and during the summer months no more agreeable and entertaining associations can be enjoyed in the State than the company of the accomplished annual visitors afford. Ample facilities have been provided to secure recreation and rational amusement, and these have always been partaken of with a lively zest. Regular religious services are conducted at the Baptist church, the pulpit of which is frequently filled with distinguished divines from abroad, who have always cheerfully aided the regular pastor, Rev. N. N. Edge, in the services of the Sabbath. Sabbath-school is in a flourishing condition and the children of visitors are always welcome to a seat in its classes. Two good educational schools are also open, and are well patronized, and the children of visitors may also enjoy this advantage. The elegant bridges, four in number, leading to the Spring and the walks, are now in good order, and the commodious bath house, erected by Col. H. J. Lamar, is well arranged to accommodate such as desire to enjoy pure spring water baths, either plain or electrical. This establishment is now under charge of Dr. Wi8lliam H. Whitehead, a gentleman well qualified to fill the position. The children will find the flying ponies prepared to afford them amusement and exercise, and two bowling saloons will accommodate the children of larger growth. There are five stores in the village, two millinery depots, two bar and billiard saloons, three resident physicians, and two members of the legal profession. The Indian Spring Echo is published weekly and has entered upon its second volume with marked success. During the season of 1874 all the hotels will be open, and superintended by the same ladies and gentlemen who have so long and successfully catered to the wants of all who have sought temporary homes in our midst. The McIntosh House as been greatly improved and its capacity to accommodate guests largely increased. This house will be under the superintendence of B. W. Collier and lady, who have so long opened their doors to the public. The Elder House, W. A. Elder & Son, proprietors, has also been improved and eight new and pleasant cottage rooms, designed for the use of families, have been added to the premises. The Varner Hotel is also ready to receive its accustomed quota of visitors, and will be presided over by the ladies who have so successfully managed its affairs since the close of the war. Private boarding can also be secured. It is useless to commend the hotel accommodations of Indian Spring, as their reputation has spread far and wide. We will venture, however to say that during the season there are no hotels in the country that can afford better entertainment, or whose proprietors will seek more assiduously to secure the comfort of guests, than are to be found here. Visitor by rail can always find livery accommodations to reach Indian Spring at Forsyth, Barnesville, Griffin and Covington. Daily coach and hack lies between Forsyth and the Spring have also been established, and when the new turnpike is completed – by the first of July – a smooth road will permit a rapid and comfortable trip between the two points. The mail will also arrive and depart daily. CONCLUSION That we have not done full justice to the highly favored locality of which we have written is admitted, and our apology is the want of time and the limited space that could be afforded in the pages of a pamphlet. Imperfections, if any are seen, will we hope, be passed with charity of criticism. The object of publication is expressed in the introductory remarks; and if what is written shall to the least degree induce the invalid wherever found, to test the virtues of the great “Healing Water” of the aborigines, so generously donated by our noble State for the benefit of her citizens, we feel more than recompensed for having presented this little tribute to the public. H. M. Edge, M. D. INDIAN SPRINGS MINERAL WATER It’s Properties and Medicinal Virtues For the benefit of the afflicted, and information of the public generally, I have been induced to adopt this means of giving general publicity to my views in relatin to the medicinal virtues of the waters of The Indian Spring, Butts county, Georgia. First, I will notice the ingredients as developed by chemists after analysis. Second, the proportions of those ingredients as ascertained by chemist and therauptetics. Third, the properties and effect of the water, in my judgment – my opinions having been formed after a long experience and close observation. Fourth the manner in which the water should be used, and the means persons visiting the Spring should adopt to get the most benefit from the water; who should come to the Spring and who most probably would not be benefited by the use of the water. Perhaps it would be more candid, and save some trouble of coming to the Spring to state briefly who should not visit them with the expectation of being benefited by the use of the water. Consumption, in its advanced stated, is never ameliorated by the use of this water. The same may be said of diabetes, cancer and all organic diseases of the vital organs. The diseases mentioned, when in their advanced stages will not be benefited by the use of the water; yet invalids thus affected may enjoy themselves, and often improve their health, by visiting this resort and using the freestone water. Here they can associate with the gay and fashionable, and partake of the good and nutritious food which is always furnished by our excellent hotel keepers, who know how and will always furnish the best, as they have made it their constant study and business for the last thirty years. Here they will be sure to get healthy died, comfortable quarters; to find pleasant companions, enjoy rest for a while, and often be gratifyingly relieved According to the chemical analysis of this water, made by Prof. John Ruggle Cotting, State Geologist, in 1839, we have the following ingredients: One pint, wine measure; barometer, 29.54; temperature of atmosphere, 46 Fahrenheit; temperature of water 69; specific gravity, 1,142, distilled water being 1.000 GASES Azotic gas 0.156 cubic inches Carbonic acid gas 1.000 cubic inches Sulphuretted hydrogen 3.005 cubic inches Total 4.161 cubic inches SALINE CONTENTS Carbonate of Magnesia 1.982 grains Sulphate of Lime 7.152 grains Sulphate of Potash 3.415 grains Total of saline contents 84.077 grains These gases are all poisonous and destructive to animal life, in a condensed state, and it is well known that this water, drank in moderate quantities, silk or woolen clothing worm next to the surface, and warm or hot baths connected with the use of galvanic battery, freely indulged in. Diseases peculiar to females, especially those who have been accustomed to sedentary habits of living, are, almost without exception either benefited or cured by using the water at the Spring and taking in almost all cases of this class the first effect will create a desire for increased exercise, which can be rationally enjoyed, and also for more intimate association with the refined and enlightened company usually congregated during the summer months. Ladies who have pursued a sedentary life unconsciously adopt the habit of bending over the head and shoulders. This induces curvature of the spine, and consequent deformity of shape. It also causes a contraction of the chest, which prevents the lungs from expanding and receiving sufficient quantities of oxygen from the air to arterialize and vivify the blood and throw off the carbonic gas previously generated in the system. The liver is also compressed by this position, which interferes with the performance of the normal and healthy functions of that organ, thereby causing derangement and disease. The same may be said of student, bookkeepers, and all connected with such industrial pursuits as are necessarily required to assume this position in pursuing their several occupations. In paralytical attacks, where no inflammation or irritation of the brain or spinal chord exists, this water, with occasional applications of he galvanic battery and cold shower-baths, judiciously applied, affords such instant relief that those who are thus afflicted are often gratifying surprised and delighted. Visitors from the crowded cities and malarious sections of the country, who spend their time here, and use the water judiciously, recuperate more speedily than others, who are apparently laboring under the same disabilities. The systems of the first are more impregnated by the infusion of the effete and poisonous matter always prevalent in these localities. Invalids who visit Indian Spring to aid in the improvement of their health should rise early, walk to the Spring, so that they may enjoy the bracing influences of the fresh morning air. While at the Spring they should use the water in moderate draughts, and take a warm or cold bath, as the condition of the system may require. Bathing should always be followed by a free use of the crash towel, and exercise sufficient to produce reaction. After exercising and returning to the hotel, rest should be taken a sufficient length of time to allow the system to become quiet or composed before eating. Never eat while the system is warm from exercise. Always avoid sitting or remaining quiet in a cool, damp or night atmosphere, or in a current of air near an open window or door. While in a state of perspiration, or after exercise, the use of this water increases the susceptibility of the porus system and renders it liable to be deleteriously affected by sudden atmospheric changes. The water when drank directly from the Spring, especially in cloudy weather, will produce headache or giddiness. This can be avoided by holding the water a short time, dipping it up, before drinking, as the volatile portions of the gasses will pass off rapidly by evaporating. Carbonate of magnesia is an anti-acid, and upon coming in contact with the acid of the stomach, neutralizes and converts itself into a cathartic. Sulphate of magnesia is refrigerant, diuretic and cathartic. I have never been able to ascertain the medicinal properties of sulphate of lime, if any belongs to it. Sulphate of potash is a mild, unirritating cathartic when taken in small doses; large doses would assuredly be unsafe. This water possesses diuretic, diapharetic, cathartic, alternative and tonic properties. By its diuretic effect it stimulates and increases the action of the kidneys and bladder, causing them to secrete and pass off from the blood large quantities of impure and vitiated matter which makes the water a good remedy in such cases of dropsy as are caused by any functional derangement of the vital organs. Its cathartic and alternative properties render it one of the most certain and safe remedies for all functional derangements and diseases of the liver, spleen, etc. By combination of its properties upon the feeble and debilitated stomach, it causes secretion of gastric juice, which is necessary to secure a healthy action of that organ. This prevents dyspeptics from being troubled with heartburn, water brash, or acidity of the stomach. By such healthy action pure chyle is formed, which completes the first stage or process of digestion of the food after it is received in the stomach. The second effect is upon the torpid or inactive liver, causing that organ to secrete pure and healthy bile. This unites with the chyme, or that peculiar modification or change. The change is to prevent, in most instances, the severe gripping pains to which many persons are subject, known as cramp colic, which is always brought on by unhealthy digestion. The effect of the alterative properties of this water is to stimulate the glanular and absorbent system generally; to secrete and carry off vitiated humors, which purified the blood, thereby giving the complexion its natural and beautiful appearance. By its tonic properties it gives strength, life and animation to the mind and body, causing the desponding, feeble, and even the old, to realize that they have secured a new lease of health and life. It is not an unusual thing to find this class of invalids speedily enjoying association with the active and gay, and not infrequently in the festivities of the assembly room. This water has been extensively and successfully used in rheumatic diseases. Rheumatics should so use it as to concentrate its force upon the surface, which will enable the emunctories of the skin to more frequently pass off the vitiated poisonous matter that has been retained in the system by their previous torpid action. This disease, in my opinion, is generally brought about by the secretions of the cutaneous system being checked. Prudent dieting should always be observed by the healthy, and especially by the invalid. The laws of nature cannot be violated with impunity by either. The invalid however, cannot disregard these laws and should be careful to study and observe them. He should eat slowly, masticate well, avoiding all dishes that may be found to disagree with his stomach. Fluids of any and all kinds should be used moderately and invalids whose digestive organs are debilitated during and immediately after partaking of a meal. In this course is pursued the food will be reduced and salivated or mixed with the secretions of the mouth, thereby preparing it for a quicker and easier digestion when it is received by the stomach. Invalids should engage freely in all the rational amusements and pastimes of the hour, which their strength will permit of. Form an acquaintance with the intelligent, lively and gay, so that the mind may always have something new to insure its attention. This will serve to avoid morbid reflections, which are always deleterious in their results. If possible, never think or talking of your disease only when you are seeking advice from which you have reasonable expectations of being benefited. All visitors will be benefited by taking a warm or cold bath as soon as convenient after riving at their hotel. Baths should be taken while the stomach is empty – never less than three hours after eating. J. H. Bryan, M.D. LATER HISTORY Nearly all of the above houses were destroyed by fire on April 17,1882, stopping before it reached the historic Varner House. Where Col. Lamar’s bath house was built in 1874 now stands the large, airy pavilion and casino of the Wigwam. The old grist mill was built in 1873 and christened “Alberta Mills” in memory of his youngest daughter. Today the mill is still grinding and also has an attachment that pumps spring water from a large tank beneath the pavilion to the sulphur bathrooms at the hotel above. About this time Mr. H. M. Edge built the picturesque stone cottage now owned by Mr. Geo. Collier and the Misses Collier. A remarkable fact about it is that every piece of stone used in this structure was quarried directly on the scene.] In 1883 the E.T.V. & Ga. R.R. built what is now the Southern Railway and established East End, later changed to Hurds Station, and later still to Flovilla, which is just two and one-half miles from the famous Indian Spring, and is reached by dummy line of the Flovilla & Indian Spring Railway. Until the railway was built to Flovilla the nearest railroad station was Forsyth, from where you took a stage coach or hack to the Spring. This very picturesque mode of travel was enjoyed greatly by travelers in those days. The Varner House, owned by Misses Amanda and Joe Varner, mentioned in the history is still standing and seems to ‘bear a charmed life that will not yield,’ as it is in a remarkably good state of preservation, when taken in consideration that it was built in 1823, by Gen. McIntosh. The doors and mantels of many of the rooms were carved by hand with a pocket knife, by its builder, and the niche in the wall where the treaty was signed is now decorated with pictures of loved ones It is deservedly popular with those afflicted, and all who wish a nice, quiet place to stay. A bill was introduced at the 1905 session of the State Legislature to make an appropriation to preserve the large historic rock in the yard from which the Indian chief made his speech. SKETCH OF WORK BY WILLIAM McINTOSH CHAPTER, DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION The William McIntosh chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, was organized at Jackson, Georgia, on May 24th, 1913 , the organizing regent, Mrs. J. Doyle Jones, presiding. Mrs. Sheppard W. Foster, the state regent, was present and gave an interesting and instructive talk on the D.A.R. work in Georgia. There were fifteen charter members, which was an unusually fine showing and was the subject of favorable comment by a number of state officers. During the first year efforts were especially directed towards patriotic education, a medal being given to the pupil most proficient in American history in the Jackson public schools. This has now become an annual custom. Pamphlets entitled, “Our Flag,’ were placed in the twenty-two white schools of Butts county, contributions were made both toward the liquidation of the debt on Memorial Continental Hall and for the purchase of land adjoining this beautiful building, which is said to be the largest structure in the world, owned by women In the old Saunders burial ground in Iron Springs district, this county, is located the grave of Richard Speake, a soldier of the Revolution. On this spot there has been erected an inscribed marker, furnished y the United States Government. The granite posts and chains forming the inclosure were given by the chapter. Washington’s birthday is fittingly observed each year. The chapter maintains a small library, to which the teachers and pupils of the county have access. In March, 1916, the historic old Varner home at Indian Springs was given to the chapter by Miss Joe Varner, the only surviving member of the Varner family, and beloved by all for her many deeds of philanthropy. The home, to be hereafter known as the Varner-McIntosh Memorial, was dedicated on June fourteenth, when appropriate exercises were held. About four hundred dollars have been spent for repairs on the building. A large flag (five by eight feet), was made by the members and raised at the Memorial on May twenty-fourth, 1917. The flag pole was presented by Butts county citizens in 1911, at the unveiling exercises of McIntosh Rock, by the Piedmont continental chapter, D. A. R., of Atlanta. Articles are being collected for a museum, a goodly number now already on exhibit. Generous subscriptions to the Memorial have been received from hundreds of residents of the State, the names of the donors being recorded in a beautifully embossed ledger, presented by Foot & Davies Company, of Atlanta. A Christmas box was sent on December fifteenth, 1916, to the Jackson Rifles then stationed on the Mexican border. In June, 1917, one Liberty Bond was graciously subscribed to and also active interest was taken in the Red Cross work. Since the formation of the chapter, four years ago, the membership has been doubled, thirty names having been registered. Believing that there is strength in unity, the chapter members work harmoniously to accomplish the best results in any line of endeavor which is presented. Historic Varner Home at Indian Spring Opothoholo and Laboothacoosa are the Indian names of the two pretty streams of water that come together at Indian Spring to form Big Sandy Creek. Just across the creek, Opothoholo, from the Wigwam stands the Varner House now known as the Varner McIntosh Memorial. This house was built in 1821 by the brave Indian chief, William McIntosh, whose name is honored and revered by every true and loyal Georgian. Even at this early date, vast numbers of people visited this wonderful, life-giving spring and camped in tents upon the hillsides to drink of its healing waters. With plenty of riches, land and slaves, McIntosh saw and met this need of an up-to-date hostelry. He himself never ran the house, but rented it and became a boarder just as any other boarder – his room being over what is now the chapter room of the Daughters of the American Revolution. *In 1825, on this counter, which is still preserved an original General McIntosh signed the fateful treaty which proved to be his death warrant. History tells us, trying to be loyal to his own tribe as well as to the whites, he obtained for the Red man a cession of territory equal in extent and a moneyed consideration of millions of dollars. The house stands today as built by McIntosh with but few changes. Much of the original furniture still remains, including pictures in mahogany frames, books, trinkets, pipe of peace found on the place, hand carved doors, and the old split-bottom office chair in which he sat while signing the treaty. MISS JOE VARNER BRONZE TABLET MARKS FAMOUS McINTOSH ROCK PIEDMONT CONTINENTAL CHAPTER D.A.R. MARKS THIS HISTORIC SPOT To forever mark the historic McIntosh Rock at Indian Springs, where the State of Georgia and the Creek Indians signed and important treaty on February 12,1825, the Piedmont Continental chapter Daughters of the American Revolution, of Atlanta, unveiled a bronze tablet with appropriate ceremonies on July 1st,1911. The exercises were held in the historic Varner house which has weathered the storms of over three-quarters of a century and has a history as romantic as that of Indian Springs itself. Mrs. A. H. Alfriend, chairman of the tablet committee, presided. The invocation was by Rev. James Bradley, pastor of the Jackson Presbyterian church. Mrs. S. H. Thornton sang a solo, “Our Flag,” following which the address of welcome was delivered by Colonel g. Ogden Persons, of Forsyth. He spoke of the noble work being done by the D. A. R. and U. D. C. in marking historic spots and erecting monuments.” Man makes history but it remains for woman to write it,” he declared. Mrs. William H. Yeandle, regent of Piedmont Continental chapter, made a most interesting talk. The principal address of the occasion was delivered by Judge Joseph H. Lumpkin of the State Supreme Court, and a member of the distinguished family of Lumpkins who have played such a great part in the history of Georgia. He reviewed in detail the events leading up to the treat of 1825, in which Geo. M. Troup and his first cousin, Chief William McIntosh, played the star roles. The tablet was unveiled by little Misses Carrie Gray, granddaughter of Bryan Collier, one of the old settlers at Indian Springs, and Emily Daughtry, great granddaughter of Robert Greet who wrote the first almanac. During the exercises the United States flag was raised, being lowered at the conclusion of the exercises. The flag pole is the gift of the people of Jackson, Flovilla and Indian Springs. An urn, the gift of Mrs. Wm. Lamar Ellis, granddaughter of one of the signers of the treaty, will be placed around Indian Springs. The exercises were concluded by the audience signing “America” and the benediction by Rev. James Bradley. McIntosh Rock thus marked by D. A. R., is in the yard of the Varner place and the tablet bears the following inscription: “Here on February 12th,1825 William McIntosh, a friendly chief of the Creek Indians, signed the treaty by which all lands west of the Flint river were ceded to the State of Georgia. For this he was murdered by a band of Creeks who opposed the treaty”. “This tablet is placed by the Piedmont Continental chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, A. D. 1911.” __________________________________ ADDRESS OF ASSOCIATE JUSTICE JOSEPH HENRY LUMPKIN OF THE SUPREME COURT OF GEORGIA, DELIVERED AT INDIAN SPRINGS, GA., JULY 1,1911 Madam Chairman and Daughters of the American Revolution, Ladies and Gentlemen:-- -- It has been said that no nation has a history which does not make history. Judged by this standard, Georgia has a history both abundant and full of vital interest. She has been no mere observer, but an actor, in the drama of the past. We have met today to commemorate one of the important events of her early years. The spot upon which we stand is a center from which radiate many historic memories. Before the mind’s eye drifts a wondrous panorama. We see a wilderness, where wild men chased wilder beasts across the hills and dales. We see hardy pioneers blazing the trail along which advancing civilization should march; then early settlers, from whose humble cabins arose wreaths of smoke, floating like flags which marked the furthest outposts of progress; then the struggle between civilization and savagery, with its dangers and hardships, but also with its inevitable final result. We see a great State developing from small beginnings, sometimes through severe trials. We see it in threatened revolt, - once in actual civil war, when its soil was drenched with fratricidal blood, and the smoke that arose was not from peaceful firesides, but from smoldering ruins in the track of war; then again in the sisterhood of States, all looking to a common future and a common success. We see a treaty signed with the Indians for this land where we now stand but followed and almost spattered by the blood of one of its makers. We see the advance of the people, sometimes slow and halting, sometimes rushing with fever heat, but surely pressing onward. And, through all the shifting years, yonder little spring, called Indian Spring, has bubbled forth from its rocky clef and from it has flowed a limpid stream, charged with the healing power of nature, like a silver thread running through history, shining with the light of some infinite design, and fraught with benevolent helpfulness to the people. From year to year, in war or in peach, in calm or in storm, never hastening, never ceasing, it goes on its appointed way, as though it said: “For men may come and men may go, But I go on forever” So says also the current of history. From a general review of the pageant of passing events, let us turn to a more special consideration of some of them, which make this spot memorable. But before preceding To do so, let me say a few words in regards to the place where they occurred, and two of the leading characters who took part in them – George Michael Troup and William McIntosh. It is said that in 1792 a government scout named Douglas Watson, while passing this place, was struck by a peculiar odor, like burnt gunpowder. Upon investigation, he found that it eminated from a spring. Whereupon, doubtless thinking that such water must come “hot from Tartarus,” he left rather more speedily than he came. About 1800 General William McIntosh, the Indian Chief, built a cabin there. In 1823 he and Joel Bailey built a hotel. Soon the fame of the waters spread, and the place became a popular resort, and other hotels erected. George M. Troup has been called by his friends the apostle of State rights and the champion of State sovereignty. Born in 1780, he was urged to run for election to the legislature when only twenty years of age, and was in fact elected the following year. He became a member of congress, a member of the United States senate, governor of the State, and again senator. As an illustration of the indomitable determination of the man, it may be stated that he was twice defeated for the governorship by his great political rival, John Clarke, and was only elected when he ran for the third time, after Clarke’s retirement. But when he ran for re-election after his first term, his old antagonist again opposed him, and this time he had the satisfaction of winning. He became governor in 1823. he was again elected in 1825, being the first governor who was elected by popular vote, under the changed constitution, instead of by the legislature, as was originally done. William McIntosh was a chief of the Muscogee or Creek Nation. His father was Capt. William McIntosh, an uncle of George M. Troup, his mother a Creek woman; so that the governor of Georgia and the Indian chief were first cousins. He joined with the American forces in the war of 1812, and distinguished himself for gallantry. He also took part in the campaign in Florida. For his bravery and able assistance he was made a brigadier general. He was well educated, and of striking appearance. He learned man of the ways of white men, though he had two wives at the same time, instead of consecutively, by aid of death or the divorce court, as some of his pale faced brethren might in later days have taught him to do. In 1802 the State of Georgia ceded to the United States all that portion of her territory lying west of her present western boundary and east of the Mississippi river, embracing almost all of the present territory of Alabama and Mississippi. In the fourth article of the act of “agreement and cession” it was provided that “the United States shall, at their own expense, extinguish, for the use of Georgia, as early as the same can be peaceable obtained on reasonable terms, the Indian title to the county of Tallassee . . . . . and that the United States shall, in the same manner, extinguish the Indian title to all the other lands within the State of Georgia.” From time to time the federal government was urged to carry out its part of this agreement. Several Indian treaties were made, ceding certain lands. In 1819 Governor Clarke sent to the President a “memorial, remonstrance and protest.” In 1821 the United States made, at Indian Springs, a treaty with the Creeks, by which their remaining lands between the Flint and Ocmulgee rivers, as far north as the Chattahoochee river, were acquired for the State, except 1,000 acres around the spring, 640 acres on the Ocmulgee river including the improvements of McIntosh, and a tract around the agency, while such agency continued; but much valuable land still remained in the hands of the Indians. In December 1823, Governor Troup sent to the legislature a strong message on the subject. That body adopted resolution, and a correspondence with the authorities at Washington ensued. In 1824 commissioners were appointed by the President to negotiate with the Creek Indians. The lower Creeks, in Georgia, headed by General McIntosh, recognized that it was inevitable that they must soon move further westward, and were favorable to a treaty whereby their land in Georgia should be exchanged for others. The Alabama, or upper, Creeks were bitterly opposed to any sale of lands. The first attempted negotiations failed. They were reopened in the beginning of 1825 by request for the chiefs accustomed to transact the business of the nation and to make treaties for it to meet with the commissioners of the government at Indian Springs on February 7. On that day there was a gathering; but on the 10th, finding a large number of chiefs and head men present, the commissioners explained the object of the meeting. On the following day O-poth-le-yoholo, as speaker of the nation, on behalf of Big Warrior, head chief, made an impassioned speech in reply to the commissioners, declaring that no treaty could be made for a cession of the lands, and inviting them to meet at Broken Arrow (the seat of the general council) three months later. He and his followers then went home. On February 12th a treaty was signed by the McIntosh party, dealing, however, only with the lands in Georgia. The government agent for Indian affairs witnessed the treaty and attested it, but the very next day wrote to the secretary of war a letter severely criticizing it. Charges were freely made that he was actuated by personal and political hostility to Governor Troup. Nevertheless, the treaty was ratified. It provided for an exchange of the remaining Creek lands in Georgia for a like quantity of land of equal quality west of the Mississippi river, and that the time of the removal of the Indians should not “extend beyond the first of September of the next year.” Great excitement arose among the Indians opposed to the treaty, and it was declared by them to be void, on the grounds that McIntosh and his followers had no authority to make it. Charges and county-charges were made. McIntosh and his party were threatened with death. As soon as the treaty was ratified, Governor Troup wrote a letter to McIntosh, as head chief of the Cowetaus, asking permission to survey the ceded territory. McIntosh summoned his chiefs, and permission was given to make the survey. The Indians who opposed the sale were greatly enraged. A general council condemned McIntosh to death. A body of men undertook to carry out the sentence. They went to his house, in what is now Carroll county, and about three o’clock in the morning of April 30 (or some say May 1), 1825, set fire to it. They shot him and another Indian (though he defended himself as best he could), and dragged him and his companion out and scalped them. The scalp of McIntosh was suspended on a pole in public square of Ocfuskee. They also killed his son-in-law, Hawkins. Feeling ran high. The legislature ordered the survey of the ceded territory to proceed. John Quincy Adams, who had become President, directed Governor Troup to stop the survey, because of the hostile attitude of the Indians. Governor Troup refused, declaring “Georgia owns the soil, and has the right to survey it.” The President threatened to have the surveyors arrested, but the Governor ordered them to proceed, indicating a purpose to protect them from interference. Finally the President proposed to refer the treaty to Congress, and the survey was suspended, not as admitting any right of the President or Congress to stop it, but as a matter of comity, as Governor Troup said. In 1826 the federal government, desiring to pacify the Indians, entered into a treaty with thirteen chiefs of the Creek nation, declaring the treaty of 1825 canceled, and making a new treaty, the result of which was to leave in possession of the Indians a large tract of the land (amounting to about 300,000 acres) which had been ceded under the treaty of 1825, postponing the giving up the lands ceded, and allowing twenty-four months for the removal of the Indians. The representatives in Congress from Georgia entered a protest, and Governor Troup refused to recognize the new treaty, and ordered the surveyors to proceed. He declared that the vested rights of Georgia could not this be taken from her. The Indians complained. Correspondence followed, and finally the secretary of war informed the governor that the surveyors must be kept off the lands, and threatened that, if the governor refused to stop them, military force would be used. This brought from the doughty governor a vigorous answer, in which he said: “From the first decisive act of hostility, you will be considered as a public enemy, and with less repugnance, because you, to whom we might constitutionally have appealed for our defense against invasion, are yourselves the invaders, and what is more, the unblushing allies of savages whose cause you have adopted.” Strong words from a governor to a secretary of war! But that was not all. The governor promptly ordered the generals commanding the sixth and seventh divisions of Georgia militia to hold their commands in readiness to repel any invasion of the State. Matters were assuming an acute stage, when Congress was guided by conservative counsels, and recommended the immediate acquired from the Indians of all the lands held by them in Georgia. The Creek chiefs and head men agreed, and the Creeks were paid about $28,000 in money, and given a lot of blankets; and it was agreed that certain sums should be expended for schools, etc. Thus was the danger of an armed clash between Georgia and the United States averted. In the division of land for settlement, on the land lottery plan, the State kept and still own a reservation of ten acres around Indian Spring. The older acts and treaties refer to the place in the plural as Indian Springs, as though there were then more than one spring, or at least it was so thought. In that name a charter was granted in 1837, and the corporate name was changed in 1866 to McIntosh. The Piedmont Continental Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution have assembled to place upon this rock a tablet commemorating the treaty of 1825. The rock is that around which the chiefs, head men and commissioners were gathered, and from which as a rostrum it is said that the fiery speech of O- poth-le-yoholo was delivered. The Daughters of the Revolution do well to mark these historic spots, and to keep in memory the deeds of the past. The sturdy patriots of those early days had their faults, but they also had their splendid virtues. Struggling with tremendous difficulties, having at once to overcome the wilderness and the hostile Indians, they developed a rugged strength, a dauntless courage, an unconquerable determination, and ofttimes an exalted patriotism. They were jealous of what they deemed their rights, and were fearless in maintaining them. A people which is neglectful of the past is in danger of becoming careless of the future. The story of those days of toil and strain and trial teaches a lesson. In these piping times of peace, when invention, industry and commerce have made wonderful strides, we must not forget the homely virtues of honor, truth, courage and fidelity to duty, which are essential to real manhood and womanhood. In improving the conveniences, comforts and luxuries of man, let us not forget the man himself. Preserve the memories of the historic past, and recall the vigor, the strength, the manhood and self-sacrificing heroism of those who have gone before. So may it be that we shall not wander after strange idols, and forget the nobler higher ideals of life. Lord of our far-flung battle line, “God of our fathers, known of old, Breath whose awful hand we hold Dominion over palm and pine, Lord God of Hosts, be with us yet, Lest we forger, least we forget. If drunk with sight of power, we loose Wild tongues that have not thee in awe, Such boasting as the Gentiles use Or lesser breeds without the law, Lord God of Hosts, be with us yet, Lest we forget, lest we forget.” INDIAN SPRINGS Where do you come from little spring? I’d like to know your source, For you such constant blessings bring, With no external force. Ye must come from the mountains high, Then through the depths below, In all season, wet or dry, You keep that even flow. You move so noiselessly along When from the rocks you burst, With cheer you greet the passing throng And slake their every thirst. From North, from South, from East, from West, The poor and those with wealth, Have come and you have stood the test, And given back their health. I’ve seen the invalids in chairs And those on crutches meet, Your waters drink, throw off their cares And go back home on feet. I wonder just how many years Your sparkling, healing stream Has soothed the sick, dispelled their fears, Given hope a brighter gleam. Oft to the Old Mill’s song I’ve slept, O’er all these hills I’ve trod, But can’t explain your source except To think you come from God W. P. Hornady Dawson, Georgia Additional Comments: Published by William McIntosh Chapter Daughters of American Revolution Jackson, Georgia This file has been created by a form at http://www.genrecords.org/gafiles/ File size: 72.7 Kb