Chatham County GaArchives History .....Savannah Duels - Chapter IX 1923 ************************************************ Copyright. All rights reserved. http://www.usgwarchives.net/copyright.htm http://www.usgwarchives.net/ga/gafiles.htm ************************************************ File contributed for use in USGenWeb Archives by: Joy Fisher http://www.genrecords.net/emailregistry/vols/00001.html#0000031 October 25, 2004, 7:47 pm CHAPTER IX. AN ERA OF NUMEROUS HOSTILE MEETINGS. SAVANNAH'S ATTITUDE TOWARD THE BURR-HAMILTON DUEL AND ITS RESULT—FORMER SAVANNAHIAN, ONCE CONSIDERED FOR SECRETARY OF STATE, SECOND TO ALEXANDER HAMILTON—SENTER SLAIN BY JOHN RUTLEDGE—TWO YOUNG MEN MEET DEATH AT ONE ANOTHER'S HANDS—POSTING ENEMIES AT THE VENDUE HOUSE OR IN THE NEWSPAPERS—GRAND JURY PRESENTMENTS WITHOUT EFFECT—SOUTHERN STATES MOVE TO CHECK DUELLING. Living in the atmosphere they did, Savannahians naturally showed a tolerant and indulgent spirit toward duellists elsewhere. This was illustrated in the Burr-Hamilton duel. Burr had visited Savannah, had kinspeople and many political acquaintances here. When he became Vice-president with Jefferson as President, instead of Jefferson as Vice-president with Burr as his chief, by the intervention of divine providence working through the instrumentality of Alexander Hamilton, as good Democratic Republicans later came to believe, Burr was popular with his party in Savannah. When he came here in 1802 Burr was the honored guest of the municipality. Private lodgings were provided for him and his suite, but the Vice-president preferred to be the guest of his niece, Mrs. Montmollin, at her home, still standing on West Oglethorpe avenue. The Republicans were in control of the city administration. They had elected Mitchell as Mayor, in July, 1801, and were in the first flush of their municipal, state and national victories. An address was prepared in which the City Council set forth that of Burr's "Republican virtues" it had "long entertained the most exalted opinion." "In common with the friends of liberty this corporation rejoiced on the ever memorable fourth of March, 1801, which gave to America Jefferson as president and yourself as vice-president—auspicious day for the freedom of this now happy land. They most sincerely wish, sir, that the virtuous principles of the present administration may be perpetuated to succeeding generations." As Burr declined to make a written reply to this address it was withdrawn and Council called on him in a body and presented its verbal congratulations. Describing the "festival" given in his honor by the Savannah citizens, the "Columbian Museum" said: "The brilliancy of the entertainment, the number and respectability of the company, and the harmony which universally prevailed, have never been exceeded, perhaps never equalled here on any former occasion." Yet this was months after the charge had been made that Burr had conspired with the Federalists to defeat Jefferson and secure the presidency for himself, and that political office and political support had been freely promised to that end. When Burr killed Hamilton two years later, in the duel of July 1, 1804, it would be more than erroneous to say the prevailing sentiment in Savannah was that of shocked horror. True, the fragments of the old Federalist party expressed indignation, but the mass of the people were no doubt indifferent, if not callous. They had seen their own local Republican leaders calling out the Federalists. The duel had been conducted in accordance with the regulations. Hamilton had an equal chance with Burr. Hamilton was the victim. That was Hamilton's misfortune. Hamilton had figured as a second in the duel between John Laurens and Gen. Charles Lee, had challenged Commodore Nichols, had almost forced a duel on James Monroe which Burr, as Monroe's friend, had amicably adjusted. And his death had removed the ablest man in the Federalist party, the one man who might have held the rank and file together and welded them into a powerful political force once more. Jeffersonian Republicans in Savannah, as elsewhere, may be considered as breathing easier when Hamilton fell on the heights of Weehawken. Bitter though the political tone of Savannah was, not a public man here ever assailed the memory of the slain statesman with the venomous virulence of the old Federalist leader and recent president of the United States, John Adams, a vitriolic hater if there ever was one, who referred to Hamilton as "A caitiff come to a bad end", and held that "Fifteen years of continued slander against Burr provoked a call to the Field of Honor, as they call it, and sent him, pardoned I hope in his last moments, to his long home by a Pistol Bullet through his spine." When one recalls that only two years before this Hamilton's son had likewise been slain in a duel, the two tragedies that sorrowed the one home bring into clearer light the Adams' lack of the "milk of human kindness". The tendency to-day, though, is to do more equal justice to both men, to regard Burr as something else than an arch-devil and Hamilton as not entirely akin to an archangel. Beveridge sums up perhaps as well as any one the opinion of many, "That Hamilton's pursuit of Burr was lifelong and increasingly venomous. It seems incredible that a man so transcendently great as Hamilton—easily the foremost creative mind in American statesmanship—should have succumbed to personal animosities such as he displayed toward John Adams and toward Aaron Burr." Burr came south soon after the duel. In the Savannah papers one gets a glimpse of him now and then: "The Vice-president, Col. Burr, is now within this state, at the plantation of Major Pierce Butler, on the island of St. Simon's about sixty miles to the southward. He came there by a small schooner from Philadelphia." "The Vice-president has been residing on St. Simon's for some time, owing to a badness of weather which forbids his traveling. Before coming to Savannah however, he had visited our southern counties for the first time in his life, and proceeded as far as the St. Mary's river. He was received at St. Mary's with a Republican salute of seventeen guns, and generally in his travels received every attention from Republicans it was in their power to pay." In the early days of October he reached Savannah. In an editorial announcement on October 5 the "Republican" said: "The Vice-president has received the most respectful attention from the Republicans of this city and has been waited on by all our public characters." This was three months after the duel with Hamilton, about which full details were published at the time in the Savannah papers. Finally, in the "Republican" of October 9, 1804, is this item: "Col. Burr set out from the city on his way to the seat of government on Friday last. We understand his early departure was owing to a desire of taking his seat in the senate at the opening of the session." The Burr-Hamilton duel is the one American duel that all know about. One looks in vain in the Savannah papers for adverse editorial comment. The fact that he slew Hamilton one may well conceive was a relatively small factor in Burr's downfall. The seed for his political ruin had been laid in the unprincipled ambition that led to the maneuvers to overturn Jefferson, the leader ever toasted by the Savannah Republicans as "The Man of the People". The local organ of the party in after years stressed the charge that four members of Congress "had been offered any gratification they might wish for themselves or their friends if they would vote for Mr. Burr for president in preference to Mr. Jefferson." And Jefferson did not forgive or forget. There is one feature of the Hamilton-Burr duel, though, that few are aware of. Hamilton's second was a former Georgian, a Savannahian to whom almost came the honor of filling the office of Secretary of State in President George Washington's cabinet. There are dramatic pages in the life of Nathaniel Pendleton, as in the lives of many notable early Savannahians, that are well worth recalling. Born in Virginia in 1756, he became an ardent patriot. espoused the American cause in its inception, fought bravely in its armies, served for a time on Gen. Greene's staff, and for gallant conduct at Eutaw Springs received the thanks of Congress. With Greene and Wayne and others who had served in Georgia and appreciated the opportunities here offered, Pendleton located at Savannah when the British evacuated in 1782, and soon began the practice of the law. Such a leading position had he assumed at the bar, as a citizen and in the General Assembly, that in 1787 the Assembly elected him Chief Justice. He declined to act and Henry Osborne was elected. Pendleton was elected as Osborne's successor in January, 1789, and was the last man to hold the office of Chief Justice of Georgia under the Constitution of 1777. Pendleton was a man of considerable persuasive power as an orator. One incident of the forceful use of this1 talent is told by Governor Gilmer. It appears that a few years after the Revolution a horse was stolen from Gen. Elijah Clark. Horse stealing at that time was a whit worse than murder. Clark had a trifling fellow in the neighborhood arrested and had him charged with the offense before the grand jury at the next Superior Court. "The testimony was insufficient for finding a true bill and the prisoner was discharged. Gen. Clark, not doubting his' guilt, took the discharged man into his own custody, marched him to a convenient place, followed by the posse comitatus, judge and jury, and was about hanging him to some limb when Judge Pendleton made so eloquent an address in favor of law and order that he succeeded in doing by words what he could not through the officers of the Court." It was from Pendleton's residence on the Bay, between Whitaker and Barnard, that the funeral of Gen. Greene took place. When the convention met at Philadelphia in 1787 to draft the Federal Constitution Pendleton was one of Georgia's six representatives. For months; it will be recalled, Washington presided over the deliberations, in which Alexander Hamilton took a prominent part. More or less intimate acquaintanceships sprang up between the members. If Pendleton attended the sessions his personality and ability were such as to attract favorable attention. There is no doubt that as a former Virginian and brave soldier Washington knew of and respected him.* When the Federal judiciary was established Washington appointed Pendleton as the first United States Judge for the District of Georgia. Four years later Thomas Jefferson resigned the office of Secretary of State and was succeeded by Edmund Randolph, another Virginian, who retired in a storm cloud in August, 1795, leaving a nest of thorns for his successor. The country was torn with dissensions, divided into almost warring factions as to its attitude toward the French Republic. Patrick Henry, of Virginia, Thomas Johnson, of Maryland, Governor Pinckney, of South Carolina, when approached declined the honor of filling the vacant secretaryship. Sorely perplexed Washington turned to his chief adviser, Alexander Hamilton: "What am I to do for a Secretary of State," wrote he, "private and confidential": "I ask frankly and with solicitude, and shall receive kindly any sentiments you may express on this occasion." Seven days later, on November 5, Hamilton wrote the President: "The following characters, in the narrowness of the probable circle, as to willingness, have occurred to me: Judge Pendleton, of Georgia * * * * Judge Pendleton writes well; is of respectable abilities, and a gentlemanlike smooth man. If I were sure of his political views, I should be much disposed to advise his appointment under the circumstances, but I fear he has been somewhat tainted with the prejudices of Mr. Jefferson and Mr. Madison, and I have afflicting suspicions concerning these men." The world knows there was no political love lost between Hamilton and Jefferson. It does not recall as vividly that there was but a minimum of it between Washington and Jefferson. Several Georgia encyclopedias, even Appleton's Encyclopedia of American Biography, state that Washington suggested the name of Pendleton. There is nothing in Washington's published letters to indicate this. The thought of Pendleton seems to have originated with Hamilton and but for the suspicion that the Savannahian was tainted with Republicanism Hamilton would have succeeded in installing him as the successor of Jefferson and Randolph, in making him the third Virginian by birth to fill the office. Whether Pendleton knew at the time that he was under consideration for the chief of cabinet positions does not appear. A year later, on August 31, 1796, he resigned his judgeship and removed to New York. His departure from Savannah may have been the result of his connection with the Yazoo land grants. Despite his position as Federal judge, Pendleton is said to have been active in urging on the legislators the passage of the act, and signed and issued certificates for the shares that, it was charged, were given to the members of the legislature of 1794-95 for their votes. He indignantly denied any wrong doing in his acts but one can readily perceive the uncomfortable position he occupied in Savannah when Jackson opened the batteries of his fiery wrath on all connected with the Yazoo affair. In New York the acquaintanceship between Pendleton and Hamilton was renewed and ripened into a more intimate friendship. It was probably through him that Hamilton became a legal adviser for those fighting before Congress to sustain their claims to Georgia lands under the Yazoo grants. Hamilton's esteem for him had become so pronounced that when Vice-President Burr's challenge came to him he turned at once to Pendleton as his friend and second, and at the duelling ground on Weehawken Heights it was the former Savannahian, guide and adviser through all the unfortunate affair, who stood by his side and helped to bear the dying man away to his home when felled by Burr's bullet. And when Hamilton's will was read it was found that Pendleton was named as his executor. Truly, in many ways, Savannah connects with some of the most dramatic incidents in the history of our country. The stories of its sons are illuminated with thrilling incidents. Its streets and public places are vibrant with historic life. It is hardly second to any other American city, younger though it is than some, in those colorful, picturesque events that give history its great charm. But the, poet and the painter and the novelist have been absent. The full story has never been told as it should be, to grip the imaginations and leave indelible pictures on the minds of all readers. Pendleton never came back to Savannah. His son, Nathaniel Greene Pendleton, born in Savannah; became a congressman from Ohio, and his son, George H. Pendleton, was one of the great leaders of the Democratic party, and among those considered for its presidential nomination. He was candidate for vice-president when Gen. George B. McClellan ran for president against Lincoln in 1864. He was in the United States House of Representatives in 1857-65, Senator from Ohio in 1879-85, and minister to Germany under Cleveland in 1885-89. Other duels came in due course between Savannahians, of which no records exist, mainly political in origin. South Carolinians, too, had a habit of settling their disputes on Georgia soil and an occasional death attested the sureness with which they shot. Of one such duel the only existing data, apparently, is in the municipality's records of burials: 'F. Strace Senter, 25 years of age, physician, native of Rhode Island, January 19, 1804. Lockjaw occasioned by wound. Buried January 20. Left two brothers in England and two sisters in Rhode Island, also some property in Rhode Island. Wounded in duel with Honble. John Rutledge, Esq." Senter's dust has long mingled with the sand of Colonial park. Strange to say, highly prominent as Rutledge was, not a bit of information can be had as to the duel and its cause. Those most conversant with South Carolina history when appealed to admitted that they had never heard of this affair. All there is with reference to it, outside of the municipal death records, is an allusion to Rutledge's having killed a man in a duel. As Mr. A. S. Sally, Jr., secretary of the South Carolina Historical Commission, wrote me: "The newspapers of the early days did not care to pry too much into a strictly private affair." Sometimes from the neighboring world with which Savannah was closely associated by the ties of blood and of business came the news of a tragedy so poignant in its resulting sorrows that all attention was centered on it and the community as a whole felt a thrill of horror and a sense Of deepest sympathy such as only come when men and women are shaken from their apathy by an incident far beyond the ordinary. Such an occasion was that of 1807, when two young men of Beaufort, well known here, met death at one another's hands. Frequent duels of a more commonplace character had hardened the public conscience, but the pathos of this affair stirred anew the fountains of remonstrance, and the newspapers found courage and room for an account of the meeting in which the writer gave full vent to the protests against the taking of life in such a way. From the "Republican" this account is taken: "Departed this life on Monday afternoon, Mr. Arthur Smith, and on Tuesday morning, Mr. Thomas Hutson, and yesterday the remains of these young gentlemen were deposited in the tomb. On Monday morning they arose in all the vigour of youth and health; in a few hours both were bleeding on the field of honor. A challenge had been given and accepted—a duel was fought—and both were mortally wounded. Such, honor, are thy triumphs! Come hither, duellist, and regale thy senses! See two young men, the joy of their parents, levelling the deadly tubes at each other— they fire—they fall. See them groaning on a death bed; and now they breathe their last. Hear the distracted outcries of a fond and doating parent—the heart-piercing lamentations of affectionate sisters and the more silent though equally deep grief of loving brothers—are these pleasing to thine eyes, or music to thine ears ? Yet, these, duellist, are the fruits of honor, so called. "Oh, thou idol who delightest in human sacrifice; who snuffest up blood as sweet smelling incense; when will thy reign cease. Oh, ye votaries of the Moloch, ye abettors of murder and bloodshed, remember that that day will assuredly come when you will know whether you are to frame your actions by the laws of honor or the laws of God." On the following Sunday a union service was held at the Episcopal church in Beaufort. The rector took as his text: "Let not the sun go down upon thy wrath; neither give place to the Devil." The graves of the two young victims of the code duello were in view of the worshippers as they heard the appeal from the pulpit for the suppression of duelling by the force of Christian opinion. But the impression proved only too fleeting. The hold the custom had upon the public was too strong to be broken. For seven decades to come other young and older men met as these two youths had done, some to fall never to rise again. The Hutson family name is occasionally met in the Savannah papers of the early part of the century as resident here. Fencing masters located in Savannah in the early years of the century and the young bloods became their apt pupils. "The polite art of fencing," as they termed it in their advertisements, became quite popular. But the sword could never usurp the place the pistol and the rifle had long held in the public esteem. Occasional ebullitions of feeling against duelling are noticed with resulting legislation aimed at the custom, but it was all to no purpose. Perhaps earliest among the southern states to seek to check the spreading practice of recourse to the code was Tennessee. Its legislature in 1802 passed a law under which he who killed another in a duel was held a murderer and "to suffer death without benefit of clergy", with a fine of $50, imprisonment for sixty days, and forfeiture of rights of citizenship for one year, for sending, carrying or receiving a challenge. North Carolina the next year followed suit, but the “aiders and abettors" of a duel resulting fatally were likewise to suffer the death penalty, while a fine of £100 attached to sending or carrying a challenge. It is interesting to recall in this connection that the man who was most instrumental in putting through this law was Frederick Nash, grandfather of Edmund S. Nash, of New York, once resident here, and the great-grandfather of J. C. Nash, of Savannah. So effective and beautifully expressed was his speech in the House of Commons, although he was then but 22 years of age, that it was incorporated in one of the early reports of the State. He was the son of Abner Nash, second governor of North Carolina, and afterwards became a Superior Court judge and Chief Justice of his state. Encouragement to this opposition sentiment was furnished the Savannah public by occasional publications of protests from other sections, and in one of the "Columbian Museums" of 1803 is found a three column letter from an English bishop vigorously condemning duelling. It was not until 1809, though, that Governor Mitchell affixed his signature to a rather weak Georgia act. But neither before that nor after was there a predominant sentiment here to sustain prosecutions. When William Ploudon awoke one morning and found staring in his face, in the columns of the "Columbian Museum", this announcement: "I pronounce WILLIAM PLOUDEN a COWARD and a LIAR. June 15, 1802. GASTON BACKLER." what was there for William Plouden to do, if he wished to remain in Savannah and not have the finger of scorn pointed at him as1 he walked along its streets, but to immediately dispatch a friend with a challenge to Backler? Nor was there any expedient other than the duel whereby Francis Welman could save his sense of personal honor and satisfactorily refute the charges, when the Savannah "Rapublican" of June 21, 1809, held this card: "I hold Francis H. Welman a Liar, Coward and Poltroon. John Moorhead." While there is no record that Plouden and Backler and Welman and Moorhead settled their difficulties with bullets, it is reasonable, in view of the spirit of the day, to believe they at least fired one shot at each other. The burial records tell of no resulting deaths. Readers of the old "Gazette" also found this graphic portraiture of one of their fellow-citizens confronting them on its news page one morning: "To deal in calumny accords with the lineaments of this gentleman's contracted phiz and phlegmatic constitution; the features of his countenance appear clouded with malignant passion; his soul is' prone to false invective; and though the insidious smile should now and then relax the furrows in his brow it bears no claim to benevolence," A shot or two under the circumstances must have greatly relieved the strain and imparted a new and different smile to the "contracted phiz"—provided it was not put beyond the pale of smiles forever by a well-located bullet. Even to-day such an unvarnished picture of a well-known Savannahian, wart and all, would be calculated to provoke a street brawl, if nothing worse. In those days the pen portrait painter invited an invitation to the nearest duelling ground. At times a man was posted at the vendue house, which stood on the Bay near where the City Hall now is. There the public sales of the city were advertised. Amid the miscellaneous1 offers of negro slaves and plantation lands, of stocks of merchandise and of schooners and other vessels, of rewards for runaway apprentices and slaves, the angered Savannahian boldly and openly nailed the paper on which he gave to the world his final verdict as to the character of his erstwhile friend. His sketch was in a few simple words and no one who could read could misunderstand them. In the very heart of the city's business district, surrounded by the offices and warehouses of its merchants, he pilloried the man who had refused to accept his1 challenge, or whom he desired to provoke to hostilities. Quickly the news spread within the small limits of the town and before nightfall in every Savannah home there was a discussion of the merits of this latest antagonism of two leading citizens and its probable final outcome. When the victim of the posting came forth on the morrow he saw in every face the language of his foe and realized that, for the time being at least, he was the subject of general inquiry and comment, and that all awaited his action. Posting at the vendue house was equally as effective as posting in the newspaper. It was as though the town crier, drum beating and a pack of barefooted children at his heels, had gone up and down the sandy streets' loudly proclaiming the insults that were heaped upon the white placard that stared at every passer-by on the Bay. It was the acme of humiliation and of affront, firing the blood to the fighting temperature. Sometimes the man posting another stood by the placard, pistol in pocket, ready to draw and shoot if any one essayed to remove the obnoxious paper. It was unsafe to interfere in such an affair, except through the regular channels' prescribed by custom. The Grand Jury presentments of 1808 throw a flood of light on the local situation as to duelling, leave no doubt that hostile meetings and rumors of meetings kept the community alive with gossip, and prove conclusively that the then existing laws did not check the habit, unsupported as the statutes seem to have been by any strong favorable public sentiment. Said that august body to Judge Walker: "We present the too frequent and irreligious custom of duelling. As we view it with horror, we recommend some penalty that may effectually restrain it. "We regret that persons in the commission of the peace have not been prevented thereby from carrying challenges, which is directly in violation of the laws they are bound to support." From this one might infer that the officers of the law were more interested in arranging for meetings under the code than in suppressing them—a conclusion that is justified by other official pronouncements. Wounding a man's honor by seducing his wife, or slandering his integrity, or sneering at his1 courage, was not an offense to be disposed of in the Superior Court with a damage verdict for so many dollars and cents. There were some things that could not be translated into terms of money and public opinion proved paramount to legislative enactment. Grand juries did not indict for violations, and if they had done so petit jurors would hardly have convicted. As for the judges on the bench, well, is it improbable that they would in the main have echoed the viewpoint of Judge Fletcher, in England, who, in charging a jury in a duelling murder case, said: "Gentlemen, it is my business to lay down the law to you, and I shall do so. Where two persons go out to fight a duel, and one of them falls, the law says it is murder, and I tell you by the law it is murder, but at the same time a fairer duel I never heard of in the whole course of my life." The Society of the Cincinnati, of which Alexander Hamilton was President General at the time of his death, embracing as it did many of the most prominent men of Savannah and other communities, the remaining officers of the revolutionary struggle, admitted that although under the common law homicide in a duel was murder, the law was a dead letter and obsolete, and that "All the decisions in the courts of justice turned wholly on the fairness with which the duel was conducted." In the North, where duelling is popularly supposed to have been under the ban much earlier than in the South, one finds the Legislature of New York in 1819 refusing to pass a bill making it a crime. Regarding duels, even when death resulted, as "purely private affairs", the Savannah newspapers refrained from noting them. But the frequency of their occurrence is once more made apparent by the action of the Grand Jury in January, 1819, of which Steele White was foreman. In its presentments it unveiled the situation locally: "The frequent violations of the law to prevent duelling have made the practice fashionable and almost meritorious among its chivalrous advocates. We will express it as1 our opinion that the law has been violated in repeated instances with impunity, when a knowledge of the cases were, or have been, known to its constituted guardians, and in the next instance the character of our city was wantonly disregarded, the laws of social order and of the state unblushingly set at defiance. Viewing the subject, as we do, of such magnitude, we deem it our duty to present the negligence and indifference of the officers whose duty it is to take cognizance of such matters as proper subjects of which to make examples." [Referring to the Pendleton family, on page 129, Hon. George H. Pendleton visited Savannah in January, 1876. The "Morning News" said of him: "His name in this section is familiar as a household word, and is connected with recollections of many defences of the South." A public ovation was extended the visitor in front of the Pulaski House. Introducing Mr. Pendleton, Gen. Henry R. Jackson said: "His voice has ever been raised in defence of constitutional liberty, and his best endeavors have been devoted to the furtherance of the interests of the South." Addressing the thousands of citizens who crowded the street and square in front of the hotel, Mr. Pendleton referred to Savannah as a city "which for many years he had ardently desired to visit. In his early boyhood, he might say in his early infancy, his father had called him to his side and pointing on the map to the city of Savannah, told him that there he had been born and his father had lived before him." Referring to George H. Pendleton, Alexander H. Stephens said: "He is one of the brightest and brainiest men on this continent."] * From Pendleton's letter to President Washington, soliciting appointment as Federal Judge for Georgia, published in the Georgia Historical Quarterly, September, 1923, it is evident that he had never come into personal contact with Washington, sustaining the opinion that Pendleton did not attend the Constitutional Convention. His uncle, the noted Virginian, Edmund Pendleton, who presided over the Virginia convention and was potent in having it ratify the Constitution, and who was afterwards Chancellor of Virginia, used his influence in behalf of his nephew for the District Judgeship and afterwards in an unsuccessful effort to secure his appointment on the bench of the United States Supreme Court. Additional Comments: From: ANNALS OF SAVANNAH SAVANNAH DUELS AND DUELLISTS 1733-1877 BY Thomas Gamble COPYRIGHT 1923 REVIEW PUBLISHING & PRINTING COMPANY SAVANNAH, GEORGIA File at: http://files.usgwarchives.net/ga/chatham/history/other/gms412savannah.txt This file has been created by a form at http://www.genrecords.org/gafiles/ File size: 31.4 Kb