Chatham County GaArchives History .....Savannah Duels - Chapter X 1923
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CHAPTER X. 

POLITICAL FEUDS AND RESULTING DUELS.

A STRIKING ILLUSTRATION FURNISHED IN THE TROUBLES BETWEEN THE McINTOSHES AND
HOPKINSES, LEADING FINALLY TO A SHOOTING AFFRAY, WITH ONE KILLED AND ONE
WOUNDED, A TRIAL FOR MURDER, A CONVICTION FOR MANSLAUGHTER, AND ESCAPE TO
EUROPE—A PICTURE OF LIFE IN THE BORDERLAND OF SOUTHEAST GEORGIA WHEN NEARLY
EVERY MAN CARRIED A PISTOL OR BOWIE KNIFE, OR BOTH—DUELS BETWEEN HOPKINS AND
KEITH, AND HOPKINS AND FLOYD.

    Feuds that soon embraced all the members of a family frequently led to
challenges and duels, or sometimes to encounters in which code formalities were
dispensed with and pistols and knives were quickly brought into deadly play.

    In the first three decades of the last century it is said that only two men
in McIntosh and Camden counties—and doubtless other counties, as well—appeared
in public at any time unarmed. To church or to social functions, to market or to
political gatherings, pistols and bowie knives went as their inseparable
companions. Two pistols were frequently carried in the inside coat pockets and
by a quick double movement both could be brought into the open and to bear upon
an adversary. The bowie knife was the weapon for a close encounter. If the two
shots that the single barrel pistols supplied were ineffective the pistols were
sometimes thrown at the enemy's head and the knife drawn for further hostilities.

    No more striking illustration could be had of the bitterness that sometimes
sprang up between those once enjoying the most cordial relations, and the
aftermath of violence, than is afforded by the Hopkins and McIntosh families.

    Both were of prominence in eastern Georgia, with their roots firmly planted
in the soil of McIntosh county and branches cropping out in Chatham and other
counties.

    To tell in full detail the origin and incidents of the troubles between
members of the families would require a book by itself. Mainly political in
origin, their animosities increased in bitterness quickly, and what had been a
state of friendly intercourse became one of envenomed antipathy that led to
challenges and finally to a street brawl, with a McIntosh left dead upon the
ground and a Hopkins wounded and prisoner. Members of the family and others in
Savannah were involved in a way, and the succession of dramatic incidents
stirred the city as it had seldom been disturbed by such occurrences beyond the
confines of Chatham.

    It was in 1817-19. The dramatis personae included several figures of note in
their section of the state. They were: Gen. Francis Hopkins, a prominent
planter, and his son, Col. John L. Hopkins, at one time an officer in the navy,
and at the time of the difficulties with the McIntoshes a planter on Sapelo
Island; Gen. Lachlan H. McIntosh, Capt. William R. McIntosh, who had also served
in the navy; his brother, Dr. John McIntosh, and their cousins, William Augustus
McIntosh and McQueen McIntosh.

    It is not necessary to sketch the pedigree of the McIntosh clan. The
Hopkinses were an early family, whose descendants to-day occupy positions of
prominence in Georgia and other states. The first of the family in America was
Francis Hopkins, an officer in the British navy, who married Mary Martinangelo,
daughter of Filippo Martinangelo, one of the first settlers of Daufuskie Island,
better known as Capt. Philip Martinangelo, of the Loyal Militia of South
Carolina during the Revolution. Their only son, Francis Hopkins, was born near
Bluffton, in 1772. Before the revolutionary storm broke Francis Hopkins, wife
and child, removed to the West Indies, where he died in 1780. The mother and son
returned to Daufuskie Island and in the first census of the United States, that
of 1790, Francis Hopkins, aged eighteen, appears as the head of the family of
two, his widowed mother and himself, in the Beaufort district. In April, 1794,
he married Rebecca Sayre, daughter of Benjamin Sayre, formerly of Elizabeth, N.
J., and Elizabeth Fripp, of Hilton Head, S. C. They lived with his mother on a
large plantation on May river until the terrible storm of 1804, which wrought
great destruction to property along the coast. Soon after this, his friend,
Thomas Spalding, of McIntosh county, persuaded him to move with his family to
that section of Georgia. Among the children he brought with him was the oldest,
John Livingston Hopkins, born near Bluffton in 1795.

    Francis Hopkins served in the Georgia legislature, 1808-13, when he resigned
to enter the military service of the State for the war then in progress with
Great Britain. He was given the title of Major. After the war he is frequently
referred to as General Hopkins, but the exact origin of the higher title does
not appear. Six of his sons served in the legislatures of Georgia or Florida.

    John Livingston Hopkins when a youth enlisted in the United States navy as
midshipman and saw service on the frigate Constitution, on the African coast, in
the war with the Barbary States. On the return of his ship to home waters it was
stationed at Hoboken. There, a correspondent tells me, he became involved in a
difficulty with a lieutenant, named Keith. It seems that an amusing caricature
of this brother officer was circulated, much to the annoyance of Keith. He
became obsessed with the idea that Hopkins, who was clever with his pencil, was
the artist, and called him to account in an insulting way. Hopkins was innocent
of the charge, but feeling outraged by the grossness of the lieutenant's
attitude resigned his commission and sent him a challenge, which was accepted.
In the duel Hopkins slew Keith. Strange to say, several years later, in McIntosh
county, another caricature drawn by Hopkins came very near involving him in a
duel with a prominent citizen there, and only prompt and proper explanations
avoided such a meeting. It was a day when men were sensitive, and pictures or
comments which put them in a ridiculous or ludicrous attitude before their
friends and neighbors were a sufficient cause for a cartel.

    After the duel with Keith young Hopkins returned home, studied law, and was
admitted to the bar. In 1817 he was elected as one of the representatives from
McIntosh county in the Georgia legislature. From his service therein came many
months of personal and political discord. His aggressive attitude at the capital
and at home antagonized many of the older, conservative citizens, including his
father's friend, Spalding.

    At this session of the legislature Capt. McIntosh also represented McIntosh.
The establishment of free schools in that county came up for consideration.
Hopkins spoke in favor of the bill if sufficient funds could be provided under
the plan proposed. When the next election came the charge was made that he had
opposed the measure. This' became a hot issue of the campaign. Major Hopkins, or
General, as he was called, had previously been active in establishing the
McIntosh Academy, and this doubtless had its bearing on the acute situation
which developed.

    Prior to this, ugly feeling between members of the McIntosh clan had shown
its head. At a militia rally the cousins, Capt. William R. and William A.
McIntosh, had a difficulty, weapons were drawn, and the latter requested Col.
Hopkins to carry a challenge to Capt. McIntosh. When Hopkins called on Capt.
McIntosh he met with a rebuff:

    "Sir," said the captain to the colonel, "Your friend is not upon a footing
with me; I shall treat him with contempt, as I have ever intended to do."

    Accepting this as a personal reflection and insult to himself—as it was'
under the code—Col. Hopkins drafted a note demanding an honorable apology from
Capt. McIntosh. This was done at the Darien postoffice. Coming out of that
building, the captain and his brother, the doctor, were met. Hopkins, as he told
the story, presented his pistols to the captain and asked him to take his
choice, intending to settle the trouble then and there. The McIntoshes, he
stated, refused to accept the tendered weapon.

    "I shall post you on the highway and in the town of Darien," said Hopkins.

    "Do it at your peril," was the reply from Dr. McIntosh. That evening Col.
Hopkins carried out his threat and posted McIntosh.

    General McIntosh sought to reconcile the matter at a dinner at his home.
Capt. McIntosh declined to meet Col. Hopkins there. Eventually this particular
trouble was seemingly settled at a conference at the court house

    McQueen McIntosh had not been on good terms with the other members of his
clan. His associations with Col. Hopkins had been pleasant and after the
peaceable adjustment of this difficulty he spent the summer at the colonel's home.

    "We were generally alone, but always surrounded by a good collection of
books," writes Col. Hopkins. "At length the spoiler came and peace and happiness
eloped." One day McQueen McIntosh visited Capt. McIntosh. There, while under the
influence of liquor, he indulged, as the report came to Hopkins, in "virulent
abuse of the Hopkinses, father and son," although he returned to the Hopkins
house that night.

    Col. Hopkins overlooked the incident so far as McQueen went, but felt that
it showed the continued enmity of Capt. W. R. McIntosh.

    Soon after this politics awakened in McIntosh. Legislators were again to be
chosen. The McIntoshes 'began a quiet campaign for the election of Mr. Dunwody
over Col. Hopkins. McQueen McIntosh warned Hopkins of this, and that Senator
Allen B. Powell had been told by Capt. McIntosh of what was going on and "had
smiled thereat." Finding all three men together, Powell was called to account by
Col. Hopkins, and denied the story. McQueen McIntosh adhered to his statement.

    Col. Hopkins afterwards said that until then he had implicit faith in
McQueen McIntosh. "A few months previous to this unpleasant interview I had
borne the brunt of a fight for him in which I had received three dangerous
stabs, two in the head and one in the breast, from which I was confined to bed
for seventy days."

    Enraged at his cousin for betraying political plans, Capt. McIntosh
attempted to strike McQueen with a club. Col. Hopkins and his father protected
him. Dr. John McIntosh then threatened the life of McQueen, and it was
understood those two cousins were to meet in the vicinity of Darien and fight a
duel the next morning. Hopkins declined to act as McQueen's second. He recalled
an expression of General Hopkins, that "The McIntosh quarrels are frequent and
soon made up." As expected, when the McIntoshes met, instead of shedding each
other's blood, "Their animosity was wiped away with the Tuscan sponge," as
Hopkins expressed it.

    Political slander now became rampant, it seems. The fight became a more open
one. Stories came to Col. Hopkins that Major McIntosh had declared him a
drunkard, that Capt. McIntosh had called him a fool and a coward, and that some
young ladies influenced by them had called him a "cyclop," because he had lost
his left eye.

    The free school issue came to the front. Senator Powell charged Col. Hopkins
with having opposed it. Hopkins held his reputation had been unjustly assailed,
and "addressed a note to the Senator, not a challenge express, but an epistle of
the same purport." "to which the Senator very properly replied, verbally, that
he had a wife and children and was consequently not in that situation from which
he would be censured for refusing to fight." This was carried to General Hopkins
by some one, with "delectable additions," evidently meaning reflections on the
Hopkins family.

    Of course a challenge went then from Gen. Hopkins. Seconds were appointed
and the day selected. Capt. Mctosh "Ground his cane sword" to a sharper point,
"loaded his pistols, and hurried to Darien" to participate in an affair with
which "he had no earthly concern"; and with the avowed purpose of settling his
accounts with Col. Hopkins. Col. Hopkins and his father met all the parties
interested at the Exchange in Darien. A verbal quarrel began between the older
Hopkins and the Senator, then a physical altercation, and Capt. McIntosh drawing
his sword rushed on the General. Col. Hopkins seized the sword. From that time
there could be nothing but enmity.

    The difficulty between Gen. Hopkins and Senator Powell was amicably
adjusted, and with friends the Hopkinses turned in to dine at the Darien hotel.
Capt. McIntosh came in, and took a seat. A quarrel ensued. Col. Hopkins threw a
glass of wine in his face and McIntosh threw a bottle of wine at Hopkins' head—a
waste of good wine on both sides.

    Hopkins was induced to enter another room. McIntosh and his father sought to
enter and Hopkins drewa pistol. "Lachlan H. McIntosh, of Savannah, requested
that he give up his pistol and sword cane," pledging that there would be no
further attempt at violence. This he did, but later when the Macintoshes1
endeavored to force themselves into the room the weapons were returned to him.

    McIntosh posted Hopkins at Darien as a coward.

    Hopkins posted McIntosh at that place, claiming that McIntosh was derelict
in leading his forces to the Wayne county border where there had been trouble
with the Indians.

    Hopkins became exceedingly bitter in his comments:

    "You posted me at Darien, hero, while I was at home fifteen or sixteen miles
off, the day after I left Darien, though I had remained there two days for you.

    "I will never tremble at the frowns of such a contemptible enemy as you are.

    "I have never refused to meet my equal in the field.

    "Did you go to St. Mary's on your return from Milledgeville, and challenge
or horsewhip the commander of the U. S. Brig Saranac for writing to the
Secretary of the Navy to request your dismissal from the navy as a barbarian,
devoid of human sympathy or feeling ?

    "Did you retort upon those who had posted your want of courage? Did you not
tremble at the very smile of your enemy? How often did you reject the hazard of
the field of equal combat for the most trivial causes? Did you ever resent an
insult?"

    Capt. McIntosh professed to regard Col. Hopkins as beneath the notice of a
McIntosh.

    "To the charge of cowardice, I have to reply to Col. John L. Hopkins that I
never expect to establish a fair reputation by duelling with men who are
unworthy the notice of gentlemen. I am always prepared to repel the assaults of
an assassin. You have threatened violence to my person. At your peril make your
vaunting true.
                                 "WM. R. McINTOSH."

    Hopkins closed his side of this part of the controversy with a fine specimen
of the epistolary art of that day as developed by such hostile conditions. It
beautifully illustrates the early Georgia method of impaling an enemy on what
has been termed "a vitriolic pen."

    "Go on, infatuated man," said Hopkins to his enemy. "Pursue the same
contemptible round of folly, falsehood and idle boasting. Leprous with crimes,
bloated with vanity, inflated with anger, and shrouded with timidity, you shall
corrode and waste your substance on the wind of error."

    Col. Hopkins was defeated in the election that came on soon after. He
sneeringly expressed the belief that Capt. McIntosh was entirely incapable of
writing the correspondence coming from him and attributed its authorship to
McQueen McIntosh. Capt. McIntosh's letters were referred to as "A scurrilous and
voluminous compilation of the most profound fatuity."

    Some days later, while at court at Jefferson, Hopkins received a challenge
from his old friend and companion, McQueen McIntosh, which was accepted. The
articles of arrangement are of interest, having some features not usual in
Georgia duels:

    Article 1st: Lieutenant of Marines Charles C. Floyd, and Doctor John
McIntosh shall second challengee and challenger.

   Article 2d: The parties shall meet at 10:00 o'clock a. m., on Amelia Island,
each armed with a brace of pistols and sword, each pistol to be loaded with
powder and ball.

    Article 3d: They shall take post at 20 steps apart, holding in their right
and left hands loaded pistols.

    Article 4th. Their swords shall be posted within their reach and immediately
in the:r rear, and shall be used at their option after the exclamation of the
acting second, 'Gentlemen, you are ready!'

    Article 5th: The combatants will fire as they please, and not be restricted
from reserving their fire and advancing as near as they desire to each other,
and, after the exclamation named in article the fourth, they shall receive no
orders from their seconds, but fight as they please within the distance stated
in article the third.

    A real duel seemed to be in prospect. Accompanied by their seconds, Lieut.
Floyd for Hopkins, Dr. McMcIntosh for McIntosh, the principals met at the
appointed place. McIntosh objected to the swords being used in addition to the
pistols. "He did not like hackling". Lieut. Floyd, for Hopkins, yielded this point.

    "The fatal moment had arrived," wrote Hopkins, "which was to send one or
both, for neither of us were bad shots, unannointed and unannealed into the
presence of an avenging God."

    Then came more objections. The pistols to be used by Hopkins had barrels two
inches longer than those McIntosh had brought. An hour was given the latter to
get other pistols. When they came "McIntosh snapped one, and swore he preferred
to use the ones he had brought."

    About this time a party of gentlemen arrived with a desire to prevent
bloodshed, if possible. Among them were three Savannahians1, Judge John
MacPherson Berrien, Solicitor-General William Law, and Attorney George Ker. With
them came Mayor Archibald Clarke, of St. Mary's.

    McIntosh resumed his position, holding his first brace of pistols in his
hands. Hopkins was in position, awaiting the signal to fire. Dr. McIntosh, to
whom had fallen the duty of giving the word, stood ready. Then Judge Berrien and
the other gentlemen urged delay and reconsideration. As a result the following
papers were prepared and signed:

    "I withdraw my challenge to Colonel Hopkins, together with any and every
expression which I may have used calculated to injure the feelings either of Mr.
Hopkins or General Hopkins, and without hostility I do implicitly believe them
to be gentlemen, soldiers and men of honor.
                                        "McQUEEN McINTOSH."”

    "In consequence of the above signed McQueen McIntosh, I declare that my
attack upon him was predicated upon a supposed insult at that time, viz. in
Darien on the 31st August.
                                     "JOHN LIVINGSTON HOPKINS."

    Unfortunately, Hopkins gave copies of these cards to a friend. Some time
after, while visiting Savannah, McQueen McIntosh had an interview with this
party, was chagrined to find how others looked at the card he had signed, and
returning to McIntosh county the ill-feeling between the parties reasserted
itself. McIntosh claimed he had been betrayed by Hopkins violating a mutual
promise that only one copy of the agreement should be preserved, in General
Floyd's hands, all others being destroyed.

    The McIntosh clan in Georgia, like their progenitors in the Highlands of
Caledonia and in early colonial days, were probably all high-strung, easily
irritated, quick to take offence, and not overly courteous in language while
under the stress of passion. They were courageous, as Georgia's history of a
century and a half has shown, and bloodshed again seemed inevitable. But it came
not through the medium of the established code.

    After several incidents which intensified the bitterness, McQueen McIntosh
published some correspondence offensive to Hopkins. The Hopklnses and McQueen
and Dr. John McIntosh met in Darien. Col. Hopkins, according to his statement,
hearing that the McIntoshes threatened his life, borrowed a pair of pistols and
a sword cane. Conflicting stories are told of the meeting on the highway of the
little town between the four men. Hopkins' statement said that the fight was in
the open:

    "Dr. McIntosh was advancing to fire upon me. No alternative was left to me
but to shoot the one and throw the empty pistol at the other, or to sustain the
fire of both and die."

    "McQueen McIntosh and myself raised our pistols and fired together—I fired
first and hit him—I threw the empty pistol at the doctor, who fired. I put my
left hand to my breast, and at that moment I felt a wound in my right arm, and
walked away to the hotel."

    On the other hand, the McIntoshes claimed that Hopkins had concealed his
body behind a corner of the building, and after McIntosh "fired without effect,
Hopkins, availing himself of this concealment, took deliberate aim and shot his
heroic antagonist through the body", and that McIntosh, while falling,
"presented his second pistol and with well-directed ball shattered the
fugitive's arm, though twelve yards distant."

    McQueen McIntosh lay dead on the ground and Hopkins' arm was shattered. He
was1 arrested and confined in jail with his father, a military guard being put
over the jail to guard the prisoners from attack and prevent their rescue.

    Politics were exceedingly bitter. The Hopkinses and the Macintoshes stood
for contending factions. The friends of the McIntosh family are alleged to have
controlled the grand jury. General Hopkins and his son were indicted for murder.
They were brought to Savannah soon after and remained in jail here until
October, 1819, when they were tried before Judge Berrien, at Eulonia Court
House, McIntosh county. The father was acquitted but the son was convicted of
manslaughter and sentenced to a term of years in the penitentiary. Judge
Berrien's charge in this noted case is said to have been a masterpiece of
judicial eloquence and was long referred to as evidence of the high forensic
ability of the Georgia bench.

    During the trial Col. Hopkins' wife died, with her twin babies, at their
birth, at the old home in Beaufort. In view of these circumstances Judge Berrien
permitted Col. Hopkins to visit his home at "High Point',' Sapelo Island, before
beginning to serve his sentence. All of the records of McIntosh county were
destroyed by fire in 1873 and the only sources of information to-day are family
records, tradition, and scanty allusions' in the newspapers of that time. As the
accounts come down to us, Col. Hopkins' friends felt outraged by his conviction
for a crime as a result of what they deemed purely an "Affair of Honor," and
steps were taken to enable him to escape from the country. Judge Berrien's' own
son-in-law, Mr. Burroughs, father of the late William B. Burroughs, of
Brunswick, who was a warm friend of the Hopkins' family, without the knowledge
of the Judge, is said to have been a party to the plan whereby Col. Hopkins was
rowed out of Sapelo sound to the ocean, where a sailing vessel received him, and
under a payment of $5,000 the captain carried him to safety in England.

    Col. Hopkins, it is stated, spent three years in Europe, part of the time
with a cousin on the River Thames, but for months wandering over the continent
in the guise of a physician. His father died in 1821, broken in body and in
spirit. A year later Col. Hopkins returned to America and Gov. John Clark issued
a pardon to him. Locating soon after in Tennessee he resumed the practice of
law. He became Judge of the Superior Court in Monroe county. In October, 1828,
while on the way home from court he was assassinated by three men whom he had
threatened to prosecute for violations of the law. In the short life of
thirty-three years he had crowded dramatic experiences that fall to the lot of
very few men. He had married a second time, Miss Anne Stephens, daughter of Maj.
Henry Stephens, of Monroe county, Tenn. His son, John Livingston Hopkins, was
born on October 5, three days before the judge was slain. He became one of
Georgia's noted lawyers and jurists, dying at Atlanta in 1912.

    While in jail awaiting trial for the killing of McIntosh, Col. Hopkins wrote
a little pamphlet reviewing the whole circumstances from his standpoint, only
one complete copy of which is known to be in existence now. Much of the bitter
correspondence between them was printed in the Savannah and Darien papers at the
time.

    Out of the affray grew uncalled-for charges against Judge Berrien and
perhaps the duel elsewhere referred to between Edward F. Tattnall,
representative from Chatham, and another legislator, whose name is not
obtainable, In which Tattnall was wounded.

    "John Abercromby was one of the leading men of the session of the
legislature of 1819," wrote Governor Gilmer. "He was a large, fat, pot-bellied
man, with his head stuck upon his shoulders without neck. His mind was
uncultivated by books, but quick and intelligent. His passions and prejudices
were strong and indulged in freely.

    "Abercromby, whose opinion of Judge Berrien was' not very favorable, was
excited by the report of the Judge's conduct to introduce into the House of
Representatives a strongly condemnatory resolution, without any evidence but a
short street conversation.

    "A very angry debate took place. Col. Tattnall, who was one of the
Representatives and a neighbor of Judge Berrien, was very indignant. He and
Abercromby were soon in a fighting mood. Abercromby reflected upon the lawyers
for the support they gave their 'Brother Chip', as he called Judge Berrien,

    "He and I occupied seats1 and were upon very friendly terms. I succeeded in
(what I am not very successful at) exciting the laugh of the House at
Abercromby, and putting everybody into good humor. Col. Tattnall offered a
resolution of inquiry into Judge Berrien's conduct, which was referred to a
large committee. Judge Berrien was immediately notified of the proceedings of
the House and came to Milledgeville, attended by several friends of the bar.

    "The committee held its meetings in the Senate Chamber, after the
adjournment for the clay of the two Houses. A great crowd assembled below and in
the gallery. Col. Tattnall, the mover of the resolution of inquiry, was chairman
of the committee. Before he took his seat in the president's chair, he told me
that Abercromby's violent conduct had so excited him that he believed he would
find it impossible to restrain his temper if it was repeated, and requested ms
to move, as soon as the committee was ready to act, that he should be excused
from' presiding over it, and another chairman appointed.

    "I did so, and nominated Col. Murray. The investigation was made upon the
evidence given by Judge Berrien's friends and resulted in his entire acquittal
by the committee. Abercromby was alone in his attack, and without any offensive
materials to carry it on. He had to submit, but he did so with bad temper.”

    Such was one phase of life in Georgia a century ago.

    Col. John L. Hopkins did not monopolize the duelling honors of his family. A
younger brother, Edward Stevens Hopkins: fought a more famous duel, his
antagonist being the redoubtable Gen. John Floyd, descendants of whom are to be
found to-day in Savannah and elsewhere in Georgia. Edward Stevens Hopkins was
corn in 18C9 and lived to a ripe old age, passing away in 1887. His affair with
Gen. Floyd is generally referred to as “The Three Weapon Duel". The stories of
this meeting are very conflicting—each family has its own traditions,
irreconcilable in their versions as to what occurred, reflecting to this day
family prejudice and family pride. Shotguns, pistols and bowie knives were the
weapons. This duel has merely an incidental Savannah interest and belongs' more
to a volume dealing with Georgia "Affairs of Honor" in general.


Additional Comments:
From:

ANNALS   OF   SAVANNAH

SAVANNAH DUELS AND DUELLISTS

1733-1877
BY

Thomas Gamble

COPYRIGHT 1923
REVIEW PUBLISHING & PRINTING COMPANY SAVANNAH, GEORGIA




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