Statewide County HI Archives History - Books .....Chapter II, Pages 7 - 15:  An Historical Outline Of The Hawaiian Islands 1925
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Book Title: The Story Of Hawaii And Its Builders

Builders page 7-15

The Story of Hawaii

An Historical Outline of the Hawaiian Islands

By Howard D. Case

Chapter II.

FROM DISCOVERY TO DEATH OF KAMEHAMEHA

  A foreign vessel was wrecked at Keei, in the district of 
South Kona, Island of Hawaii, probably about 1525-1530, 
and, according to tradition, only the captain and his 
sister reached the shore in safety. They were treated 
kindly by the natives, with whom they intermarried, and 
became the progenitors of several well-known families of 
chiefs. It is reasonably certain that they were Spanish.
  It appears to be settled definitely, however, that the 
islands were first discovered, in the accepted sense of the 
word, in 1555 by Juan Caetano, a Spanish navigator, who had 
previously crossed the Pacific as a pilot in 1542, on which 
voyage the islands now known as the Carolines were 
discovered. There is no published account of Gaetano?s 
second voyage, but an ancient manuscript chart in the 
Spanish archives shows a group of islands in the same 
latitude as Hawaii, but too far east by ten degrees of 
longitude. In June, 1743, a British warship captured a 
Spanish galleon bound for Manila, and on board was a 
manuscript chart showing all discoveries made between 
Mexico and the Philippines. This chart contained the same 
group of islands shown on the one in the Spanish archives, 
and in the same position.
  From the year 1537 until the birth of Kamehameha the 
Great in November, 1736, at Halawa, district of North 
Kohala, Island of Hawaii, there were a series of bloody 
wars, especially between the kings of Hawaii and Maui for 
the possession of the district of Hana on the Island of 
Maui. The warlike kings of Oahu also repeatedly invaded the 
Island of Molokai.

COOK?S DISCOVERY MARKS NEW ERA

  Captain Cook?s arrival marked the beginning of a new era 
for Hawaii, for it brought the people into their first 
actual contact with the rest of the world and paved the way 
for a period of civilization such as has never to this day 
been experienced by any other race in Polynesia. At the 
time of the discovery Captain Cook was searching for a 
northern passage from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean, 
and had already made two voyages of exploration. On Sunday 
morning, Jan. 18, 1778, while on his way from one of the 
Society Islands to the northwest coast of America, he 
discovered the island of Oahu, and later saw the island of 
Kauai.
  He commanded two armed ships, the Resolution and the 
Discovery, and on the morning of January 19, while standing 
for Kauai, sighted the Island of Niihau. The ships anchored 
in Waimea Bay on January 20 and Captain Cook went ashore 
with three armed boats and twelve marines. The natives fell 
on their faces as Captain Cook stepped ashore, and remained 
in that position until he signed to them to arise. Captain 
Cook gave them presents, trading was started, and the 
natives helped the sailors fill the ships? water casks.
  The two ships then went to Niihau, where Captain Cook 
landed goats, a boar and a sow, and also seeds of melons, 
pumpkins and onions. This was on February 1, and on the 
following day the vessels continued their voyage toward the 
North. It is interesting to note that many of the 

Page 8 (picture of Kamehameha II) Page 9

natives looked upon Captain Cool as an incarnation of their 
god, Lono, who had returned in fulfillment of an ancient 
prophecy, and upon the members of his crew as supernatural 
beings.
  Captain Cook explored the coast of Alaska, the Bering 
Straits and entered the Artic Ocean, and then headed 
southward, arriving off the northeast coast of Maui on Nov. 
26, 1778. At that time Kalaniopuu, aged king of Hawaii, was 
engaged in war in the Koolau district, Maui, and he, 
accompanied by several canoes, visited the ships. 
Kalaniopuu and the young Kamehameha spent a night aboard 
the Resolution.

NAVIGATOR WORSHIPPED AS A GOD

  On January 17, 1779, Captain Cook anchored his vessels in 
Kealakekua Bay, Island of Hawaii, where there stands today 
the monument erected in his memory by the British 
government. Immense crowds of natives awaited on shore to 
greet these strange visitors from a far-off land.
  Almost from the moment of his arrival Captain Cook was 
worshipped as a god. An aged priest went aboard the 
Resolution, threw a piece of red tapa cloth over the 
explorer?s shoulders, sacrificed a pig and recited a long 
prayer. In the afternoon Captain Cook and two officers went 
ashore with the priest, and the navigator was taken to the 
temple of Lono, north of the village of Napoopoo, where 
ceremonies occurred in which Captain Cook was solemnly 
acknowledged to be the incarnation of the god, Lono.
  Presents of various kinds were given to the navigator, 
and the two ships were plentifully stocked with food by the 
natives. On Jan. 24, King Kalaniopuu returned to Hawaii 
from Maui, and two days later made a ceremonial visit to 
the ships. Things went well for Captain Cook and his party 
for about ten days, and then the natives came to the 
realization that the strangers were not gods, but mortal 
like themselves. Quarrels in trade and thefts became 
common. Considerable ill feeling was created among the 
natives when the fence around the temple, and several of 
the wooden idols, were cut up for fuel by the visitors. The 
two ships said away on Feb. 4, and there was rejoicing 
among the natives, but on Feb. 11 the vessels returned to 
their anchorage as the Resolution had sprung her foremast 
in a gale.
  On Feb. 12 the damaged mast and sails, together with 
astronomical instruments, were landed, and on the following 
day natives stole a pair of tongs and a chisel from the 
armorer of the Discovery. Several physical encounters 
followed, resulting in injuries to natives and sailors. 
Then the large cutter of the Discovery was stolen by the 
natives, who broke it up to obtain the iron in it. Incensed 
at the action of the natives, Captain Cook decided to take 
the king aboard the Resolution and keep him there as a 
prisoner until the stolen boat was restored. On Sunday 
morning, Feb. 14, he went ashore with an officer and nine 
marines, and invited Kalaniopuu to go aboard the Resolution 
and spend the day with him. The bay was blockaded by three 
boats well armed and manned.

THE DEATH OF CAPTAIN COOK

  As Captain Cook was in conference with the king, 
endeavoring to decoy him aboard the Resolution, a canoe, 
with two high chiefs aboard, approached the shore, entirely 
unaware of the blockade. They were fired upon and one chief 
was killed. The other hastened to inform the king, who by 
that time was on his way to the beach. An immense crowd 
followed the king, many of them armed with spears and 
daggers. Upon learning of the death of the high chief, the 
other chiefs refused to let the king proceed further.
  Seeking revenge, one of the warriors, armed with a 
dagger, approached Captain Cook, saying that the foreigners 
had killed his brother. Captain 

Page 10

Cook fired at him, but missed, and then ordered the 
withdrawal of the marines to the shore. As the retreat was 
begun Captain Cook was hit on the head by a stone, and 
instantly shot the man who had thrown it. The marines and 
those in the boats then opened fire on the natives, and 
before they had time to reload, four of the marines were 
killed. The rest swam to the boats. As Captain Cook turned 
to order his men to cease firing, a chief stabbed him in 
the back with an iron dagger, and he fell face forward in 
the water and died.
  In the general fighting which followed, seventeen 
natives, including five chiefs, were killed. A lieutenant 
on the Resolution fired several round shot into the crowd 
on shore, which caused a general retreat to the hills. At 
noon a lieutenant went ashore to demand the bodies of 
Captain Cook and the marines, but that of Captain Cook was 
carried to a small temple where the flesh was removed from 
the bones and burned. The bones were deified, and it is 
said that some of them were kept in the temple of Lono 
until 1819, when they were removed and concealed. On the 
following Monday night two friendly priests took to the 
Resolution a part of Captain Cook?s body, and on Wednesday 
a watering party from the ships was attacked and killed six 
natives. On Thursday some of the bones of Captain Cook were 
delivered to the ships, and on Sunday these remains of the 
navigator were buried at sea with military honors. On Feb. 
23 the ships left Kealakekua Bay, and two days later set a 
course for Kamchatka and the Artic Ocean.

KAMEHAMEHA REACHES FOR POWER

  ?Such was the impression made on the civilized world by 
the tragical death of Captain Cook,? says Alexander, the 
historian, ?that no foreign vessel touched at the islands 
for over seven years. During this period Hawaii was rent 
into three independent petty kingdoms, while all the other 
islands were brought under the sway of Kehekili and his 
brother Kaeo.?
  Kalaniopuu died in the spring of 1782. On his deathbed he 
proclaimed that Kiwalao, his son, should succeed him as 
king of the Island of Hawaii, but he gave to Kamehameha his 
war god, Kukailimoku, conferred upon him the powers of a 
high chief, and assigned to him the districts of Kona and 
Kohala. The division of the lands of the kingdom did not 
suit Keoua, Kiwalao?s half-brother. Keoua therefore placed 
himself at the head of an armed force which engaged in 
several skirmishes with the warriors of the young king. 
Finally a pitched battle was fought at Mokuohai, and 
Kiwalao was struck down by a stone from a sling. Keeaumoku, 
one of four Kona chiefs who had allied themselves with 
Kamehameha, saw the king fall and crept up to him and cut 
his throat.
  With the king?s [arty utterly defeated, Keoua went to 
Kau, where he proclaimed himself as his half-brother?s 
successor. Kamehameha, seeing an opportunity to obtain 
power for himself, began warring against two allied chiefs 
who held the windward side of the Island of Hawaii. His 
forces were routed in a battle at Waiakea, and he fled to 
Laupahoehoe and later raided along the coast of Puna. In 
1785 he again invaded the Hilo district, but without 
success. It was at about this time that Kamehameha married 
Kaahumanu, a daughter of Keeaumoku.

FIRST BEGINNINGS OF COMMERCE

  During the following year, on May 24, the first ships to 
visit the islands after the death of Captain Cook arrived 
off the coast of Hawaii. They were the King George, 
commanded by Captain Portlock, and the Queen Charlotte, 
commanded by Captain Dixon. As a result of Captain Cook?s 
accounts of his voyages, it was shown that large profits 
could be made by purchasing furs from Indians along the 
northwest coast of America, and selling them in China. A 
large number of expeditions were

Page 11

fitted out, the King George and the Queen Charlotte coming 
to Hawaii from London.
  On May 28 of the same year two French frigates anchored 
off the coast of East Maui, being under the command of La 
Perouse, a famous French explorer. Portlock and Dixon 
visited the islands again in November, and exchanged nails, 
beads and pieces of iron for provisions and water. They 
came again the following year on their way to China. Large 
numbers of other vessels engaged in the fur trade made a 
practice of visiting the islands on their way to and from 
the Orient.
  Kaina, a famous Hawaiian chief, went to Canton, China, in 
1787 aboard the shop Nootka, commanded by Captain Meares, 
and spent about three months there. During the following 
year Kaina joined forces with Kamehameha, who was rapidly 
becoming a power on the Island of Hawaii. Captain Douglas, 
commanding the Iphigenia, who had arrived at Hana, Maui, 
Dec. 6, presented Kamehameha with a swivel cannon mounted 
upon a large double canoe, together with a number of 
muskets and a quantity of ammunition. Captain Douglas 
touched at Kealakekua in July, 1789, where he narrowly 
escaped a plot by chiefs to massacre him and the members of 
his crew. These incidents were followed by a brief period 
of peace throughout the islands, with practically all of 
the natives engaged in trade with foreign visitors.
  The ship Eleanor, commanded by Captain Metcalf, visited 
the islands on its way to China at about the end of 1789. 
In Feb., 1790, the vessel anchored off Maui, and a chief 
Olowalu stole a boat from its moorings at the stern and 
killed the sailor who was sleeping in it. The boat was 
broken up for the nails and other iron in it. Learning that 
the thieves had come from Olowalu, Captain Metcalf went 
there in his ship and made offers to trade. He waited until 
large numbers of canoes had crowded about the vessel, and 
then fired a broadside into them. More than one hundred 
natives were killed, and as many more were wounded.

DAVIS AND YOUNG AID CONQUEROR

  Captain Metcalf was accompanied by his son, who commanded 
a small schooner called the Fair American. A chief went out 
to this vessel with a fleet of canoes, as if to trade, and 
threw the young captain overboard and killed all of the 
members of the crew abroad with the exception of the mate, 
Isaac Davis. On the following day, John Young, boatswain of 
the Eleanor, was detained on shore with Davis. The Eleanor 
waited several days for Young, and finally sailed for 
China. The Fair American was hauled up on shore and 
stripped of its guns and ammunition by the natives.
  The natives treated Young and Davis with the utmost 
kindness, they were given lands, and raised to the rank of 
chiefs. In return they gave their services in car and 
council. It is said that these two men mounted the small 
cannons from the Fair American and Iphigenia on carriages 
for use on land, and trained a small body of warriors in 
the use of the muskets.
  The arrival of the year 1790 marked another turning point 
in the history of the islands, for it was then that 
Kamehameha began mustering the strength which led finally 
to the bringing of the entire group under one sovereignty. 
In the early part of the year he considered he had 
sufficient strength to make another invasion of Maui, and 
Keoua, chief of the Kau district, and Keawemauhili, chief 
of Hilo, were instructed to furnish him with men and 
canoes. This request was declined by Keoua. In the summer 
Kamehameha landed at Hana and then at Hamakualoa, Maui, and 
defeated the advance guard of the Maui warriors. He then 
marched to the Wailuku valley, where he met and defeated 
the main body of the Maui army. The victory, it is said, 
was really brought about by the cannon served by Young and 
Davis, who had joined Kamehameha, and which struck terror 
into the hearts of the Maui warriors. The Maui leaders 
escaped and fled in canoes to the Island of Oahu.

Page 12

  This conquest of Maui was not permanent. Kamehameha was 
compelled to return to Hawaii, for in his absence Keoua had 
invaded Hilo, overrun the Hamakua district, and ravaged the 
districts of Waimea and Waipio. As soon as Kamehameha 
landed, Keoua retreated to Hamakua, where, in two bloody 
battles, Kamehameha gained the advantage. Keoua retreated 
to Hilo, and Kamehameha went to Waipio to recruit his 
forces. In the meantime Keoua divided the lands of Hilo 
among his chiefs, and then set out for the Kau district by 
an overland route leading by the active crater of Kilauea. 
The first division passed the crater in safety, but as the 
second division passed there was an explosive eruption, and 
every warrior in the division was killed. This incident 
convinced Kamehameha that Pele, Hawaiian goddess of the 
volcano, was on his side.

KAMEHAMEHA?S RIVAL MURDERED

  In the early part of 1791 Kamehameha?s fleet met and 
defeated a fleet which the king of Kauai had sent against 
the Island of Hawaii. This battle occurred off Waimanu, and 
Kamehameha gained his victory largely through his 
superiority in firearms. Towards the end of the year 
Kamehameha sent two messengers to Keoua, whom they 
persuaded to go to Kawaihae for an interview with 
Kamehameha in the hope of ending the war between them, 
which had lasted about nine years. He set out in his own 
double canoe, accompanied by armed warriors, and as they 
approached the landing at Kawaihae, were surrounded by the 
Chief Keeamoku and a number of warriors. Kamehameha was 
sitting on the beach. As Keoua was leaping ashore, 
Keeaumoku killed him with a spear. The men in Keoua?s canoe 
were then slaughtered. As a result of this act of 
treachery, Kamehameha became master of the entire Island of 
Hawaii. It was the first decisive step toward the 
consolidation of all the islands.
  The years 1791 to 1795 were eventful ones in the history 
of the islands. On March 17, 1791, the sloop Princess Royal 
flying Spanish colors, made a visit. Kaina planned to 
capture the vessel, but was prevented by Kamehameha. In 
October the sloop Lady Washington, commanded by Captain 
Kendrick of Boston, visited the Island of Kauai to collect 
sandalwood. This was the beginning of the islands? 
sandalwood trade with China.
  On March 2, 1792, Capt. George Vancouver, commissioned by 
the British to make a complete survey of the northwest 
coast, and whose memory has been cherished as that of a 
wise benefactor of the Hawaiian people, arrived in Hawaiian 
waters and cruised along the Kona coast. He had with him 
the ship Discovery and the armed tender Chatham. Kaina went 
aboard the ships and received presents of orange trees, 
grapevines, and other useful plants and seeds. Captain 
Vancouver then went to the islands of Oahu and Kauai, and 
then sailed northward to Nootka Sound. Everywhere he went 
in the islands Captain Vancouver was confronted with 
evidence of the decrease in population since the first 
visit of Captain Cook, and was impressed by the desire of 
the natives to obtain firearms.
  Two members of the crew of the store ship Daedalus, 
commanded by Lieutenant Hergest, were killed by natives on 
May 7, 1792, while the vessel was anchored off Waimea, 
Oahu. Those killed were members of a party that had gone 
ashore for fresh water. This vessel later joined Captain 
Vancouver at Nootka Sound.

VANCOUVER INTRODUCES LIVESTOCK

  When Captain Vancouver next visited the islands, on Feb. 
14, 1793, he brought, as a present to Kamehameha, a bull 
and a cow, the first ever seen in the islands. In return, 
the king presented the captain with four feather helmets, a 
large number of pigs, and huge quantities of fruit and 
Page 13

vegetables. Vancouver then turned over to the king his 
remaining livestock, which included five cows and three 
sheep. He left the islands after making strong efforts to 
bring about peace between Kamehameha and Kahekili, king of 
Maui, and bringing to justice the natives who killed the 
two men from the Daedalus.
  Returning to the islands again on Jan. 9, 1794, Captain 
Vancouver went to Hilo, where Kamehameha was residing. He 
and his men were treated as guests and hospitality was 
lavished upon them. The captain landed some more livestock, 
and in February his carpenters began the construction of 
the Brittania, the first vessel ever built in the islands. 
Although only 36 feet long, the ship formed an important 
addition to the navy of Kamehameha.
  Kamehameha at this time received much valuable advice 
from Captain Vancouver regarding the management of his 
kingdom, the discipline of his troops and his intercourse 
with foreigners. The navigator told the king of God, and 
explained that there was but one true God, and that He was 
the ruler of all mankind. He pointed out that the tabu 
system was wrong, and declared he would ask the king of 
England to send to Hawaii a teacher of the true religion. 
He strongly recommended Young and Davis to the confidence 
of the king.
  So impressed was Kamehameha with all that Vancouver had 
told him, that a council was held aboard the Discovery on 
Feb. 21, 1794, to place Hawaii under Great Britian?s 
protection. Kamehameha and the chiefs, however, reserved 
the right to regulate their internal affairs. The British 
flag was hoisted ashore four days later, and Lieutenant 
Puget took possession of Hawaii in the name of the British 
king. It is said that as a salute was fired the natives 
shouted, ?We are men of Britain!? Captain Vancouver sailed 
the following day, leaving behind a promise to send 
missionaries and artisans to Christianize and civilize the 
Hawaiians. But the cession was never ratified by Great 
Britain, nor were steps taken to carry out Vancouver?s 
plans.

OAHU CONQUERED BY KAMEHAMEHA

  In February, 1795, Kamehameha, feeling that the time had 
come to conquer the leeward islands of the group, mustered 
the largest and best equipped army ever seen in the group 
and sailed for Maui where, meeting with no resistance, he 
destroyed the village of Lahaina and laid waste the entire 
western portion of the island. The armada then took 
possession of the island of Molokai, and near the end of 
April, Kamehameha landed his forces in Waialae Bay, Island 
of Oahu. He spent a few days arranging and preparing his 
men, and then marched up Nuuanu Valley, where Kalanikupule, 
chief of Oahu, had posted his army. The Oahu warriors made 
a brave resistance, but were driven up the valley and over 
the steep ?pali,? or cliff, north of the road. The chief of 
Oahu escaped, but was later captured and is said to have 
been offered in sacrifice by Kamehameha.
  This conquest made Kamehameha master of all the islands 
with the exception of Niihau and Kauai, and marked the 
beginning of a new era for Hawaii. The miseries of savage 
warfare were suffered by the conquered people, and all the 
land was confiscated and divided among Kamehameha?s 
friends. The strength of his army, according to tradition, 
was 16,000 men. He had sixteen foreigners, including Davis 
and Young, in his service at the time.
  About a year after the conquest of Oahu, Kamehameha set 
sail with his fleet for the Island of Kauai, but a storm 
arose which wrecked many of the war canoes and drove the 
rest back to Waianae, on Oahu.
  The conquest changed radically the ancient system of 
government, as Kamehameha desired to centralize all of the 
poser in his own hands. He claimed all of the lands in the 
kingdom as his by right of conquest,

Page 14

and these were apportioned among his followers. The old 
system of district chieftains was broken up, and he managed 
to keep the more ambitious and restless chiefs about his 
person. He appointed John Young governor of the Island of 
Hawaii, and made Keeaumoku governor of Maui. Four powerful 
chiefs of the Kona district, Hawaii, who had aided him in 
his wars and raised him to the throne, became his chief 
counselors, and Kalanimoku, alias William Pitt, was named 
prime minister and treasurer.

REIGN OF PEACE INAUGURATED

  With his government organized, Kamehameha promoted 
agriculture and encouraged industries in an effort to 
repair the ravages of his wars. He took measures toward the 
suppression of brigandage, murder and theft, but remained a 
firm supporter of the ancient tabu system, using it as a 
powerful machine of state. From 1796 until 1802 the kingdom 
flourished, although the Island of Kauai had not been added 
to it. Several small decked vessels were built, and two 
foreigners who lived at Lahaina built there for the king a 
two-story brick house. In May, 1803, a Captain Cleveland 
visited the islands on his way to China and landed on 
Hawaii the first horses ever seen by the natives. In the 
same year Kamehameha returned to Oahu from Hawaii with his 
army and fleet, the latter including some twenty small 
vessels of from twenty to forty tons. Through an exchange 
Kamehameha obtained a brig of 170 tons, which had been 
aground on the California coast, and George McClay, the 
king?s carpenter, repaired it in Honolulu harbor. It later 
made voyages to China with cargoes of sandalwood.
  Honolulu in 1809 is described as a village consisting of 
several hundred huts which were well shaded by coconut 
trees. The king?s house was built close to the shore and 
was surrounded by a palisades, over which flew the British 
colors. There was also a battery of sixteen carriage guns 
belonging to Kamehameha?s brig. A short distance away were 
two large stone houses which contained the European 
articles belonging to the king. On the shore at Waikiki, 
with sheds built over them, were the smaller vessels of the 
king?s fleet. One small sloop was employed at the time as a 
packet between the Islands of Oahu and Hawaii.
  The cession of the Island of Kauai to Kamehameha?s 
kingdom occurred in 1810. From then until 1825 the 
sandalwood trade with China was at its height, and while 
the wood lasted it was a source of wealth to the kings and 
chiefs of Hawaii.

RUSSIANS EXPELLED FROM KAUAI

  In 1814 Baranoff, Russian governor of Alaska, sent a ship 
on a sealing voyage to the islands. It was wrecked at 
Waimea, Kauai. Baranoff, it is believed, planned to form a 
colony in the islands. The following year he sent another 
ship, the Myrtle, which anchored at Honolulu. Russians 
landed, built a blockhouse, landed several guns, and 
hoisted the Russian flag. Kamehameha sent a large force of 
chiefs and warriors to watch the Russians, and to resist 
them with arms if necessary. The Myrtle then sailed for 
Kauai, where a breastwork was thrown up, and cannon 
mounted, at Hanalei. Later the Russians built a fort at 
Waimea for Kaumualii, chief of Kauai, and it is said that 
they proposed that he lease the island to them for a term 
of years.
  Construction of a fort at Honolulu began in Jan., 1816, 
under the direction of John Young. It was from 300 to 400 
feet on a side, 12 feet high, and 20 feet thick. Its 
armament consisted of about 40 guns. Upon orders from 
Kamehameha, the Russians were expelled from Kauai. In 
October, 1816, Kamehameha purchased the ship Albatross, 165 
tons burden, paying for it with sandalwood. Near the close 
of the same year Captain Kotzebue visited the islands in 
the Russian discovery ship

Page 15

Rurick. He gave the king two mortars and a supply of shells 
and powder, and M. Choris, the artist of the expedition, 
painted the only authentic portrait of Kamehameha in 
existence.
  Kamehameha died May 8, 1819, at the age of 82 years, and 
in the faith of his ancestors. History says of him: ?His 
work was done. He had consolidated the group under one 
government, put an end to feudal anarchy and petty wars, 
and prepared the way for civilization and Christianity. His 
faults were those of the age and society in which he lived, 
and both morally and mentally he stood far above the other 
chiefs of his time.?


Additional Comments:
The Story of Hawaii and Its Builders. With which is Incorporated 
Volume III Men of Hawaii. An historical outline of Hawaii with 
biographical sketches of its men of note and substantial achievement, 
past and present, who have contributed to the progress of the 
Territory, edited by George F. Nellist. Published by Honolulu Star 
Bulletin, Ltd., Territory of Hawaii, 1925.


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