Statewide County HI Archives News.....Spaniards in Hawai'i - Part 1. August 25, 2008 ************************************************ Copyright. All rights reserved. http://www.usgwarchives.net/copyright.htm http://www.usgwarchives.net/hi/hifiles.htm ************************************************ File contributed for use in USGenWeb Archives by: Darlene E. Kelley http://www.genrecords.net/emailregistry/vols/00026.html#0006374 September 3, 2008, 7:44 pm Keepers Of The Culture, A Study In Time Of The Hawaiian Islands August 25, 2008 Contributed for use in USGenWeb Archives by Darlene E. Kelley http://www.genrecords.net/emailregistry/vols/00026.html#0006374 http://www.genrecords.net/emailregistry/vols/00026.html#0006374 August 25, 2008 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Historical Collections Of Hawai'i Keepers of the Culture A Study in Time, of the Hawai'ian Islands Spaniards in Hawai'i - Part 1 by Darlene E. Kelley ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Part 1. Spaniards in Hawaii The tale of Spanish migration to Hawai'i is one of mystery and legend. Although there is little documentation about Spain's first contact with Hawai'i, we know that Spanish influence is considerable. It stretches from the centuries before the arrival of Captain Cook in 1778 to the arrival of Hawai'i's first coffee planter, Don Francisco de Paula y Marin ( or Manini as he was called.), and the immigrtion workers from Andalusa, the Philipines and Puerto Rico. The establishment of common surnames, the development of the Hawai'ian guitar and 'ukulele; Hawaiian gowns wth Spanish lace, and spicy tropical foods can be traced to Spain. History begins in the early 1500s with the arrival of two ships. Some say these were Polynesian or Micronesian. But most say these ships were Spanish and wrecked off the coast of the Kona Coast in 1527, with the only Captain and his sister making it ashore alive. A spanish navigator, Juan Gaetano, arrived in 1555, passing Hawai'i during this period as he sailed between Latin America and the Far East. Documents found in Spanish Archives indicate that three ships sent by the conquistador Cortez, from Mexico to Moluccas-the Spice Islands of today' Indonesia, had only one that reached its destination. The others were ships that wrecked off Kona. Early Spanish maps from 1500's show Islands that may have been Hawai'i. Official British records set forth that Captain Cook knew nothing of Hawai'i until his crew sighted the southwest shore of O'ahu in early 1778 and Cook may have been steering north by the aid of a 200 year old Spanish map. Research and talks on possible early contact between Hawai'i and Spain reached its appex around 1900, which was led by Professor William Alexander, a missionary son and early member of the Hawai'ian Historical Society. Alexander wrote: " There is little doubt that these islands were discovered by the Spanish navigator, Juan Gaetano, in the year 1555." He was probably citing a document issued in February, 1865, from the Colonial Office at Madrid in Spain and addressed to the Governor of the Phillipines. The letter said in part; " By all the documents that have been examined, it is demostrated that the discovery dates from the year 1555 and that the discoverer was Juan Gaetano or Gaytan. The principal proof is an old manuscript chart, registered in these archives as anonymous, and in which the Sandwich Islands are laid down under that name, but which also contains a note declaring that he called them Ilas de Mesa ( Table Islands). There are besides other islands situated in the same latitude, but 10 degrees farther east and respectively named La Mesa 'La Desgraciade, Olloa or Los Monges. The chart appears to be a copy of that called the chart of the Spanish Galleon, existing long before the time of Cook, and which is referred to by all the national and foreign authors that have been consulted Foreign authors say It ( the discovery ) took place in 1542, in the expedition commanded by General Rui Lopez de Villalobo, while the Spanish chronicles denote 1555. " Two island groups, called Los Monges d Los Bolcanos, appear on a great many maps of the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries which represent the Hawai'ian archipelelago, states the Hawai'ian Roman Catholoc historian Father Reginald Yzendoorm in his writings of 1920. He states ; " The Los Bolcanos group, consisting of five islands which is called Farana ( probably a misreading for La Tartana ), appears for the first time in 1569 on Mercator's map; Nova et aucta orbis desciption at between 22 and 26 degrees north latitude and about 176 degees longitude. Los Monges are mapped for the first time by Abraham Ortelius on a map of America, made in 1587, and reproduced in the 1612 edition of his monumental atlas; Theatrum Orbus Terrarum. Here they are between 20 and 22 degrees north latitude and 159 and 162 degrees west longitude. Various cartographers during the two following centuries have mainatained the Los Monges group on their maps, until Cook rediscovered them and renamed them; whilst Los Bolcanos are mapped for the last time by J.A. Maginus in 1617." Yxendoorn concludes: " A complete study of all these maps, leaves no dought as to the identity of these groups with the Hawai'ian Islands" Another controversial piece of evidence of early Spanish discovery is a bust, said to have been found on O'ahu before Cooks' arrival. The white stone statue is now in Bremen, Germany, but a cast remains at the Bishop Museum. The figure, legitimate or not, looks like a Eureopean gentleman of the late 1500s with a ruffled high collar, and a pointed beard. At least, the white bust might suggest that Spaniards came to Hawai'i well before Cook. The next chapter of the Spanish in Hawai'i begins in 1793 with the arrival of Don Francisco de Paula Marin, a Spaniard from Jerez in Andalusia, aboard the ship Lady Washington. Marin may have been dark skinned as many Andalusians are of Moorish descent. No one knows for certan as only a rough pen and ink drawing of him with sword and uniform remains. ++++++++++++++ DON FRANCISCO de PAULA y MARIN Don Francisco de Paula y Marin was born November 28, 1774 in Spain. There is , however, a difference of opinion as to whether his birthplace in Spain was Jerez or Maglaga. He joined the Spanish navy and served at Nootka on the northwest coast of America. From there he deserted and joined the crew of the Lady Washington, under the command of Captain John Kendrick. Kendrick was killed by an accidental cannon discharge in Honoulu Harbor in the winter of 1793/94. Marin stayed in Hawai'i and became an advisor to King Kamehameha. Legend has it that Kamehameha forbade Marin to leave Hawai'i, while journals of western sailors suggested he left several times on adventurous voyages to California and perhaps the South Pacific. he settled down on O'ahu and served as an interpreter aboard visiting merchant ships, providing wise council for Kamehameha in his dealings wth western traders. What is known about his life in Hawai'i comes from his early journals, which was found by the Scottish Foreign Minister Robert Critchton Wyllie, who was a indefatigable collector of printed matter dealing with Hawai'i. Marin or Manini as he was called, which was the nearest the Hawai'ians could come to coping with his name, soon became very influential in the affairs of the Kingdom. He became a friend and confidant of Kamehameha the Great, who made him a chief and gave him lands. There is no record that Marin received any formal medical training, but whether or not, he was a physician to the Hawai'ians. His journal contained many references to those who were ailing. One of is entries was specific that as January 27, 1810 when Kalaimoku ordered him to cure his mother and on June 11, 1820, is entered : " This day I went to cure Keaweluale and I applied a Blister." His most famous patient was Kamehameha, and on April 15, 1819, he was sent for by a ship to make a trip from Honolulu to Kailua, Hawai'i, where is Majesty was staying to cure the King. the trip took four days and he remained with the King until his death on May 8th,. his services unfortunately proving ineffectual There is no doubt that Don Manini was a bright and versalle man. Not only did he practice the healing arts, but he acted as consul of various South American republics, Captain in the Hawai'ian army, agent for various ships' Captains, tax gatherer, interpeter and inspector of Sandalwood weights. In addition he served on various occasions as a butcher, cook, mason, ship carpenter, stone cutter, brewer, and cigar maker. Marin's home on the waterfront, at the junction of the Nuuanu and Pauoa Streams, was open to ship captains and other paying guests, and he began a business of supplying vessels with many staples that he manufactured. His role as an introducer of dozens of plants from many parts of the Pacific may have been exagerated by legend, but he certainly was adept at making such useful products as coconut oil, soap, molasses, pickles, lime, tiles, nails, candles and cigars. He experimented with raising pineapples and milling sugar, and his vineyard -- which gave its name later to a busy boulevard-- supplied wine and brandy. He kept a large herd of dairy cattle, from which he got milk, butter, and cheese. He owned what later came to be called Ford Island in Pearl Harbor and on it he raised hogs, goats and rabbits. Marin's mind was a stange mixture of pagan beliefs soaked up from his 3 wives and friends and a pragmatic trust in experiment: but he never forgot his boyhood faith, and as a visiting doctor in the community was said to have " saved more than three hundred souls from hell " by secretly baptizing patients. He was cautiously friendly with the Protestant missionaries who arrived in 1820 but more suspicious of their strictness; nor was he trusted by the Catholic clergy when he was reluctant to aid them. A Father Short wrote: " There lives in this town an old Spaniard who has been in the Sandwich Isles for over twenty years. He possesses great properties and has has three wives and and over twenty children who occupy a village by themselves. He baptizes all his children and teaches the Spanish .... morning and night he makes them say their prayers and the beads; on Sundays he reads the greater part of the mass, his family gathering around him, and he gives them an exhortation in Spanish. If polygamy were allowed, he could pass for a patriarch." Marin told Arago that the first 13 baptisms registered in the Catholic Mission at Honolulu were performed at his estate by a Mexcan merchant from Sonora. Those baptized included his two youngest wives; Maria Akonia Kahuelua,28, and Maria Kahiikola, 24. Before the overthrow of the kapu system in 1819, it is said Marin was obliged to assist the Hawai'ian religious ceremonies as part of his duties to Kamehameha. During this time, he felt uneasy at displaying the Catholic cross and overt Christian images in his own home, yet privately retained his faith. Marin's death was as remarkable as his life. He died in October, 1837 and was given a funeral at a native Protestant church at a time when Catholicism was still somewhat outlawed in Hawai'i. There a Lowell Smith read a passage about Lazarus from the Bible, perhaps partly in rejecting Marin, because of his opposition to the missionaries. A newspaper editor complained that Marin deserved a Catholic burial, but wasn't given one. On November 7, Marin's body was sealed in a proper tomb. The same day one of the strongest tsunami to ever strike Hawai'i rolled in. Hawai'ians say it was a sign that Marin was truly a Hawai'ian ali'i and the deady waves provided a portentous Hawai'ian Omen. ++++++++++++++ Another event involving Spaniards occurred in 1818 after Kamehameha brought a large ship name Santa Rosa, which became the Kalaholile. The ship had been purchased from theives, and it is said that a Spanish man-o-war took the ship back to its rightful owners. Some sailors involved in the theft were taken prisoner and returned to Spain, and some were hidden away at Kailua-Kona and became early western settlers of that district. At this time, golden Spanish dollars were the favored money of the Hawai'ian Kingdom, and continued to be the coin of th realm well into the 19th century. Perhaps the best known Spanish influence in Hawai'i is that of the introduction of paniolo ( cowboys ) who arrived about 1830 from Mexico, settling in Waimea on the Big Island. They taught horsemanship, cattle herding and ranching at the famous Parker Ranch. Hawai'ian paniolo of today trace their skills, and often an ancestor, back to these days. On Kaua'i, Miguel Castro, and early paniolo, became one of the first paniolo landowners on the island, living at Ko'olau, north of Anahola. Spanish immigrants to Hawai'i who were solicited to work in the sugar industry, arrived in October 1898, nunbering 7,735 men, women and children by 1913. Most of them came from Andalusia, home of Don Marin. However, unlike other plantation immigrant groups, the Spanish moved on, and by 1930 only 1,219 remained, including a scant eight children born in Hawai'i. Most Spanish left for the promising fields of California to make higher wages and live among relatives and friends who had settled in greater numbers there. However, two other immigrant groups with Spanish influenec, the Flipinos and the Puerto Ricans supplanted workers from Spain, and continued to pour Spanish culture into Hawai'i. Filipino sugar plantation workers first arrived in large numbers in 1906, mostly from the Visayan and Ilocos Norte provinces of the Phillippines. The Porto Ricans followed. With them came words from the Spanish language, music, dance, dress and foods, which melded into the Hawai'ian Islands. Gowns of Spanish lace for weddings, Filipino Terno Balls and the Puerto Rican Catchie Catchie Dances, become a part of Hawai'ian fashion. Traces of Spanish architecture in two story villas with columned gates in Honolulu and other sections of Hawai'i show the Spanish style. Latin foods started blending with Hawai'ian cuisine to create Hawai'ian paella, tropical tacos, Hawai'ian salsas and Hawai'ian tortillos. In the phone book. there are many Spanish names like, Garcias, Peraltas, Fernandes, and Cayetano and such --- ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ File at: http://files.usgwarchives.net/hi/statewide/newspapers/spaniard47nnw.txt This file has been created by a form at http://www.genrecords.net/hifiles/ File size: 14.5 Kb