History:  History of the State of Iowa
From the A.T. Andreas Illustrated Historical Atlas of the State of Iowa, 1875

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INDIANS OF IOWA

For more than a century after the discovery of Iowa by Marquette and Joliet, not a 
trading post had been established, nor a settlement made with in her borders.  The 
country remained in the undisputed possession of the natives, who roamed over 
her beautiful and fertile prairies, and hunted and fished in her woods and streams.  
Even these had changed very much during the century, the tribe that knew 
Marquette had passed away, and others had come in their places.  That the soil of 
Iowa had been the theater of fierce and bloody contests between rival tribes prior 
to its settlement by the white man, there can be no doubt; and in these contests the 
weaker yielded to the stronger, and were either slain in the savage battles that 
ensued, or conquered and driven from their ancient hunting grounds.  The Sacs 
and Foxes had come from the East, whose boast it was that they had pursued a 
conquering march over all the tribes from Lake Erie to the Mississippi, and had 
met their equally warlike foes, the northern Sioux, on the soil of Iowa, where for 
years they maintained a constant warfare.

The Sacs and Foxes were originally two distinct nations, and resided on the 
waters of the St. Lawrence.  In 1685, we hear of the Foxes occupying the banks of 
the Detroit River, and being unfriendly to the French, while the English 
strengthened their alliance with them by frequent messages and valuable presents.  
In 1712 they planned the destruction of the French post at Detroit, and instigated 
by their friends and allies, the Six Nations, laid siege to the place with great 
vehemence and persistence.  The French commandant called in the aid of the 
friendly Indians, the Ottawas, Pottawattomies and Hurons.  The Foxes retreated to 
the eastern boundary of Detroit, where they intrenched themselves in their camp, 
and were attacked by the French, who erected a block house near their position.  
Being cut off from all supplies of water by the constant fire of the French, the 
Foxes became desperate, and rushing from their besieged camp, seized possession 
of a house near the Fort, which they fortified, and proceeded again to attack the 
French.  They were again dislodged by the cannon, and driven back to their 
former intrenchment.  Finding their efforts likely to be unsuccessful, they soon 
sent to the commandant for terms of capitulation, which being rejected, they 
became enraged, and discharged showers of blazing arrows upon the Fort.  The 
lighted matches set fire to many of the houses, which were thatched with straw, 
and until the precaution was taken to cover some of them with wet skins, many of 
the buildings were consumed.  The Foxes, naked and furious, fought like tigers in 
this siege, the commandant, at one time being upon the point of giving up and 
abandoning the fort.  But being dissuaded by friendly Indians, who promised to 
redouble their efforts, the siege was continued.  After the war song and the dance, 
the painted savages on the side of the French renewed the onset with increased 
fury.  The trenches were soon heaped with the dying and the dead.  The Foxes 
again sued for terms of surrender, but during its pendency saw an opportunity and 
escaped in the night, repairing to Lake St. Clair, where they again intrenched 
themselves.  The French and their allies pursued them to their camp.  In the first 
attack the French were repulsed.  They then erected a battery and brought their 
guns to bear upon the Foxes, and only succeeded in bringing them to a surrender 
on the fifth day of the siege.  The siege of Detroit had been kept up by these 
Indians nineteen consecutive days.

After the surrender at Lake St. Clair, the French commenced a deadly slaughter of 
the Foxes, destroying all their warriors who bore arms, while the rest, about one 
hundred and fifty, besides the women and children, were divided as slaves among 
the French confederates.  Not, however, being able to make slaves of them, they 
were all in a short time massacred.  The loss of the French and their Indian allies 
amounted to sixty men killed and wounded, while this expedition cost the Foxes 
more than a thousand of their tribe.  But more enraged than enfeebled, they 
gathered their scattered bands on the Fox River, of Wisconsin, to wreak 
vengeance on the French by intercepting their passage from the lakes to the 
Mississippi.  Here they robbed and murdered the emigrants, traders and 
voyageurs, and for a year or two nearly cut off all communication between 
Canada and Louisiana.  The Indian nations which were on commercial terms with 
the French, suffered greatly by their devastations.

In 1714 a comprehensive movement was entered into by the French to 
exterminate the Fox nation, and thus rid their territory of them at once and 
forever.  The plan was to ally all the rest of the Indian tribes in war against them, 
under a French commander.  The Governor of Canada espoused the scheme, and 
gave the command to De Louvigney, who soon found himself at the head of eight 
hundred Indians, all resolved not to lay down their arms while a member of the 
Fox tribe remained on French territory.  When the Foxes saw the storm that was 
gathering against them, they resolved to sell their lives as dearly as possible, and 
selecting a stronghold on Fox River, now known as the "Butte des Morts," or Hill 
of the Dead, they intrenched themselves in a fort surrounded by three ranges of 
oak palisades, with a ditch in the rear.  Here were gathered more than five 
hundred warriors and three thousand women and children.  Three hundred 
warriors were on the route to reinforce them, but did not arrive in time.  De 
Louvigney, finding them strongly intrenched, attacked them in form; having two 
field pieces and a grenade mortar, he began opening his trenches thirty-five toises 
distant, the Foxes made a great attack by firing on the French.  The battle raged 
fiercely for a time, but the besieged were soon compelled to surrender, and a 
treaty of peace was agreed upon, which, however, the Indians did not respect, but 
soon renewing their old course, a second expedition was fitted out against them, 
under the command of De Lignerie, in 1728.  Finally, in 1746, they were driven 
out of the Fox River country westward, and probably at that time a majority of 
them crossed the Mississippi.

The Foxes as first known in Iowa were found in alliance with the Sacs, forming 
the united nation of the Sacs and Foxes.  At what period the union took place is 
not definitely known, but it must have been subsequent to the year 1746, for at 
that time the Foxes were a separate nation, engaged in war with the French.  They 
probably united for the conquest of their new hunting grounds west of the 
Mississippi, as these grounds were disputed by other powerful tribes of Indians.

The Sacs emigrated from the State of New York, where they had spent a great 
deal of their strength in wars with the Iroquois, or Six Nations.  After the union 
the nation became strong and powerful, and in wars with the Illinois, dispossessed 
them of a large portion of their hunting grounds.

At one time the Illinois were a very powerful nation, extending from the valley of 
the Rock River to the Ohio, and on the west of the Mississippi to the Des Moines.  
Marquette and Joliet discovered two villages of the Illinois on the Des Moines 
River when they descended the Mississippi on their voyage of discovery; but 
when the country was again visited by white men, not a vestige of the nation was 
found on the west side of the Mississippi.  They had in the meantime been driven 
out by the conquering Sacs and Foxes.  A war arose between the latter and the 
Illinois nation on account of the murder of the distinguished Sac chief, Pontiac.  
This act aroused the vengeance of the Sacs and Foxes, and forming an alliance 
with other tribes, they commenced a fierce and bloody war against the Illinois, 
which was continued till the great nation was nearly destroyed, and their hunting 
grounds possessed by the conquerors.

At the time the United States came in possession of the Valley of the Mississippi, 
the Sac and Fox nation occupied most of the State of Illinois, and nearly all the 
country on the west of the Mississippi, from the Jeffreon to the Upper Iowa, and 
west to the Missouri River, the Sacs had four chief villages, where most of them 
resided, viz.: one at the head of the Des Moines Rapids, near the present site of 
Montrose, consisting of thirteen lodges; another on the east bank of the 
Mississippi, near the mouth of the Henderson River; the third on Rock River, near 
Rock Island, which was their largest and most important village, and from which 
emanated the chief difficulties encountered by the government in the 
extinguishments of the Indian titles to the lands, as we shall see farther on in our 
history; the fourth village was on the west side of the Mississippi, near the mouth 
of the Upper Iowa.

The Foxes had three principal villages, to wit: one on the west side of the 
Mississippi, six miles above the rapids of Rock River; another about twelve miles 
back from the river, in the rear of the Dubuque lead mines, and the third on 
Turkey River.

The Iowas, from whom the state derived its name, were at one time identified 
with the Sacs of Rock River, but for some cause they separated and started out as 
a band by themselves.  The eight leading families of this band formed classes, or 
parties, known by the names of the different animals or birds which they chose as 
the types or symbols of their respective families – the Eagle, the Pigeon, the Wolf, 
the Bear, the Elk, the Beaver, the Buffalo and the Snake – and were known 
severally in their tribe by the peculiar manner in which they cut their hair.  The 
Eagle family were marked by two locks of hair on the front part of the head and 
one on the back left part; the Wolf family had scattered bunches of hair left, 
representing islands, whence their families were supposed to have sprung; the 
Bear family left one side of the hair of the head much longer than the other; the 
Buffalo family left a strip of long hair fro the front to the rear part of the head, 
with two bunches on each side to represent horns; and so on, through all the 
families.

For a time the Iowas occupied common hunting grounds with the Sacs and Foxes, 
but feuds eventually sprang up between them, and they became greatly 
diminished in numbers and strength by their powerful enemies.  The principal 
village of the Iowa nation was on the Des Moines, in what is now Van Buren 
County, and on the site of the town of Iowaville.  This was the scene of the last 
great battle between the Iowas and the Sacs and Foxes, in which Black Hawk, 
then a young man, commanded one division of the attacking forces.  The 
following account has been given of the battle:

"Contrary to long established custom of Indian attack, this battle was brought on 
in the day time, the attending circumstances justifying this departure from the 
well settled usages of Indian warfare.  The battle field is a level river bottom 
about four miles in length, and two miles wide near the middle, narrowing down 
to a point at either end.  The main area of the bottom rises perhaps twenty feet 
above the river, leaving a narrow strip of low bottom along the shore, covered 
with trees that belted the prairie on the river side with a thick forest, and the 
immediate bank was fringed with a dense growth of willows.  Near the lower end 
of the prairie, and near the river bank, was situated the Iowa village, and about 
two miles above the town, and near the middle of the prairie, is situated a small 
neutral ground, covered at the time with a tuft of small trees and brush growing on 
its summit.  In the rear of this mound lay a belt of wet prairie, which, at the time 
spoken of, was covered with a dense crop of rank, coarse grass.  Bordering this 
wet prairie, on the north, the country rises abruptly into elevated broken river 
bluffs, covered with a heavy forest for many miles in extent and portions thickly 
clustered with undergrowth, affording a convenient shelter for the stealthy 
approach of the foe.

"Through this forest the Sac and Fox war party made their way in the night, and 
secreted themselves in the tall grass spoken of above, intending to remain in 
ambush during the day and make such observations as this near proximity to their 
intended victims might afford, to aid them in their contemplated attack on the 
town during the following night.  From this situation their spies could take a full 
survey of the village and watch every movement of the inhabitants, by which 
means they were soon convinced that the Iowas had no suspicion of their 
presence.

"At the foot of the mound above mentioned, the Iowas had their racecourse where 
they diverted themselves with the excitements of the horse, and schooled their 
young warriors in cavalry evolutions.  In these exercises mock battles were 
fought, and the Indian tactics of attack and defense carefully inculcated, by which 
means a skill in horsemanship was acquired rarely excelled.  Unfortunately for 
them, this day was selected for their equestrian sports, and wholly unconscious of 
the proximity of their foes, the warriors repaired to the race-ground, leaving most 
of their arms in the village and their old men and women and children 
unprotected.

"Pash-a-pa-ho, who was chief in command of the Sacs and Foxes, perceived at 
once the advantage this state of things afforded for a complete surprise of his now 
doomed victims, and ordered Black Hawk to file off with his young warriors 
through the tall grass and gain the cover of the timber along the river bank, and 
with the utmost speed reach the village and commence the battle, while he 
remained with his division in the ambush, to make a simultaneous assault on the 
unarmed men, whose attention was engrossed with the excitement of the races.  
The plan was skillfully laid and most dexterously executed.  Black hawk with his 
forces reached the village undiscovered and made a furious onslaught upon the 
defenseless inhabitants, by firing one general volley into their midst, and 
completing the slaughter with the tomahawk and scalping knife, aided by the 
devouring flames with which they enveloped the village as soon as the fire brand 
could be spread from lodge to lodge.

"On the instant of the report of firearms at the village, the forces under Pash-a-pa-
ho leaped from their couchant position in the grass, and sprang tiger-like upon the 
astonished and unarmed Iowas in the midst of their racing sports.  The first 
impulse of the latter naturally led them to make the utmost speed towards their 
arms in the village, and protect, if possible, their wives and children from the 
attacks of a merciless assailant.  The distance, from the place of attack on the 
prairie was two miles, and a great number fell in their flight by the bullets and 
tomahawks of heir enemies, who pressed them closely with a running fire the 
whole way; and they only reached their town in time to witness the horrors of its 
destruction.  Their whole village was in flames, and the dearest objects of their 
lives lay in slaughtered heaps amidst the devouring elements; and the agonizing 
groans of the dying, mingled with the exulting shouts of the victorious foe, filled 
their hearts with a maddening despair.  Their wives and children, who had been 
spared the general massacre, were prisoners, and, together with their arms, were 
in the hands of the victors; and all that could now be done was to draw off their 
shattered and defenseless forces, and save as many lives as possible by a retreat 
across the Des Moines River, which they effected in the best possible manner, and 
took a position amonght the Soap Creek hills."

The Sacs and Foxes, prior to the settlement of their village on Rock River, had a 
fierce war with the Winnebagoes, in which they subdued them, and took 
possession of their lands.  Their village, at Rock River, at one Time contained 
upwards of sixty lodges, and was among the largest Indian villages on the 
continent.  In 1825, the Secretary of War estimated the entire number of the Sacs 
and Foxes at four thousand six hundred souls.  Their village was situated in the 
immediate vicinity of the upper rapids of the Mississippi, where the beautiful and 
flourishing towns of Rock Island and Davenport are now situated.  The beautiful 
scenery of the Island, the extensive prairies, dotted over with groves, the 
picturesque bluffs along the river banks, the rich and fertile soil, producing large 
crops of corn, squash, and other vegetables, with little labor; the abundance of 
wild fruit, game, fish, and almost every thing calculated to make it a delightful 
spot for an Indian village, which was found there, had made this place a favorite 
home of the Sacs, and secured for it the strong attachment and veneration of the 
whole nation.
      North of the hunting-grounds of the Sacs and Foxes, were those of the Sioux, 
a fierce and warlike nation, which often disputed possession with their rivals in 
savage and bloody warfare.  The possessions of these tribes were mostly located 
in Minnesota, but extended over a portion of northern and western Iowa to the 
Missouri River.  Their descent from the north upon the hunting-grounds of Iowa, 
frequently brought them into collision with the Sacs and Foxes; and after many a 
conflict and bloody struggle, a boundary line was established between them by 
the government of the United State, in a treaty held at Prairie du Chien, in 1825.  
But this, Instead of settling the difficulties, caused them to quarrel all the more, in 
consequence of alleged trespasses upon each other's side of the line.  These 
contests were kept up and became so unrelenting that, in 1830, Government 
bought of the respective tribes of the Sacs and Foxes, and the Sioux, a strip of 
land twenty miles in width, on both sides of the line, and thus throwing them forty 
miles apart by creating between them a "neutral ground," commanded them to 
cease their hostilities.  Both the Sacs and Foxes, and the Sioux, however, were 
allowed to fish and hunt on this ground unmolested provided they did not 
interfere with each other on United States territory.  The Sioux were the deadly 
enemies of the Sacs and Foxes.  (See history of the "Neutral Ground" and Indian 
Treaties further on in this work.)

BLACK HAWK

 The most noted chief among the Sacs and Foxes was Black Hawk, who was born 
at the Sac village, on Rock River, in 1767.  Black Hawk was not the great war 
chief of the united nation of the Sacs and Foxes, but a chief of his own band of 
Sac warriors.  In early manhood he attained some distinction as a fighting chief, 
having led campaigns against the Osages, and other neighboring tribes.  About the 
beginning of the present century he began to appear prominent in affairs on the 
Mississippi, though it does not appear that he was ever a great general, or 
possessed any of the qualifications of a successful leader.  He was the victim of a 
narrow prejudice and ill-will towards the Americans, which seems to have been 
engendered before he had any knowledge of them or their character, and this ill-
advised and hasty judgment became the ruling passion of his life.  His pretext for 
bringing on the war, which ended in his entire defeat and overthrow, in 1832, was 
the treaty of St. Louis, made in 1804, wherein certain chiefs of his tribe had ceded 
to the United States their lands n the east side of the Mississippi.  But prior to the 
date of this treaty he had shown his unfriendliness to the Americans, by refusing 
to be present when the transfer of Louisiana was made to the Commissioners of 
the United States, early in the same year.  It will be remembered that Spain did 
not give up possession of the country to France on its cession to the latter power, 
in 1801, but retained possession of it, and, by the authority of France, transferred 
it to the United States, in 1804.  Black Hawk and his band were in St. Louis at the 
time, and were invited to be present and witness the ceremonies of the transfer, 
but, instead of accepting the proffered courtesy, skulked off in a fit of spleen, and 
departed in their canoes for Rock Island.  He says, in his Lafe:
 "I have found many sad and gloomy faces because the United States were about 
to take possession of the town and country.  Soon after the Americans came I took 
my band and went to take leave of our Spanish father.  The Americans came to 
see him also.  Seeing them approach, we passed out of one door as they entered 
another, and immediately started in our canoes for our village, on Rock River, not 
liking the change any more than our friends appeared to at St. Louis.  On arriving 
at our village, we gave the news that strange people had arrived at St. Louis, and 
that we should; never see our Spanish father again.  The information made all our 
people sorry."
	The treaty referred to above, which black Hawk always objected to, and 
which finally brought on the war of 1832, was made at St. Louis, on the 3d of 
November, 1804, between William Henry Harrison, then Governor of Indiana 
Territory and Commissioner on behalf the United States, and five chiefs of the 
Sac and Fox nation.  In this treaty they ceded to the United States their lands on 
the east side of the Mississippi, extending from a point opposite the Jeffreon, in 
Missouri, to the Wisconsin River, embracing an area of over fifty-one millions of 
acres, in consideration of two thousand two hundred and thirty-four dollars, in 
goods then delivered, and a yearly annuity of one thousand dollars, to be paid in 
goods at first cost.
	Black Hawk, in giving his account of this treaty, claimed that the chiefs 
who made it had no authority to cede the lands, and, moreover, that they were sent 
to St. Louis on quite a different errand, mainly, to get one of their people released, 
who had been imprisoned at St. Louis for killing a white man.  In his Life, 
certified to by Antoine Le Claire, to whom it was dictated by Black Hawk 
himself, he says:
	"The party started with the good whishes of the whole nation, hoping they 
would accomplish the object of their mission.  The relations of the prisoner 
blacked their faces and fasted, hoping the Great Spirit would take pity on them 
and return the husband and father to his wife and children.  Quash-qua-me and 
party came up and gave us the following account of their mission:
	"'On their arrival at St. Louis they met their American father, and 
explained to him their business, and urged the release of their friend.  The 
American chief told them he wanted land, and they agreed to give him some on 
the west side of the Mississippi River, and some on the Illinois side, opposite the 
Jeffreon.  When business was all arranged they expected to have their friend 
released to come home with them; but about the time they were ready to start, 
their friend was let out of prison, who ran a shot distance, and was shot dead,'
	"This was all they could recollect of what had been said or done.  They 
had been drunk the greater potion of the time they were in St. Louis.  This is all 
myself or nation knows of the treaty of 1804.  It has been explained to me since.  I 
find by that treaty all our country east of the Mississippi, and north of the 
Jeffreon, was ceded to the United States for one thousand dollars a year!  I will 
leave it to the people of the United States to say whether our nation was properly 
represented in this treaty, or whether we received a fair consideration for the 
extent of country ceded by those five individuals.  I could say much more about 
this treaty, but I will not at this time.  It has been the origin of all our disputes."
	The year following this treaty (1805), Lieutenant Zebulon M. Pike came 
up the river for the purpose of holding friendly councils with the Indians and 
selecting sites for forts within the territory recently acquired from France by the 
United States.  Lieutenant Pike seems to have been the first American whom 
Black Hawk ever met or had a personal interview with; and he was very much 
prepossessed in Pike's favor, He gives the following account of his visit to Rock 
Island:
	"A boat came up the river with a young American chief and a small party 
of soldiers.  We heard of them soon after they passed Sault river.  Some of our 
young braves watched them every day, to see what sort of people he had on 
board.  The boat at length arrived at Rock River, and the young chief came on 
shore with his interpreter, and made a speech and gave us some presents.  We in 
turn presented them with meat and such other provisions, as we had to spare.  We 
were well pleased with the young chief he gave us good advice, and said our 
American father would treat us well."  
	The events which soon followed Pike's expedition were the erection of 
Fort Edwards, at what is now Warsaw, Illinois, and Fort Madison, on the site of 
the present town of that name, the latter being the first Fort erected in Iowa.  
These movements gave the Indians great uneasiness.  When work was 
commenced on fort Edwards, a delegation from their nation, headed by some of 
their chiefs, went down to see what the Americans were doing, and had an 
interview with the commander, after which they returned home apparently 
satisfied.  In like manner, when Fort Madison was being erected, they sent down 
another delegation from a council of the nation held at Rock River.  According to 
Black Hawk's account, the American chief told them that he was building a house 
for a trader who was coming to sell them goods cheap, and that the soldiers were 
coming to keep him company, -- a statement which Black Hawk says they 
distrusted at the time, believing that the fort was an encroachment upon their 
rights, and designed to aid in getting their lands away from them.
	It has been held by good American authorities, that the erection of Fort 
Madison at the point where it was located was a violation of the treaty of 1804.  
By the eleventh article of that treaty, the United States had a right to build a fort 
near the mouth of the Wisconsin River; by article six they had bound themselves 
"that if any citizen of the United states, or any other white persons should form a 
settlement upon their land, such intruders should forthwith be removed."  
Probably the authorities of the United States did no regard the establishment of 
military posts as coming properly within the meaning of the term "settlement," as 
used in the treaty.  At all events, they erected Fort Madison within the territory 
reserved to the Indians, and this made the Indians very indignant.  Not long after 
the fort was built, a party headed by Black hawk attempted its destruction.  They 
sent down spies to watch the movements of the soldiers, who ascertained that they 
were in the habit of marching out of the fort every morning and evening for 
parade, and the plan of the party was to conceal themselves near the fort, and 
attack and surprise them when they were outside.  On the morning of the 
proposed day of attack, five soldiers came out and were fired upon by the Indians, 
two of them being killed.  The Indians were too hasty in their movement, for the 
regular drill had not yet commenced.  However, they kept up the attack for several 
days, attempting the old Fox strategy of setting fire to the fort with blazing 
arrows; but finding their efforts unavailing, they soon gave up and returned to 
Rock River.
	In his hostility to the Americans Black Hawk was undoubtedly influenced 
by a deeper purpose than appears on the surface of immediately associated events.  
For several years it had been surmised that mischief was brewing among the 
tribes of the Northwest.  Some murders had been committed by the Indians in 
Indian countries, and the conviction became strong about the close of the year 
1806, that hostilities were meditated on an extensive scale.  Two chiefs of great 
power and influence had for several years been exerting themselves for the 
	accomplishments of a two-fold object: first, to effect a reformation of the 
Indians, whose habits had become such as to render them unfit for hardy and 
heroic endurance and prowess in war, such as were the glory of their ancestors; 
and second, to form such a union, and federation of the tribes as would give them 
irresistible strength against the encroachments of the Americans upon their 
territory.  Both these objects were avowed, and both were pursued with wonderful 
energy, persistence and success by Tecumseh, and his brother, the Shawanee 
Prophet, whose power was felt, and whose purpose was carried out rapidly in all 
the countries bordering upon the lakes.  Black Hawk, in his Life, says: "Soon after 
our return from Fort Madison, runners came to our village from the Shawanee 
Prophet, while others were dispatched by him to the villages of the Winnebagoes, 
with invitations to meet him on the Wabash."  Black Hawk did not go himself, but 
a delegation was sent from his village.  The following address, or "Talk," 
calculated to fire the imagination of savages, was put forth by the Shawanee 
Prophet, claiming to be the great Manitou, or second Adam, in the year 1807, and 
was addressed to all the Indian tribes:
	"I am the father of the English, of the French, of the Spaniards, and of the 
Indians.  I created the first man, who was the common father of all these people as 
well as yourselves; and it is through him whom I have awakened from his long 
sleep that I now address you.  But the Americans I did not make; they are not my 
children, but the children of the Evil Spirit.  They grew from the scum of the great 
water when it was troubled by the Evil Spirit, and the froth was driven into the 
woods by a strong east wind.  They are numerous, but I hate them.
	"My children, you must not speak of the Talk to the whites.  I am now on 
the earth, sent by the Great Spirits to instruct you.  Each village must send me two 
or more principal chiefs, to represent you, that you may be taught.  The bearer of 
this Talk will point out to you the path to my wigwam.  I could not come myself 
to Arbre Croche, because the world is changed from what it was.  It is broken and 
leans down, and as it declines the Chippewas and all beyond will fall off and die.  
Therefore you must come to see me and be instructed.  Those villages which do 
not listen to this Talk, and send me two deputies, will be cut off from the face of 
the earth."
	From this time forward till the battle of Tippecanoe, in 1811, Tecumseh 
and the Prophet continued to extend their influence.  No wonder the susceptible 
and ambitious mind of Black Hawk was greatly impressed and dazzled with this 
scheme of Indian independence.  For this reason he had always been opposed to 
the policy of the Indians ceding their lands to the Americans.  He had great faith 
in the Shawanee Prophet.  He relates that after the meeting on the Wabash, all of 
his party returned, "among whom came a prophet, who explained to us the bad 
treatment the different nations of Indians had received from the Americans, giving 
them a few presents, and taking their lands from them.  I remember well his 
saying, "If you do not join your friends on the Wabash, the Americans will take 
this very village from you," I little thought then that his words would come true.
	Soon the war between Great Britain and the United States broke out, and 
Black hawk tool part with the British, having been, as he alleges, "forced into the 
war by being deceived."  The circumstances, according to his own narrative, were 
as follows; "Several of the chiefs and head men of the Sacs and Foxes were called 
upon to go to Washington to see their great father.  On their return they related 
what had been said and done.  They said the great white father wished them, in 
the event of a war taking place with England, not to interfere on either side, but to 
remain neutral.  He did not want our help, but wished us to hunt and support our 
families, and live in peace.  He said that British traders would not be permitted to 
come on the Mississippi to furnish us with goods, but that the British traders 
always gave them credit in the Fall for guns, powder and goods, to enable us to 
hunt, and clothe our families.  He repeated that the trader at Fort Madison would 
have plenty of goods; that we should go there in the Fall, and he would supply us 
on credit, as the British traders had done."
	Black Hawk seems to have accepted of this proposition, and he and his 
people were very much pleased.  Acting in good faith, they fitted out for their 
winter's hunt, and went to Fort Madison in high spirits to receive from the trader 
their outfit of supplies.  But after waiting some time, they were told by the trader 
that he would not trust them.  It was in vain that they pleaded the promise of the 
great father it Washington.  The trader was inexorable; and disappointed and 
crestfallen they turned sadly towards their own village.  "Few of us, says Black 
hawk, "slept that night; all was gloom and discontent.  In the morning a canoe 
was seen ascending the river; it soon arrived, bearing an express, who brought 
intelligence that LaGutrie, a British trader, had landed at Rock Island with two 
boats loaded with goods, and requested us to come up immediately, because he 
had good news for us, and a variety of presents.  The express presented us with 
tobacco, pipes and wampum.  The news ran through our camp like fire on a 
prairie.  Our lodges were soon taken down, and all started for Rock Island.  Here 
ended all hopes of our remaining at peace, having been forced into the war by 
being deceived."
	We can not follow Black Hawk's narrative through.  The substance of it is 
that he joined the British; that the British flattered him, decked him with medals, 
called him "General Black Hawk," made him many specious promises, excited 
his jealousy against the Americans, and armed and equipped his band.  He went 
into the service, where he met with defeat and disappointment, and soon 
abandoned the British and came home.  He says, "I was now tired of being with 
them, our success being bad, and having taken no plunder."
	A portion of the Sacs and Foxes, at the head of whom was Keokuk (the 
Watchful Fox), were disposed to sanction the treaty of 1804, and to cultivate 
friendly relations with the United States.  This divided the nation into the "war 
party," and the "peace party," as they were called.  When Black hawk and his 
band joined the British, the rest of the Sacs and Foxes remained neutral, and for 
self protection organized under Keokuk as their chief.  Black Hawk says he was 
informed, after he had gone to the war, that the nation, which had been reduced to 
so small a body of fighting men, were unable to defend themselves in case the 
Americans should attack them, and having all the old men, women and children 
belonging to the warriors who had join the British on their hands to provide for, a 
council was held, and it was agreed that Quash-qua-me (the Lance), and other 
chiefs, together with the old men, women and children, and such others as chose 
to accompany them, should go to St. Louis, and place themselves under the 
American chief stationed there.  They accordingly went down, and were received 
as the "friendly band" of the Sacs and Foxes, and were provided for and sent up 
the Missouri River.  On Black Hawk's return from the British army, he says 
Keokuk was introduced to him as the war chief of the braves then in the village.  
He inquired how he had become chief, and was informed that their spies ad seen a 
large armed force going towards Peoria, and fears were entertained of an attack 
upon the village; whereupon a council was held, which concluded to leave the 
village and cross over to the west side of the Mississippi.  Keokuk had been 
standing at the door of the lodge where the council was held, not being allowed to 
enter on account of having never killed an enemy, where he remained till Wa-co-
me came out.  Keokuk asked permission to speak in the council, which Wa-co-me 
obtained for him.  Keokuk then addressed the chiefs; he remonstrated against the 
desertion of the village, their own homes and the graves of their fathers, and 
offered to defend the village.  The council consented that he should be their war 
chief.  He marshaled his braves, sent out spies, and advanced on the trail leading 
to Peoria; but returned without seeing the enemy.  The Americans did not disturb 
the village, and all were satisfied with the appointment of Keokuk.
	Keokuk, like Black Hawk, was a descendant of the Sac branch of the 
nation, and was born on Rock River, in 1780.  He was if a pacific disposition, but 
possessed the elements of true courage, and could fight when occasion required, 
with a cool judgment and heroic energy.  In his first battle he encountered and 
killed a Sioux, which placed him in the rank of warriors and he was honored with 
a public feast by his tribe in commemoration of the event.  On another occasion 
he was hunting with his band near the country of the Sioux, when he 
unexpectedly encountered a mounted band of the latter; the Sacs were also on 
horseback.  Not having the force or the preparation to openly resist their enemy, 
nor the opportunity to retreat, Keokuk immediately formed his men into a circle, 
and ordered them to dismount and take shelter behind their horses.  The Sioux 
raised their war whoop and charged upon them with great fury, but the Sacs, 
protected by their horses, took deliberate aim, and compelled them to retreat.  The 
attack was repeated several times, but the Sioux were finally driven from the field 
with considerable loss.  
	At another time, when the Sacs supposed the Sioux were on friendly terms 
with them, Keokuk, on a hunting excursion, came suddenly upon a large 
encampment of them, painted fro war, and apparently on their way to attack his 
village.  His warriors were widely scattered over the prairies, so that he could not 
immediately call them to his aid.  These circumstances called into requisition his 
tact and decision.  He at once mounted his horse, and, unattended, rode boldly 
into the camp of the enemy.  In the amidst of the camp he saw the war-pole, and 
around it the painted Sioux engaged in the war-dance, and uttering expressions of 
vengeance against the Sacs.  Keokuk dashed into the midst of them and demanded 
to see their chief.  The chief approached.  "I have come to let you know," said 
Keokuk, "that there are traitors in your camp.  They have told me you were 
preparing to attack my village, I know they told me lies, for you could not, after 
smoking the peace-pipe, be so base as to murder my women and children in my 
absence.  None but cowards would be guilty of such conduct."  The Sioux 
gathered around him with the seeming intention to seize him, when he shouted, "I 
supposed they told me lies, but if what I have heard is true, the Sacs are ready for 
you."  And putting spurs to his horse he left the camp at full speed.  Several guns 
were fired after him, and several Sioux mounted their horses for pursuit; but he 
escaped, brandishing his tomahawk and making the woods resound with his war-
whoop.  He immediately gathered his forces and prepared to protect his village; 
but the Sioux from Keokuk's bold adventure into their camp, concluded that he 
had some deep-laid stratagem to lead them into, and so abandoned the enterprise.
	Keokuk has been described as an orator entitled to rank with the most 
gifted of his race.  In person he was tall, and of portly bearing; in his public 
speeches he displayed a commanding attitude and graceful gestures; he spoke 
rapidly, but his enunciation was clear, distinct and forcible; he culled his figures 
from the stores of nature, and based his argument on skillful logic.  Unfortunately 
for the reputation of Keokuk, as an orator among the white people, he was never 
able to obtain an interpreter who could claim even a slight acquaintance with 
philosophy.  With one exception only his interpreters were unacquainted with the 
elements of their mother-tongue.  Of this serious hindrance to his fame, Keokuk 
was well aware, and retained Frank Labershure, who had received a rudimental 
education in the French and English languages, until the latter broke down by 
dissipation, and died.  Bur during the meridian of his career among the white 
people, he was compelled to submit his speeches for translation to uneducated 
men, whose range of thought fell below the flights of a gifted mind, and the fine 
imagery drawn from nature was beyond their power of reproduction, He had 
sufficient knowledge of the English language to make him sensible of this bad 
rendering of his thoughts, and often a feeling of mortification at the bungling 
efforts was depicted on his countenance while speaking.  The proper place to form 
a correct estimate of his ability, as an orator, was in the Indian council, where he 
addressed himself exclusively to those who understood his language, and witness 
the electrical effect of his eloquence upon his audience.
	Keokuk seems to have possessed a more sober judgment, and to have had 
a more intelligent view of the great strength and resources of the United States, 
than his noted and restless contemporary, Black Hawk.  He knew from the first 
that the reckless war which Black Hawk and his band had determined to carry on, 
could result in nothing but defeat and disaster, and used every argument against it.  
The large number of warriors whom he had dissuaded from following Black 
Hawk, became, however, greatly excited with the war-spirit after Stillman's 
defeat, and but for the signal tact displayed by Keokuk on that occasion, would 
have forced him to submit to their wishes in joining the rest of the warriors in the 
field.  A war-dance was held, and Keokuk took part in it, seeming to be moved 
with the current of the rising storm.  When the dance was over, he called the 
council to prepare for war.  He made a speech, in which he admitted the justice of 
their complaints against the white man.  To seek redress was a noble aspiration of 
their nature. The blood of their brethren had been shed by the white man, and the 
spirits of their braves, slain in battle, called loudly for vengeance.  "I am your 
chief," he said, "and it is my duty to lead you to battle, if, after fully considering 
the matter, you are determined to go.  But before you decide on taking this 
important step, it is wise to inquire into the chances of success."  He then 
portrayed to them the great power of the United States against whom they would 
have to contend, that their chance of success was utterly hopeless.  "But," said he, 
"if you do determine to go upon the warpath, I will agree to lead you on one 
condition, viz., that before we go we will kill all our old men, and our wives and 
children, to save them from a lingering death of starvation, and that every one of 
us determine to leave our homes on the other side of the Mississippi."
	This was a strong but truthful picture of the prospect before them, and was 
presented in such a forcible light as to cool their ardor and cause them to abandon 
the rash undertaking.
	After his return from the British service, Black Hawk led several small 
war parties, obtained a few scalps, and joined in a war-dance at his own village.  
He was soon informed that the British had gone to Prairie du Chien and taken Fort 
Crawford, while, at the same time, five or six boats loaded with supplies and 
American soldiers, were on their way up the river as reinforcements.  He collected 
his forces and pursued the boats by land, overtaking them about half way up the 
rapids.  One of the boats soon grounded, and he approached cautiously and fired 
upon it, wounding some of the men.  He says, "I could here screaming in the boat, 
and encouraged my men to keep on firing."  Preparing his bows and arrows, he 
threw fire into the sails, and soon the boat was in a blaze.  One of the boats that 
had proceeded up the rapids, seeing the distress of their companions, returned and 
rescued all except the killed and disabled, the Indians capturing the boat, and also 
firing on the one which came to the rescue, wounding Major Campbell, who was 
in command.  Black Hawk distributed the plunder among his warriors, and 
returned to his village and erected the British flag.  Some of the British came 
down from Prairie du Chien and landed a cannon at Rock Island for the benefit of 
Black Hawk and his party.  Earth-works were constructed and a few artillerymen 
left to man the gun.
	Peace being soon declared between the United States and Great Britain, 
Black Hawk and his party were also required to make peace with the government, 
and for that purpose repaired to Portage des Sioux, where a treaty was entered 
into, September 14, 1815.
	"In the spring," says Black Hawk, "the great chief, at St Louis, having sent 
word for us to go down and confirm the treaty of peace, we did not hesitate, but 
started immediately that we might smoke the peace-pipe with him.  We met the 
great chief in council, and the pipe of peace was smoked.  Here, for the first time, 
I touched the goose-quill to the treaty, not knowing, however, that by that act I 
consented to give away my village.  Had that been explained to me, I should have 
opposed it, and never would have signed the treaty, as my recent conduct will 
clearly prove."
	This was a renewal of the treaty of November 3, 1804, and was signed by 
Black Hawk, May 13, 1816.
	When he returned to his village, he found that troops had arrived, and 
were building Fort Armstrong, at Rock Island.  He made no resistance to the 
building of the fort, but he says he was very sorry, as Rock Island was the best 
island in the Mississippi, and had long been the Summer resort of the young 
people of his tribe.  It was their garden, such as white people have near their 
villages, and supplied them with strawberries, blackberries, gooseberries, plums, 
apples, and various kinds of nuts, while its waters situated in the rapids of the 
river, supplied them with plenty of excellent fish.  The Indians had great 
veneration for this spot, and were strongly attached to it.  They believed that Rock 
Island was under the guardianship of a good spirit or genius, who had his abode in 
the island till he was driven off by the advent of the white man, and then an evil 
spirit took his place.
	It was not until several years later, when his village was encroached upon 
by the increase of settlement, his grounds and cornfields taken from him, and he 
and his people driven off their possessions by military authority, that Black Hawk 
finally took up arms in defiance of the authority of the United States. 

THE BLACK HAWK WAR

	The hunting grounds of the Sacs and Foxes were on the west side of the 
Mississippi, and during the period that elapsed from the time they had set out 
upon their usual Winter's hunt, in the Fall of 1830, and their return in the Winter, 
the whites had taken possession of Black Hawk's village; their families were 
occupying the wigwams of the Indians, while the women and children of the latter 
had been driven out and were shelterless on the banks of the river.  This state of 
things became intolerable to the Indian, and they determined to repossess their 
village at all hazards.  Early in the Spring of 1831, Black Hawk and his band 
recrossed the Mississippi, and, in a menacing manner, took possession of their 
bark cabins and old cornfields.  According to Black Hawk's statement, he did not 
mean to be provoked into a war b anything less than the blood of some of his 
people, which he claimed the whites dares not shed so long as the land belonged 
to the government; for it was expressly stipulated in the treaty which had been the 
cause of all their troubles, that the Indians were not obliged to leave their land s so 
long as they remained unsold by the United States.  It does not appear that they 
occupied any other lands than those owned by the government.
	But the whites became so clamorous against the encroachments of the 
retuned Indian, that Governor Reynolds, of Illinois, took the responsibility of 
declaring the state invaded, and ordered General Gaines to proceed to Rock Island 
with a military force and drive the Indians to the west side of the Mississippi.  At 
this time it was the general opinion along the frontiers that the Indians intended to 
unite in a great war against the whites, extending from Rock River to the borders 
of Mexico, and this belief, no doubt, had a great deal to do in shaping the course 
adopted by the military authorities.  In view of this emergency, General Gaines 
called on Governor Reynolds for seven hundred mounted volunteers, which were 
immediately furnished, and on the 10th of June marched from Beardstown, on the 
Illinois River, reaching the Indian village at Rock Island in four or five days.  
Every preparation had been made for a battle; but on the preceding night the 
Indians had quietly withdrawn and crossed to the west side of the Mississippi.  
The volunteers then burned the Indian village.  General Gaines, threatening to 
pursue the Indians on the west side, soon brought Black Hawk and his chiefs to 
his camp to sue for peace.  A new treaty was accordingly entered into, by the 
terms of which Black Hawk and his band agreed to remain forever on the west 
side of the river, and to never recross it without permission from the President or 
the Governor of the state.  Thus the treaty of 1804 was in substance again ratified 
by Black Hawk and his chiefs.  But the observance of it was, unfortunately, of 
very short duration on the part of the Indians.
	Early in the Spring of 1832, Black Hawk again made his appearance with 
his band of followers on the east side of the river.  It could not be doubted that he 
intended to use force in the recovery of his village, and in the execution of this 
purpose he expected aid from his friends and allies, the Winnebagoes, Kickapoos 
and Pottawatomies, and active co-operation on the part of his British father at 
Malden.  In all this he was disappointed, having been made the victim of a too 
easy confidence in promises and representations made by his agents.  But 
whatever may have been his hopes of assistance, his breach of faith in recrossing 
the Mississippi, after the treaty of 1831, was inexcusable.
	All was now preparation for war.  Governor Reynolds made another call 
on the militia of Illinois, and in a few days eighteen hundred men rallied under his 
banner at Beardstown.  The force was organized into four regiments, and a spy 
battalion.  Colonel DeWitt commanded the first; Colonel Fry the second; Colonel 
Thomas the third; Colonel Thompson the fourth; while the spy battalion was 
commanded by Colonel James D. Henry; and the whole was put under Brigadier 
General Samuel Whiteside, of the Illinois militia.  The line of march was taken up 
on the 27th of April, via Oquawka, on the Mississippi, to the mouth of Rock 
River.  Meantime General Atkinson, with the regular forces, had set out about the 
first of April for the Upper Mississippi.  They met, and held a council of war at 
the mouth of Rock River.  On the same night of General Atkinson's arrival, Black 
hawk had collected his forces on the Mississippi in the vicinity of where Fort 
Madison had stood, and with his women and children in canoes, and his warriors 
and braves on horseback, joined by the Prophet below rock Island, had ascended 
Rock River towards the Prophet's village.  Having ascertained their whereabouts, 
an order was sent to them by General Atkinson to immediately return and recross 
the Mississippi.  Black Hawk refused to obey.  Another express was dispatched 
with the treat that if they did not return peaceably, they would be driven back by 
force.  To this Black Hawk replied, "If you wish to fight us, come on."  It was 
agreed buy the generals that the volunteers should ascend Rock River about fifty 
miles, the Prophet's village, and there encamp and await the arrival of the regulars 
with provisions.  This order was not strictly carried out.  When General Whiteside 
arrived at the Prophet's village, he did not encamp there; his men burnt the town, 
and the brigade proceeded about forty miles further, to Dixon's Ferry, where they 
awaited General Atkinson's arrival.  Here they found tow battalions of mounted 
volunteers, tow hundred and seventy-five men, under command of Majors 
Stillman and Bailey.  The officers of this latter force were ambitious to meet the 
foe, and begged to be put forward on some dangerous service, in which they could 
distinguish themselves.  To gratify them, they were ordered up Rock River, to spy 
out the Indians.  They went upon the southeast side, and camped all night at 
Sycamore Creek.  While Stillman and his command were in camp at that point, 
Black Hawk and his warriors were not far off, though their whereabouts was 
unknown to the gallant Major.  Black Hawk was at that moment making 
arrangements to propose terms of peace to his adversaries and on the morning of 
the 14th of May, while Stillman and his force were in camp, he sent three braves 
with a flag of truce, to make known to the Americans his willingness to surrender, 
As the approached -- not near enough, however, to show their flag of truce -- 
Stillman's men, supposing them to be a portion of the enemy they were in search 
of, mounted their horses in hot haste, and dashed down upon them, without 
waiting for orders from their commander.  The Indians retreated towards the camp 
of their chief, the Americans following at full speed.  Black hawk saw them 
dashing down upon him, and giving up all hopes of negotiation for peace, raised 
the war-whoop, as a signal for his braves to encounter the foe.  Without hardly 
waiting for the onslaught, Stillman's men retreated in great haste, supposing 
themselves pursued by a thousand savage warriors, and imparting their terror to 
the camp, through which they rushed, the whole of Stillman's force joined in the 
panic stricken retreat, and paused not till they had reached Dixon's Ferry.  In this 
engagement, eleven of Stillman's men, and the entire camp, with its equipments, 
fell into the hands of Black Hawk.  Thirty or forty of the Indians pursued the 
fugitive volunteers ten or a dozen miles.
	There were, no doubt, brave men in this detachment; some of them -- 
Major Perkins and Captain Austin -- showed their bravery by protecting the 
retreat and fighting manfully.  But the whole party was composed of raw militia, 
without discipline or experience, and there fore suitable allowance should be 
made for them.
	A council of war was held that evening by General Whiteside.  The next 
day the volunteers marched to the scene of the disaster.  The Indians had scattered 
before their arrival.  The dead bodies of the eleven who fell were collected and 
buried in a common grave.  That evening they marched to Dixon.  On the 
following day General Atkinson arrived with the regular forces, and supplies of 
provisions.  The army at this time amounted to twenty-four hundred men, 
including regulars and volunteers.  But the volunteers were anxious to be 
discharged.  Accordingly, they were marched to Ottawa, Illinois, and discharged 
by Governor Reynolds on the 27th and 28th of May, 1832.
	After Stillman's defeat, the mineral regions were exposed to the ravages of 
the Indians.  Colonel Dodge, acting under the instruction of Governor Reynolds, 
immediately called on the inhabitants of that part of the country to organize 
themselves into companies, place their families in forts and stockades, and hold 
themselves in readiness for an immediate call into active service.  These orders 
and recommendations were promptly attended to throughout the whole country 
then settled south of the Wisconsin River.  The Winnebagoes were also visited by 
Colonel Dodge, and the sub-agent, Mr. Gratiot, and pledged to remain neutral 
during the war.
	On the 22d of May, a party of about seventy Indians made an attack on a 
settlement on Indian creek, a tributary of the Fox River in Illinois, and massacred 
fifteen persons, consisting of men, women and children, who had assembled at a 
house of one of the settlers.  These persons belonged to the families of Messrs. 
Hall, Davis and Pettigrew.  Two of Mr. hall's daughters were taken captive to 
Black Hawk's camp, near Lake Koshkonong.  But after a few days they were 
liberated and given into the hands of some Winnebagoes whom General Atkinson 
had induced to go there an procure their release, by the offer of a reward of two 
thousand dollars, which was promptly paid the rescuers, and the two girls were 
delivered into the hands of their countrymen at Blue Mounds, on the 3d of June.  
General Dodge had them sent to their friends in the southern part of Illinois.
	Many murders of individuals were committed by straggling Indians about 
this time.  A man by the name of Darley was killed near Buffalo Grove on the 
21st of May.  On the 22d, some seven or eight persons started out from Dixon in 
search of land, and on their way they discovered and buried the body of Durley.  
The next morning they were surrounded by a body of Indians, and four of them 
were killed, viz.: Felix St. Vrain, Indian agent at Rock Island, Aaron Hawley, and 
two men by the names of Fowler and Hale.  The others made their escape to 
Galena.  Also, about this time, a man was killed on Bureau Creek, another on Fox 
River, two more on the Chicago road near Ottawa, a Mr. Winters near Dixon's 
Ferry, and a Dunkard preacher, whose head they cut off on account of his long 
beard, and carried off as a trophy.  On the 6th of June, James Aubury was killed at 
a spring about a mile and a half from Mound Fort, where he had gone to get 
water.  Lieutenant Force and a man by the name of Green were subsequently 
killed at the same place by a roving party of Sacs, who, it was supposed, had been 
guided thither by some treacherous Winnebagoes. 
	Meantime a new force of volunteers had been called for by Governor 
Reynolds, to rendezvous at Beardstown and Hennepin, and a regiment from 
among those who had been recently discharged, to remain on duty till the new 
forces could be assembled, The latter was soon raised: Jacob Fry was elected 
Colonel; James D. Henry, Lieutenant Colonel' John Thomas, Major; Samuel 
Whiteside, the late commanding General, volunteered as a private.  Captain Adam 
Snyder, of this regiment, was sent to range the country between Rock River and 
Galena, and was fired upon in his camp at night by Indians near Barr Oak Grove, 
on the 17th of June, 1832.  The next morning he pursued them, who proved to be 
four in number, and drove them into a slough and killed them all, losing one of his 
own men mortally wounded.  On his return, bearing the wounded soldier, his 
men, suffering from thirst, were scattered in search of water, when they were 
attacked by about seventy Indians, who had been secretly watching his 
movements.  His men at first attempted to retreat, but Captain Snyder called on 
private General Whiteside to assist him in forming his command.  The brave 
General, in a loud voice, threatened to shoot the first man who attempted to run, 
and the ranks ere quickly formed. Both parties took position behind trees.  
Whiteside, being an excellent marksman, shot the Indian leader with his rifle, 
whereupon the Indians began to retreat.  The loss upon their side was not 
ascertained, but Snyder lost tow men killed and one wounded.
	The battle of Peccatonica was fought on the 16th of June, at the Horseshoe 
Bend in the stream of that name, and occurred in the following manner: On the 
14th, a party of Indians had murdered Spafford and four others, who were 
working in a cornfield near the mouth of Spafford's Creek, on the Peccatoniea.  
Colonel Dodge being informed of the massacre, sent a dispatch at midnight to 
Capt. James H. Gentry, at Platte Mounds, to collect all his forces, and meet him at 
Hamilton's Fort, he starting the next morning, in company with Thomas Jenkins 
and John Messersmith, Jr., and camping that night at Tetwell's Diggings.  On the 
next morning, when they were within a short distance of Hamilton's Fort, they 
met a German, named Apple, on horseback, riding from the fort to his cabin, to 
make ready to enter the service.  He had only passed them a few moments, when 
firing was heard, and Apple's horse came galloping back, bloody and without a 
rider.  Captain Gentry's men had already arrived at the fort on the preceding 
evening and were instantly ready for action.  Colonel Dodge led the pursuit, and 
in a short time struck the Indian trail, leading across the prairie.  The Indians were 
overtaken at the banks of the Peccatonica.  They were on the opposite side, 
concealed under sandbanks, and sheltered in thickets.  Colonel Dodge had with 
him twenty-eight men; seven of them were detailed to hold the horses, with the 
remaining twenty-one, dismounted, their intrepid leader waded the river, and 
instantly on rising upon the opposite bank received the fire of the Indians.  
Without giving them time to re-load, an instantaneous charge was made upon 
them by the volunteers, and the contest became literally hand to hand.  It was 
short and decisive; for before it became necessary for the volunteers to charge 
their guns a second time, every Indian, seventeen in number, was killed.  The loss 
of the volunteers was three killed and wounded.
	On the 15th of June, the volunteers under the late requisition had arrived at 
the places of rendezvous.  They were divided into three brigades; the first 
commanded by Gen. Alexander Posey; the second by Gen. Milton R. Alexander; 
the third by Gen. James D. Henry.  The whole volunteer force at this time 
amounted to three thousand two hundred men, besides three companies of 
rangers, under command of Major Bogart, left behind to protect the frontier 
settlements.
	On the 18th of June, Captain Stephenson was severely wounded in an 
unsuccessful attempt to dislodge a party of Indians from a thicket, and also lost 
tow or three of his men.  On the 20th, Force and Green were killed by a party of 
Indians within sight of Mound Fort.  Colonel Dodge pursued them as far s\as 
Sugar River, when the trail became scattering, and he returned.  On his homeward 
march he buried the bodies of Force and Green.
	On the 22d, the new forces assembled on the Illinois were put in motion 
by General Atkinson, who now assumed command of the whole army, and began 
to march up Rock River.  Major John Dement, with a battalion of spies attached 
to the first brigade was sent in advance.  The main army concentrated at Dixon.  
On the 24th an attempt was made by a considerable body of Indians to surprise 
the fort at Buffalo Grove, twelve miles north of Dixon.  It was unsuccessful, 
though a sharp engagement ensued, in which sixteen Indians were killed.  On the 
15th a severe fight took place between a company of spies under Major Dement, 
and a band of Indians near Kellogg's Grove.  The Indians yell so frightened the 
horses, that they were thrown into confusion, and were obliged to retreat.  Nine 
Indians -- two of them chiefs -- were killed, and several wounded, while the 
whites lost five men killed, and about thirty of their horses. 
	General Atkinson being informed that Black Hawk and his force were at 
Lake Koshkonong, immediately moved thither with a portion of his army but on 
his arrival he found that the Indians had decamped so secretly and successfully 
that the direction they had taken could not be detected.  The whole army was 
ordered to concentrate at Lake Koshkonong, and detachments sent to obtain 
supplies at Fort Winnebago.  Generals Posey and Alexander returned with the 
supplies, while Henry and Dodge, with their separate commands, struck across the 
country to Rock River, and on their arrival at the rapids discovered the Indian 
trail, which they followed, and found let in the direction of the Wisconsin River.  
It was evident that the retreating body was large and that the enemy had but 
recently passed.  The pursuing troops hastened on from the northern shore of the 
Fourth Lake, towards the Wisconsin, and, on the 21st of July, arrived at the hills 
which skirt the left bank of the river, nearly opposite Sauk Prairie.  Here was the 
whole force of Black hawk, his women and children, hastening by every effort to 
escape across the river to avoid the impending conflict with the whites, in which 
they could reasonably expect nothing but destruction.  But to cover the retreat of 
the women and children, the aged and infirm, it became necessary that Black 
hawk should make a determined stand, which he accordingly did.
	The Indians were in the bottom lands hastening to remove their people to 
an island in the river, when the pursuing whites arrived on the heights.  A 
company of spies was in the advance, and having come upon the Indians very 
suddenly, in descending the high grounds, were instantly attacked and driven back 
on the main body, which had already formed in readiness for action.  Colonel 
Dodge, commanding, occupied the front, and sustained the first attack of the 
enemy.  The main body, under General Henry, soon joined Colonel Dodge, and, 
in its united action, a complete victory was obtained over Black Hawk and his 
forces.  The battle commenced about five o'clock in the afternoon, and closed 
about sunset.  The Indians were supposed to number between five and six 
hundred.  Their loss was estimated at about sixty killed and a great number 
wounded, many of whom died on the march to the Mississippi.  The loss of the 
Americans was one killed and eight wounded.
	During the night following the battle of Wisconsin Heights, Black Hawk 
made his escape with his remaining force and people down the Wisconsin River.  
A dispatch was sent to the commandant at Fort Crawford, Prairie du Chien, to 
intercept them in their passage down the river.  That officer captured several 
canoes containing the women and children, but the warriors marched on foot 
along the banks of the river.  Meantime the forces under General Atkinson and 
Colonel Dodge had crossed to the north side of the Wisconsin and discovered the 
trail of the Indians under the bluffs, which they followed till they reached the 
Mississippi near the mouth of Bad Axe River, on the first of August.  Along this 
route, the great number of dead bodies and newly made Indian graves which they 
discovered, told too plainly the losses and sufferings of Black Hawk's people.
	A steamboat had been dispatched by colonel Loomis up the Mississippi, as 
far as Black River, where a number of canoes were seized, which were supposed 
to have been provided by the Winnebagoes to aid Black Hawk in his 
contemplated retreat across the Mississippi.  This boat returned to Prairie du 
Chien, and another, considered more serviceable, was sent up the next day, which 
arrived at the mouth of the Bad Axe soon after the battle had begun, in time to 
participate in it.
	About two o'clock on the morning of the 2d of August, the line of march 
was taken up to the scene of the last and decisive battle, which terminated Black 
Hawk's military career.  Colonel Dodge's command formed the advance, 
supported by the regular troops under Colonel Zachary Taylor with the regulars.  
The Indians were attacked in front by fire from the steamboat, and on all sides, 
and in the rear, by an exasperated foe.  Many women endeavored to escape by 
swimming the Mississippi with their children on their backs, and were drowned.  
Others succeeded in crossing, and were pursued and killed by a large body of 
Sioux on the west shore.  The battle lasted about two hours, and was a complete 
slaughter and route of the Indians.  Black Hawk fled in the Winnebago village, at 
Prairie la Crosse; and, on the 27th of August, 1832, two Winnebago Indians, 
Decorah, the One-Eyed, and Chaetar, arrived in camp, at Prairie du Chien, 
bringing Black Hawk and the Prophet as prisoners.  Black hawk, on that occasion, 
addressed General Street, the Winnebago Indian Agent, in language as follows:
	
	"My warriors fell around me.  It began to look dismal.  I saw my evil day 
at hand.  The sun rose clear on us in the morning; at night it sank in a dark cloud, 
and looked like a ball of fire.  This was the last sun that shone on Black Hawk.  
He is not a prisoner to the white man.  But he can stand the torture.  He is not 
afraid of death.  He is no coward.  Black Hawk is an Indian.  He has done nothing 
of which an Indian need be ashamed.  He has fought the battles of his country 
against the white man, who came year after year to cheat them and take away 
their lands.  You know the cause of our making war.  It is known to all white men.  
They ought to be ashamed of it.  The white men despise the Indians and drive 
them from their homes.  But the Indians are not deceitful.  Indians do not steal.
	"Black Hawk is satisfied.  He will go to the world of spirits contented.  He 
has done his duty.  His Father will meet him and reward him.
	"The white men do not scalp the head, but they do worse – they poison the 
heart.  It is not pure with them.  His countrymen will not be scalped, but they will, 
in a few years, become like the white man, so that you can not hurt them; and 
there must be, as in the white settlements, as many officers as men, to take care of 
them and keep them in order.  Farewell to my nation!  Farewell to Black Hawk!"  
	The remaining history of this fallen warrior shall be brief.  He was 
confined in Jefferson barracks till the Spring of 1833, when orders came to 
General Atkinson to send him, together with his wife and daughter, to 
Washington.  They were accordingly sent, and arrived on the 22nd of April.  On 
their way they were astonished at the greatness of the country and the evidences 
which met them on every hand of the power and resources of the United States, of 
which, up to that time, they had formed no conception.  No doubt if Black Hawk 
would have known before he recklessly rushed into war what a country he was 
fighting against, he never would have drawn the sword.  But he was ignorant of 
everything American, except the few traders, soldiers and settlers, whom he had 
encountered on the frontiers, and without the education necessary to comprehend 
the situation.  The famous words of Black Hawk to General Jackson – "I am a 
man and you are another" – were uttered on the occasion of his first meeting the 
President at Washington.
	On the 26th of April, they were taken to Fortress Monroe, where they 
remained till the 4th of June, 1833, when orders were given for them to be 
liberated and returned to their own country.  During his stay at Fortress Monroe, 
Black Hawk had become ardently attached to the commander, Colonel Eustis, and 
on parting with him said, "The memory of your friendship will remain till the 
Great Spirit shall say, 'It is time for Black Hawk to sing his death song.'"
	By order of the President he was brought back to Iowa through the 
principal Eastern cities, crowds flocked to see him all along his route, and he was 
very much flattered by the attentions he received.  He lived among his people on 
the Iowa River till that reservation was sold in 1836, when, with the rest of the 
Sacs and Foxes, he removed to the Des Moines Reservation, where he remained 
till his death, which occurred on the 3rd of October, 1838.  Black Hawk was 
buried on the Des Moines River, in a sitting posture, according to the custom of 
his tribe.

THE BLACK HAWK PURCHASE.
		At the close of the Black Hawk War the difficulties with the Sacs 
and Foxes were adjusted by the cession, on their part, to the United States of a 
strip of territory on the eastern border of Iowa, along the Mississippi, extending 
from the northern boundary of Missouri to the mouth of the Upper Iowa River, 
and averaging about fifty miles in width.  This strip of territory contained about 
six millions of acres, and although not the first portion of Iowa ceded to the 
United States by the Sacs and Foxes, was, nevertheless, the first opened to actual 
settlement by that first wave of immigration that began to flow across the 
Mississippi, as soon as the Indian title was extinguished.  This territory has been 
known as the "Black Hawk Purchase."  It was ceded to the United States by the 
Sacs and Foxes, in a treaty held on the ground now occupied by the Chicago, 
Rock Island and Pacific Railroad Company, in the city of Davenport, September 
21, 1832, General Winfield Scott being commissioner on the part of the United 
States.  The treaty came into effect on the first of June, 1833, when the Indians 
quietly removed from it, giving to the white settlers free access to this beautiful 
and fertile region.

KEOKUK'S RESERVE.
	Out of the Black Hawk Purchase, the United States, by the terms of the 
treaty, reserved for the Sacs and Foxes a tract of land containing four hundred 
square miles, situated on the Iowa river, and including Keokuk's village on its 
right bank.  In September, 1836, this tract, known as "Keokuk's Reserve," was 
ceded to the United States in a treaty made on the bank of the Mississippi, above 
Davenport, between the chiefs and head men of the Sacs and Foxes and Governor 
Dodge, of Wisconsin Territory.  There were present at the council about a 
thousand chiefs, braves and warriors, and it was the largest assemblage of the 
kind ever held by the Sacs and Foxes to treat for the sale of their lands.  Keokuk 
was head chief and the principal speaker on the occasion.  Black Hawk was 
present, but as a fallen chief was not allowed to participate in the council.  He 
stood outside, with a few friends, a silent spectator.  This was the last time the old 
chief ever visited the vicinity of his former home at Rock Island.  By the terms of 
this treaty the Sacs and Foxes were removed to another reservation on the Des 
Moines River, where an agency was established for them at what is now the town 
of Agency city.

THE SAC AND FOX AGENCY
	Soon after the removal of the Indians to their reservation on the Des 
Moines River, General Joseph M. Street was transferred from the agency of the 
Winnebagoes, at Prairie du Chien, to establish an agency among the Sacs and 
Foxes, and these tribes were placed under his charge.  A farm was selected, on 
which the necessary farm buildings were erected, and a comfortable frame house 
for the agent and his family, at the expense of the Indian fund.  A salaried agent 
was employed to superintend the farm and dispose of the crops.  Two mills were 
erected, one on the Soap Creek, the other on Sugar Creek; the later was soon 
swept away by a flood, but the former remained and did good service for many 
years.  Connected with the agency were Joseph Smart and John Goodell, 
interpreters; the latter interpreter for Hard Fish's land.  Three of the Indian chiefs, 
Keokuk, Wapello and Appanoose, had each a large field improved, the two 
former on the right bank of the Des Moines, back from the river, in what is now 
"Keokuk's Prairie;" the latter on the present site of the City of Ottumwa.  Among 
the traders connected with the agency were the Messrs, Ewing, from Ohio, and 
Phelps & Co. from Illinois, and also Mr. J. P. Eddy, who established his post at 
what is now the site of Eddyville.
	The Indians, at this agency became idle and listless, in the absence of their 
natural and wonted excitements, and many of them plunged into dissipation.  
Keokuk himself became dissipated in the latter years of his life, and it has been 
reported that he died of delirium tremens after his removal with his tribe to 
Kansas.
	In May, 1843, most of the Indians were removed up the Des Moines 
River, above the terporary line of Red Rock, having ceded the remnant of their 
lands in Iowa to the United States, on the 21st of September 1837, and on 11th of 
October, 1842.  By the terms of the latter treaty they held possession of the "New 
Purchase" till the Autumn of 1845, when the most of them were removed to their 
reservation in Kansas, the balance being removed in the Spring of 1846.

INDIAN TREATIES.
	We close this brief Indian history with a summary of the treatise relating 
to Iowa:
	1.  Treaty with the Sioux – Made July 19, 1815.  Ratified December 26, 
1815.  This treaty was made at Portage des Sioux, between the Sioux of 
Minnesota, and Upper Iowa and the United States, by William Clark and Ninian 
Edwards, Commissioners, and was merely a treaty of peace and friendship on the 
part of those Indians toward the United States at the close of the War of 1812.
	2. Treaty with the Sacs. – A similar treaty of peace and amity was made at 
Portage des Sioux, between the United States and the tribe or nation of the Sacs, 
by William Clark, Ninian Edwards and Auguste Choteau, on the 13th of 
September, 1815, and ratified at the same date as the above.  In this, the treaty of 
1804 was reaffirmed and the Sacs here represented, promised for themselves and 
their bands to keep entirely separate from the Sacs of Rock River, who, under 
Black Hawk, had joined the British in the was just then closed.
	3. Treaty with the Foxes. – A separate treaty of peace was made with the 
Foxes at Portage des Sioux by the same commissioners, on the 14th of September, 
1815, and ratified the same as the above, wherein the Foxes reaffirmed the treaty 
of St. Louis, of November 3, 1804, and agreed to deliver up all their prisoners to 
the officer in command at Fort Clark, now Peoria, Illinois.
	4. Treaty with the Iowas. – A treaty of peace and mutual good will was 
made between the United States and the Iowa tribe of Indians, at Portage des 
Sioux, by the same commissioners as above, on the 16th of September, 1815, at 
the close of the war with Great Britain, and ratified at the same date as the others.
	5. Treaty with the Sacs of Rock River – Made at St. Louis, on the 13th of 
May, 1816, between the United States and the Sacs of Rock River, by the 
commissioners, William Clark, Ninian Edwards and Aususte Choteau, and 
ratified December 30, 1816.  In this treaty, that of 1804 was re-established and 
confirmed by twenty-two chiefs and head men of the Sacs of Rock river, and 
Black Hawk himself attached to it his signature, or, as he said, "Touched the 
goose-quill."
	6. Treaty of 1824. – On the 4th of August, 1824, a treaty was made 
between the United States and the Sacs and Foxes, in the City of Washington, by 
William Clark, Commissioner, wherein the Sac and Fox nation relinquished their 
title to all lands in Missouri, and that portion of the southeast corner of Iowa 
known as the "Half-Breed Tract," was set off and reserved for the use of the half-
breeds of the Sacs and Foxes, they holding title in the same manner as Indians.  
This treaty was ratified January 18, 1825.
	7. Treaty of August 19, 1825. – At this date a treaty was made by William 
Clark and Lewis Cass, at Prairie du Chien, between the United States and the 
Chippewas, Sacs and Foxes, Menomonies, Winnebagoes and a portion of the 
Ottawas and Pottawattomies.  I this treaty, in order to make peace between the 
contending tribes as to the limits of their respective hunting grounds in Iowa, it 
was agreed that the United States Government should run a boundary line 
between the Sioux, on the north, and the Sacs and Foxes, on the south, as follows:
	Commencing at the mouth of the Upper Iowa River, on the west bank of 
the Mississippi, and ascending said Iowa River to its west fork; thence up the fork 
to its source; thence crossing the fork of Red Cedar River in a direct line to the 
second or upper fork of the Des Moines River; thence in a direct line to the lower 
fork of the Calumet River, and down that river to its junction with the Missouri 
River.
	8. Treaty of 1830. – On the 15th of July, 1830, the confederate tribes of the 
Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States a strip of country lying south of the 
above line, twenty miles in width, and extending along the line aforesaid from the 
Mississippi t the Des Moines River.  The Sioux also, whose possessions were 
north of the line, ceded to the Government, I the same treaty, a like strip on the 
north side of the boundary.  Thus the United States, at the ratification of this 
treaty, February 24, 1831, came into possession of a portion of Iowa forty miles in 
width, extending along the Clark and Cass line of 1825, from the Mississippi to 
the Des Moines River.  This territory was known as the "Neutral Ground," and the 
tribes on either side of the line were allowed to fish and hunt on it unmolested till 
it was made a Winnebago reservation, and the Winnebagoes were removed to it in 
1841. (See article Fort Atkinson.)
	9. Treaty with the Sacs and Foxes and other Tribes. – At the same time of 
the above treaty respecting the "Neutral Ground," (July 15, 1830), the Sacs and 
Foxes, Western Sioux, Omahas, Iowas and Missouris, ceded to the United States a 
portion of the western slope of Iowa, the boundaries of which were defined as 
follows:  Beginning at the upper fork of the Des Moines River, and passing the 
sources of the Little Sioux, on Calumet, on the east side: thence down said creek 
and the Calumet River to the Missouri River; thence down said Missouri River to 
the Missouri state line above the Kansas; thence along said line to the northwest 
corner of said state; thence to the high lands between the waters falling in to the 
Missouri and Des Moines, passing to said high lands along the dividing ridge 
between the forks of the Grand River; thence along said high lands or ridge 
separating the waters of the Missouri from those of the Des Moines, to a point 
opposite the source of the Boyer River and thence in a direct line to the upper fork 
of the Des Moines, the place of beginning.
	It was understood that the lands ceded and relinquished by this treaty were 
to be assigned and allotted, under the direction of the President of the United 
States, to the tribes then living thereon, or to such other tribes as the President 
might locate thereon for hunting and other purpose.  In consideration of three 
tracts of land ceded in this treaty, the United States agreed to pay to the Sacs, 
three thousand dollars; to the Foxes three thousand dollars, to the Sioux, two 
thousand dollars; to the Yankton and Santie bands of Siouos, three thousand 
dollars; to the Omahas, two thousand five hundred dollars; and to the Ottoes and 
Missouris, two thousand five hundred dollars – to be paid annually for ten 
successive years.  In addition to these annuities, Government agreed to furnish 
some of the tribes with blacksmiths and agricultural instruments to the amount of 
two hundred dollars, at the expense of the United States, and to set apart three 
thousand dollars annually for the education of the children of these tribes.  It does 
not appear that any fort was erected in this territory prior to the erection of Fort 
Atkinson on the Neutral Ground, in 1840-41.
	This treaty was made by William, Clark, Superintendent of Indian affairs, 
and Col. Willoughby Morgan, of the United States 1st Infantry, and came into 
effect by proclamation, February 24, 1831.
	10. Treaty with the Winnebagoes. – Made at Fort Armstrong, Rock Island, 
September 15, 1832, by Gen. Winfield Scott and Hon. John Reynolds, Governor 
of Illinois.  In this treaty the Winnebagoes ceded to the United States all their 
lands lying on the east side of the Mississippi, and in part consideration therefore 
the United States granted to the Winnebagoes, to be held as other Indian lands are 
held, that portion of Iowa known as the Neutral Ground.  The exchange of the two 
tracts of country was to take place on or before the first day of June, 1833.  In 
addition to the Neutral Ground, it was stipulated that the United States should 
give the Winnebagoes, beginning in September, 1833, and continuing for twenty-
seven successive years, ten thousand dollars in specie, and establish a school 
among, with a farm and garden, and provide other facilities for the education of 
their children, not to exceed in cost three thousand dollars a year, and to continue 
the same for twenty-seven successive years.  Six agriculturists, twelve yoke of 
oxen, and plows and other farming tools were to be supplied by the Government.
	11. Treat of 1832 with the Sacs and Foxes. – The treaty in which the Sacs 
and Foxes ceded to the United States that portion of Iowa known as the "Black 
Hawk Purchase," was made on the west side of the Mississippi, where Davenport 
is now situated, September 21, 1832k by General Scott and Governor Reynolds, 
of Illinois, commissioners on the part of the United States, with Keokuk, 
Pashapalto, and some thirty other chiefs and warriors of the nation of Sacs and 
Foxes, assembled in council.  The treaty was rati fied February 13, 1833, and took 
effect on the first of June following.  The limits of the territory ceded in this treaty 
are thus described:
	"Beginning on the Mississippi River at a point where the Sac and Fox 
northern boundary line, as established by the second article of the treaty of Prairie 
du Chien, July, 1830, strikes said river; thence up said boundary line to a point 
fifty miles from the Mississippi measured on said line; thence in a right line to the 
nearest point on the Red Cedar, of Iowa, forty miles from the Mississippi; thence 
in a right line to a point in the northern boundary of the State of Missouri, fifty 
mils measured on said boundary from the Mississippi River; thence by the last 
mentioned boundary to the Mississippi River, and by the western shore of said 
river to the place of beginning."
	We have already stated that out of this purchase a reservation was made 
for the Sac and Fox Indians of four hundred square miles on the Iowa River.  
Government gave in fee simple to Antoine LeClaire, interpreter, one section of 
land opposite Rock Island, and one section at the head of the first rapids above the 
island, on the Iowa side.  This was the first title to land granted to an individual in 
Iowa by the United States.
	In consideration of the land ceded to the United States, Government 
stipulated to pay the confederated tribes annually, for thirty consecutive years, the 
sum of twenty thousand dollars in specie, and paid the debts of the Indians at 
Rock Island which had accumulated for seventeen preceding years, namely, forty 
thousand dollars to Farnham and Davenport, Indian traders.  Government also 
generously donated to the Sac and Fox women and children whose husbands and 
father had fallen in the Black Hawk war, thirty-five beef cattle, twelve bushels of 
salt, thirty barrels of pork, fifty barrels of flour, and six thousand bushels of 
Indian corn.
	12. Treaty of 1836. – In a treaty made and entered into "on the right bank 
of the Mississippi river, in the County of Dubuque and Territory of Wisconsin, 
opposite Rock Island," September 28, 1836, Henry Dodge, Commissioner on the 
part of the United States, the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States their 
reservation of four hundred sections on the Iowa River, the Government paying 
therefore thirty thousand dollars, and an annuity of ten thousand dollars for ten 
successive years, together with other sums and debts of the Indians to various 
parties.
	13. Treaty of 1837. – On the 21st of October, 1837, a treaty was made at 
the City of Washington, between Carey a. Harris, Commissioner of Indian 
Affairs, and the confederate tribes of Sacs and Foxes, wherein another slice of the 
soil of Iowa was obtained, described in the treaty as follows: "A tract of country 
containing 1,250,000 acres, lying west and adjoining the tract conveyed by them 
to the United States in the treaty of September 21, 1832.  It is understood that the 
points of termination for the present cession shall be the northern and southern 
points of said tract as fixed by the survey made under the authority of the United 
States, and that a line shall be drawn between them so as to intersect a line 
extended westwardly from the angle of said tract nearly opposite to Rock Island, 
as laid down in the above survey, so far as may be necessary to include the 
number of acres hereby ceded, which last mentioned line, it is estimated, will be 
about twenty-five miles."
	This piece of land was twenty-five miles wide in the middle, and ran off to 
a point at both ends, lying directly back of the Black Hawk Purchase, and of a 
length coinciding therewith.
	The above treaty was ratified February 21, 1838.
	14. Treaty of Relinquishment. – At the same date as the above treaty, in 
the city of Washington, Carey A. Harris, Commissioner, the Sacs and Foxes 
ceded to the United States all their right and interest in the country lying south of 
the boundary line between the Sacs and Foxes and Sioux, as described in the 
treaty of August 18, 1825, and between the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, the 
United States paying for the same one hundred and sixty thousand dollars.  The 
Indians also gave up all claims and interests under the treaties previously made 
with them, for the satisfaction of which no appropriations had been made.
	15. Treaty of 1842. – The last treaty was made with the Sacs and Foxes 
October 11, 1842, ratified March 23, 1843.  It was made at the Sac and Fox 
agency (Agency City), by John Chambers, Commissioner on behalf of the United 
States.  In this treaty the sac and Fox Indians "ceded to the United States all their 
lands west of the Mississippi to which they had any claim or title.)  By the terms 
of this treaty they were to be removed from the country at the expiration of three 
years, and all who remained after that were to move at their own expense.  Part of 
them were removed to Kansas in the Fall of 1845, and the rest the Spring 
following.