Clark County IL Archives History - Books .....Chapter IX 1883
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Book Title: HISTORY OF CRAWFORD AND CLARK COUNTIES, ILLINOIS

CHAPTER IX.*

*By J. H. Battle.



THE CITY OF MARSHALL-THE PLAT AND SUBSEQUENT ADDITIONS-OFFICIAL ORGANIZATION AND

PROGRESS-INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS-BUSINESS GROWTH-NEWSPAPERS-SCHOOLS AND

CHURCHES-SECRET AND BENEVOLENT ORDERS, ETC, ETC.



ON September 22, 1835, Colonel W. B. Archer issued a circular announcing the

laying out of "The Town of Marshall," and the approaching sale of lots therein.

In this he says: "This is a new town laid-off on the National Road, where the

Vincennes and Chicago State Road crosses the former on Section 13, Township 11

north, Range 12 west, in Clark County, and is situated fifty-five miles north of

Vincennes, sixteen miles from York and ten miles from Darwin; south of Paris

fifteen miles, and fifty miles from Danville, sixteen miles west of Terre Haute.



   "It is decidedly the handsomest site for a town between Terre Haute and

Vandaiia, surrounded by good second rate land, a sufficient amount of timber,

and the best of stone for building and it may be truly said, that no point in

this section of country has proven more healthy. The confirmed opinion of those

on the National Road is that this selection will be healthy.



   "The north and south road has been opened by the proprietors from Big Creek

to Walnut Prairie, and can be traveled with convenience and when a permanent

road shall be made, it will not vary from the present line. Mills are convenient.



   "The question of the removal of the seat of justice from Darwin has been

agitated, and when finally acted upon, it is not improbable that the people of

the county may find it convenient and to their interest to place the permanent

seat of justice for the county at the Crossroads. The land is owned by Joseph

Duncan and the subscriber, and a clear title. A sale of lots will take place on

the 17th of October next, and terms of payment will be easy. The most liberal

encouragement will be given to mechanics and others who will improve."



   In this statement the strong points are probably marked by the italic which

appear in the original document, and while nothing is said of the extraordinary

development of the "Craw-fish chimneys" to be found here, the salient points of

the location are not unfairly presented. The plat of the town thus referred to

was filed for record in October, 1835, and was bounded and divided by the

following streets, beginning on the west side: West, Clinton, Hamilton,

Franklin, Washington, Jefferson, Fulton, Henry and East. Beginning on the north

side the streets follow in order: North Green, Mechanic, Cumberland, Market and

South. Michigan street, now principally occupied by the Wabash Railroad, passes

through the plat in a nearly due north direction, cutting the plat diagonally.

The references attached to the record set forth:



"1st. The town of Marshall is situated and located on the south half of section

number 13, and the north half of section number 24, in township number 11 north,

of range 12 west, in Clark County, and State of Illinois. 2d. Cumberland street,

through which the National Road passes, is one hundred feet wide, ten feet on

each side of the National Road being added for sidewalks, and bears south

fifty-eight degrees west, by the magnetic needle, to the west line of blocks,

where it bears more west as will appear by the length of the lots. Michigan

street is eighty feet wide and bears north, six degrees west. All other streets

in the town, including the border streets, are sixty-six feet wide. Each and

every alley is twenty-five feet wide. All the streets and alleys, Michigan

street excepted, run parallel or at right angles with Cumberland street. 3d.

Each lot where the squares are regular, is sixty-six feet front, and 122 feet in

length, and when they are fractional or overrun, the size will be seen on the

plat in feet marked in figures. 4th. Square number 5 is given and donated for

educational purposes whereon to erect a college. Lots five and six of square

number fifteen, is given and donated for religious purposes whereon to erect a

meeting house. Lot number one, and fractional lot number two, of square number

three, are given and donated for educational purposes whereon to erect a

school-house for the benefit of the citizens north of the National Road. Lots

number 7 and 8, of square number 38, are given and donated for educational

purposes whereon to erect a school-house for the benefit of citizens south of

the National Road. 5th. The north half, or lots 1, 2, 3 and 4, of square number

35, is given and donated for ground or space whereon to erect a Market House."



   The qualifications set forth in the circular quoted were sufficient at that

time to bring together a very respectable company of purchasers, and on the day

appointed the sale proceeded with considerable animation, some seventy-five lots

being disposed of, principally to residents of the county. No donation had been

made at that time for the county pubiic buildings, but it was generally known

that block 26 would be the location fixed upon, should occasion for its use

arise. In any event it would probably be a public square, and naturally form the

business center of the town. The crossing of Cumberland and Michigan streets,

the National and State roads, divided the choice of buyers for business sites,

and about these two locations lots were considered the more valuable. Beside the

lots donated as noted in the record of the plat, block 26 was reserved, together

with lots 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, in block 20; lots 7 and 8 in block 21; lots 4 and 5

in block 22; and lots 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 in block 28. The reservation of these

lots indicates Archer's idea of where the business center of the town would be

likely to form. There is no evidence of the competition which was manifested in

securing the various lots save in the variation of prices paid for them, and

this is an uncertain guide, as the situation and condition of the lot,

considerations long since in operation, probably had a very large influence in

determining their value at that date. In block 21, which forms the northwest

corner of Washington and Cumberland streets, lot 1 was sold to Michael B. Thorn,

for $12.50; lot 5, to James B. Anderson, for $71.50; and lot 6, to Stephen

Archer, for $40. In block 22, just west of the preceding block, on the north

side of Cumberland street, lots 1 and 2 were sold to Robert Kirkham, for $20

each; lots 3 and 6, for $8 and $30 respectively, to Joseph Shaw; in block 23,

lots 1 and 2, for $10 and $8.50, to James Waters; lot 4, to Arthur Foster, for

$10.50; and lots 7 and 8, for $22 and $20, to Woodford D. Dulaney. In block 24,

lot 1, to the same person, for $12; lot 4, to Isaac Kelso, for $17; lot 5, to

Jacob Johnston, for $25.50; lot 7, to Wm. McKean, for $26; and lot 8, to

Dulaney, for $30. In block 27, lot 5 was sold to Isaac Kelso, for $12; lot 6,

for $7.50, to Nathaniel Washburn. The only lot sold in block 28 was lot 6, which

fell to Dulaney, for $29. In block 29, lots 3 and 4 were sold respectively for

$30 and $78, to James Waters; lot 5, to Kelso, for $21.50; lot 8, for $20, to

William Leatherman. In block 30, lots 2 and 3 were sold for $23.50 and $22.50,

to James W. Waters; lots 4 and 5, for $23.50 and $16.50, to Geo. Armstrong. In

block 31, lot 1 was sold to Jacob Johnston, for $21, and lot 4, in block 32, was

sold to Waters for the same price. Lots 4, 5 and 6, in block 37, were sold for

$20.50, $7, and $10, respectively, to Dulaney; and in block 38, lot 3 was sold

for $9, to Wm. Forsythe; and Jots 4 and 5, for $10.25 and $7, to John Riggs.

Other purchases were located on blocks 9, 10, 11, 12,13,17, 18 and 20, and

ranged from $5, paid for lot 1, in block 18, by Milton Lake, to $78, paid by

Waters, and $71, paid by Anderson. The largest number of lots were bought by

Dulaney who paid an aggregate of $203.50 for fifteen lots. The aggregate sales

amounted to $1,154.25, and were made to about thirty individuals.



   It will be observed that among the purchasers at this sale there were but few

who came here before the removal of the county seat to this place was

determined, and some who did not come even then. During the following year, and

in 1837 and the early part of 1838, there was a good demand for the remaining

lots and Col. Archer sold upward of one hundred, principally in single lot

sales, to those who were on the ground to make the village their home. In the

meanwhile prices had very considerably advanced, scarcely any sales being made

at prices below $35, and others much higher. All the lots in block 4 were sold

to different persons for $50 each; those in block 6, from $53 to $65 each. In

block 13, J. K. Dubois paid $75 for lot 3; for lot 7, in block 17, Jas. Whitlock

paid $90; in the same block, lot 8 sold for $100, while lot 6, in block 19, lot

5, in block 23, and lot 8, in block 25, sold for $150 each. Lot 7, in block 27,

and lot 8, in block 12, each sold for $200; lot 6, in block 23, sold to Benj. F.

Allison for $275; lots 1 and 2, in block 27, sold to David Scott, of

Springfield, Ohio, for $800, and lots 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, in block 28, sold, with

the improvements on them, for $1,500, to John Bartlett. A few of these prices

were obtained after the final vote on the county seat question, but the first

sale seemed to demonstrate the success of the town and the price of property

took a permanent advance at once. In the fall of 1837, encouraged by the success

of his plans Col. Archer laid out the first addition to the town and submitted

it for record on November 3, 1837. This consisted of fifty-two squares or blocks

located on the four sides of the original town. On the north were two ranges of

these squares, with thirteen irregular out lots extending north of these to the

limits of the section lines; on the east and west sides were two ranges, and on

the south a single range. The new streets thus formed on the north, running

parallel with Cumberland street, were Murray and Hudson, with Daviess on the

south. On the west side, at right angles with the former, were Handy and Bond

streets, and on the east side Ogden and Madison. The blocks were laid out with

four lots each, 132 feet square, save blocks numbers 1, 16, 17, the squares

between Mechanic and Market streets, and those south of town between East and

West streets, in which the lots are of irregular sizes. These lots were easily

disposed of during the following year or two, and in July of 1839, Mr. Archer

made an addition of seventeen out lots of various sizes, on the west of Handy

and north of Daviess streets, lot number 7 of this addition, containing 4 and

9-100 acres, being donated by the proprietor to the town as a cemetery.



   The area thus made a part of the village satisfied its growth and ambition

until February, 1850, when Woodford D. Dulaney made an addition on the south

side of town embracing all that part of tho west half of the northeast quarter

of the northwest quarter of section 24. A large part of this was at that time

meadow land and was not opened to the public until the fall of 1851. This

addition increased the size of the town by seventy-four lots. May 11, 1852, Uri

Manley made an addition consisting of the southwest fractional quarter of

section 12 and the east half of the northwest quarter of section 13. This was on

the north of town, Michigan, or its extension, Chicago street, forming its

eastern boundary, with Newton and Archer, as intermediate cross streets. In

February of the following year, Stephen Archer made an addition on the south of

Dulaney's addition, consisting of the west half of the southeast quarter of

section 24, and that part of the east half of the southwest quarter of the same

section lying east of the Charleston and Darwin turnpike. This was divided into

sixteen lots varying in area from three and a fraction to five and a fraction

acres. The last addition was made by F. R. Payne in 1870, which includes the

square about the depot of the St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute railroad.



   The area of the new town thus had a rapid and satisfactory growth; but in the

meantime its political organization remained latent, its destiny being- shaped

by the justice of the peace, the constable and the supervisor. The principal

part of the large timber which was originally sparsely scattered over the site

of the town, had been removed by the proprietors, an improvement which served

but little better purpose than to make the under-brush more apparent. The

National Road, which passed through the village as Cumberland street, was neatly

graded and in the dry season presented a handsome appearance. Unfortunately the

sod, which is counted the best road-making material, was stripped off and cast

aside by the contractors, and the sub-soil thus broken up and exposed became, in

the wet season, a very quagmire, through which horsemen were obliged to lead

their floundering animals. Through Michigan street passed the State road, which

had been cut out and somewhat traveled, and though in better condition for a

year or two than the newly made road that crossed it here, it shared the general

fate of things and was often nearly impassable. Streets had only a theoretical

existence, but the irregular paths that led from one neighbor's house to

another's, and even the open lots, only served to swell the aggregate of mud. It

is related of a family, in the early years of the town, that they undertook to

go to a neighbor's, about three quarters of a mile away, and were forced to give

up the attempt. They started out on foot, but soon found it necessary to remove

their shoes, and before accomplishing one half the distance, they found

themselves miring to their knees, the little ones unable to extricate

themselves, and the older ones completely tired out with their efforts. This was

not an exceptional case, and as late as 1845, Judge Harlan would have his black

man harness his horses to a wagon and gather the women of the village for church

service. The town was innocent of sidewalks, and the wagon drove from the

door-step of the house to the threshold of the church building, and this was the

only way in which an audience could be secured, even in times of revival

interest. Another feature which gave the place an unprepossessing appearance,

was the absence of woodland grasses. Where there was space to stand, the rank,

wild grass of the prairies had taken root, and it was not until about 1840, when

Woodford Dulaney secured a bushel of bluegrass seed from his native State, that

the village made the first step toward civilization, and began to make a showing

of tame grass. Lots were regularly laid out at the start; frame and brick

buildings early made their appearance; stores, schools and church influences

followed in regular sequence, and some attempts had been made in a private way

to secure sidewalks and improve the highways; but just how the town of 1855 was

evolved out of the muddy, back-< woods condition of things at the beginning, can

not be accurately set down; its story has gone into oblivion unhonored and

unsung. A manifest dissatisfaction with the state of public affairs had been

apparent for several years, when an effort was made by a few public-spirited men

to secure a charter of incorporation. This was granted by the Legislature in an

act approved February 15, 1855. Its acceptance was submitted to a vote of the

people in the following April, when the question was decided affirmatively and

the following officers elected: Howard Harlan, mayor, and Wm. C. Eaton, D. A.

Critchard, James Wright and John Clark, aldermen. The act provided that the

jurisdiction of the corporation should extend over "all that district of country

within the following limits, to-wit: one mile from the public square, and

including all the present additions and subdivisions to said town, in each

direction, or two miles square, [shall constitute the city of Marshall],"-a

generous territory for that time, and which there has since been no occasion to

enlarge.



   The new government met for the first time at the "Wright House," July 7,

1855, and proceeded to complete their organization by appointing J. P. Cooper,

clerk, J. A. Gossett, supervisor of streets, Stephen Archer, assessor, Lyman

Booth, treasurer, and Wm. D. Wilson, marshal. The town was divided into two

wards, all that part north of Cumberland street to constitute the first ward,

and that part south of the same street to constitute the second ward, and then

followed a code of corporation laws consisting of thirty-four sections. By these

ordinances, in addition to regulating the routine of municipal business and the

ordinary police restrictions, it was provided that the salaries of the city

officers should be as follows: mayor, $50 per annum and the usual fees

pertaining to the judicial functions of his office; aldermen, each $1.00 per day

for each day's attendance upon the duties of his office; marshal, $100 per

annum, and such legal fees as were allowed constables for similar duties; clerk,

$2.00 for each day's service in discharge of his public duties; assessor, $2.00

for each day actually employed; supervisor $1.50 per day; collector and

treasurer, the usual percentage. It was further provided, that the city taxes

should be collected in "gold and silver coin, and city drafts or orders on the

treasurer;" that peddlers, shows and exhibitions should pay a license fee of

from three dollars to one hundred, in the discretion of the mayor; and "that if

any person or persons shall barter, exchange, sell, or give away, within the

limits of the incorporation of the city of Marshall, any spirituous or mixed

liquor, wine, beer or ale, by less quantity than one gallon to any person or

persons, at one time, upon conviction thereof, before the mayor, upon

information being given to him in writing, under oath, by any person, shall be

fined not less than ten dollars for the first violation of this ordinance, and

for the second offense, twenty dollars, and for the third offense, fifty

dollars; and for further violation of this ordinance the house, place,

inclosure, possession and premises, where the same may be so sold or given away,

shall be and the same is hereby declared a nuisance, and shall be removed and

abated by the mayor under the power and authority given to him under the

provisions of the charter of the city of Marshall."



  The municipal board upon which greatness had thus been thrust, possessed

radical, progressive tendencies, but its influence seems to have been greatly

impaired by legislation which bore evident marks of its being illy-considered

and much too far in advance of the sentiment of the community. It was repeatedly

called upon to correct such manifest errors as in the original ordinance which

required all male persons above the age of twenty-one to labor on the streets;

to strike out the nuisance clause of the ordinance regulating the saloon

business; restricting the operations of the whole ordinance to persons keeping a

place of business for the purpose of dealing in liquors, etc. There seems to be

little doubt that there was a public demand for the placing of some restraint

upon the sale of liquors in the town, but the radical measure instituted at the

beginning caused a reaction and the board was forced to yield its ground. This

subject became a shuttlecock which, tossed from one board to another, gained

little respect for the sagacity or honesty of the various public officers, and

no tangible advantage to the good morals of the city. The board of 1857

inaugurated the license system and provided for the sale of liquors in

quantities of less than one gallon under a license, the fee for which should be

one hundred dollars, while the board of 1858, with an entire change of members,

aiming at the golden mean, repealed the provision for a liquor license and made

the sale of ale and beer free. The salary of officials also proved here, as is

the case in all small municipalities, a fruitful source of legislation, and a

cheap way to manufacture a claim for economical administration. The board of

1856 signalized its accession to power by an attack on the salary of the marshal

and reduced it to $50, subject to be increased at the discretion of the council

to any sum not exceeding $100. In 1858, the whole list was revised as follows:

mayor, $25 per annum; aldermen, each fifty cents per day; marshal, $40 per

annum, subject to an increase not to exceed $70; clerk, $1.50 per day; and

supervisor, $1.00 per day. „ Under the date of April 4, 1859, the following

ominous entry, suggestive of Pickwick's "tomato sauce and the warming pan,"

occurs: "that T. W. Cole be allowed for cash advanced by him for copy of the act

repealing the city charter, and for candles, $1.85." It is hardly probable that

the latter articles were to be used at the obsequies of the city charter,

however suggestive the connection, but it indicates the beginning of the end.

The organization under the city charter had continued four years. The change

from a simple unorganized village to a city had been too sudden and novel an

innovation to be easily accepted by many, and the new and thankless duties

imposed upon officials who could bring no special experience to their

performance was a combination of circumstances not at all calculated to lead to

the highest achievement. The result was a growing dissatisfaction with the

experiment, and in this year the people decided to give up the charter at the

end of that municipal year. The principal complaint seems to have been that the

experiment "did not pay." What this may mean it is difficult, after the lapse of

thirty years, to determine. The first council found the town without systematic

improvements. The streets were graded in the usual way of country roads, and

some sidewalks of various kinds had been built by private means. These efforts

the city council aided, but adopted no system that should gradually embrace the

whole corporation.  The first action in this matter was taken in 1858, when it

was ordered that all sidewalks in the city to be thereafter constructed, should

be ten feet wide, and that where sidewalks were repaired they should be narrowed

or widened as the supervisor should deem wise. The sidewalks at that time very

generally consisted of a slight embankment covered with sand or gravel, while

here and there were board sidewalks varying from one plank, ten inches wide, to

four planks, wide. These were protected by a fine from injury by the leading or

driving of animals thereon, and the construction of new ones of the various

kinds encouraged by the city bearing one half of the expense. The improvement of

the streets was principally confined to the repair of bad spots in the various

streets, and the sparing application of gravel at various points. In 1857, the

question of protection from fire was taken up and discussed, and the following

ordinance promulgated: "Be it ordained, etc., that the hooks, ladders, ropes and

all other fire apparatus now or hereafter to be provided for the use of the

city, shall be placed under the immediate care and supervision of the City

Marshal, who shall keep the same in some safe and secure place, easily

accessible in case of fire, and until some building shall be erected for the

purpose.



   Sec. 2. Whenever an alarm of fire is raised every house-holder is required to

bring with him to the fire a bucket, and if such bucket should be lost or

destroyed at such fire, the owner may get the value thereof from the city

treasury on proof or affidavit of such loss.



   Sec. 3. The City Council shall appoint good men in each ward to act as guards

over the different streets, and parts of their respective wards during the

prevalence of any fire in the city; and whenever an alarm of fire is raised it

shall be the duty of said guards diligently to watch over the different places

assigned them.



   Sec. 4. The City Marshal is hereby invested with full authority to act as

chief at any fire in the city; to direct persons and detail as many as he may

think proper to bring on to the ground where the fire is, the hooks, ladders and

other fire apparatus of the city, whenever no person or persons shall

voluntarily bring them.



   Sec. 5. It is hereby made the special duty of the Mayor, the Aldermen and

other city officers to assist and be active in forming the necessary lines for

the supply of water to those engaged in extinquishing the fire.



   Sec. 6. Any able-bodied person who shall refuse when called upon by the

Marshal or any of the city officers above named, or any regularly appointed fire

warden, to enter into line, shall be liable to a fine of not less than one

dollar, nor more than ten," etc., ad finem.



   Early in the previous year a destructive fire swept away several business

blocks on Cumberland street, and the question arose of doing something to assist

in such an emergency hereafter and it was proposed in council to purchase four

ladders, four hooks, four poles, 200 feet of inch and a quarter rope, and a

light wagon to carry them. The matter was debated and deferred until some time

in 1858, when the ladders and hooks were procured, but the fate of the charter

changed their destiny, and in May, 1859, the marshal was directed to collect and

expose to public sale "all the property belonging to the city, including hooks,

ladders, plows, scrapers, etc." This officer made return of the sale on the 16th

of the month to the effect that ten dollars had been realized from this sale, of

which sum one dollar was allowed the marshal for his services. Thus ended the

regime of the city, and if but little was accomplished, the cost was similarly

small. The entire expenditure of the first municipal year was $302.37, and while

the "journal of the council" does not give the expenditures, it may be safe to

put the average expenditure at $500 per annum, for the five years under the

original charter.



   During the two succeeding years the village went back to its original

political condition, and when in the fall of 1862, the people voted to organize

the town as an "Incorporated Village" under the general law, there was but

little to show for the expense and trouble of the five years of city life. The

Board of Trustees which was elected had their first meeting on November, 27,

1862, at the court house. They began de novo, and prepared the usual list of

ordinances by a series of parliamentary rules. Beside this innovation in the

ordinary practice of such bodies, the new administration was not marked by any

special vigor, wisdom or originality. They followed in the old beaten tracks of

the city organization, dickering over the salary of the constable, aiding the

building of sidewalks, patching up broken roads, and placing the liquor traffic

under a license of fifty dollars, obliging dealers, however, to give in

addition, an indemnifying bond of five hundred dollars. In 1866, a new board of

trustees, consisting of R. L. Dulaney, J. P. Greenough, E. S. Janney, Mumford

Laws and D. Legore. The members of this board were evidently animated by an

intelligent comprehension of the duties imposed upon them by the position, and

their prompt and vigorous action indicated no hesitation in declaring the policy

of their administration. The ordinances were at once concisely revised so as to

increase the sources of revenue, to restrain illy-considered expenditure, and to

secure a regularly employed corporation attorney; and the whole career of the

board was so marked by vigorous. business-like executive ability that it gave

the city government a much higher standing with the people than it had hitherto

attained. This was largely characteristic of the succeeding board, until 1870,

when the present city organization was adopted. The deciding vote was cast on

July 9, 1870, the decision for city organization under the general law being

effected by a majority of 80 to 2. On August 20th following, the town having

been divided into four wards, substantially as at present, the following

officers were elected: James McCabe, mayor; William Shaw, alderman for first

ward; 0. G. Stephenson, for second ward; N. S. McKeen, for third ward, and

Patrick Conohy, for fourth ward. In 1874, the offices of clerk, city attorney

and treasurer, which hitherto had been appointments in the discretion of the

council, were made elective, and are filled every two years, alternating with

the other elective officers of the city.



   The town had now grown to such proportions as to demand a departure from old

municipal traditions, and the new form of city administration seemed in a

measure, to respond to this demand, but there have not been wanting instances,

during the past twelve years, when a broad, progressive spirit has been signally

wanting in the city council chamber. But while a conservative policy has

generally marked the city government, it has not proven an unmixed evil. Public

plans have been formed entirely within the actual resources of the treasury, and

while this policy has frequently resulted in vexatious delays of needed repairs,

in greatly retarding public improvements, and effectually hindering any

systematic plan of public expenditure, the city has never had a debt to carry. A

strict code of police regulations was among the earliest legislation of the new

administration, which, though it has suffered some strange amendments since

then, is still sufficient, if actively enforced, to satisfy the most exacting

citizen. Up to the time of this enactment the unruly citizen had been the chief

object of police restrictions, but in this ordinance the liberty of animals to

wander about the streets was placed under limitations. By this law all

"dangerous, unruly or mischievous animals" were forbidden the liberty of the

city, and "horses, mules and asses," were not allowed to run at large between

the months of December and May, both inclusive. In 1873, hogs of all ages were

placed in the list of tabooed animals, between February 1st and the 15th of May

in each year, unless they were incapacitated to root by "taming or ringing their

noses." In the following year, however, the hog was again the favored object of

animal restrictions, and, provided they were incapacitated as aforesaid, were

alone of all brute creation allowed to wander "fancy-free" throughout the city.

At the very next meeting of the council but one, the friends of the cow rallied,

and expressed through the law-making power the opinion, that "it is deemed

inadvisable, under our present status as a city to prohibit or regulate the

running at large of cows, in view of the fact that it will tend to oppress a

majority of our citizens who are in possession of such animals." In 1879, the

pendulum of change swung to the opposite extreme, which is now the law, only

"tamed or ringed pigs" being allowed the freedom of the streets. These legal

fulminations, however, do not prevent the unmolested promenade of these animals,

lunching out of farmer's wagons, and annoying teams and pedestrians as their

inclination serves. The ordinances in relation to offenses against the public

peace and quiet, against public morals and decency, against public safety,

convenience and health, etc., etc., have always been notably stringent, and have

been creditably enforced. Drunkenness in public is made a misdemeanor, and does

not frequently fail of punishment. The police force of the city, under the

present organization, has generally consisted of two day officers, with one

night watchman, who is sustained partly by the city and partly by private

subscription.



   In public improvements the city government seems to have been particularly

hampered by its conservative policy. The sidewalks had generally outgrown the

turnpike and gravel period, and were being gradually replaced by board walks,

under the regime of the village trustees. Public funds were employed in

assisting their construction, the village treasury bearing one half of the

expense of such improvements. The city council, however, took the matter into

its own hands, and on petition constructed board walks or pavements only, and

then assessed the expense upon the property benefited, in certain cases bearing

a small proportion of the cost out of the public moneys. In December of 1875, a

brick pavement was ordered to be constructed on the north side of Cumberland

street in patches, in front of places of business. These walks were to be twelve

feet wide, made of good paving brick, with five inches of sand foundation, and

finished with a white oak curbing, one half of the cost to be paid out of the

public funds of the city. This has been supplemented by walks of the same

character in other parts of the business part of the city, and the construction

of wooden walks within the "fire limits" has been forbidden. Stone gutters were

placed on the north side of Cumberland street, opposite the public square, and

in 1880 the same improvement was extended to the east side of the Court House

block, on Hamilton street. Progress in street improvements has not been so

marked nor so rapid. While their original condition has been greatly improved,

there remains much to be done to put them in a satisfactory condition. The

county is poorly provided with material for road making, and much of the gravel

used has been secured along the line of smnll streams, and has been of little

value. The superintendent of the Vandalia Road on one occasion furnished the

city with gravel at simply the cost of loading, which proved more serviceable.

During the summer of 1882, fifty-five yards of macadamized road was made on

Hamilton street, at a cost of $49.50. Street lighting is one of the more recent

improvements. In the summer of 1875 a committee of the council was appointed to

look up the subject, and subsequently a few lamps were secured and placed on

trial. The whole matter dragged along, however, uutil March 7, 1881, when

fifteen lamps were purchased and placed in position; since then, some half dozen

more have been purchased by individuals, which the council supply and care for.



   All attempts at creating an efficient defense against fire have thus far

proved futile. The earlier attempt has been noted. In 1874 the project of

getting a hook and ladder truck and "Babcock extinguisher" was submitted to a

vote of the people, which resulted in 58 for to 52 against the purchase of the

truck, and 2 for and 111 against the purchase of the "extinguishers." A

nondescript machine was subsequently bought on trial, and an old house set on

fire to give an opportunity to test its efficiency as a fire extinguisher. The

result was a sorry farce and the machine was laughed out of town. The only

protection beside an "extinguisher" or two owned by individuals is the

restrictions of the "fire limit" ordinance. This was first passed in May, 1875,

and prohibited the erection of wooden buildings upon "any lot in the original

plat of Marshall, fronting or contiguous to the public square in said city, or

on any lot on either side of Cumberland street, fronting said street, as far

east as Michigan street." Its provisions were afterward enlarged, so as to

prohibit the use of wooden roofs in repairing any old, or in the construction of

any new buildings.



   In the matter of revenue, the policy of the city has been to maintain a high

protective tariff. The earlier schedule of license fees was almost prohibitory

in effect, and even now the peddlers, auctioneers and proprietors of

exhibitions, circuses, etc., contribute very considerably to the city revenue

when they have the temerity to "bill the town." The whole range of business,

even to butcher-shops, are protected. The liquor license is generally

restrictive in principle, but incidentally adds very largely to the income of

the city treasury. This is a constant source of agitation in the council, and

enters very largely into every municipal election. Under the present

organization of the city, the action of the city authorities has varied from

absolute prohibition, to license for fees ranging from $150 to $300 per annum.

For the current year licenses are granted to saloons at $300, and to drug-stores

for $100 per annum, subject to a heavy indemnifying bond. The cause of this

vacillation is largely political. There is in the city an influential minority

constant in its opposition to granting saloon licenses. Besides this factor,

there is a floating vote, which vote for or against license, as serves their

purpose, and this element maintains the balance of power between the two

"constant quantities." Through the saloon influence the political fortunes of

the hour are carried in favor of one political organization, when its opponent

will turn about and bring the attack upon the enemy's stronghold by cutting off

the license provision. This is done by cajoling the floating vote, not upon

temperance grounds, but upon political necessity. It is not unfrequently the

case that the council act in direct opposition to the expression of the people

when the subject is submitted to a popular vote. The revenue derived is

doubtless a very cogent argument, and under the ordinances there seems to be

every facility for making the liquor business a very unprofitable one, if

carried on to the detriment of individuals or the public, provided the means

supplied by law are used. In 1880, under the liquor-license regime, the revenue

from business permits was $165 from saloons $1,200, and from fines $361; in 1881

no saloon licenses being issued, business permits amounted to $211.65, and fines

$200. In 1882 the licenses for liquor sales will probably reach $1,600. The

following gentlemen have been elected to the mayoralty of the city: 1870, James

McCabe; 1872, Thos. H. Sutton; 1879, Edwin Harlan; 1881, D. S. McMullen.



   The early business growth of Marshall was not marked by more progressive

tendencies than were exhibited in the administration of public affairs. For over

thirty yea s the village was handicapped by competition with more successful and

older towns, with a surrounding country not rapidly developed, nor largely

productive, and by a Jack of public-spirited men. It scarcely needs to be said

that the provisions of the founders of Marshall for its development, reveal

something more than the mere business sagacity of a shrewd man of affairs. The

plan of founding the village was doubtless conceived in a spirit of speculation,

but in carrying out the details, his personal interest became strongly excited,

and Col. Archer accepted no criterion save its future success. Though

subsequently burdened with public duties and embarrassed by serious reverses, he

devoted his best energies and the last remnant of his fortune to the promotion

of the town's highest interests; and while many of his projects proved abortive,

the impress of his molding hand is still felt by the citizen and observed by the

stranger. His relations with Governor Duncan in the history of the town, while

not clearly ascertained, were probably simply the purchase of his name and

prestige for a consideration, a prestige that availed little beyond the

inception of the enterprise.



   The first building in the village was Bartlett's hotel, which was erected

in18_6, and this was soon followed by business and dwelling houses, so that by

the close of 1838 there was a good showing for a town, and the present business

portion pretty well marked out. On the corners of Franklin and Market streets

were the hotel buildings; on the north corners of Franklin and Cumberland were

the stores of Whitlock and Anderson; on the southeast corner of Hamilton and

Cumberland was Cole's saloon; and on the northwest corner, a story- and-a-half

frame building, just inclosed, which Woodford Dulaney was erecting for a place

of business. On the site of Foster's block was a frame building which served Dr.

Allison as office and residence; and just west of this, on the corner of the

block, stood an unfinished frame which was afterward bought and finished by Dr.

Poole. Near the southwest corner of Clinton and Cumberland streets, fronting on

the latter, stood a structure, the frame-work of which was composed of jack-oak

poles. This was one of the very earliest buildings in the village, and was

erected by Joseph Martin, a laborer on the National Road. This passed into other

hands, and as a hotel was the first competitor for public patronage that

Bartlett had. The older part of the building was torn away to give place for

Claypoole's block in 1881. This was the only structure on the west side of the

public square in 1838; but on the south side, beginning on the southeast corner

of Clinton and Market streets, was the brick residence of Uri Manley; a frame

building just east of it, which was first used by the court, and later as a

post-office and business room; and still farther cast stood the little frame

tailor-shop of J. B. King. These buildings, with the fifteen to thirty dwellings

generally scattered over the entire area of the plat, constituted the village of

1838. The only public means of communication with the outside world was by the

stage line that ran north and south on the State road from Vincennes to

Danville, and east and west from Indianapolis through Terre Haute to St. Louis.

The mail in this region was brought from Vincennes to Paris once a week, first

on horseback, and as early as 1832 in a vehicle. In 1838 the stage line

superseded this mode, and four-horse coaches ran three times a week, stopping at

the log hotel to change. About 1842 the Indianapolis and Terre Haute line was

extended to St. Louis, and then daily coaches passed through the town,

furnishing a direct route of travel as good as any town could boast. The

merchants were forced, of course, to rely upon their own resources for the

transportation of goods, teaming them in favorable weather from Terre Haute, or

in the spring from Darwin, where merchandise was delivered by boats. For the

next thirty years the town had a steady but very slow development. Archer and

Bartlett put up the brick hotel, now known as the St. James, in 1842, which,

though occupied, was not finished until two or three years later. This was the

most pretentious building at the time in the illavge [sic] and was the center of

attraction. Here the stage lines passed, and the curious villager found it a

convenient point to learn the news and get a glimpse of passengers as the stages

changed horses and stopped for meals. A little before the erection of the hotel,

Archer erected a frame building on the site of Benedict's block, which was

subsequently destroyed by fire. In 1856 the present brick was put up in its

place. Dulaney was called to Kentucky by the death of his father, and his store

was subsequently occupied by Booth & Greenough. This firm was succeeded by Lyman

Booth & Co. (the Greenough interest being represented in the "company"), who

built a store building on the corner of Hamilton and Market streets in 1850.

Three years later, Mort. Reed erected the block now known as the "Clark corner,"

and in the year following the block occupied by Bradley & Doll was built by

Charles Welch, W. T. Martin block by Tower Bros., and the Sherman House by

Summers. The Sherman House was sold to James Wright when the foundation was

laid, and was finished by him in 1855 and called the Wright House. In 1856 an

addition to the Benedict block, what is known as Streever's block, was erected.

This covered the space between "Clark's corner" and the end of the present

two-story bricks, and consisted of five buildings. The three nearest Reed's

building were erected by Streever, the next one by Henry Wallace, and the last

by Wm. Davis. With the exception of a single-story brick where Gallagher's

saloon is now kept, these were the principal additions to the business portion

of the town up to 1868.



   In the meantime a vigorous agitation for a railroad had been started. A line

for an east and west road had been surveyed, passing through the central part of

the village; but this was seriously antagonized by other railroad interests and

failed. Subsequently the Terre Haute, Vandalia & St. Louis route, better known

now as the "Van. road," was projected, with lines varying from one to eight

miles away from the village. The newspapers and the public-spirited men of

Marshall were urgent in their appeals to the people of the county to be ready to

support the project liberally with their money, and the township did vote

$50,000, in addition to the $100,000 voted by the county at large, to aid this

enterprise. The town, however, was subsequently relieved from this special

donation. Still the road was not definitely located in the region of the

village, the engineer vacillating between the various proposed lines. It was

shrewdly suspected by persons interested here that he was waiting for a personal

pecuniary inducement which he failed to get from the Marshall people, and

receiving peremptory orders to fix the survey, ran the line a mile out of town.

The work was pushed with reasonable vigor, and in 1870 the cars passed within

the limits of the corporation. The completion of the Vandalia Road gave business

enterprises a new start, but failed to do for the village much that was hoped

for, on account of its distance from the central part of the town, and because

in making Terre Haute more accessible, it reacted upon the home business

interests. During this time the north and south line of railroad was agitated,

and in 1874 became a fact. To this venture Marshall gave $50,000, an investment

which the community has had no reason to regret. The line passes through the

central part of the city and has given its development and growth an impetus

which the other railroad failed to do. The finest part of the present business

part of the city has been erected since its construction. In 1871 Gorham's block

was built on Cumberland street, north of the square, and Legore's block, on

Hamilton street, east of the square. In 1872 were erected Chenoweth's block, by

Bryan & Chenoweth, and Harlan's hall, on the corner of Hamilton and Market

streets. The row of three brick buildings, just west of the Sherman House, was

built in 1873. Foster's block, north of the square, was built in 1874, and

rebuilt in 1881. The west part of Gallagher's block was rebuilt in 1874, and the

eastern part erected in the following year. Dulaney's grocery building in 1875,

and the bank block in 1876; Jno. Archer block, north of square, in 1876; F. A.

Berner block in 1877; and Henry Wallace's block in the same year. In 1880

Dulaney's grocery building was remodeled, the block of Kester, Cole & Archer,

Dr. Bradley's office building, and the south part of Claypool's block, were

erected. In 1881 Bradley's block, Claypool's corner building, Dr. Jayne's block,

and Hippard's block, on the site of one of Streever's old buildings, were put

up. Whitlock's building,-which occupies the site of another store of the old

Streever block, was erected in 1882; and Pat. Smith's block in same year.



   Marshall has never laid any claim to special advantages for manufacturing

purposes, but so far as abundance of good timber and shipping facilities are

concerned in the question, the city is admirably adapted to such enterprises.

Coal and water are secured with reasonable facility and at reasonable cost; and

these various qualifications have recently attracted the attention of

capitalists seeking a location, but receiving little or no encouragement from

leading men, have gone elsewhere. The early community was not independent of

this class of business, especially of grist and carding mills. These were a

necessity, and that community that could sustain such enterprises was deemed

highly favored. Marshall early secured the mills best known in pioneer times,

and when the country outgrew these crude affairs, the city was fortunate enough

to secure their natural successors, and so flouring and woolen mills have been a

prominent factor in the city's business prosperity. The earliest among these

more modern manufactories was a carding mill, started here in 1841, by Wm.

Mc-Keen. It stood where the property of Wm. Bartlett is now placed, the building

having been moved across the street and now occupied by Ben. Dangler as a

residence. The propelling power was an old-time tread-wheel, but in 1849 the

machine was transferred to the steam mill and propelled by its machinery. In the

older settlements on the eastern and western sides of the county, there were a

good many sheep kept for that time, and these brought considerable patronage to

the mill. It was nearly the only one in this section of the State and people

came from a large area of country. The mill was maintained for some fifteen

years, making a comfortable competence for the proprietor.



   The first steam flouring mill in the county was erected on the National Road

in the west part of town. Before it was completed, the projector of the

enterprise, Le Yay Cory, sold the structure to Wm. McKeen, who in company with

Ebenezer Payne carried on the business for a number of years, when the death of

Mr. Payne dissolved the partnership. McKeen then sold his interest to the Payne

estate, when it was conducted by the firm of Martin & Payne, who subsequently

sold it to Laingor & Fasig. From this firm it passed into the hands of Payne &

Besser, and thence to Besser & Martin. The mill originally started with two run

of stone, but two more were subsequently added. A mill-pond was at first

constructed and used for years, but becoming offensive to the neighborhood it

was abandoned and water drawn through eleven hundred feet of pipe from wells

near the woolen factory. It was gradually supplied with all improvements of the

time and did a large custom business, grinding about 400 bushels of wheat a

week, 200 bushels of corn per day, beside other grains which were in regular

demand. On October 6th, 1874, the structure took fire and was totally destroyed,

the firm losing $16,000, without a dollar's insurance. Another mill was built in

the following year on the site of the old structure by A. M. Payne and Wiss.

Harlan. This was a fine brick structure with modern improvements, a large

capacity, and intended for commercial purposes. It was built and furnished at a

cost of $25,000, and for nearly five years did a large business. It changed

hands several times, and was owned by A. M. Payne and D. S. McMullen when it was

destroyed by fire. Payne's interest at that time was rented by J. S. Lycan, and

the business was conducted under the firm name of Lycan & McMullen. About two

o'clock on September 11, 1879, fire was discovered in the upper story, and the

citizens summoned to the rescue by the steam whistle. But the flames had got

beyond the resources of the city and it proved a total loss, save a few fixtures

which were removed from the lower part of the mill. A large warehouse, not quite

finished, but containing about ten thousand bushels of wheat, stood within

thirty feet of the mill, but fortunately escaped the flames. There was a light

insurance, but not enough to cover half of the loss. The warehouse was

subsequently moved to the Wabash railroad, near Market street, and gradually

converted into an elevator. It is provided with steam power, a corn-sheller with

a capacity of thirty-five hundred bushels per day, and a corn buhr. It has a

storage capacity of 20,000 bushels, and is now rented and operated by Emerson &

Archer.



   In 1872 Ewalt, Lycan & Co. built the Little Giant Mills on South Bend street.

Lycan subsequently sold his interest, and rented Payne's half in the Marshall

Mills. When that was destroyed, he purchased an interest in the Little Giant

Mills again. It was rebuilt in 1874, and has a capacity of fifty barrels of

flour per day. Quaker City Mill was erected in 1874 by Joseph Cork at a cost of

$16,000. It has a capacity of 125 barrels per day and an elevator attached.

Messrs. Besser & Marvin now own and operate the mill.



   A natural successor to the old carding mill, but in no way connected with it,

is the Marshall Woolen Mill. This enterprise was begun by the erection of a

wooden building on nearly the exact site of the "Little Giant Mill" in 1853. The

projector of this business, E. L. Janney, was a resident of Palestine and a

lawyer by profession. His eyes failing him, he was induced by his

brother-in-law, Mr. Alexander, to go into this business and the two gentlemen

came to Marshall for this purpose. The mill did a thriving business for some

five years when it was totally destroyed by fire. It was rebuilt and continued

in operation until the present brick structure was erected near the old site, at

a cost of about $12,000. The early business was largely custom work and drew its

patronage from a large area of surrounding country. Home-made clothing was at

that time the general wear, and customers were in the habit of coming long

distances to get their wool worked up, frequently waiting two or three days for

their turn. In the last mill some improved machinery was placed and considerable

commercial work done. A good grade of jeans, a coarse sort of cassimere, common

flannels, and a good quality of blankets were manufactured. But of late years

the industry has languished, the mill operating only a part of the time.



  There was little demand for early banks here, and there has never been one of

issue in the town. In 1857, the Eagle Insurance Company was chartered, with

Nathan Willard, Uri Manley, Chas. Johnson, Robt. Brown, and Sam'l McClure as

stockholders. The charter authorized the company to loan money at an£ rate of

interest that might be agreed upon between the contracting parties. No attention

was paid to insurance save, perhaps, an agency business, the evident intention

being to establish a loan office without the liabilities and restrictions of a

regular banking charter. The business never assumed any great importance and

gradually died out. It was subsequently revived by Bates, of Terre Haute, and

McMullen, of Marshall, and in 1875, was succeeded by the Clark County Bank. This

organization while possessing the old charter, went into business under the

general law pertaining to incorporations. The stockholders at this time were

Robt. Brown, John Morton, Jonathan Hogue, D. D. Doll, and D. S. McMullen, with

Brown as president, Doll as vice-president, and D. S. McMullen, cashier. The

present officers are, Jno. Morton, president, Robt. Brown, vice-president, and

T. W. Cole, cashier. Another private bank was started in June, 1879, by Robt. L.

Dulaney, and still continues, doing its share of the business.



  Until 1848, Marshall was without a newspaper. The town was small and the

development of the county such that a newspaper venture did not promise abundant

returns for the investment. The village was not, however, lost sight of by the

public prints of the neighboring towns. Occasional communications from the

"county seat of Clark County" appeared at irregular intervals in the Paris and

Terre Haute papers, but they were so much taken up with personalities that

nothing is to be gleaned from them as to matters of public interest. There was

but little to induce the early founding of a newspaper here. The proprietors,

though men of political ambitions, seem to have had less faith in newspaper

influence than is generally entertained at this day, and they do not seem to

have exerted any influence in securing such an establishment. It would doubtless

have proven a valuable adjunct to the other means employed to develop the

village, but the man and the hour did not coincide. The harmony of political

tastes was another retarding feature. On most of the important state and

national questions, there was little diversity of sentiment and what really

existed was of such an uncertain character that no permanent lines were drawn.

The Whigs, so long as they kept the field, were in the large majority, and the

"Know Nothings" ran a short but successful career, but since then until 1862,

the Democratic party has been in the ascendancy. During the War of the

Rebellion, party differences were largely ignored and the Republican or Union

party was the prevailing organization, but since its close party lines have once

more been drawn more according to earlier affiliations and both of the great

parties are represented with a slight preponderance in favor of the Democratic.



  Journalism here, in the language of a noted politician, has been a "halcyon

and vociferous proceeding." There has never been manifested any loss for

language to express editorial convictions or to characterize the views or

conduct of opposing writers, and much of the editorial writing has been marked

more by forcible than elegant expression. In common with most early newspapers,

those of Marshall have given much more space and effort to the cultivation of

public opinion than to the dissemination of local news, which, perhaps, the

nature of early communities and their surroundings more fully warranted than at

present. But with the growth and development of the town, the newspaper has

developed until Marshall is now represented by four weekly papers equal in

ability to any of the surrounding towns.



  The first paper published in Marshall was the Illinois State Democrat It was

democratic in politics, and was owned and conducted by John M. Crane and Nathan

Willard The paper showed considerable ability, the enior editor being a man of

some editorial. experience, though of somewhat erratic habits. Late in 1848,

soon after the paper was established, Mr. Crane withdrew, leaving Mr. Willard

sole proprietor, who continued its publication until the spring of 1853,

developing a native capacity which gained for him an enviable reputation as a

journalist. At this time he sold the paper to Messrs. J. C. Robinson and Jacob

Zimmerman, who reinforced it by the purchase of the Marshall Telegraph, an

opposing paper which had sprung up in the campaign of 1852, and changed the name

of the combined journals to the Eastern Illinoisan. The paper continued without

further change until December, 1856, when S. S. Whitehead became proprietor, as

he had been editor during the most of the preceding campaign. Several gentlemen

were associated with Mr. Whitehead in the business management of the paper at

various times until in 1861; when it became evident that the civil war was soon

to occur, he sold out his entire interest in the Illinoisan to H. H. Peyton, "to

avoid the heat and anger sure to result." The latter gentleman, however, entered

the army in August, 1861, and Mr. Whitehead was compelled to take the paper into

his own control. The publication was continued until 1865 when, public duties

making it impossible for him to attend to its management, he sold the office to

Mr. John Littlefield. For nearly thirteen years its publication ceased, but in

January, 1878, its publication was revived and it is now the organ of the more

pronounced wing of the Democratic party. It is now a six-column folio, devoted

principally to politics.



  The Flag of Our Union, was a five-column folio, started on May 30, 1861. The

leading principles of this paper are suggested by its title. The Illinoisan was

hostile to the prosecution of the war by the North, and while its attitude in

this met with the support of a considerable element in the county, the majority

of the people, without regard to political faith, called for an exponent of the

Union sentiment. It was in response to this sentiment and some more substantial

encouragement, that John Littlefield began the publication of the Flag. His

political affiliation had been with the "Know Nothings," but in this venture, he

cautiously planted himself on the Union side of current questions. In his first

article Mr. Littlefield said: "We shall contend for a strict observance of the

Constitution and the enforcement of the laws. * * * We shall ignore politics and

discussions as to the cause of the war. But, in the language of Stephen A.

Douglas, 'fight the battles of our country first, and talk about the causes

after.' "  This newspaper venture was started on small capital and limited

editorial experience, but it gradually gained support until it passed beyond the

stage of an experiment to a regular institution of the county. The publication

of the Flag was suspended, however, at the end of the third volume, when the

editor entered the army, but did not leave the State. In April, 1865, having

purchased the press and material of the Illinoisan, Mr. Littlefield launched the

Marshall Messenger, the first issue appearing April 28, 1865. In his salutatory

the editor says: "The Messenger will be independent in all things." It started

as a six-column folio, but has since been enlarged to a six-column quarto with

the inside furnished by an "auxiliary" printing establishment.



  Of the papers which have disputed the political field in Marshall with the

Democratic journals, the earliest was the Marshall Telegraph. This paper was

started to aid the Whig campaign of 1852, with Messrs. Jones & Farley as editors

and proprietors. This venture was the outgrowth of a general desire of the Whig

supporters for an organ and prominent members of the party invested considerable

money in furnishing the office. The paper subsequently passed into the hands of

Charles Summers, who sold it to the Democratic contemporary in the spring of

1853. In April or May of the following year Messrs. E. Callahan and S. F.

Andrews, issued another paper of "Know Nothing" proclivities, reviving the name

of the Marshall Telegraph. Mr. Callahan retired from the management in the

following fall, Mr. Andrews conducting it in the support of the Republican party

until the winter of 1857-8, when its publication was suspended. In the following

June or July Messrs. N. O. McKeen and John A. Whitlock started the Marshall

Journal in the interest of the Republican party which continued until the fall

of 1859, when it was absorbed by the Illinoisan. It was edited by John A.

Whitlock alone, after Mr. McKeen's retirement in the early part of 1858, and

subsequently by Dr. W. S. Goodell, who published it as an independent organ,

until its demise. The extinction of Republican papers, however, did not indicate

the death of Republican sentiment in the county, and in 1868, the Clark County

Herald made its appearance. The editor and proprietor, M. O. Frost, had been

formerly an attache of the Cincinnati Commercial, and in 1867 was publishing the

Hotel Reporter at Covington, Ky. He was placed in communication with several of

the prominent Republicans of Marshall, and the result of a conference was an

agreement on Mr. Frost's part to establish a paper if 500 subscribers could be

secured. This a committee of Republicans undertook to secure, and with such

success that Frost was written to come with his paper. About 400 subscribers

were secured, and the first issue of the Herald appeared August 28, 1868. The

Messenger was then in undisputed possession of the editorial field, and viewed

the establishment of a Republican journal as a challenge to political combat.

Since the first issue of the Herald a vigorous fusilade has been maintained

between these papers, which was varied on the revival of the Illinoisan by a

triangular distribution of the skirmish. The Herald has been enlarged to the

proportions of a six-column quarto, printed entirely in its own office. It has

been marked during its history for the attention paid to the publication of

local news.



  Church Progress, is a weekly paper published in the interest of the Catholic

church. It was projected by the pastor of the Catholic church here, in 1878. It

was designed simply as a means of communication from the pastor to the people of

his congregation and was first issued monthly in a four page pamphlet form. The

church was heavily in debt and this means was taken to stimulate the members to

larger contributions. The scope of the paper was gradually enlarged, becoming

semi-monthly in January 1880, and weekly in its publication during the present

year. It is a seven column folio and is still edited by Rev. Charles Kuhlman.



  But the permanent progress of a community is not measured alone by its

business success. Indeed such success depends very much upon the foundation

society lays in the school and church. This fact was clearly foreseen by the

founder of the city and early provision was made for these aids to civilized

development. The liberal donations and the sentiment of Col. Archer on this

subject led the early settlers to believe that the best of educational

advantages would soon be within their reach, but they did not wait for schools

to come to them. Such men as Col. Archer, Whitlock, Griffith, Bartlett and Neal,

set about securing a school-house at once, and in 1837 the first building for

this purpose was erected on the southwest corner of the college lot. A school

was taught here in the following winter by Thomas Handy, who lived on Union

Prairie. In the following year Jonathan Greenough, who was a native of Maine,

wrote, inviting Dean Andrews to this place with a view of promoting the school

interests. He was a graduate of Bowdoin College and came in the latter part of

1838. After fitting up the school-house which had been used by Handy, and the

court for its first session, he taught a term or two of public school, and

later, a private school in a frame building erected for the purpose. In the

meantime there was a general desire that the donation of land on which to erect

a college should be permanently secured by the founding of such an institution.

This was the prime object of Andrews' coming to Marshall and he proposed at once

to erect a building for such purpose if assisted by the people. To this

proposition the people responded liberally, and about 1852 Mr. Andrews erected

the main part of the brick building which is now used for the public school. No

definite information can be gathered of this early school, save that for some

years it was generally patronized and fairly successful under the guidance of

the projector. Some eight or ten years after its founding: it occurred to some

of the leading Methodists of the town that it would be advisable to establish a

sectarian school, to which proposition Mr. Andrews lent a willing ear and

eventually sold his property to certain trustees for $3,000, certain gentlemen

securing the payment of $1,000, by joint note and the balance secured by

mortgage on the property. "Marshall College" proved no better as a financial

investment than other unendowed colleges, and the makers of the note were

obliged to meet its payment. The mortgage was subsequently mat in the same way,

Samuel Park, John English, James McCabe and P. McNutt assuming the burden for

the Methodist society, in August, 1865. Two years later McNutt conveyed his

interest to the other trustees, and on Feb. 22 1867, the property was advertised

for sale. Mr. English subsequently bought it, and in 1871, sold it to the public

school trustees for graded school purposes.



  Among the early successors of Mr. Andrews was E. D. Wilkins, who carried on

the schools with promising success from about 1856 to 1861. This was the period

of the school's greatest prosperity, which, however, grew rapidly less at the

opening of the war. The Flag says of the close of the school year in 1861:

"There was a slim attendance at the examination. No examining committee being

present at the exercises." B. G. Bradshaw succeeded Mr. Wiikins as president,

with Prof. Hughs as assistant, and L. H. Bradley and Sheridan Cox as teachers.

In 1863, a primary department was added and in the following year Mr. and Mrs.

P. McNutt engaged as teachers. Mr. McNutt succeeded to the presidency in the

following year and was assisted by Professor Merrick from Ohio. Mr. McNutt was

subsequently appointed traveling agent and was succeeded by Rev. Wm. S. Hooper

who, a little later, combined the duties of teacher with those of pastor to the

Methodist church here. The college term rates at this time were, for the First

Preparatory class, $7.00; 2nd. Prep, class, $8.50; Freshman class, $9.00;

Sophomore, Junior, and Senior classes, $10.00; contingent fee, $1.00. Various

causes combined to work against the prosperity of this school during the war and

especially after its close. The growth of graded schools, and the lack of

sufficient capital to place the institution in the front rank of collegiate

institutions was severely felt by the management. Still the school was

maintained for some time after the building passed into private hands, until it

finally ceased in 1867 or 1868.



  In the meanwhile the public schools had grown into considerable importance. A

stone school-house succeeded the early frame building about 1840 or 1842, and

was situated in the eastern part of town. Some five or six years later a brick

school-house was erected on the lot donated for a female academy, and as the

population of the town was increased, school room facilities were augmented by

hiring vacant rooms about town, the office of the St. James Hotel serving this

purpose for a time, and in 1868, some of the rooms in "Marshall College"

building were also used. The inconveniences of holding schools in the several

parts of town without a central building, gradually created a demand among the

people for some better provision for school rooms. The question of purchasing

the hotel on the corner of Michigan and Cumberland streets was early submitted

to a popular vote and negatived. In 1865, it was again submitted to the people

and carried by a majority of three in favor of the proposition, but the minority

was so large and a counter-agitation to buy the college building sprang up, so

that the trustees did nothing about it. In 1868, the subject was again raised,

by an offer of the proprietors of the building to sell it for $4,000, in four

annual installments. If, however, the railroad was not built, the price was to

be reduced to $3,000. The building was at this time in a dilapidated condition,

and some two or three thousand dollars were estimated as the cost of refitting

and repairing it. The matter thus passed on until August 8, 1871, when it was

decided by a popular vote of 138 to 39 to purchase the building for $3,000. The

property was at once overhauled, replastered, refitted, and repaired at a cost

of nearly $2,000. The public schools were graded about 1852 or 1855 by a Mr.

Griffith. In 1865, there were three departments; in 1873, these had grown to

seven, and there are at present twelve departments for which ten teachers are

employed. The school year is eight months; the average monthly salary for

teachers is $53; highest $80 and lowest $25.



  Church influences were felt in Marshall as early as the coming of schools, but

they did not result in permanent organizations until some years later. Services

were early held by Congregationalists, Methodists and Catholics in private

houses and school-houses, and about 1840, an effort was simultaneously put forth

by Dean Andrews, T. F. Day and Patrick Conahy, to organize a society of their

respective denominations. 



  The Congregational Church was organized April 3, 1841, by Dean Andrews, John

Black, Elza Neal, A. M. Chapin and Willard Center, assisted by the Rev. A. M.

Jewett of Terre Haute, Ind. The members were the gentlemen named, with their

wives, and Nancy Black and Emeline Cole. Dean Andrews was licensed as a

minister, April 7, 1842, and ordained as pastor of this church in May of the

following year. He served the church, however, from April, 1841, continuing

until October of 1852, and subsequently from September, 1864, until his death in

September, 1872. He was a man of large influence and public spirit, and his loss

was seriously felt. Between the two terms of Mr. Andrews' service, Rev. Jacob P.

Chapman was pastor, and served with acceptance. Following the death of Mr.

Andrews, Rev. J. T. Graves officiated as pastor until October, 1876, when a

vacancy occurred until 1880, filled temporarily by Revs. M. A. Jewett, S. S.

Martin and others. In September of the latter year, Rev. H. M. Burr was called,

and served as pastor until September, 1882, since which time the church has been

without a pastor. The church building is a frame structure standing on Hamilton

street north of Cumberland street, and was erected in 1843, at a cost of about

$1,500. This sum was raised by subscriptions varying from a widow's mite of

three cents to the donation of a pair of Fairbanks' scales, the latter

contributed by Mr. Fairbanks himself. The original trustees were John Black,

Elza Neal, Dean Andrews, Wm. Dougan, Jesse Mark, J. K. Greenough, and John

Bartlett. This was the first place of worship erected in the town, and although

lacking many of the modern conveniences, is still a comfortable place of worship

and a well preserved building. A weekly prayer meeting was instituted at the

time the church was organized in 1841, and has been regularly maintained since.

A Sunday school was also organized at the same time, and still exists, with an

attendance of about seventy scholars and officers. It was about the first school

of the kind organized in the county. Burns Archer is the present superintendent.



  A Methodist Episcopal Church was organized in the year 1841, also. There were

some ten persons of this denomination in Marshall; Abel English and wife, Uri

Manley and wife, T. F. Day and wife, James Martin and wife, Hannah Chapman and

Mrs. Hays. Abel English was a local preacher of New Jersey, and under his lead a

church was organized at the court house in June of this year. Rev. Burr of the

Livingston circuit, "supplied" the church, and meetings were held in the Andrews

frame school-house. About 1845, an effort was put forth to secure a permanent

place of worship, and the following gentlemen were elected trustees with a view

to carrying this effort to a practical issue; Abel English, Uri Manley, James

Martin, T. F. Day, Willard Center, John Combs and Simeon Poole. The work was

undertaken in earnest, and Mr. Day undertook the task of circulating a

subscription paper. This was a task of no small dimensions, as not only was the

home field to be canvassed, but aid was sought in Edgar and other counties where

there were older Methodist societies. He secured subscriptions to the amount of

some $800, which by contract with the trustees he retained, and rendered service

on the building at $1.75 per day. This proved a valuable contract to the church,

as the full subscription was not realized and the cost of collection proved an

item worth consideration. The frame was erected on Hamilton street, just south

of Market, in 1846, but for lack of funds, remained uninclosed until the next

year. The building of this structure was a heavy burden to the little church,

and each one was obliged to shoulder all the responsibility he could carry. The

labor fell principally upon Mr. Day who, with the sons of Mr. English, got out

all the timbers, went to the land of Mr. Blundell in Wabash Township, got the

poplar logs and hauled them to the mill. The lumber was sawed at English's mill

on Big Creek. It is related that the bridge across the stream partly washed

away, leaving a part of it standing half way over the stream. There was no way

to get the wagon to where the lumber was piled, and as the only resort the

lumber was brought to the wagon. To do this every board was brought to the end

of the broken bridge and stood up in the stream, from whence it was taken and

carried up a steep bank to the wagon. This work was performed principally by Mr.

Day and illustrates some of the difficulties to be overcome to secure the place

of worship. It was finally completed, and in 1849 dedicated by Rev. Hiram Brick.

This building sufficed until 1873, when the present brick structure was erected

on Mechanic street. For some time previous, however, the building had proved too

small to comfortably accommodate the audience, and services were held in the

court house, in the school house, in Manley's office, and in the Congregational

church. During the pastorate of Rev. Mr. Pilcher the church experienced a

remarkable revival, which resulted in some 300 additions to the church, and the

subject of a new building was forced upon the church. A building committee was

appointed, which decided upon a brick structure, the plan of which was drawn by

an architect of Terre Haute. Work was commenced in spring of 1873, and the

present building, 40 by 80 feet, erected at a cost of nine thousand dollars. The

church numbers now about 200 members, and is in a flourishing state. Among the

ministers who have served the church since Mr. Pilcher, are the Revs. Slagle,

Obenchain, Burkett, McVey, and the present pastor, Rev. Robt. McIntyre.



  The first Catholic who settled in Marshall was Patrick Conahy, a brother of

the Bishop of Kilmore, Ireland. A year later five German Catholic families

settled on farms south of Marshall. Father Bouteau, who built churches in Terre

Haute and North Arm, was the first priest to visit this place. After him, Father

Lallemier, of Terre Haute, attended to the spiritual wants of these early

settlers, saying mass in their houses. The first priest stationed in Marshall

was Rev. Hugh Brady in 1848, who remained about one year, during which time he

began to build the first Catholic Church in Clark County, and roofed it. He died

suddenly while on his way to Chicago to see the bishop. After him, the little

congregation was attended by Revs. F. Ingolsby, G. A. Hamilton and Thos. Ryan,

from North Arm, once in every two months. Father Ryan completed the old church,

which still stands, though long alienated from its sacred office. A graveyard

was donated in the time of Father Ryan. After him Revs. D. Byrne, John Vahey,

and others, attended here. In 1851, Bishop Van de Velde, of Chicago, visited

Marshall and administered the sacrament of confirmation. In 1860, Rev. H. Horen

became resident pastor, and in the same year purchased a square fronting on

Hamilton street, and on it laid the foundation for the present church building.

In 1867, Rev. John A. Mark became pastor, and completed the new church, which

was dedicated October 20, 1872, by Revs. J. A. Mark, F. Stick, and Francis, O.

S. F. On this occasion twenty-nine persons received the sacrament of confirmation.



  Rev. J. A. Mark, after having completed the church, put up two substantial

buildings for school purposes. At the time of his removal in 1872, the

congregation was heavily in debt. The Franciscan Fathers of Teutopolis attended

the congregation until May, 1874, when Rev. I. Wegener was appointed pastor, and

remained such until June, 1876. From this time until December 9, 1876, Rev. P.

Raynerius, O. S. F., of Teutopolis, attended the congregation. Since then Rev.

C. Kuhlman has been pastor. The congregation, consisting now of about one

hundred families, principally Irish, have extinguished the heavy debt under

which they have labored so long, and is now in a thriving condition.



  On April 4, 1846, a petition signed by fourteen persons was presented to the

Palestine Presbytery in session at Paris, requesting to be organized into a

church. The Presbytery gave the petition a favorable reception and appointed

Revs. H. I. Venable and R. H. Lilly, and Elders James Welsh and T. M. Brooks, a

committee to attend to the organization. On the 25th of this month, the

committee and signers to the petition met at Martinsville and organized a

society to be called the "Marshall Presbyterian Church." The original members

were Alexander, Prudence, Rachel, Amy, John R., and Mary Jane Matthews, William

and Jane King, James and Sarah Gibson, Rachel Babcock, Thomas B. and Jane

McClure and Prudence Cochran, all of whom lived in the vicinity of Marshall and

Martinsville. Alexander was made Elder, and for some years meetings were held

alternately at Martinsville and Marshall, at irregular intervals, using

school-houses, private residences and other church buildings for the purpose.

About 1857, a fixed location was agitated and in the following year a neat,

frame place of worship was erected on Hamilton street, in the south part of

town. This effort cost the church a severe struggle and the house was not

completed until a year later. In 1877, the building was remodeled and put in

complete repair. Its steeple was subsequently blown down and has not yet been

replaced. The building occupies a good-sized plat of ground and is surrounded by

a handsome young grove, forming the pleasantest church property in the city. Its

regular pastors have been, Ellis Howell, from 1855 to 1865; R. C. McKinney,

1868-69; Thomas Spencer, 1871-72; George F. Davis, from 1876. For years the

church had no regular ministry, and its growth, somewhat retarded by this

circumstance, has been slow from the beginning. Of late years, the Sabbath

school has been considerably enlarged, and the general condition of the church

and congregation much improved. The entire membership numbers about one hundred

and thirty-two.



  The ministers of the Evangelical Association, visited this county as early as

1842, and as many Germans had settled here and were without church facilities in

their own language, they gladly seconded the efforts of the association in

establishing societies. The first appointment was made at a point about seven

miles southeast of Marshall, in the neighborhood of Mr. Kraemer's. Soon after an

appointment was made for a point four or five miles east of Marshall, and L.

Mannbery made leader, and another four miles west of Marshall, at the house of

G. A. Fredenberger. In 1855, Marshall was made an appointment and services held

at the residences of G. Markel and others. The first camp meeting was held a

mile and a half southwest of the Grand Turn. Thus, until 1850, Clark County was

served by two ministers whose labors took them to Dubois, Spencer, Gibson,

Vanderbilt, and Warick counties, Indiana. The first German minister in Marshall

was John Schrefley, and was succeeded by C. Augenstein, C. Lindner, A. Nicolai,

G. G. Platz and others. The first church was built here in the summer of 1849,

at a cost of about $700. A few years later a parsonage was built near the church

and subsequently was enlarged and is now valued at $600.



  Societies are well represented in Marshall, each of the principal orders

having lodges here. Marshall Lodge, No. 133, Free and Accepted Masons was

chartered October 8, 1856, by Jas. H. Hibbard, Grand Master of the State, with

James C. Robinson, Nathan Willard, Jacob Zimmerman, J. P. Woodside, Thomas

Brown, Wm. S. Price and J. S. Gimbrel, as charter members. The lodge held its

meetings in Benedict's block, later in a hall north of the court house square,

but more recently have fitted up a hall in Dulaney's block, where the members

now have very comfortable quarters.



  Eureka Lodge, No. 64, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, was organized July 15,

1850, in a room over Booth's store. The charter members were Robt. L. Dulaney,

Newton Harlan, Nathan Willard, Albert D. Safford, Howard Harlan, Daniel Safford

and Benjamin Stover, the latter of whom is the only one of the charter members

now living. The first regular place of meeting was in Benedict's hall, from

which the lodge moved to the third story of D. D. Doll's building and later to

W. T. Martin's building where the lodge-room now is. The lodge now has a

membership of ninety-six.



  The William B. Archer Post, No. 119, Grand Army of the Republic, was organized

February 21, 1881, with L. S. Kilbourn, M. O. Frost, Milton Harris, George

Slusser et al, as charter members. They have a finely furnished hall in

Claypool's block. The Knights of Honor have a lodge here which numbers about a

hundred members, occupying the same hall with the G. A. R. It was organized June

16, 1881.



Additional Comments:
Extracted From:



HISTORY OF CRAWFORD AND CLARK COUNTIES, ILLINOIS.

EDITED BY WILLIAM HENRY PERRIN.



ILLUSTRATED



CHICAGO: O. L. BASKIN & CO., HISTORICAL PUBLISHERS,

LAKESIDE BUILDING.

1883.



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