1900 Benton County Indiana Census Supervisor's District No.: 10 Enumeration District No.: 10 State: Indiana County: Benton Township: Union Township Name within above Division: X STATE or TERRITORY: IN COUNTY: Benton TOWNSHIP or Division: Union Township PAGE NO: 5A REFERENCE: Enumerated by me on the 9th day of June, 1900, Gertrude Davidson, Enumerator. ======================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================= | RELATIONSHIP | | | | MARITAL |# YEARS |MOTHER OF|# CHILDREN | BIRTHPLACE | BIRTHPLACE |BIRTHPLACE | YEAR OF |# YEARS|NATURALIZED | # MONTHS | # MONTHS|CAN CAN |SPEAKS |OWNED OR|OWNED FREE|FARM OR| # OF FARM LN | FN | LAST NAME | FIRST NAME | TO HEAD | RACE | SEX | BIRTHDATE | AGE | STATUS | MARRIED| CHILDREN| LIVING |THIS PERSON | FATHER | MOTHER |IMMIGRATION|IN U.S.| CITIZEN | OCCUPATION | UNEMPLOYED|IN SCHOOL|READ|WRITE|ENGLISH| RENTED |OF MORTAGE|HOUSE | SCHEDULE ======================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================= 1 77 Clark Riley Head W M Jun1857 42 M 5 IN OH OH Farmer Y Y Y R F 71 2 Personila Wife W F Dec1855 44 M 5 2 2 IN PA PA Y Y Y 3 Ethel Daughter W F Jun1886 13 S IN IN IN At School 6 Y Y Y 4 Hartley Son W M Feb1900 3M S IN IN IN 5 Kuboske Agnes Servant W F Mar1882 18 S IN POLG POLG Servant Y Y Y 6 Slatery John Laborer W M Jul1876 23 S IL IRE IRE Farm Laborer Y Y Y 7 Starkweather Ernest Laborer W M Dec1881 18 S IN IL OH Farm Laborer 4 Y Y Y 8 78 Yeoman George Head W M Jun1867 32 W IN OH OH Farmer Y Y Y R F 72 9 Ethel Daughter W F Sep1891 8 S IN IN IN At School 7 Y Y Y 10 Ephraim Son W M Jan1893 7 S IN IN IN At School 7 Y Y Y 11 Dell Daughter W F Mar1895 5 S IN IN IN 12 Timmons Grace Servant W F Jun1875 24 S IN OH IN Housekeeper Y Y Y 13 Winehold Truman Laborer W M May1881 19 S IN PA IL Farm Laborer Y Y Y 14 79 Fulleton David R Head W M Apr1834 66 M 40 OH PA OH Farmer Y Y Y O F F 73 15 Mary A Wife W F Apr1840 60 M 40 8 7 ENG ENG ENG 1845 55 Y Y Y 16 Lee W Son W M Apr1883 17 S IN OH ENG Y Y Y 17 Kelley Bertha Servant W F May1880 20 S IN PA IN Servant Y Y Y 18 80 Fulleton Lawerence Head W M Jan1867 33 M 13 IL OH ENG Farmer Y Y Y R F 74 19 Mattie Wife W F Feb1865 35 M 13 5 5 IN VA IN Y Y Y 20 Challen D Son W M Feb1888 12 S IN IL IN At School 7 Y Y Y 21 Royce D Son W M Jul1890 9 S IN IL IN At School 7 Y Y Y 22 Dencil F Daughter W F Jan1891 9 S IN IL IN At School 7 Y Y Y 23 Roe R Son W M Jul1893 6 S IN IL IN At School 7 Y Y Y 24 Ester D Daughter W F Aug1895 4 S IN IL IN 25 81 Swan Loyd Head W M Jun1854 45 M 24 IN UNK UNK Dealer (Grain) Y Y Y O F H 26 Alice Wife W F Aug1859 40 M 24 7 5 IN IN IN Y Y Y 27 Heber Son W M Dec1884 15 S IN IN IN At School 4 Y Y Y 28 Trixie Daughter W F Apr1887 13 S IN IN IN At School 7 Y Y Y 29 Bernice Daughter W F May1889 11 S IN IN IN At School 7 Y Y Y 30 Reece Pascal Boarder W M Nov1880 19 S OH OH OH Day Laborer Y Y Y 31 82 Sanson John Head W M Jan1862 38 M 15 MI SCO ENG Day Laborer Y Y Y R H 32 Alice Wife W F Sep1862 37 M 15 6 6 IN UNK UNK Y Y Y 33 Mabelle Daughter W F Jul1885 14 S IN MI IN At School 6 Y Y Y 34 William Son W M Aug1888 11 S IN MI IN At School 5 Y Y Y 35 Mattie Daughter W F Feb1890 10 S IN MI IN At School 7 Y Y Y 36 Otwin? Son W M Mar1896 4 S IN MI IN At School 37 Orville Son W M Dec1899 5M S IN MI IN 38 83 Bartaway Charley Head W M Sep1875 24 M 4 IL FRA IN Farmer Y Y Y R F 75 39 Eva Wife W F Mar1881 19 M 4 2 2 IN OH OH Y Y Y 40 Marie Daughter W F Jan1897 3 S IA IL IN 41 Hazel Daughter W F Jul1898 1 S IN IL IN 42 84 Bartaway Adeline Head W F Jul1850 49 W 6 6 IN PA PA Y Y Y O F F 76 43 Willie Son W M Aug1882 17 S IN FRA PA Farm Laborer Y Y Y 44 85 Sayers Greenbury Head W M Oct1860 39 M 18 IN OH IN Farmer Y Y Y O M F 77 45 Jennie Wife W F Sep1863 36 M 18 2 2 IN VA IN Y Y Y 46 Pearl Daughter W F Oct1884 15 S IN IN IN At School 7 Y Y Y 47 Ingle Daughter W F Dec1889 10 S IN IN IN At School 7 Y Y Y 48 86 Butler Pete Head W M Jun1866? 34 M 16 IL CANF CANF Farm Laborer N N Y R H 49 Josie Wife W F Nov1867 32 M 16 5 5 IL CANF CANF N N Y 50 Freddie Son W M May1887 12 S IN IL IL At School 7 Y Y Y Notes: POLG = POLAND (Ger). IRE = IRELAND. ENG = ENGLAND. SCO = SCOTLAND. FRA = FRANCE. CANF = CANADA (Fr). STATE or TERRITORY: IN COUNTY: Benton TOWNSHIP or Division: Union Township PAGE NO: 5B REFERENCE: Enumerated by me on the 11 day of June, 1900, Gertrude Davidson, Enumerator. ======================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================= | RELATIONSHIP | | | | MARITAL |# YEARS |MOTHER OF|# CHILDREN | BIRTHPLACE | BIRTHPLACE |BIRTHPLACE | YEAR OF |# YEARS|NATURALIZED | # MONTHS | # MONTHS|CAN CAN |SPEAKS |OWNED OR|OWNED FREE|FARM OR| # OF FARM LN | FN | LAST NAME | FIRST NAME | TO HEAD | RACE | SEX | BIRTHDATE | AGE | STATUS | MARRIED| CHILDREN| LIVING |THIS PERSON | FATHER | MOTHER |IMMIGRATION|IN U.S.| CITIZEN | OCCUPATION | UNEMPLOYED|IN SCHOOL|READ|WRITE|ENGLISH| RENTED |OF MORTAGE|HOUSE | SCHEDULE ======================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================= 51 Butler Nelda Daughter W F Jul1893 6 S IN IL IL At School 7 Y Y Y 52 Edna Daughter W F Jul1895 4 S IN IL IL 53 Samuel Son W M Aug1897 2 S IN IL IL 54 87 Weile William Head W M Feb1865 35 M 6 IN SWI GER Farmer Y Y Y O M F 78 55 Mary Wife W F Feb1873 27 M 6 3 2 IN GER GER Y Y Y 56 Bernard Son W M Feb1897 3 S IN IN IN 57 Frank Son W M Oct1899 7M S IN IN IN 58 Flanigan John Laborer W M Feb 14 S IN IRE IRE Farm Laborer 0 Y Y Y 59 88 McDaniel James Head W M Sep1860 39 M 13 IN KY KY Farmer Y Y Y R F 79 60 Sarah Wife W F Aug1862 37 M 13 1 1 IN PA ENG Y Y Y 61 Roy Son W M Mar1887 12 S IN IN IN At School 7 Y Y Y 62 Rector Lucien Boarder W F Sep1868 31 S IN IN IN Preacher Y Y Y 63 Llewellyn Jesse Laborer W M Jan1878 22 S IN IN IN Farm Laborer 0 Y Y Y 64 89 Hardeman Morton Head W M Aug1842 57 M 30 IRE IRE IRE 1866 34 Na Farmer Y Y Y O M F 80 65 Ann Wife W F Apr1849 51 M 30 9 9 IL IRE IRE Y Y Y 66 Mary Daughter W F Nov1872 27 S IL IRE IL Y Y Y 67 James Son W M Feb1875 25 S IL IRE IL Farm Laborer Y Y Y 68 Edward Son W M Oct1877 22 S IN IRE IL Farm Laborer Y Y Y 69 Martin Son W M Oct1880 19 S IL IRE IL Farm Laborer Y Y Y 70 Philip Son W M Dec1882 17 S IL IRE IL At School 7 Y Y Y 71 Katie Daughter W F Mar1885 15 S IL IRE IL At School 7 Y Y Y 72 Annie Daughter W F Aug1887 12 S IN IRE IL At School 7 Y Y Y 73 Lelna Daughter W F Sep1893 6 S IN IRE IL At School 7 Y Y Y 74 90 Gray Stokley Head W M Jan1842 58 M 33 IN TN TN Farmer Y Y Y O M F 81 75 Sarah Wife W F Jan1846 54 M 33 8 8 IN IN IN Y Y Y 76 Mary Daughter W F Apr1869 31 S 0 0 IN IN IN Y Y Y 77 Ancel Son W M Sep1870 29 S IN IN IN Farm Laborer 0 Y Y Y 78 George Son W M Nov1877 22 S IN IN IN School Teacher 4 Y Y Y 79 Janet E Daughter W F Nov1879 20 S IN IN IN At School 9 Y Y Y 80 Edith Daughter W F Jun1882 17 S IN IN IN At School 9 Y Y Y 81 Everat Son W M Jun1882 17 S IN IN IN At School 9 Y Y Y 82 Lizzie Daughter W F Feb1885 15 S IN IN IN At School 9 Y Y Y 83 Ollie Daughter W F Jul1887 12 S IN IN IN At School 7 Y Y Y 84 91 Pelton Henry Head W M Sep1842 57 M 14 NY NY NY Farmer Y Y Y O M F 82 85 Cordelia Wife W F Jul1845 54 M 14 3 3 NY NY NY Y Y Y 86 92 Nagle Andrew Head W M Jan1867 33 M 2 PA PA PA Farmer Y Y Y R F 83 87 Louise Wife W F Feb1871 29 M 2 1 1 IN MS IN Y Y Y 88 Estella daughter W F Oct1898 1 S IN PA IN 89 93 Elliott Thomas Head W M May1857 43 S IL OH IL Farmer Y Y Y R F 84 90 Sanders Lottie Mother W F Oct1840 59 W 2 1 IL IL VA Y Y Y 91 Pelton Howard Boarder W M Nov1876? 23 S NY NY NY Farmer Y Y Y 92 Larson Jennie Servant W F Apr1883 17 S IN SWE SWE At School 7 Y Y Y 93 Luken Otto Laborer W M Jan1880 20 S IN IN IN Farm Laborer 2 Y Y Y 94 94 Waller Leotta Head W F Mar1868 32 W 0 0 IN IN IN Y Y Y O F F 85 95 Jackson Mary A Aunt W F Sep1832 67 W 0 0 TN TN TN Y Y Y 96 Griffith Jacob Uncle W M Feb1847 53 S IN IN IN Farmer Y Y Y 97 95 Gray William Head W M Nov1876 24 M 5? IN IN IN Farmer Y Y Y R F 86 98 Anna Wife W F Jun1879 20 M 5? 0 0 IN IN IN Y Y Y 99 Griffith Harry Laborer W M Oct1880 19 S IN IN IN Farm Laborer 5 Y Y Y 100 Brown Harry Laborer W M Jan1880 20 S IN IN IN Farm Laborer 3 Y Y Y Notes: SWI = SWITZERLAND. GER = GERMANY. ENG = ENGLAND. IRE = IRELAND. SWE = SWEDEN. STATE or TERRITORY: IN COUNTY: Benton TOWNSHIP or Division: Union Township PAGE NO: 6A REFERENCE: Enumerated by me on the 12 day of June, 1900, Gertrude Davidson, Enumerator. ======================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================= | RELATIONSHIP | | | | MARITAL |# YEARS |MOTHER OF|# CHILDREN | BIRTHPLACE | BIRTHPLACE |BIRTHPLACE | YEAR OF |# YEARS|NATURALIZED | # MONTHS | # MONTHS|CAN CAN |SPEAKS |OWNED OR|OWNED FREE|FARM OR| # OF FARM LN | FN | LAST NAME | FIRST NAME | TO HEAD | RACE | SEX | BIRTHDATE | AGE | STATUS | MARRIED| CHILDREN| LIVING |THIS PERSON | FATHER | MOTHER |IMMIGRATION|IN U.S.| CITIZEN | OCCUPATION | UNEMPLOYED|IN SCHOOL|READ|WRITE|ENGLISH| RENTED |OF MORTAGE|HOUSE | SCHEDULE ======================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================= 1 96 Waller David A Head W M Aug1842 57 M 34 IN GER OH Farmer Y Y Y O M F 87 2 Amanda Wife W F Sep1846 53 M 34 10 9 IN GER NC Y Y Y 3 Maud Daughter W F Jun1874 25 S IN IN IN School Teacher 4 Y Y Y 4 Lola Daughter W F Nov1876 23 S IL IN IN Y Y Y 5 Mattie M Daughter W F Mar1879 21 S IL IN IN Y Y Y 6 Homer R Son W M Dec1882 17 S IL IN IN At School 9 Y Y Y 7 Raymond Son W M Nov1886 13 S IL IN IN At School 7 Y Y Y 8 Reese George Laborer W M May1880 20 S IN KY IN Farm Laborer 2 Y Y Y 9 Lane Wood Laborer W M Apr1880 20 S IN IN IN Farm Laborer 4 Y Y Y 10 97 Benson Arron Head W M Jan1854 46 M 14 IN IN IN Farm Laborer Y Y Y R H 11 Fannie Wife W F Oct1856 43 M 14 0 0 OH OH OH 12 Smith Samuel Laborer W M Mar1870 30 S IN IN IN Farm Laborer Y Y Y 13 98 Anderson Andrew Head W M Aug1844 55 S SWE SWE SWE 1869 30 Na Farmer Y Y Y R F 88 14 Griffith Clara Servant W F Jan1864 36 W 2 1 IN MD MD Housekeeper Y Y Y 15 Eva Boarder W F Nov1890 9 S IN IN IN At School 7 Y Y Y 16 99 Stewart William Head W M Aug1868 31 M 8 IL IRE IRE Farmer Y Y Y R F 89 17 Rosa Wife W F Feb1876 24 M 8 5 5 NY VT OH Y Y Y 18 Hamilton Son W M Oct1891 8 S IN IL NY At School 8 Y Y Y 19 William Son W M Mar1895 5 S IN IL NY 20 Fannie Daughter W F May1896 4 S IN IL NY 21 Myrtle Daughter W F Dec1897 2 S IN IL NY 22 Rosa Daughter W F Mar1900 2M S IN IL NY 23 Winkler Millard Laborer W M Jun1883 16 S KY KY KY Farm Laborer Y Y Y 24 100 Winehold Isaac Head W M Sep1844 55 W PA PA PA Farmer Y Y Y O M F 90 25 William Son W M Jun1879 20 S IN PA IL Y Y Y 26 Emma Daughter W F Feb1881 19 S IN PA IL Y Y Y 27 Ida Daughter W F Feb1883 17 S IN PA IL Y Y Y 28 Leroy Son W M Jul1885 14 S IN PA IL At School 7 Y Y Y 29 Charley Son W M Mar1887 13 S IN PA IL At School 7 Y Y Y 30 101 Whitehurst Albert Head W M Apr1862 38 M 9 IN VA PA Day Laborer Y Y Y R H 31 Minnie Wife W F Oct1865 34 M 9 2 2 IN OH OH Y Y Y 32 Frada Daughter W F Sep1891 8 S IN IN IN At School 7 Y Y Y 33 Vesper Son W M Jul1893 6 S IN IN IN At School 7 Y Y Y 34 Filbert Julia M in-Law W F Mar1823 77 M ?? 5 4 IL KY OH Y Y Y 35 102 Jones Frank C Head W M Sep1872 27 M 5M IN IL IN Y Y Y R H 36 Pearl Wife W F Sep1873 24 M 5M 0 0 IN OH IN Y Y Y 37 103 Fisher Jacob Head W M May1832 67 M 41 OH OH MD Retired Farmer Y Y Y O H 38 Anna Wife W F Aug1840 59 M 41 5 4 IN IN UNK Y Y Y 39 104 Noe Oscar Head W M Dec1857 42 M 11 IN IN OH School Teacher 4 Y Y Y R H 40 Tunie M Wife W F Nov1872 27 M 11 2 2 IN OH IN Y Y Y 41 Carleton Son W M Mar1893 7 S IN IN IN At School 6 Y Y Y 42 Whitcomb Son W M Apr1897 3 S IN IN IN 43 105 Fulleton Charles Head W M Nov1861 38 M 14 IL MI ENG Day Laborer Y Y Y R H 44 Eunice Wife W F Mar1868 32 M 14 5 5 OH OH OH Y Y Y 45 Clement Son W M Jan1887 13 S NE IL OH At School 7 Y Y Y 46 Jerome Son W M Jul1888 11 S CO IL OH At School 7 Y Y Y 47 Roy B Son W M Jan1889 10 S CO IL OH At School 7 Y Y Y 48 Ernest C Son W M Feb1892 8 S NE IL OH At School 7 Y Y Y 49 Ella Daughter W F Mar1900 2M S IN IL OH 50 Banneau Emma Servant W F May1883 17 S IN GER GER Servant Y Y Y Notes: GER = GERMANY. SWE = SWEDEN. ENG = ENGLAND. STATE or TERRITORY: IN COUNTY: Benton TOWNSHIP or Division: Union Township PAGE NO: 6B REFERENCE: Enumerated by me on the 12 day of June, 1900, Gertrude Davidson, Enumerator. ======================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================= | RELATIONSHIP | | | | MARITAL |# YEARS |MOTHER OF|# CHILDREN | BIRTHPLACE | BIRTHPLACE |BIRTHPLACE | YEAR OF |# YEARS|NATURALIZED | # MONTHS | # MONTHS|CAN CAN |SPEAKS |OWNED OR|OWNED FREE|FARM OR| # OF FARM LN | FN | LAST NAME | FIRST NAME | TO HEAD | RACE | SEX | BIRTHDATE | AGE | STATUS | MARRIED| CHILDREN| LIVING |THIS PERSON | FATHER | MOTHER |IMMIGRATION|IN U.S.| CITIZEN | OCCUPATION | UNEMPLOYED|IN SCHOOL|READ|WRITE|ENGLISH| RENTED |OF MORTAGE|HOUSE | SCHEDULE ======================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================= 51 106 Mead Daniel Head W M Jan1860 40 M 17 IL NJ UNK Merchant (Gen) Y Y Y R H 52 Clara Wife W F Nov1862 37 M 17 6 3 IL OH IL Dressmaker Y Y Y 53 Raymond Son W M Dec1884 15 S IN IL IL At School 6 Y Y Y 54 Roscoe Son W M Nov1889 10 S SD IL IL At School 7 Y Y Y 55 Lillie Daughter W F Jul1893 6 S IN IL IL At School 6 Y Y Y 56 107 Robinson James Head W M Dec1843 56 W PA DE ENG Farmer Y Y Y O F F 91 57 Elenore Daughter W F Aug1881 18 S IN PA NY Y Y Y 58 William Son W M Feb1883 17 S IN PA NY At School 6 Y Y Y 59 Edward Son W M Nov1884 15 S IN PA NY At School 6 Y Y Y 60 108 Gay William Head W M Oct1873 26 M 1 IN UNK IN Day Laborer 2 Y Y Y R H 61 Ollie Wife W F Aug1879 20 M 1 0 0 IN IN IN Y Y Y 62 Tuggle Ora Boarder W F May1879 21 S IL VA IL Clerk (Gen Mds) 2 Y Y Y 63 109 Peck William Head W M Feb1858 42 M 18 IL OH IN Carpenter 2 Y Y Y O H 64 Ruth Wife W F Feb1862 38 M 18 8 6 IN ENG ENG Y Y Y 65 William Son W M Nov1881 18 S IN IL IN Laborer 3 Y Y Y 66 Alice Daughter W F Mar1885 15 S IN IL IN Y Y Y 67 Orson Son W M Dec1891 8 S IN IL IN At School 2 Y Y Y 68 Arthur Son W M Mar1894 6 S IN IL IN 69 Bertha Daughter W F May1899 1 S IN IL IN 70 110 Williams Oscar Head W M Aug1858 41 M 13 IL WAL PA Laborer Y Y Y R H 71 Anna Wife W F May1863 37 M 13 4 3 IL NJ OH Y Y Y 72 Fred Son W M Dec1887 12 S IN IL IL At School 7 Y Y Y 73 Elda Daughter W F Jun1891 8 S IN IL IL At School 7 Y Y Y 74 Ralph Son W M Oct1898 1 S IN IL IL 75 111 Mayfield Marcello Head W M Jul1866 33 M 11 IN IN IN Phiscian Y Y Y R F 76 Laura P Wife W F Feb1868 32 M 11 3 3 IN NY TN Y Y Y 77 Clyde T Son W M Mar1890 10 S IN IN IN At School 7 Y Y Y 78 Hollis E Son W M Feb1893 7 S IN IN IN At School 7 Y Y Y 79 Lecta G Daughter W F Feb1895 5 S IN IN IN 80 112 Ewbank Russel Head W M Apr1860 40 M 12 IN ENG IN Farmer Y Y Y O F 92 81 Cora Wife W F Jul1865 34 M 12 3 3 IN IN IN Y Y Y 82 Webster Son W M Jan1889 11 S IN IN IN At School 7 Y Y Y 83 Amos Son W M May1893 7 S IN IN IN At School 5 Y Y Y 84 Lucille Daughter W F Aug1894 5 S IN IN IN 85 Teeter Valentine Laborer W M Jun1877 22 M? 2 NE OH OH Farm Laborer Y Y Y R H 86 113 Milten George Head W M Oct1859 40 M 18 ENG ENG ENG 1880 19 Na Dealer (Gen Mds) Y Y Y O H 87 Alice Wife W F Sep1863 36 M 18 9 6 IL OH ENG Y Y Y 88 Maud Daughter W F Jul1885 14 S IN ENG IL At School 7 Y Y Y 89 Edna Daughter W F Mar1887 13 S IN ENG IL At School 7 90 Alice Daughter W F May1890 10 S IN ENG IL At School 7 91 Russel Son W M Jan1892 8 S IN ENG IL At School 7 92 Florence Daughter W F Apr1897 3 S IN ENG IL 93 Fannie Daughter W F Aug1898 1 S IN ENG IL 94 Reese Charley Laborer W M Sep1879 20 S OH OH OH Day Laborer 0 Y Y Y 95 114 Frankenburger S A Head W M Feb1854 46 W IN VA KY R.R. Agent? Y Y Y R H 96 Charles H Son W M Dec1886 13 S IN IN OH At School 7 Y Y Y 97 Frank E Son W M Sep1888 11 S IN IN OH At School 7 Y Y Y 98 115 Martin Rock Head W M Apr1853 47 M 24 IL CANF CANF Saloon Keeper Y Y Y R H 99 Mary Wife W F Nov1853 46 M 24 6 5 CANF CANF CANF 1860 40 Y Y Y 100 Alice Daughter W F Jun1884 15 S IN IL CANF At School 7 Y Y Y Notes: ENG = ENGLAND. WAL = WALES. CANF = CANADA (Fr). Notes: Frankenburger ------------------------------------------------------------------------- USGENWEB NOTICE: These electronic pages may NOT be reproduced in any format for profit or presentation by other organization or persons. Persons or organizations desiring to use this material, must obtain the written consent of the contributor, or the legal representative of the submitter, and contact the listed USGenWeb archivist with proof of this consent. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ File contributed for use in USGenWeb Archives by Willard E. 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