Tipton County IN Archives History - Books .....Cicero Township 1883
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Book Title: Counties Of Howard And Tipton, Indiana

CICERO TOWNSHIP.
BY M. F. COX.

   One who attempts to collate into anything like a history the important events
and conditions of development of any portion of Tipton County, at once finds
himself confronted on the threshold of his investigations with a newness which
is inimical to speculation, and utterly destructive to that tendency to
high-wrought imagery and to glowing passages of mystery and romance, in which so
many writers have in all ages delighted. It is doubtless pleasing to the
excursive mind to push back into the mildew and the mold of the semi-unknown and
revel in conjecture and fancy; and it is no less gratifying to the reader
whether he reads for instruction or amusement. Mankind delights in the skill
which portrays in harmonious colors the possibles and the might-have-beens, and
re-incarnates the crumbling skeleton of antiquity and clothes it in the apparel
which toilsome research has conceived to be most fitting and appropriate. But
the task of the present writer is allied to none of these. Its merit will depend
upon an accurate statement of facts, stripped of any attempt at poetic veneering
or the charm of sound. Many, if not all, of the matters .with which he is called
upon to deal, and which it is his duty to rescue from the shadows which will
soon deepen into darkness, are within the memory of men still living among us,
now gray and venerable, but who came in the strength and vigor of their youth to
subdue forests and to endure the trials and privations incident to pioneer life.

   Cicero Township, although it contains within its borders the seat of the
county Government, can boast of nothing erected by civilized man which the world
would call old. Until 1845, all that portion of it north of the Indian reserve
line was occupied by the Miami Indians, and was their especial territory. But
here and there a trespassing white man had located a claim, expecting to perfect
his title when the red man should be removed. This-reserve line enters the
western boundary of the township about four miles north of its southern limits,
and, running north of east, strikes the eastern boundary about five and
one-fourth miles north of the southern limit. All that part of the township
south of the reserve line was then within Hamilton County, from which it was
severed by the act of the Legislature, approved January 15, 1844, creating the
county of Tipton. All muniments of title, therefore, to lands situated in this
part were, prior to said date, recorded in Hamilton County, but they were
afterward transferred to the Recorder's office in Tipton. The title of the
Miamis was finally extinguished in 1845, and they were removed in that year to a
reservation provided for them in Kansas.

    At the first session of, the Board of County Commissioners held at the house
of Jesse Brown, located about one mile south of where is now the town of Tipton,
on the 3d and 4th days of June, 1844, one of the first items of business was to
divide the territory of the county into townships. It was accordingly ordered
that the township of Cicero should be constituted as follows: Beginning at the
southeast corner of Section 32, Township 21 north, Range 5 east, thence north
six miles, thence west six miles, thence south six miles, thence east to the
place of beginning. Subsequently, the township was enlarged to its present
dimensions, namely, eight miles north and south and eight and one-half miles
east and west. It contains, therefore, 43,520 acres. The land south of the
reserve line was surveyed chiefly in the spring of 1820, by William B. Laughlin,
Deputy United States Surveyor, assisted by Charles H. Test. Mr. Test afterward
held several judicial positions. He is still living, at a very advanced age,
making his home most of the time in Indianapolis. The writer has heard Judge
Test speak of this survey and of the incidents connected with it. The land north
of the reserve line was not surveyed until the winter of 1842-43.

   It would seem that in the economy of nature this spot which for governmental
convenience has been made and named a township, was designed almost solely for
agricultural purposes. But, like the precious metals which are concealed in the
bosom of the earth, or the pearls of the sea, which are hidden in the deep, it
had to be reclaimed by a hard and persistent battle with obstacles not only
irritating but stupendous. No soil is deeper, nor could it well be richer, not
even by the application of the best known methods of artificial stimulation than
is this just as it came from the crucible of the divine and eternal alchemist.
That it might be prized more truly, heaven had decreed that, like the Tartar
maid, it should yield only to the most daring and persevering of those who
desired to possess it. It was necessary to separate it from the dross of
superfluous water and timber. The water was valueless for commercial purposes,
but the timber, tangled, luxurious and gigantic, was not by any means devoid of
usefulness. For uncounted centuries its leaves had fallen each autumn with a
profuseness and prodigality rivaling Vallambrosa, unconsciously enriching the
ground beneath for the future sons of Jacob, who having grown aweary in the
discouraging effort to raise corn among the stones, and hard clay of Canaan,
were to find this their more than Egypt. Magnificent oak and walnut trees, with
beech and ash scattered among them, thickly covered the soil. Of this timber,
the most valuable has long since disappeared, some of it into fencing, some of
it into houses and barns, some of it into firewood, and very much of it in the
early days "before its value was fully realized and before a market was easy of
access, vanished in the flame and smoke of the clearings. That which escaped
primal destruction at the hands of the settlers, has been since greatly reduced
in quantity, owners in some cases paying for their lands from the proceeds of
the sale of the timber, and still finding in their possession a handsome surplus
Vith which to meet needed improvements. But it is proper to state that a great
deal of valuable timber remains, as each farmer has always been careful to leave
sufficient standing upon his land for farm purposes.



DRAINAGE.

   The topography of this township in common with the whole county for many
years was not properly understood. It was believed by no inconsiderable number
of people who prospected through here that the sur. face of the land was low and
excessively flat, and that it was not susceptible of successful drainage. So
sincere was this belief and so common was the error that it in a great measure
accounts for the tardy and hesitating settlement. But the mistake was remedied
as soon as it was known that there was a clear, well-defined elevation in the
township which afforded an excellent water-shed and sufficient fall for all
necessary drainage. The altitude at Tipton above the sea is over 900 feet. Three
miles north it is several feet higher. Large open drains have been contsructed
in every part of the township, almost sufficient to afford every farmer an
outlet for tile draining.

   It would be impossible to give anything like an accurate statement, in miles,
of the open ditches, as many have been cut by the mutual consent of neighboring
owners, of which there is no record, while those which have been petitioned for,
and ordered constructed by the proper authority, are scattered throughout the
official records of many years. If definite statistics could be given, it would,
probably, serve no material purpose, except (if we can regard this as material)
to create amazement in the minds of persons unacquainted with the necessity. An
approximate statement can be made, however, of the amount of tile draining which
has been done. Ninety thousand rods is probably not too large an estimate. Not
only has this increased the quantity of tillable soil, but has likewise improved
the public health. Since this vast drainage, this monument to the thrift and
enterprise of man, the books of physicians will show a decrease of from one-half
to two-thirds in the number of cases of miasmatic disease. The ague, that
torment of the early settlers, has almost disappeared; it is shorn of its
terrors. So with other disorders which are traceable to miasmatic influence.

   The laws of the State for the reclaiming of wet lands have been of various
degrees of merit. Formerly, all petitions for drainage had to be directed to the
Board of County Commissioners, who ordered the work. Individuals could also form
themselves into an association or corporation for ditching purposes, and at
least one such, "The Union Draining Association," operated in Cicero Township.
Such associations were, however, not subject to all the immunities of
corporations generally, for it was provided that the members should be
personally liable for all claims for manual labor performed. The Legislature of
1881 enacted a law giving the Circuit Courts jurisdiction of drainage matters,
and providing for the appointment of two Commissioners, who, with the County
Surveyor, should view all lands affected by the proposed work and make their
report, of benefits and damages, to the court. If the report were favorable, and
no successful remonstrance intervened, one of the Commissioners was ordered to
take charge of the work and superintend its construction. Under this law, which
has been in operation only two years, many miles of excellent ditch have been
cut in the township. Remonstrances have not been frequent, only being interposed
where the objectors believed their grievances were manifest and unmistakable.
This right could not be denied them, nor could it well give offense to the most
ardent friends of public improvement.

FIRST SETTLEMENT.

   The first permanent white settlements were made south of the reserve line
before spoken of. All that portion, being a part of Hamilton County, was open to
entry at the land offices at the Government prices, but the books show no entry
prior to 1834, and, indeed, there were but two in that year, one by Absalom
Sumner and the other by Philip W. Sparger. All of the remainder of this portion
of the township was entered during the years 1835, 1836, 1837 and 1838. Some of
it was taken by speculators, the late Stoughton A. Fletcher and Nicholas
McCarty, of Indianapolis, being of the number. Actual settlements began to be
made during the years mentioned upon these lands, which constitute the "Old
Purchase." It cannot be said, with accuracy, who the first bona fide settler
was. Whoever he was, when he planted his cabin in the un-thinned wilderness he
was still within Hamilton County, and was regarded by his fellow-pioneers as
only a little more venturesome than they. If the county line had then been
established, as it is now, the circumstance might have been noted with some
particularity, but as it was, it was suffered to drop from the memories of those
who knew, if, indeed, they ever charged their minds with it. Charles Freel, a
hunter and trapper, came at a very early day, and made his headquarters in the
eastern part of the township. Not very much is known of him, as he left when the
settlement began to thicken.

   Isaac J. Parker came from Wayne County, Ind., in 1837, and settled on the
land one mile east of the present town of Tipton, where he lived until he died
in 1866. Mr. Parker was a native of New Jersey. For some time after his
settlement here, his nearest trading place was at Strawtown, in Hamilton County,
a distance ot more than twelve miles. Joab E. Parker, a brother of Isaac J.,
came about the same time, and entered land further south, where he lived until
his death in 1859. Thomas Corbin settled in the east part of the township,
probably as early as 1836, and at this time had no neighbor nearer than four or
five miles. James Goodpasture and Allan Goodpasture came about the year 1836,
and continued to reside here until their deaths.

   Joseph Shank entered land in 1836, and came here about that time. His widow,
Marinda Shank, and his son, Caleb B. Shank, still live and reside in Tipton,
where they own excellent property. James Egler came later, and settled in the
western part of the township. He died in 1882. His widow is still living, making
her home in Tipton, where she has a handsome cottage.

   William Bishop purchased land of the United States in 1835, on which he
settled on a year or two afterward. This was in the southern part of the
township, in the immediate neighborhood where now stands the "Bishop
Schoolhouse." He is now dead, but, his widow is living. Daniel Smith also
settled in the southern part of the township, as early as 1835 or 1836. He
subsequently removed to Tipton, and further mention will be made of him and his
wife in the history of that town.

   John Whisler and his brother, Jacob Whisler, located about two miles and
one-half east of Tipton some time prior to 1840. Jacob was first Treasurer of
the county, and also the first of the brothers to leave the county, going into
Hamilton, where he still lives. John Whisler continued to reside in the county
until the spring of 1883, at which time he removed, with a portion of his
family, to Kansas. William Deal was also one of the early pioneers, coming,
probably, as early as 1837 or 1838. He is dead. John Emehiser came in 1838 or
1839, and settled south of Tipton. He was a thrifty German, a native of
Pennsylvania, but came here from Wayne County, Ind. He has had two sons, still
living in this township, Kenyon and John.

   William Dickson located in this township in 1837 or 1838. He afterward became
a citizen of Tipton, and more will be said of him in that connection. Anson King
settled on land west of Tipton prior to 1840. Samuel King entered land in this
township as early as 1835, and at one time owned over one thousand acres,
including the site of the county seat, but he was never a resident of the
county. John Forkner settled south of Tipton, on land now owned by his son,
Matthew Forkner, about 1839,

   Dr. Silas Blount moved from Ohio, and located where he now lives, just north
of the Hamilton County line, in 1841. The village of West Kinderhook was
subsequently established there by him, and the post office of that name is still
continued. Dr. Blount was one of the first physicians to practice in Tipton
County and the territory now composing it. He was also one of the first
Associate Judges. For forty years he gave his services to this people for
nominal compensation, riding over almost impassable roads. He and his good wife
are still hale and hearty, and will, likely, live many years to recount the
trials and experiences of the early days.

   Jackson Reed came, also, at an early day, and settled in the eastern part of
the township. It is probable the .first religious services held by the Methodist
denomination were conducted at his house. Harvey Goodykoontz was one of the
first pioneers. He located in the southern part of the township, close to where
the Peru & Indianapolis Railroad was afterward built. He held the positions of
Justice of the Peace and Assessor, having been the second Assessor of the
township. He died in 1882. John S. Ressler, Newton J. Jackson, Martin Prilliman,
William Buffmgton, Jesse Brown, William F. Brady, William H. Nelson and others,
who lived in or near the town of Tipton and took an active interest in its
organization and growth, are spoken of in the chapter on that town.

   In addition to the foregoing, the following may be given as the names of
early settlers of Cicero Township, some of whom, also, were citizens of Tipton.
The list may not be entirely correct, there may be omissions, but the writer has
done the best he could in the time at his disposal to make it as complete as
possible. Time works many changes; it not only fills the hair with the frost
which no sunshine can melt, but it clouds and impairs memory as well. On account
of this fact, proper allowance must be made for any errors which may creep into
a compilation of this character. The names follow: John Beck, George Smith,
Joshua Eliason, Thompson Innis, Andrew Tucker, Peter Hyde, Joseph W. Jackson,
William Donaldson, Benjamin Clifford, Daniel Haskett, John Clifford, William
Buffington, Isaac Clifford, John Mooney, John Kidwell, Joseph Pfeiffer, John T.
Basey, Minor L. Thomas, James Basey, Joseph VanBuskirk, John C. Williams, David
Webbard, Alexander Smith, Lewis Jones, William Johnston, James Copley, George
Bowser, Brighton Bailey, Thomas G. Carson, Samuel Downhour, John B. Carson,
William Williams, Louis Beck, Richard Hall, John Landig, Thomas Jackson, John
Craighead, George Osier, Sr., George Rhodes, David King, Joseph Morgan, Michael
Short, James Maiden, Minor Malory, Piatt Maiden, John Failey, James Fielding,
Caleb Parish, Martin Kleyla, James Ragsdale (colored), David Lilly, Joseph
Sumner, George Johnson, William Conoway, March Tucker, Sr., Samuel Paul, George
Tucker, Squire Tucker, James Tichenor, Martin Smith, Timothy Tichenor, Simeon
Yejton, Eoberfc Barton, John McNeal, John Murphy, Frederick Smelser, Dr. Aaron
H. Hensley, Alexander Pennock, William Bracken, Harrison A. Woodruff, George
Kane, John Alexander, Conde Bishop, Milton W. Shafer, J am AS King, Andrew J.
McClanahan, Henry Kinder, William Ferguson, Jonathan Reed, Justice Meyers, Henry
Shoemaker, Charles Meyers, John McCarty, Wilson Crow, James Walker, Gurey Smith,
Robert E. Davidson, James Daly, Andrew J. Redmon, David Robinson, Arthur Davis,
Seth Buffington, William Buffington, Robert Davis, Joseph Goar, Greorge Cloud,
John Lynam, William B. Young, Fleming Eliston, James McElhaney, William Gregory,
John W. Chambers, William Welshous, William Stivers, Daniel Welshous, Andrew
Evans, Reuben Childers, Daniel B. Redmon, Henry Goar, David J. Caldwell, Matt F.
Goar, James Palmer, John Simmons, George Kelly, James McMurtry, George Motes,
Jacob Miller, Henry Shirey, Samuel Miller, Solomon Hedrick, William McNeal,
Milton Mozingo. George McNeal, James Sparks, Joseph Nelson, Jefferson Cook,
Henry Shafer, Robert Stewart, Allan Hopkins, Aaron Steelman, William Innis,
Elias R. Conner, David G. Wilks.

   It must be remembered that many of the names given above are of persons who
settled north of the Miami reserve line, and that these lands were not open to
purchasers prior to 1848, although there were "squatter" settlers prior to that
time several years; hence, the period of their occupancy dates from that time,
or about thirty-five to forty-five years ago. While this is not a long time, .it
is, nevertheless, sufficient, in a new country, to make old settlers of
comparatively young men, paradoxical as it may seem. / Taking the township as a
whole, its first settlements were made by a strong and vigorous class of men,
most of whom came from older settled parts of Indiana, many from Ohio and
Kentucky, and a few from other States. By far the larger portion of the land was
purchased from the United States. A few tracts in the northeast corner of the
township, which had been patented to the State of Indiana as swamp land, were
bought of. the State. It is not to be supposed that the persons who came here
expected an easy task in subjugating swamp and wilderness, but it is doubtful if
they had in their minds even a shadow of a shade of the colossal undertaking
before them. The fact that they remained, and persevered in their labor to
redeem the soil from the chaos of thicket and morass, should be an everlasting
honor to their names, and should link them inseparably with great deeds well
wrought. It is a greater thing to make a home than to win a battle or conquer a
province.

EABLY HABITATIONS.

   The houses in which the first pioneers made their homes were of a similar
kind to all first habitations erected in a wooded country. Most of them were
rude structures of unhewn logs, covered with clapboards rived from some
convenient oak, and containing but one room. They were daubed with a kind of
mortar made of clay mud, which might, for aught that was known or cared, have
contained, among its other ingredients, the ashes of some forest chieftain or
pre-historic king. For even
     "Imperial Caesar, dead and turned to clay,
      Might stop a hole, to keep the wind away."

   At one side of the room, a very large fire-place was erected, from which rose
a stick and mortar chimney. The unthinned wilderness supplied an abundance of
fuel, and in that day, with such splendid facilities for destruction, quantity
was an object of little importance. The family food was cooked at the open fire.
The furniture for the interior was simple and inexpensive, and provided without
much difficulty. There was no neighborhood rivalry in the matter of
ornamentation or extravagant display. In the absence of a more convenient and
sightly bedstead, one was frequently arranged by inserting the ends of two small
poles between the logs, at a proper distance apart, while the ends within the
room were laid upon forked sticks driven into the ground through holes made in *
the puncheon floor. Upon these was laid the foundation for the bed proper. In
many instances, the furniture for the entire house was of this cheap and
primitive character. If a light were needed at night, it was supplied by a
"tallow dip," or by burning shell-bark hickory. Notwithstanding the crudeness
and unalloyed simplicity of all these arrangements, notwithstanding the extreme
toil and hardship of every-day life, here was to be found home and happiness and
personal liberty. No prince could have greater affection for his palace, nor
lord for his castle, than these dauntless people cherished for their cabins.

ROADS.

    Of the roads existing at that early period, very little can be said, because
there were few, if, perchance, there were any, which truth will permit to be
dignified by the application of so respectable a title. It is true that at the
September term, 1844, of the Board of County Commissioners (which was the second
session after the organization of the county), the township was divided north
and south into three road districts, each two miles wide, yet it was impossible
that much could then be done in the way of this class of improvement. Highways
were petitioned for, granted by the County Board and laid out and worked at
periods, but the labor put upon them was, in the nature of things, productive of
only temporary benefit. During the wet seasons of the year, they were impassable
for any kind of conveyance or vehicle except the homely and useful class called,
in the matter-of-fact lauguage [sic] of the time, mudboats. No plank roads were
ever laid within this township. Corduroys were built in very bad places, and
traces of them may yet be seen. The first Supervisors of Roads in this township
were David G. Wilts, Jesse Brown and Allan Goodpasture.

BRIDGES.

   Such conveniences as modern bridges were, of course, wholly unknown. Within
Cicero Township there was no stream of water of any importance except the one
bearing the same name; and it, save during flood periods, was in most places
easily fordable. If a bridge over any stream were found necessary, one was
quickly constructed by throwing from bank to bank the trunks of two trees,
parallel with each other, upon which were laid slabs, flat side down, split from
other trees, thus providing a safe and substantial passage until carried away,
which was frequently the case, by some extraordinary freshet.

THE HUNTING OF GAME.

   Game abounded in quantity, and in quality it probably could not be excelled.
Deer, wild turkeys and squirrels were almost as common to the first settlers as
the water they waded or the leaves which murmured above them. Black bears were
plentiful in the country skirting Cicero Creek, while gray wolves, catamounts
and wild hogs numerously roamed the forests.. Settlers never thought of putting
up meat in the fall for use, as the farmers do now; for if they wanted it, they
went to the woods and easily procured any quantity desired. The contumacious and
nimble-footed raccoon existed in such numbers that its pelt almost acquired
sufficient dignity to be used and circulated as a medium of exchange. This may
seem to the grave and sedate reader an attempt at facetiousness, but such it is
not. It was several years from the time of the first settlement before any
market for hogs or grain was accessible, and during this period the necessities
of the home, which the woods and fields did not yield, were obtained in exchange
for the skins of coons, deer and wolves. The methods of capturing these animals
were proportioned according to their cunning. Coons were hunted with dogs
trained for the purpose, which frequently caught them on the ground. If they
took refuge in trees, they were either shot from the limbs or the trees were
felled and the dogs did the rest of the work. Wolves were captured in pens or in
steel wolf-traps. It was a difficult thing to shoot them. Indeed, an old
resident asserts that an inexperienced huntsman would find it almost impossible
to kill one of them in this manner.

   Deer hunting was a favorite occupation, combining as it did both industry and
amusement. Along the creeks, fire-hunting was the most usual and successful
method. After nightfall, the hunters would get into their boat and proceed to
the most frequented resorts of the deer. In the prow of the boat was arranged
the light, in the following manner: Two boards, of proper length, were nailed
together, so as to form a right angle, the inner surface of each having been
previously burned and charred until perfectly black. These were then fastened to
the boat, and the light secured to the horizontal board. This, shining both upon
it and the charred surface of the upright piece, would cast the entire boat and
its occupants into profound shadow. The deer, coming to the water to drink,
would see the light and nothing else. Their curiosity being aroused, they would
walk close up to the object of their wonder, and thus fall an easy prey to the
bullets of their concealed slayers. A single boat would, in this way, frequently
be loaded with six or eight deer as the result of one night's sport. Bears were
tracked down with dogs and shot. It was a cunning trap indeed into which bruin
would obtrude any portion of his shaggy anatomy.

AMUSEMENTS.

   Every person has need of amusement and recreation; the desire for such is
inherent in man. In this day, in the cities and populous towns, there are
theaters and plays, concerts, dancing and masquerades; and, in the way of field
sports, horse-racing and base ball. Of these amusements, the early pioneers of
whom we write knew little or nothing. Dancing was indulged in at intervals, to
the music of a single violin. Foot races were the substitute for the running,
trotting and pacing1 races which their children and grandchildren now witness
with delight and enthusiasm at the county fairs. If any settler had more turkeys
or chickens than he needed for domestic purposes, he would give out a "shooting
match," which all his neighbors would attend. Each participant would pay so much
for one or more shots, and the best marksman would carry home the spoils. At
these matches much friendly rivalry was shown, for in those days a man's gun was
his pride, and his skill in using it in tournaments of this kind had not a
little to do in determining his standing among his neighbors.

   In addition to these sports, there was a species of pastime (if such it-may
be called) which was practical in its results. Log rolling and house and barn
raising would, no doubt, now be considered very severe and arduous labor, and
such it in reality was, even to our strong and hardy fathers; but under the
stimulating effect of good cider and pure whisky, with the assurance of an
excellent dinner, the labor was transformed into a pleasure, the hardship into
an accommodation. This reference to what is termed ardent spirits, in this day,
is meant in no sense as anything discreditable to those who used alcoholic
stimulants. It was one of the unbroken customs of the times. Liquors were
regarded as any other cheer, and were partaken of with equal temperance. Seldom,
indeed, were they taken in sufficient quantities to cause inebriation and
drunkenness. During the harvest season, a jug of whisky was in every field, and
it was considered as almost as indispensable as the cradle, sickle and scythe.
And who will say they were wrong, and, in a spasm of assumed virtue, write of
them in rebuke? In judging men by the lives they have lived, an intelligent and
just opinion can only be formed by taking into account the surrounding
circumstances and conditions from which those lives would, almost necessarily,
take their direction. Measuring the pioneers of Cicero Township by this
standard, they are found abreast of the best classes of men, who have turned the
somber silence of dense woods into fair and fruitful fields, rife with industry,
and made prairie wastes smile and blossom as a garden of the Lord. Their only
intemperance consisted in excessive toil, their only dissipation in sleepless
nights spent in watching the fires in the clearings or in hunting the deer and
raccoon.

A FIGHT WITH WOLVES.

   The Cicero boys and girls of to-day have, doubtless, read many narratives,
some of them fact and some of them fiction, in which desperate encounters with
wolves were graphically depicted, without knowing that within an easy walk of
their own quiet and cultured homes an actual battle with these scourges of the
forest once took place, and that the son of the principal actor therein now
resides among them; yet such is the fact. Minor L. Thomas came to Tipton County
in 1838, and in that year located in this township, about one mile west of the
spot upon which the town of Tipton was subsequently built. He erected a log
house, after the custom of the times, and cleared a patch of ground around it
for planting. Game was so plentiful that it was no trouble for him to supply the
family larder with the choicest of venison and the most palatable of turkey and
pheasant, for his fame as an expert hunter and an unerring shot filled all the
surrounding settlements. At all the shooting matches his. chances were
considered best, for when he glanced along the barrel of "Dirty Camp"--for such
his rifle was named-the bullet sped straight and true to the mark, whether it
was the "bull's eye" or the breast of a deer. Near where Mr. Thomas lived there
was a pond, to which the deer were in the habit of coming at early dawn to slake
their matin thirst, and to that place he went one morning, just as the day was
breaking, thinking to replenish his stock of meat. Concealing himself in the
bushes, he awaited their appearance. Minute after minute passed, but no deer
came A noise some distance away attracted the hunter's attention, and he looked
in that direction, only to see a gray wolf skulking through the thicket which
fringed the water's edge. At the time he gave it no thought, as he had brought
no ammunition with him except the load in the rifle, and did not care to waste
that upon so worthless an object. He continued waiting, but the passing time
brought no deer, while the wolf was still prowling within tempting reach of his
bullet.

Finally, growing impatient, as the first beams of light began to chase the lazy
shadows away, and thinking to leave, he lifted his gun and fired so carelessly
that he only wounded the wolf, which raised a howl of pain and distress. The cry
was almost on the instant answered by its companions, who came fiercely dashing
to the scene to ascertain the cause of the trouble. Mr. Thomas had no doubt they
would attack him, and his situation was desperate. His gun was empty, and he had
no time to reload, if even he had had powder and ball, and these things he did
not have. But he was not given time to think of expedients, for he could barely
do more than take the barrel of the rifle in his hands until the assault was
made. The entire pack of wolves, numbering, probably, a dozen, rushed toward
him, showing their vicious teeth and snarling and snapping ferociously. When the
foremost one came within reach, he crushed its skull with the stock of the gun,
and then springing backward, fighting as he went, he succeeded in reaching the
trunk of a tree that he had previously noticed, which, in its fall, had broken
off four or five feet from the ground, the upper end still resting upon the
stump. All the wolves were now upon him. He beat them back, and again they came,
filling the morning silence with frightful growls and yelps of agony and rage as
the heavy gun fell with terrible and relentless force upon their heads and
bodies. Again and again they renewed the attack. and were as often beaten off,
Thomas, in the meantime, calling loudly for his dogs, which he had left at the
house, hoping they would hear and come to his assistance. The minutes passed
like hours, and the exertion was tremendous, but the dauntless courage of the
pioneer never failed him. His gun was reduced to the barrel, with only a few
splintered fragments of the stock still clinging to it. The wolves showed no
inclination to retreat, but, maddened and furious, they kept up the battle with
the malicious persistence of devils. He had disabled some and wounded and
battered others, until their teeth were covered with bloody froth, but he could
not continue the unequal contest forever. The brave man's peril was momentarily
becoming greater, when, to his great joy and relief, his dogs bounded upon the
scene, and at once engaged the savage brutes in conflict. Their attention being
thus diverted from himself, Thomas ran to his house, exhausted, torn and
bleeding, carrying with him the remnant of his rifle, "Dirty Camp," which was
preserved for many years after this memorable struggle. For a long time it was
in the possession of Martin Prilliman, of Tipton, where it was looked upon as a
rare curiosity and handled with reverence. Mr. Thomas continued to be a resident
of the county, and afterward owned its first threshing machine. It was an
old-fashioned "traveler." At the breaking-out of the war, he became a soldier;
was with Grant before Vicks-burg, and in that siege he contracted a disease from
which he died shortly after, while at home, in Windfall, on furlough. His son,
Henry H. Thomas, the well-known stock-dealer, is now a resident of Tipton.

FIRST INDUSTRIES.

   The first mill put in operation in what is now Cicero Township was due to the
enterprise and thrift of Samuel King. Water was the motive-power, and sawing
lumber the principal occupation, although the mill was supplied with a small
corn buhr, capable of grinding ten or twelve bushels of corn in a day. This mill
was, as may well be supposed, an unpretentious structure. It stood on Cicero
Creek, about two and one-haif miles southeast of the site of the county seat, on
land then owned by Mr. King, but which, in this day, is known as the Mallory
farm. There was not, at that time, a single completed line of railroad in the
State of Indiana, as the "Old Madison road," which was chartered in 1831, and
taken in charge by the State in 1836, under the "Internal Improvement System,"
was not completed to Indianapolis until the 1st of October, 1847.

   The next mill was built in the year 1848, by Samuel King and William
Buffington. It was a much more important concern than the one above spoken of.
It was located on the north side of Cicero Creek, just immediately west of the
point where the Peru & Indianapolis Railroad crossed the stream four years
later. This mill was constructed both to saw timber and to grind wheat and corn.
It was operated by steam, the boiler and machinery having been hauled by wagon
from Indianapolis, a distance, as the roads then ran, of fifty miles. Some of
the timbers of this mill may yet be seen. About 1851, George Kane and Newton J.
Jackson erected a steam saw mill in the reserve, at the place now known as
Jackson Station. Upon the completion of the railroad to Peru, in 1854, thus
forming a connection with the Wabash & Erie Canal, something more than the
hesitating and uncertain local trade was opened up to this mill and the other
mills on the line of the road. In the year 1854, or near that time, Thompson
Innis built a steam saw mill four miles west of Tipton, at the place since
known, interchangeably, as Parker's Corner or Parker's Mill, which was operated
by different persons until very recently.

   As early, probably, as 1850, Brighton Bailey, who lived two and one-half
miles north of Tipton, on a portion of the land now owned by George F. Maxwell,
had a horse-mill for grinding corn. Every neighbor who wanted to use this mill,
put his own horse to the lever and ground out his grist. This was the custom,
and it was invariably followed, except in cases where the customer had no horse.
We of this generation may think this method of supplying meal for corn-pone
inconvenient and unsatisfactory, but it was one of the necessities of the time,
and as such it was recognized by the settlers as a blessing. At any rate, it was
far superior to the mortar and pestle with which the dark-eyed Mexican housewife
to this day crushes the corn for breakfast tortillas.

EARLY ELECTIONS AND OFFICERS.

   As there was, at the time of the organization of the township, no public
building of any kind, elections were first ordered by the Board of County
Commissioners, at its first session, to be temporarily held at the house of
Jesse Brown, which seems to have been the most convenient, and probably it was
the most commodious, then existing in anything like a central location. At the
same session, the township was allowed two Justices of the Peace, certainly a
sufficient number at that time, to administer the law and perform the marriage
ceremonies for the widely-scattered inhabitants. In August, 1844, Jesse Brown
was elected the first Justice of the Peace, and commissioned for five years from
the 20th day of that month. In September of the same year, Eiias R. Conner
received the appointment as Constable, and he was the first for the township. He
made a return of the Presidential election in that year, and was allowed 37 1/2
cents for the work. The first assessment list ever presented to the Board of
Commissioners was received by them at their June session, 1844. It had been
prepared by Jesse Brown, acting under appointment by Nathan C. Bales, Assessor
of Hamilton County. He was allowed $18.75 for twelve and one-half days employed
in assessing all the taxable land and personal property in the county.

   At the June term, 1845, of the County Board, the Congressional townships were
authorized to elect Trustees. The electors of Congressional Township 21 north,
Range 4 east, were directed to meet at the town of Canton (now Tipton), which
had been established the previous year, on the last Saturday in August, 1845,
for the purpose of electing three Trustees for the township, for school
purposes. Daniel Smith was appointed Inspector of this election, but any further
report of it is not found. In September of this year, all elections in Cicero
Township were ordered to be held at the town of Canton.

   Jesse Brown appears to have been in general demand in the public service,
for, notwithstanding his election to the judicial office of Justice of the
Peace, in 1844, we find him acting as Township Assessor from March, 1846, to
March, 1847, being then succeeded in this duty by Harvey Goodykoontz, who
performed it for several years and then gave way to George Cloud. Daniel B.
Redmon was the second Justice of the Peace, having been commissioned from 1845
to 1850.

STATEMENT OF TAXATION, VALUES OF LANDS, ETC.

   For the year 1844, the tax levy was 25 cents on each $100 in value of
property, and 50 cents on each poll. The delinquent tax for that year was
returned as being $210.15; of this amount $58.25 was State tax, $70.12 county
tax, $78.80 road tax, $2.19 lunatic asylum tax, and 40 cents deaf and dumb
asylum tax. The following year, the total amount of unpaid tax was $139.76. For
the year 1846, it had advanced immaterially. These figures refer, of course, to
the township of Cicero, as do also those which follow, showing, with the
exception of the first exhibit, the amount of taxes and the assessed value for
taxation of all property:

   For the year 1846-Number of acres for taxation, 1.7,151; value of land,
$55,080; value of improvements, $8,590; value of lots and improvements, $1,330;
value of personal property, $12,927; total value of taxables, $77,927; number of
polls, 68; total amount of taxes, $709.95; delinquent for former years, $141.29.

   For the year 1850-Number of acres for taxation, 20,514; value of lands,.
$65,003; value of improvements, $14,749; value of lots and improvements, $8,934;
value of personal property, $32,261; total value of taxables, $121,847; Number
of polls, 158; total amount of taxes, $1,487.86; delinquent for former years,
$337.36.

   For the year 1860-Number of acres for taxation, 42,752; value of lands,
"$448,673; value of improvements, $104,733; value of lots and improvements
(outside of Tipton), $650; value of personal property, $135,074; total value of
taxables, $753,490; number of polls, 310; total amount of taxes, $7,813.22;
delinquent for former years, $3,780.38.

   For the year 1870-Number of acres for taxation, 43,035; value of lands,
$443,300; value of improvements, $105,385; value of lots and improvements
(outside of Tipton), $1,480; value of personal property, $189,-215: total value
of taxables, $739,380; number of polls, 410; total amount of taxes, $21,867;
delinquent for former years, $7,526.

   For the year 1880-Number of acres for taxation, 43,163; value of lands,
$619,672; value of improvements, $90,168; value of personal property, $148,880;
total value of taxables, $858,720; number of polls, 464; total amount of taxes,
$17,971; delinquent for former years, $3,639.

   The foregoing exhibits do not show the actual value of the property within
the township, but only the value placed upon it for purposes of taxation. To
make the exhibit complete, from 1860 to 1880, both inclusive, it will be
necessary to add the valuation of Tipton town property, which is given elsewhere.

SCHOOLS.

   Education in the mysteries of books is acquired with a difficulty, in all
pioneer settlements, which may differ in degree but not in kind. It is not a
matter of wonder that the means of learning should be limited to the smallest
and rudest proportions; the wonder is that, under such circumstances, they
should exist at all. With any other people they probably would not. But American
settlers, wherever they went, carried with them the ruling idea that their first
duty was to build themselves homes, and the next to build schoolhouses for the
education of their children. The first school in what is now Cicero Township was
started in West Kinderhook, and was due, in a great measure, to the public
spirit of Dr. Silas Blount. The following quotation is from a paper prepared by
Prof. B. M. Blount, son of .the former: "In the autumn of 1842, having donated a
lot for the purpose, Dr. Blount, with a few of his enterprising neighbors,
erected upon it a hewed-log schoolhouse. This, so far as known to the writer,
was the beginning of educational efforts in what now composes Tipton County. In
this house schools were taught at intervals, as teachers could be found who
would teach for such compensation as the poor pioneers were able to give them
from their scant earnings. As a specimen of the meager compensation of those
times, I may state that David Lilly, a brother of one of our County
Commissioners, taught a school for $8 per month; this amount increased, of
course, to some extent by boarding around."

   The first teacher employed at the Kinderhook School was George Howard, a man
about forty years of age, who came from Ohio. He gave satisfaction, being well
esteemed by the patrons, and was continued in' charge several terms. Prof.
Blount was also one of the earliest teachers, beginning about forty years ago,
when he was a mere boy of sixteen or seventeen years of age. John Van Buskirk
was another early teacher, doing very much of his educational work in the
western part of the township. All of the first schoolhouses were log structures,
built by private means and labor, and the teachers were paid by subscription.
Light was admitted through a window cut in the side, eight and ten feet in
horizontal length and two in width. Heat was furnished by a fireplace of such
ample dimensions as to consume logs from five to eight feet long and large in
proportion. Getting the "back-log" into place was no mean undertaking, requiring
the united exertions of the teacher and the big boys. The seats were made of
slabs, capable of accomodating a dozen urchins, and frequently put on such high
legs that the feet of their occupants would dangle several inches above the
floor. If the teacher possessed no bell-and this was a very common thing-the
children, at the expiration of the recess, or noon intermission, were called in
by the rapping of his rule upon the door or window, or by the exclamation, "Come
to books!" and when they had assembled they had "taken up books." The general
rules of the school were usually written out by the teacher, and hung up in a
conspicuous place on the first day for the information of the pupils. It was the
understanding all around that they were to be obeyed, and any infraction was
punished according to the aggravation and willfulness of the offense. Beech
switches were the common instruments used in enforcing discipline, and if one
were not at hand when an emergency arose, one of the boys would be sent out to
procure it. It is but just to say, however, that few indeed were the instances
where punishment was administered to great excess. It might not always have been
nicely proportioned, but seldom was it inflicted in cruelty.

   Reading, writing and arithmetic, with Webster's spelling book, constituted
the curriculum of that day, while here and there a more ambitious pupil would
take a timid excursion into grammar and the wonders of geography. The latter
study, when it was taught generally, was learned, to a great extent, by the
singing method, in which the whole school would join in thundering chorus. What
child's memory that ever sang " Maine-Augusta-on the Kennebec River," will prove
false to its trust? He may forget the names of the continents, and the width of
the seas, but the fact that Augusta is the capital of Maine, and that it is
situated on the Kennebec River, is a part of himself. Spelling was a favorite
study, and there were classes, graded along from the "b-a, ba," of the sturdy
five-year-olds, to the mighty words of seven syllables reserved for the
champions of the spelling-matches.

   The backwoods spelling school was revered in its day, next to the Declaration
of Independence and the Constitution, and when a night was appointed for one,
every person in the neighborhood for miles around, who prided himself on his
correct orthography, would be present, to compete for the honors of the
occasion. When the momentous hour arrived, two of the best spellers would
"choose up," having previously determined by chance who should have first
choice. The members of the opposing force were selected alternately, according
to the chief's knowledge of their ability to "stand up," and never did Generals
select soldiers for a service of special importance with greater caution. Having
completed this work, they were arranged on different sides of the room, in the
order in which they were named, and the words given out, beginning at the head
and spelling toward the foot of the row. If a word were missed by a speller on
one side, the unlucky person would sit down disconsolately, and it would be
passed to the opposite side, and so on. Those least accomplished in the art
would soon be in their seats; but the better equipped, who had performed
prodigies of valor in other closely contested fields, would, not infrequently,
remain on their feet until compelled by sheer weariness to succumb. Such were
spelling schools in the old days, but their glory has departed, Hike the scepter
from Judah, and in its place are found the refinements of rhetoric and the
mysteries of algebra and philosophy.

   Another feature of the early school, and one not yet obsolete, was the manner
in which Friday afternoon of each week was employed. The time not taken up with
spelling and singing the capitals of the States was devoted to declamations,
covering a wide range, from the first effort of the bashful child to the
confident orator of sixteen, who repeated, with animation and eloquence,
Rienzi's Address to the Romans or Dr. Knott's Sermon on Duelling. It was the
custom, also, in the country schools, for the teacher to treat his pupils, on
Christmas or New Year's Day, usually with candy, and this custom he violated at
the peril of personal inconvenience and discomfort. Early on the morning of the
important day, the large boys would take possession of the schoolhouse and "bar
the teacher out." If, when he arrived, he brought the expected sweets, the
barricading was removed and he was admitted. But if he had unluckily forgotten
to procure them, or in his own mind concluded not to do so, he was kept out in
the cold until a compromise of some sort was effected. If he should prove
obstinate, and refuse to yield to the propositions of his fortified scholars,
the chances were that they would emerge from their stronghold, capture him, and
either roll him in the snow or dip him in some neighboring pond. It was a rare
thing, however, for the matter to be pushed to such extremities, as overtures of
peace were apt to be made by one or the other of the belligerents, and the
affair amicably settled. The modern rule of adjourning over these holidays saves
the weary pedagogue, no doubt, much trouble and sore tribulation.

   For the decade prior to 1852, the schools were mainly supported by private
subscriptions, and in no instance were they kept open for a longer period than
three months in a year. The teachers were paid from $8 to $12 a month, and
boarded around among the patrons in rotation, staying, usually, one week at a
place. Beginning with 1852, public schools, for which teachers were employed at
$30 and $35 per month, commenced to make their appearance for three months in
the year, but they were far between for several years, as may well be supposed.
They have gradually increased, with the constantly multiplying population, until
the present day. Terms have been lengthened, the wages of teachers have been
increased, the log schoolhouses have disappeared, and in their places have come
substantial brick and frame structures, with all the appliances for comfort and
instruction which the ingenuity of the age has suggested. The number of
schoolhouses in this township, outside of the town of Tipton, is now twenty. Of
this number, eleven are of brick and nine frame. Four of the frame buildings
will soon give way to brick. During the school term of 1882-83, each of the
twenty districts was open the full term of five and one-half months. Of the
twenty teachers, sixteen were men and four were women. The average pay was $2
per day. The number of children in the township (not including Tipton), between
the ages of six and twenty-one years, is 1,143, and of this number only six are
colored. Out of this total number, 1,023 attended the district schools during
the last term. There are only fifteen persons in the township between the ages
of ten and twenty one years who cannot read or write. In District No. 4, in a
total enrollment of seventy-five, there was an attendance, during the last term,
of that number. For 1882-83, the revenue for tuition was $4,359.72.

   An education is prized in proportion to the difficulties which have to be
overcome in securing it, and the fathers and grandfathers of the present
generation, who trudged through woods and swamps to the rude cabins of learning,
fully understand this truth. The youths of the year of grace 1883, with the
modern schoolhouse at their doors, with its comfortable seats, its maps, charts,
black-boards and libraries, can only appreciate the advantages they enjoy by
contrast with the past. The hardships, and the toil, and the self-denial of that
early time made the ease and the comfort of to-day possible, and a knowledge of
these things ought to be sufficient in itself to awaken and stimulate the
energies of the boys and girls who are reaping a harvest growu from seeds
planted in the midst of gigantic obstacles, and in the face of ever-present
dangers.

PRODUCTS AND MARKETS.

   Prior to the completion of the old Peru & Indianapolis Railroad to Peru, in
1854, there was no convenient market for the products of the farm. The Wabash &
Erie Canal was finished through Peru and other towns north in 1837, and trade
naturally flowed in that direction. But the railroad opened up a local and home
market at Tipton, from which point grain was shipped either south, through
Indianapolis and over the Madison Railroad to the Ohio River, or north to the
canal, and thence to the lakes. With the increase in cleared and drained land,
the producing capacities of this township have grown to very large proportions
-so large, indeed, that they are probably not excelled anywhere in the State.
From the latest official statistics, an estimate has been made, for an average
year, of the principal products, and the result given below. If must be borne in
mind that the acreage in cultivation is not given as accurate, and it is,
likely, too small:

   Wheat, 5,000 acres, 15 bushels per acre, total bushels, 75,000; corn, 6,000
acres, 35 bushels per acre, total bushels, 210,000; oats, 500 acres, 25 bushels
per acre, total bushels, 12,500; potatoes, 200 acres, 20 bushels per acre, total
bushels, 4,000; hay, 1,500 acres, 2 tons per acre, total tons, 3,000; tobacco,
15 acres, 656 pounds per acre, total pounds, 9,750.

   In addition to the above, there is a small acreage of barley and rye. To all
this must be added the cattle, hogs, horsesŤand sheep, which are marketed in
large numbers, and constitute a very considerable part of the farmer's income.
Tipton dealers buy of the farmers nearly all of their various commodities, and
pay the ruling prices. These dealers ship to Indianapolis, Chicago and the East.

JACKSON STATION.

   There are no villages in the township of any importance in size, and none,
with the exception of Jackson Station, possessing any commercial importance.
This place, which is situated three and one-half miles north of Tipton, owes the
name, and probably its existence, to the fact that about 1851, three years prior
to the time of the completion of the Peru & Indianapolis Railroad, in 1854,
Newton J. Jackson and George Kane built and operated a steam saw mill in that
immediate neighborhood, and began the sawing, and subsequently the shipment of
lumber. Trains began to stop there, a side-track was laid, and from that time
Jackson Station has been known on the time cards and conductors' checks. As the
country surrounding it has improved, the amount of shipping from that point has
grown. Shortly after the war, Elijah C. Elliott located there, and established a
general store, and still conducts it. By his energy and enterprise, he has built
up a thriving trade. He has also, for several years, operated a stave and
heading factory, giving employment to several hands. In 1882, he erected an
elevator of large capacity, thus enabling him to buy and ship large quantities
of the grain of the farmers in that vicinity. Mr. Elliott is also Postmaster and
station agent. He has the entire confidence of all his neighbors, as he has
always been found a man of integrity, upright in business, and paying the best
prices in the market. His business building is a two-story brick, and his
handsome frame residence is adjoining. There is an excellent brick schoolhouse
at this point, and in it religious services are sometimes held. Several private
dwelling houses have been erected here, but the population of the place is small.

WEST KINDERHOOK.

   In 1841, Dr. Silas Blount had the village of West Kinderhook, situated on the
east half of the southwest quarter of Section 32, Township 21 north, of Range 5
east, laid off and surveyed. The plat was recorded in Hamilton County, of which
that territory was then a part, on the 4th day of September, 1841. There were
thirty-one lots in the plat, sixty-six feet wide and 132 feet long. Upon one of
these lots, a hewed log schoolhouse was built in 1842, as spoken of elsewhere. A
few other lots were sold at various times, but when the railroad was built, a
decade of years later, two and one-half miles west, the town of Buena Vista
sprang up, just south of the Tipton County line, and what promised to be the
nourishing village of West Kinderhook became so in fact only on the pages of the
records and on the maps. Dr. Blount remained true to this child of his earlier
years, and is again the proprietor of it all, living where he located nearly a
half century ago.

PARROTSVILLE.

   Parrotsville was surveyed on the 29th day of September, 1853, by Edward M.
Sharp, and the plat filed for record on the 5th day of October, of the same
year. It was located on the railroad, on the west half of the southeast quarter
of Section 27, Township 22, Range 4, about one-half mile south of Jackson
Station. Benjamin F. Goar was the proprietor. The recorded plat shows thirty-six
lots, and of this number several were subsequently sold by Mr. Goar, but all
have since been resolved into com and wheat fields. Andrew J. McClannahan, for
many years a Justice of the Peace of Cicero Township, was one of the early
dwellers in this neighborhood.

INDEPENDENCE.

   Independence, or Parker's Mill, four miles west of Tipton, was never platted,
but is composed of a straggling cluster of a half dozen houses and a two-story
schoolhouse, which shows the wear of time. This school-house was built on a plan
furnished by Jehu Van Buskirk, a man who has been prominent in the educational
matters of the township almost since its organization. The name "Independence"
was given to this school to signify that it was independent of any other
organization, as it was built by private subscription. Noah Parker is one of the
old residents, and he was the early proprietor of the saw mill from which
originated the term "Parker's Mill," by which the place is frequently called.

CHURCHES.

   The Christian Church at Independence, four miles west of Tipton, is in a very
flourishing condition. About ten years ago, the congregation erected a large and
substantial frame church  building, pleasantly located, in which they hold worship.

   The Centre Grove Presbyterian Church, in the western part of the township,
has a large membership and an excellent building, located on high ground. The
members are prosperous, meet regularly and are doing good work.

   Albright Chapel, in the southwestern part of the township, belongs to the
denomination indicated by its name. The only other church is "Newhope,"
belonging to the New-Light denomination. It is south of Tipton.

RETROSPECTIVE.

   Until within the last decade, the subject of gravel roads was not seriously
broached. Such roads were thought of, it is true, many years before, but only in
that vague, indefinite way in which matters are considered that barely fall
within the limits of the possible. It was long supposed that there was little,
if any, accessible gravel, but sufficient quantities of it have recently been
discovered, and substantial roads have been constructed, and others are now in
process of construction. And so the citizen of to-day sees the handsome carriage
where the early settlers saw principally mudboats. He not only sees this, but he
sees large and elegant brick and frame farmhouses where formerly stood rude log
cabins, with stick and mortar chimneys. He sees commodious barns where stood the
straw covered sheds; he sees well-tilled and well-drained fields where stood
wildernesses of water and wood; he sees a machine binding the wheat as it cuts
it, where the pioneer saw only the sickle and the cradle; he sees the steam
thresher doing the work which the flail once did; be sees the children going to
school five and one-half months in the year where in the past they went a
precarious two and three; he sees horses, and sheep, and cows, and hogs where
the original settlers saw deer and wolves and wild cats; he sees the ralroad
train where once was only the packhorse and wagon. But why repeat? It is merely
the story of a development of twoscore years, with which almost every child of
to-day is familiar. The present population of the township, not including the
town of Tipton, is considerably in excess of three thousand.


Additional Comments:
Extracted from:

COUNTIES OF HOWARD AND TIPTON, INDIANA.

HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL.
ILLUSTRATED.

CHARLES BLANCHARD. EDITOR.
CHICAGO: F. A. BATTEY & CO.
1883.


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