Hebron Baptist Church History, 1837 - 1987, Livingston Parish, La. File prepared and submitted by Carolyn R. Taylor (carotaylor1@JUNO.com) ********************************************** Copyright. All rights reserved. http://usgwarchives.net/copyright.htm http://usgwarchives.net/la/lafiles.htm ********************************************** For those who may want to contact the church this is the address as published in the directory: Hebron Baptist Church 24063 Louisiana Highway 16 Denham Springs, Louisiana HISTORY OF HEBRON BAPTIST CHURCH 1837 - 1987 It was into a flatland wooded area that early settlers came to the Southwestern part of Livingston Parish. The major river in the area is the Amite with Gray's Creek and Colyell the lesser water ways around. There were a few lakes in the swamplands along the Amite River. In the minutes of Hephzibah Baptist Church, East Feliciana Louisiana, on March 11, 1837, a petition was presented by Bro. D. Felps asking that the undersigned persons be dismissed to constiture (constitute) a church on the Colyell. The petition also stated that most had already settled here and the others planned to -- signed by: Larkin Story, H. L. Achord, Catherine Achord, William McMurray, Elizabeth Booker, John S. Felps, Jane S. Felps, Malinda Yarboro, David Felps, Sarah Felps, Ezra G. Felps, Mary H. Felps. March 11, 1837 -- East Feliciana, Louisiana. The Baptist Church of Christ holding the Doctrines of believing Baptism by immersion, particular election, and the final perseverence of the saints thro Grace to Glory, do hereby recommend to all Christian people, but especially to all holding like precious faith, the following brethren and sisters, viz: Larkin Story, H. L. Achord, Catharine Achord, William McMurray, Elizabeth Booker, John S. Felps, Jane S. Felps, Melinda Yarboro, David Felps, Sarah Felps, Ezra G. Felps, and Mary H. Felps, who are all in full fellowship with us. and brother David Felps, an ordained deacon; and they are hereby dismissed from us when joined to any other church of the same faith and order, or constituted into a distinct church, on the principles and faith of the regular Baptist denomination. Done by order of conference--Saturday before the 2nd Lord's Day in March 1837. Henry D. F. Roberts, pastor. William Roberts, church clerk. On Saturday, April 22, 1837, David D. Felps, Thomas M. Bond, Henry L. Achord, Larkin Story, William McMurray, Catharine Achord, and Rebecca Bond came together and formed Hebron Baptist church. Rev. Jesse Young M. Bond* presented the Covenant and Articles of Faith which were adopted. During this constituting time Thomas M. Bond acted as the Presbytery. [I could be mistaken but I believe "M. Bond" was inserted here in error. crt] After the adoption of the Covenant and Articles of Faith the church went into business. They received members as follows. Joseph R. Ficklin and Rebecca Jenkins by experience. They accepted David D. Felps as the first deacon and called Thomas M. Bond as their pastor. Rev. Bond was instructed to take charge of all papers belonging to Hebron Baptist Church and to make minutes of the days proceedings. They then dismissed in order. _First_ _Church_ _Covenant_ We the undersigned members being regularly dismissed from regular Baptist churches for the purpose of constituting a church of the same faith and order, do agree and covenant before God to do all in our power through divine assistance to live together in church fellowship and support, and promote the worship of God in the administration of his word and ordinances in the purity among us, and to watch over one another in love for the good of our souls and the welfare of the church. We do now give ourselves to God and one another to keep house for God upon the following principles: Viz. Art. 1st: We believe in one only true and living God, and that there are a trinity of persons in the Godhead--the Father, the Son and the Holy Ghost, the same in essence, equal in power and glory. Art. 2nd: We believe the scriptures of the old and new testaments were written by inspiration of God, and are of divine authority, and the only rule of faith and practice. Art. 3rd: We believe that believers baptism by immersion, and the Lord's Supper are gospel ordinances and that none but believers have a right to them. Art. 4th: We believe in the fall of Adam, the imputation of his sin to all his posterity in the total depravity of human nature, and in man's inability to restore himself into favor with God. Art. 5th: We believe in the everlasting love of God to his people in the eternal, unconditional election of a definite number of the human family to grace and glory. Art. 6th: We believe that sinners are only justified in the sight of God by the imputed righteousness of Jesus Christ, which is unto and upon all them that believe. Art. 7th: We believe all those who were chosen in Christ before the foundation of the world are in time effectually called, regenerated, converted and sanctified, and are kept by the power of God, through faith unto salvation. Art. 8th: We believe there is one Mediator between God and man, the man Christ Jesus, who by the satisfaction which he made to Law and Justice, in becoming an offering for sin, hath by his most precious blood redeemed the elect from under the curse of the law, that they might be holy and without blame before him in love. Art. 9th: We believe good works are the fruits of faith and follow after justification--are witnesses of a gracious state, and that it is the duty of all believers to perform them from a principle of love. Art. 10th: We believe in the resurrection of the dead and a general judgement, and that the happiness of the righteous, and the punishment of the wicked, will be eternal. For the first few years, church was held in different homes. The pastor was called to the "care of the church" for one year at a time. This practice continued up until the time of Rev. Arceneaux. In July, 1837 after divine services John, a man of color, belonging to Mrs. Winifred Vincent presented himself and was received by experience. Also, a committee consisting of Bros. D. Felps, Ficklin and Bond was appointed to make arrangements for building a meeting house. They were charged to report back at the next meeting in August. In August the committee reported "that in their judgement it was best under present circumstances a course loghouse at or near the spot where we now meet which report was received". During this August meeting Hebron voted to join the Mississippi Baptist Convention. This was accomplished when the association met October 14 to 16, 1837 at Jerusalem Church, Amite County, Mississippi. The delegates to this meeting were Brethern Bond and D. Felps with Bro. Achord "in case of failure". They took up three dollars to send with the delegates for use of the Association. During the August 1837 meeting the "rules of decorum" for the church were adopted as follows: "We the Baptist Church of Christ in the parish of Livingston, State of Louisiana, known by the name of Hebron--Rule the first 1st. That on the reception of members by experience the moderator give the right hand of fellowship and add the following words,--You shall be entitiled to all the immunities and provileges of this church when baptised. 2nd. That we fill our seats in the house of God except a Providential interference, particulary on conference days, and so not forsake the assembling of ourselves together. 3rd. There shall be a moderator and clerk chosen by a majority of the church, and if the stated moderator be not present, he who supplies shall be nominated. 4th. Every conference shall be opened and closed by reading, singing or prayer. 5th. Every person speaking in conference shall rise and address himself to the moderator, and shall not speak more than thrice upon the same subject. 6th. "Brother" and "Sister" are the only appellations to be given in conference. 7th. No whispering or laughing in time of conference. 8th. Every motion and seconded shall be put to vote except it be withdrawn by the mover, but some subjects may not be debated in open conference. 9th. All questions shall be decided by a majority except such as have an immediate bearing upon individual fellowship. 10th. Everyone is to watch over and reprove each other in love, and to bear reproof with humility and thankfulness, and adhere closely to the discipline of the church. In June 1838, "Brethern Ficklin and Felps were appointed a committee to superintend the building of the meeting house". During the early years of Hebron its members moved often having few belongings and with the church dismissing others she often ended up with few members. This is very evident in her letter to the Association in 1842 which said, "Hebron laments her coldness and want of fruit to God". She showed a membership of 8. She also asked to be dismissed from the Mississippi Baptist Association to join with other churches in forming the Eastern Louisiana Baptist Association. In the early minutes you will find where the church was reorganized several times due to long absences from preaching or from lack of members. Members were expected to follow the "rules of decorum". When they did not they were called before the church, the case was heard, and the church then voted on whether to keep fellowship with them or to exclude them. When a person asked forgiveness of the church it was usually granted and they were restored to membership. These cases make very interesting reading and shed much insight on our forefathers and their commitment to the church. Following are two of these cases. "Bro. James Achord made a statement to the church in relation of a difacultey that took plase between himself and Wm. Johnson which defacultey twoke plase between himself and said Johson by fiting and Bro. James Achord struck the said Johnson with a riffle gun which case was token up and lade over". In June 1844 the case of Sister Page came up and a committee appointed to see her. In October 1844, the committee reported back to the church and membership continued with her. In July 1845 "the church being agrieved with Sister Page for her long absence appointed a committee of one person to sight her to attend the next conference to wit Brother Steven Roughman and him to report at the same". August 1845, the case came up again as follows: "the case of Sister Page was taken up the committee being present reports as follows--that the said Sister Page was disseased which report was received and the committee discharged". When a person was not excluded they were often restored to the "watch care" of the church. When under watch care a person could mingle with the brethern in prayer and council but could not vote or take communion. If a case could not be decided on by the church a sister church was asked to help out. The church met once a month on Saturday and the following Sunday. Once a year (usually in August) a protracted meeting was held. These meetings lasted one to two weeks. The church instructed the pastor or several brethern who to ask to 'hold' the protracted meeting. Usually more than one preacher was invited. On regular meeting day if more than one preacher showed up they were each given time to expound the Gospel. November 5, 1859 "the church met at the house of Bro. Henry Cockerham at the usual hour for worship. A sermon was delivered by Bro. A. Pennington . . . followed by Bro. W. B. Allen . . . the congregation was then dismissed to meet at the water's edge, where the ordinance of baptism was administered . . . after which the congregation was dismissed". Sometime in 1859 the church voted to seek out a new site for a meeting house. This report was received by the church September 3, 1859 as follows;;"State of Louisiana, Parish of Livingston. Your committee appointed at your last conference, to select a suitable site to build a new church, as meeting house, beg leave to report, that they have selected a place to build, on the land of Wm. Vincent, west of Gays Creek and near Wm. McCauleys house, as a majority think, most central to the members of said Hebron Church, and the citizens of upper Grays Creek. All this we respectfully submit: signed P. H. Spears, J. J. Achord, J. J. McNabb, Francis Miscar, committee. The cost of this building was to be $537.40. It was also voted that the Methodist Episcopal Church could use it until they could build. In 1865 we find the first references where dancing became a problem and folks were dismissed from the church for participating. Dancing was still a problem for many church members in 1868. Some were dismissed for dancing and other "carnal activities", such as profane language, card playing, drinking, immoral conduct, and putting away your wife without Biblical grounds. The first mention of the Lord's Supper was in the following Minutes: November 20, 1869 Hebron Church met in a called meeting for the purpose of administering the Lord's Supper to the church on Sunday Nov. 21 with baptism to follow on Monday, Nov. 22, 1869." Baptisms were usually held at Mrs. Harrells Ferry, Bro. William W. Garigs, and at Bro. William Vincents. On September 3, 1870 the members voted for the clerk to notify the black population to stop "using our burying ground to bury their dead in". During the first years we do not know how the pastor was paid. In January, 1872 collection was taken to benefit the pastor, Rev. W. B. Allen. The amount being $16.50 collected. Anytime monies were needed a special collection was taken for that need. (Example--Association, pastor, missions). Missions were important in association work. In 1881 John East spoke at Hebron. He was the missionary for the Easter Louisiana Baptist Association. It seems that church was beginning to be held at night as well as during the day. We find references to meeting at early candle light often through the 1880's. The people were getting lax in their commitment to the church. In 1895 the rules had to be tightened in order to get the men expecially to attend regularly. The July 4th meeting was cancelled in 1896 owing to an entertainment given at Denham Spring on that day. May 1, 1897 there were so many cases brought before the church that preaching could not be held. (17 in all). In 1897 the church building needed some repairs. Each family was encouraged to give 25 cents toward ceiling the church. This work was completed. On March 5, 1899 the church adopted the Sunday School work as a part of its church work. This was begun as far back as 1872 in the association and was tried off and on up until tis time at Hebron. This year a delegate was sent to the State Baptist Convention meeting in Alexandria, Louisiana. A reorganization of the church book, renewal of the Church Covenant, and subscribing anew to the Articles of Faith was carried out by the church. The preacher, Bro. Comish, expected more support by the church. From 1899 to 1906 there is a gap in the minutes. This occurs more frequently from this point on. "In December of 1906 the pastor appointed a committee of "young sisters" to raise funds to pruchase an organ for the church". In Janurary 1907 these same sisters were ready with the money and were given permission to order from Cornish Company the organ of their choice. The clerk was instructed to help if his services were necessary. After ordering the organ they then began to worry about training someone to play. The search for a music teacher went on for months. If the services of a teacher were ever procured no one knows. Hebron tried having two services a month. The people did not repsond well to the second service and it was voted in 1908 to discontinue and return to one service a month. For the August 1908 protracted meeting, Bro. A. P. Durham was contacted to preach the meeting. When he did not respond Elder W. B. Hall was contacted. When the meeting time came Bro. Durham showed up first and held the Sunday morning serive. Bro. Hall arrived at the evening service. Bro Durham preached, Professor D. C. McCullar of Louisiana College led music and Bro. Hall led the prayer service. On Monday morning the evening Bro. Durham preached with Bro. Hall leading the prayer service. [I believe 'and' was intended to be between "morning and "the evening" in this sentence, but this how it is in the directory.] Then on Tuesday morning Bro. Hall preached then left for Baton Rouge in the afternoon. Elder Durham continued the services twice a day with Profess McCullar leading music. The pastor came on Wednesday. He was slow arriving due to high water. The interest of the meeting continued to increase at each service to the last service which was on Friday night. Elder Durham was given $21.18 for State Missions while Professor McCullar was paid $15.00 for his faithful services at the organ. Later this same year the church voted to pay the pastor $8.00 a trip for once a month services. In 1909 we find the church concerned with non-attendance of members to the point of calling members before conference to answer these charges. There being another gap in the minutes we find in February 1921 the flow well at the back of the church being dug. A request was made for all funds promised to be turned in at once so the well could be finished. In 1919-1924 the Southern Baptist Convention held a campaign to collect seventy-five million dollars for missions, educational and venevolent work and set a new pattern for Baptist Co-operation through out the convention. Our church was one of the participants in this campaign. Each member pledged an amount. An account was kept on how much each person gave. If you moved your membership your account went with you. The handling of finances was quite interesting during the first 100 years. For many years after all bills were paid whatever was left was paid the preacher. As the depression came on there was a definite change in how money came into the church. The people brought what they had--eggs, strawberries and beans. During 1928 a Delco lighting system costing $187.60 was bought and installed in the church. These lights were later (1941) given to the Little Brown Church Boat on the Atchafalaya River. The church minutes were usually kept in the home of the clerk. In 1946 the clerks home burned losing several years of minutes. In 1948 it was still the custom for a committee of members to secure the preacher for revivals. Other business of importance was moving of the "out-house" from one side of the fence to the other, incorporating the church, looking into financing a new auditorium, results of the church census and disconnecting and storing heaters during the summer. The new cemetery was cleared and ready for occupancy. It was surveyed by Mr. C. M. Moore for $10.00. The church voted to collect one dollar per month per member over and above their tithe for the building fund. Each person was to decide when to begin their donations. March of 1949 was a time for resignations. Rev. Arceneaux resigned as pastor, Bro. Gilbert McNabb resigned as choirster and Bro. Chris Miller resigned as deacon. The committee (Mrs. Rosalie Miller Garrison, Mrs. W. E. (Lucille) Jordan, and Bro. L. A. Richardson) to search for an educational director wrote to Mrs. Mimms, the B.S.U. Director at L.S.U. for helpl. Mrs. Mimms said in a return letter that "Mr. Hardy Bozant was interested in the work of training and leading our choir. The committee was instructed by the church to Mr. Bozant and invite him to come and lead our choir during the Sunday morning and evening services so his work could be observed. After Mr. Bozant's visit with the church the educational committee was instructed by the church to offer him $75.00 per month at present and as the church grew so would his compensation." In another action a pulpit committee was elected. (Bros. E. F. Stevens, Sr., Kermit Cooper, and W. E. Jordan) They were then instructed to invite for two services (one Sunday morning and evening) the following brethren: Rev. H. A. Sylvest, Rev. Harold McNabb, Rev. Foster and Rev. D. L. Knight. Rev. McNabb was elected pastor. In June Bro. and Mrs. G. L. McNabb donated property for a parsonage site with Bro. and Mr. George Miller giving enough property to square up the plot. Bro. and Mrs. L. A. Richardson donated enough timber for the parsonage and Br. N. R. Allen donated a mule which was sold for $20.00. Bro J. S. Jackson donated the roofing and felt for parsonage and garage. Due to so much business being carried on a Sundays, taking up Sunday School and worship time, the church voted in August of 1949 that "no business conferences of meetings to be held on Sunday"--motion passed. The church also accepted the donation of a light to be hung over the back door for the convenience of the giver Bro. Artist Miller. In August of 1949 the church voted to accept building plan #1 and to begin construction of 12 classrooms. Members of the building committee at this time were : Mr. Kermit Cooper, Mr. Dewey E. Rushing, Mr. O. E. Latimer, Mr. Dallas Bond, and other unnamed persons. During 1950, Mrs. Rosalie Miller Garrison resigned as church pianist and Bro. Bozant was granted a leave of absence since he had been drafted into the armed services. Miss Margaret Smith (Harris) was elected pianist and Bro. Milton Core, Jr. lead the choir for a short while. Finally the parsonage was completed with a loan from Livingston State Bank. At this time, the Sunday School average attendance was 167 with Training Union average attendance of 107. In January 1951 Mr. Milburn Calhoun, a student at L.S.U. was hired to fill Bro. Bozant's place. Later a softball league was begun and equipped, our communion set was bought and the church was rewired by Bros. Matthew Sharp and Ezra McMorris. By May, Bro. Calhoun had left to further his education as a doctor. Reb. McNabb was given a Sunday off to attend his graduation exercises from Southeastern. The church gave Bro. McNabb a nice watch and a $30.00 raise in his expense account for graduation. (Then asked him to pay his own electric bill.) A motion was made by Mr. Clarence O'Neal "that from now on the pastor be elected every twelve (12) months just as other church officers are at the end of the church year".--this motion carried. Bill Santo was called as choir director to take Mr. Calhoun's place. Rev. McNabb sugmitted his resignation effective Sept. 30, 1951. A new pulpit committee was elected as follows: Leon LeBlanc, Orville Mincey, Garland Bond, Emile Stevens, Sr., W. E. Jordan, Mrs. Lucy Miller, Mrs. Dewey Rushing, and Mr. Emile Stevens, Sr. The church also voted that they have from 4 to 6 preachers preach trial sermons. Rev. Loy E. Baird was called as pastor. A youth led revival was held in Oct. 1951 with the following youth taking part as various church leaders-Warren Clement, Raymond Harris, Harlan Clement, Clarence Joe O'Neal, Gloria McMorris, Julia Cooper, Beth Clement, Jeanette Bond, Janice Harris, Gerald Bond, H. N. Harris, Idella Mae Clement, Jeanette Hood, Bill Santo, Carolyn Jordan, Margaret Smith, Betty Jean Harris, Loy Baird, Jr., Dean Felder, Joe Cooper, Don Miller, Sonny Davis, Walton Stevens, Wayne Spence, George Harris, Eldon Paul Cemment, Charles Smith and Ray Wax. In 1951 Bro. Baird was asked by the church to contact the Public Service Sommission about telephone for this area. In 1952 the church authorized him to sign a right-of-way for the telephone company across church property. During this same year, he negotiated the purchase of 5 acres (more or less) of land from Mr. Boliver E. Watts and another piece of property immediately behind the church was purchased consisting of 1.12 acres. In 1952 church letter shows the following: 582 members (400 resident), two revival meetings during the year, 35 tithers, and the pastor's salary was $4,380.00. cooperative program gift for the year--$1,560.00, home missions $44.00, foreign missions $40.00, total mission gifts for the year $825.68, misic director's salary (year) $1,560.00, VBS enrollment 137. The W.M.U. was very active with several "circles". The minutes show that they spent a lot of time studying. Also during this period, the Brotherhood began sponsorship of Boy Scout Troop #83 in 1953. As late as 1954, it was still the custom for the pastor and music director to ask permission to miss a Sunday or take part in a revival held in another church. During the fifties, we find the church had financial problems. At most business meetings the treasurer's report gave a minus balance of $100.00 to $300.00. On a cool fair night in November, 1954, with 75 members present at business meeting, Rev. W. E. Bucklew led the church into a building program for a new sanctuary. This building was begun on Saturday, December 4, 1954 with 38 men. In the minutes of January 5, 1955 the following note about the building was found. "Foundations have been dug and poured, 22,000 feet of lumber has been cut, sawed and stacked. Brick laying to be started in the near future--by Lamotte (colored). At this time and date $4,000 worth of materials and labor has been donated." Some of the other donations were Smith Cabinet Works--roof of entire building, Mr. Clyde Hood--all sand and gravel, Mr. Boliver Kemp--trees to be cut into the above lumber, Mr. Leo Cambre--sawed the logs into lumber at his mill, and the Hammond organ was donated by the J. A. Juban family. After borrowing only $35,000 to complete the building, the first service was held Thanksgiving Day Novemeber 24, 1955. Having prayer in the old building, we marched into the new auditorium for a worship service singing "Onward Christian Soldiers". On Friday, July 25, 1958, the church met to accept the resignation of her pastor, W. E. Bucklew, elected a pulpit commitee, and called as pastor protem Rev. John Hurt, Caplain of the Baton Rouge General Hospital. Due to an usual number of business meetings fhe following resolution was adopted, "All business, personal or otherwise, be confined to such time as when the church is in conference and that no business be brought before the church during any worship service _unless_ first approved by the board of deacons." On March 1, 1959, a call was extended to Rev. J. Fulton McGraw moving him to the field. His salary was $400.00 per month. The sixties were years of fluctuation. Mr. Arthur Green was hired and is still employed by the church. Bro. Bozard resigned, Rev. Milton Wedd served as an interim music director followed by Bro. Joe Mott and then Bro. Paul Baterman who was succeeded by Bro. Charles Wilkins. Rev. McGraw resigned, Bro. John Hurt came again as interim pastor, remaining until Rev. James E. Swinson was called. Mission endeavors have always been an importnat part of Hebron. This was indicated by a gift to Head of Island Baptist Mission. (This work was begun many years before (1852) with Rev. Thomas M. Bond's assistance.) During these years the church purchased an additional 3.8 acres of land and began its media library program. With the coming of Rev. Joel B. Lucas in 1965, the church began growing spiritually as well as numerically. Church membership grew from 629 in 1965 to 1,525 in 1986. Under his leadership the church built a fellowship hall, an office and educational building, sold the church owned parsonage, added 9 more acres of land adjacent to the church property and took part in the Livingston Parish Crusade. An amusing incident found in the church records of 1966 was when the church voted for Mr. Clifford Harris to pick roses in the neighborhood, take them to Edrie's Florist and have them made into bouquets for mothers on Mother's Day. In the decade of the seventies, the church sponsored a radio program on WLBI, took part in the Billy Graham Crusade, began a new Boy Scout troop, and honored Bro. & Mrs. Lucas with a trip to the Holy Land. Serving along with Bro. Lucas during these years were Rev. James H. Wright as associate to the pastor and Bro. Wayne Hill as our first full-time music and education director. A highlight of these years was the celebration of the bicentennial of the United States at which time the church bought the historical marker standing to the front of the church. During the 80's, the church has had Bro. Donald Dukes and Bro. Robin Moore serving as director of music and youth and Bro. Tom Long as educational director. We formed a blood bank, began the mission at Port Vincent and helped start their library. Our church has a graded choir program, participates in graded mission groups and is helping meet the needs of our community. This history does not include the ordinations of deacons or licensing and ordinations of preachers. Since the munites do not always give this information, we did not want to leave out anyone. In writing the history of Hebron Baptist Church, we chose to concentrate on the early years giving the latter years with much less detail. So that you may experience some of the flavor of the past, we have chosen to include the unusual spellilng found in the early minutes. With glorious anticipation, we end this historical account and look forward to the third of May 1987 when we celebrate our sesquicentennial. Respectfully submitted, Mary Sharp Broussard, Chairperson Margaret Smith Harris Idella Clement Bankston Laura Moore Davis Rae Barron King Pat Carpenter Fossler [hopefully the only typos found here were intended. crt] A few notes that may be of interest: 1. Winifred Vincent, whose slave joined the church, was my g, g, g, grandmother - Winifred WATSON who married James Allen VINCENT. 2. William VINCENT, who donated property for the first church building was my g, g, grandfather and son of James Allen and Winifred (Watson) VINCENT. 3. One of the church clerks was Frederick Ferdinand MILLER, his wife was Abigail Elizabeth VINCENT (dau. of Wm. VINCENT), and they were my great grandparents. There is a copy of his minutes at the Hebron Baptist Church, the originals were inherited by a grand-daughter. 4. Francis MISCAR, was a brother of my g, g, grandmother, Rosella MISCAR who was the wife of Wm. VINCENT. My maternal grandmother was May Rose MILLER, dau. of Frederick Ferdinand MILLER. My family has very deep roots in this church and many of my ancestors, and other relatives, are buried in the cemeteries there. Carolyn R. Taylor