Orleans County Louisiana Archives News.....Jackson and New Orleans, Number Two, Lafitte, "The Pirate" December 24, 1854
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The New Orleans Daily Delta December 24, 1854
About one mile above New Orleans, opposite the flourishing City of Jefferson, 
and on the right bank of the Mississippi, there is a small canal, now used by 
fishermen and hunters, which approaches within a few hundred yards of the 
river's bank.

The small craft that ply on this canal are taken up on cars which run into the 
water by an inclined plane, and are then hauled by mules to the river. Launched 
upon the rapid current of the Mississippi, these boats are soon borne into the 
Crescent port of New Orleans. Following this canal, which runs nearly due west 
for five or six miles, we reach a deep, narrow, and tortuous bayou. Descending 
this bayou, which for forty miles threads its sluggish course through an 
impenetrable swamp, we pass into a large lake girt with sombre forests and 
gloomy swamps, and resonant with the hoarse croakings of alligators and the 
screams of swamp fowls.

From this lake, by a still larger bayou, we pass into another lake, and from 
that to another, until we reach an island, on which are discernible, at a 
considerable distance, several elevated knolls, and where a scant vegetation and 
a few trees maintain a feeble existence. At the lower end of this island there 
are some curious aboriginal vestiges, in the shape of high mounds of shells, 
which are thought to mark the burial of some extinct tribes of aborigines. This 
surmise has been confirmed by the discovery of human bones below the surface of 
these mounds. The elevation formed by the series of mounds is known as the 
Temple, from a tradition that the Natchez tribes of Indians used to assemble 
there to offer sacrifices to their chief deity, the "Great Sun." This lake or 
bayou finally disembogues into the Gulf of Mexico by two outlets, between which 
lies the beautiful island of Grand Terre.

This island is a pleasant sea-side resort, having a length of six or eight 
miles, and an average breadth of a mile and a half. Towards the sea it presents 
a fine beach, where those who love "the rapture of the lonely shore," who 
delight in the roar and dash of the foaming billows, and in the ecstacy of a 
bath in the pure, bracing surge, may find abundant means of pleasure and 
enjoyment.

Grand Terre is now occupied and cultivated by a Creole family, as a sugar 
plantation, producing annually four or five hundred hogsheads of sugar. At the 
western extremity of the island stands a large and powerful fortification, which 
as been quite recently erected by the United States, and named after one of the 
most distinguished benefactors of Louisiana, Edward Livingston. This fort 
commands the western entrance or strait leading from the Gulf into the lake or 
bay of Barataria. Here, safely sheltered, some three or four miles from the 
gulf, is a snug little harbor, where vessels drawing from seven to eight feet of 
water may ride in safety, out of the reach of the fierce storms that so often 
sweep the Gulf of Mexico.

Here may be found, even now, the foundations of houses, the brick-work of a rude 
fort, and other evidences of an ancient settlement. This is the spot which has 
become so famous in the history and romances of the south-west, as the "Pirate's 
Home," the retreat of the dread corsair of the Gulf, whom the genius of Byron 
and of many succeeding poets and novelists has consecrated as one who

"Left a corsair's name to other times,
Linked with one virtue and a thousand crimes."

Such is poetry--such is romance. But authentic history, by which alone these 
sketches are guided, dissipates all these fine flights of the poet and romancer.

Jean Lafitte, the so-called Pirate and Corsair, was a blacksmith from Bordeaux, 
France, who, within the recollection of several old citizens now living in New 
Orleans, kept his forge at the corner of Bourbon and St. Phillip streets. He had 
an older brother, Pierre, who was a sea-faring character, and had served in the 
French Navy. Neither were Pirates, and Jean knew not enough of the art of 
navigation to manage a jolly boat. But he was a man of good address and 
appearance, of considerable shrewdness, of generous and liberal heart, and 
adventurous spirit. Shortly after the cession of Louisiana to the United States, 
a series of events occurred which made the Gulf of Mexico the area of the most 
extensive and profitable privateering. First came the war between France and 
Spain, which afforded the inhabitants of the French islands a good pretence to 
depredate upon the rich commerce of the Spanish possessions--the most valuable 
and productive in the New World. The Gulf of Mexico and Carribean Sea swarmed 
with privateers, owned and employed by men of all nations, who obtained their 
commissions (by purchase) from the French authorities at Martinique and 
Guadaloupe. Among these were not a few neat and trim crafts belonging to the 
staid citizens of New England, who, under the tri-color of France, experienced 
no scruples in perpetrating acts which, though not condemned by the Laws of 
Nations, in their spirit as well as in their practical results, bear a strong 
resemblance to piracy. The British ccapture and occupation of Guadaloupe and 
Martinique, in 1806, in which expeditions Col. Ed. Packenham, who will figure 
conspicuously in these sketches, distinguished himself, and received a severe 
wound, broke up a favorite retreat of these privateers. Shortly after this, 
Colombia declared her independence of Spain, and invited to her port of 
Carthagena, the patriots and adventurers of all nations, to aid her struggle 
against the mother country. Thither flocked all the privateers and buccaneers of 
the Gulf. Commissions were promptly given or sold to them to sail under the 
Colombian flag, and to prey upon the commerce of poor old Spain, who, invaded 
and despoiled at home, had neither means nor spirit to defend her distant 
possessions. The success of the privateers was brilliant. It is a narrow line, 
at the best, which divides piracy from privateering, and it is not at all 
wonderful that the reckless sailors of the Gulf sometimes lost sight of it. The 
shipping of other countries was, no doubt, frequently mistaken for that of 
Spain. Rapid fortunes were made in this business. Capitalists embarked their 
means in equipping vessels for privateering. Of course they were not responsible 
for the excesses which were committed by those in their employ, nor did they 
trouble themselves to inquire into all their acts. Finally, however, some 
attention was excited to this wholesale system of legalized pillage. The 
privateers found it necessary to secure some safe harbor, into which they could 
escape from the ships of war, where they could be sheltered from the northers, 
and where, too, they could establish a depot for the sale and smuggling of their 
spoils. It was a sagacious thought which selected the little bay or cove of 
Grande Terre for this purpose. It was called Barataria, and several huts and 
store-houses were built here, and cannon planted on the beach. Here rallied the 
privateers of the Gulf, with their fast-sailing schooners, armed to the teeth 
and manned by fierce-looking men, who wore sharp cutlasses, and might be taken 
anywhere for pirates, without offence. They were the desperate men of all 
nations, embracing as well as those who had occupied respectable positions in 
the naval or merchant service, who were instigated to their present pursuit by 
the love of gain, as those who had figured in the bloody scenes of the 
buccaneers of the Spanish Main. Besides its inaccessibility to vessels of war, 
the Bay of Barataria recommended itself by another important consideration: It 
was near to the city of New Orleans, the mart of the growing valley of the 
Mississippi, and from it the lakes and bayous afforded an easy water 
communication, nearly to the banks of the Mississippi, within a short distance 
of New Orleans. A regular organization of the privateers was established, 
officers were chosen, and agents appointed in New Orleans, to enlist men and 
negotiate the sale of goods.

Among the most active and sagacious of these town agents, was the blacksmith of 
St. Phillip street, who, following the example of much greater and more 
pretentious men, abandoned his sledge and anvil and embarked in the lawless and 
more adventurous career of smuggling and privateering. Gradually by his success, 
enterprise, and address, Jean Lafitte obtained such ascendancy over the lawless 
congregation at Barataria, that they elected him their Captain or Commander. 
There is a tradition that this choice gave great dissatisfaction to some of the 
more warlike of the privateers, and particularly to Gambio, a savage, grim 
Italian, who did not scruple to prefer the title and character of "Pirate," to 
the puling, hypocritical one of "Privateer." But it is said, and the story is 
verified by an aged Italian, one of the only two survivors of the Baratarians, 
now resident in Grande Terre, who rejoices in the "nomme de guerre," indicative 
of a ghastly saber cut across the face, of "nez coupe," that Lafitte found it 
necessary to sustain his authority by some terrible example, and when one of 
Gambio's followers resisted his orders, he shot him through the heart before the 
whole band. Whether this story be true or not, there can be no doubt that in the 
year 1813, when the association had attained its greatest prosperity, Lafitte 
held undisputed authority and control over it. He certainly conducted his 
administration with energy and ability. A large fleet of small vessels rode in 
the harbor, besides others that were cruising. The store houses were filled with 
valuable goods. Hither resorted merchants and traders from all parts of the 
country, to purchase goods, which, being cheaply obtained, could be retailed at 
a large profit. A number of small vessels were employed in transporting goods to 
New Orleans, through the bayou we have described, just as oysters, fish and game 
are now brought.

On reaching the head of the Bayou, these goods would be taken out of the boats 
and placed on the backs of mules--to be carried to the river banks--whence they 
would be ferried across into the city, at night. In the city they had many 
agents, who disposed of these goods. By this profitable trade, many of the 
citizens of New Orleans laid the foundations of their fortunes. But though 
profitable to individuals, this trade was evidently detrimental to regular and 
legitimate commerce, as well as to the revenue of the Federal Government. 
Accordingly, several efforts were made to break up the association, but the 
activity and influence of their city friends generally enabled them to hush up 
such designs. Legal prosecutions were commenced on 7th April, 1814, against Jean 
and Pierre Lafitte, in the United States District Court for Louisiana, charging 
them with violating the Revenue and Neutrality Laws of the United States. 
Nothing is said about piracy,--the gravest offence charged, being simply a 
misdemeanor. Even these charges were not sustained, for, although both the 
Lafittes and many other of the Baratarians, were captured by Captain Andrew 
Holmes, in an expedition to the Lakes, about the time of the filing of these 
informations against them, yet it appears they were released, and the 
prosecutions never came to trial, the warrants for their arrest were returned 
"not found." These abortive proceedings appear to have given encouragement and 
vigor to the operations of the Baratarians. Accordingly, we find on the 28th 
July, 1814, the Grand Jury of New Orleans making the following terrible exposure 
of the audacity and extent of these unlawful transactions:--"The Grand Jury feel 
it is a duty they owe to society to state that piracy and smuggling, so long 
established and so systematically pursued by many of the inhabitants of this 
State, and particularly in this city and vicinity, that the Grand Jury find it 
difficult legally to establish facts, even where the strongest presumptions are 
offered."

"The Grand Jury, impressed with a belief that the evils complained of have 
impaired public confidence and individual credit, injured the honest fair 
trader, and contributed to drain our country of its specie, corrupted the morals 
of many poor citizens, and finally stamped disgrace on our State, deem it a duty 
incumbent on them, by this public presentation, again to direct the attention of 
the public to this serious subject, calling upon all good citizens for their 
most active exertions to suppress the evil, and by their pointed disapprobation 
of every individual who may be concerned, directly or indirectly in such 
practices, in some measure to remove the stain that has fallen on all classes of 
society in the minds of the good people of our sister States."

The Report concludes with a severe reproof of the Executive of the State, and of 
the United States, for neglecting the proper measures to suppress these evil 
practices.

The tenor of this presentation leads us to the belief that the word Piracy, as 
used by the Grand Jury, was intended to include the more common offences of 
fitting out privateers within the United States, to operate against the ships of 
nations with which they were at peace, and that of smuggling. Certainly the 
grave fathers of the city would not speak of a crime, involving murder and 
robbery, in such mild and measured terms, as one "calculated to impair the 
public confidence and injure public credt, to defraud the fair dealer, to drain 
the country of specie, and to corrupt the morals of the people." Such language, 
applied to the enormous crime of piracy, would appear quite inappropriate, not 
to say ridiculous. It is evident from this, as well as other proofs, that the 
respectable citizens, several of whom now survive, who made this report, had in 
view the denunciation of the offense of smuggling into New Orleans, goods 
captured on the high seas, by privateers, which no doubt seriously interfered 
with legitimate trade, and drew off a large amount of specie.

However, indictments for piracy were found against several of the Baratarians. 
One against Johnness, for piracy on the Santa, a Spanish vessel which was 
captured nine miles from Grand Isle, and nine thousand dollars taken from her; 
also against another, who went by the name of Johannot, for captured another 
Spanish vessel with her cargo, worth thirty thousand dollars, off Trinidad. 
Pierre Lafitte was charged as aider and abetter in these crimes before and after 
the fact, as one who did, upon land, to wit: in the city of New Orleans, within 
the District of Louisiana, knowingly and willingly aid, assist, procure, counsel 
and advise the said piracies and robberies. It is quite evident from the 
character of the ships captured, that had the indictments been prosecuted to a 
trial, they would have resulted in modifying the crime of piracy into the 
offence of privateering, or that of violating the Neutrality Laws of the United 
States, by bringing prizes taken from Spain into its territory and selling the 
same.

Pierre Lafitte was arrested on these indictments. An application for bail was 
refused, and he was incarcerated in the Calaboose, or city prison, now occupied 
by the Sixth District Court of New Orleans.

These transactions, betokening a vigorous determination on the part of the 
authorities, to break up the establishment at Barataria, Jean Lafitte proceeded 
to that place and was engaged in collecting the vessels and property of the 
association, with a few of departing to some more secure retreat, when an event 
occurred, which he thought would afford him an opportunity of propitiating the 
favor of the Government, and securing for himself and his companions a pardon 
for their offenses.

It was on the morning of the second of September, 1814, that the settlement of 
Barataria was aroused by the report of cannon in the direction of the Gulf. 
Lafitte immediately ordered out a small boat, in which, rowed by four of his 
men, he proceeded toward the mouth of the strait. Here he perceived a brig of 
war, lying just outside of the inlet, with the British colors flying at the 
mast-head. As soon as Lafitte's boat was perceived, the gig of the brig shot off 
from her side and approached him.

In this gig were three officers, clad in naval uniform, and one in the scarlet 
of the British army. They bore a white signal in the bows, and a British flag in 
the stern of their boats. The officers proved to be Capt. Lockyer, of his 
Majesty's navy, with a Lieutenant of the same service, and Capt. McWilliams, of 
the army. On approaching the host of the Baratarians, Captain Lockyer called out 
his name and style, and inquired if Mr. Lafitte was at home in the Bay, as he 
had an important communication for him. Lafitte replied, that the person they 
desired could be seen ashore, and invited the officers to accompany him to their 
settlement. They accepted the invitation, and the boats were rowed through the 
strait into the Bay of Barataria. On their way Lafitte confessed his true name 
and character; whereupon Captain Lockyer delivered to him a paper package. 
Lafitte enjoined upon the British officers to conceal the true object of their 
visit from his men, who might, if they suspected their design, attempt some 
violence against them. Despite these cautions, the Baratarians, on recognizing 
the uniform of the starngers, collected on the shore in a tumultuous and 
threatening manner, and clamored loudly for their arrest. It required all 
Lafitte's art, address and influence to calm them. Finally, however, he 
succeeded in conducting the British to his apartments, where they were 
entertained in a style of elegeant hospitality, which greatly surprised them.

The best wines of old Spain, the richest fruits of the West Indies, and every 
variety of fish and game were spread out before them, and served on the richest 
carved silver plate. The affable manner of Lafitte gave great zest to the 
enjoyment of his guests. After the repast, and when they had all smoked a cigar 
of the finest Cuban flavor, Lafitte requested his guests to proceed to business. 
The package directed to "Mr. Lafitte," was then opened and the contents read. 
They consisted of a proclamation, addressed by Colonel Edward Nicholls, in the 
service of his Britannic Majesty, and commander of the land forces on the coast 
of Florida, to the inhabitants of Louisiana, dated Headquarters, Pensacola, 29th 
August, 1814; also a letter from the same, directed to Mr. Lafitte, as the 
commander at Barataria; also a letter from the Hon. Sir W. H. Percy, captain of 
the sloop of war Hermes, and commander of the Naval Forces in the Gulf of 
Mexico, dated Sept. 1, 1814, to Lafitte; and one from the same Captain Percy, 
written on 30th August, on the Hermes, in the Bay of Pensacola, to Captain 
Lockyer of the Sophia, directing him to proceed to Barataria, and attend to 
certain affairs there, which are fully explained. The originals of these letters 
may now be seen in the records of the United States District Court in New 
Orleans, where they were filed by Lafitte. These letters contained the most 
flattering offers to Lafitte, on the part of the British officials, if he would 
aid them, with his vessels and men, in their contemplated invasion of the State 
of Louisiana. Captain Lockyer proceeded to enforce the offers by many plausible 
and cogent arguments. He stated that Lafitte, his vessels and men would be 
enlisted in the honorable service of the British Navy, that he would receive the 
rank of Captain, (an offer which must have brought a smile to the face of the 
unnautical blacksmith of St. Phillip street,) and the sum of thirty thousand 
dollars: that being a Frenchman, proscribed and persecuted by the United States, 
with a brother then in prison, he should unite with the English, as the English 
and French were now fast friends; that a splendid prospect was now opened to him 
in the British navy, as from his knowledge of the Gulf Coast, he could guide 
them in their expedition to New  Orleans, which had already started; that it was 
the purpose of the English Government to penetrate the upper country and act in 
concert with the forces in Canada; that everything was prepared to carry on the 
war with unusual vigor; that they were sure of success, expecting to find little 
or no opposition from the French and Spanish population of Louisiana, whose 
interests and manners were opposed and hostile to those of the Americans; and, 
finally, it was declared by Captain Lockyer to be the purpose of the British to 
free the slaves, and arm them against the white people who resisted their 
authority and progress. Lafitte, affecting an acquiescence in these 
propositions, begged to be permitted to go to one of the vessels lying out in 
the bay to consult an old friend and associate, in whose judgment he had great 
confidence. Whilst he was absent, the men who had watched suspiciously the 
conference, many of whom were Americans, and not the less patriotic because they 
had a taste for privateering, proceeded to arrest the British officers, 
threatening to kill or deliver them up to the Americans. In the midst of this 
clamor and violence, Lafitte returned and immediately quieted his men, by 
reminding them of the laws of honor and humanity, which forbade any violence to 
persons who come among them with a flag of truce. He assured them that their 
honor and rights would be safe and sacred in his charge. He then escorted the 
British to their boats, and after declaring to Captain Lockyer that he only 
required a few days to consider the flattering proposals, and would be ready at 
a certain time to deliver his final reply, took a respectful leave of his 
guests, and escorting them to their boat, kept them in view until they were out 
of reach of the men on shore. Immediately after the departure of the British, 
Lafitte sat down and addressed a long letter to Mr. Blanque, a member of the 
House of Repressentatives of Louisiana, which he commences by declaring that 
"though proscribed in my adopted country, I will never miss an occasion of 
serving her, or of proving that she has never ceased to be dear to me." He then 
details the circumstances of Captain Lockyer's arrival in his camp, and encloses 
the letters to him. He then proceeds to say: "I may have evaded the payment of 
duties to the Customhouse, but I have never ceased to be a good citizen, and all 
the offences I have committed have been forced upon me by certain vices in the 
laws." He then expresses the hope that the service he is enabled to render the 
authorities, by delivering the enclosed letters, "may obtain some amelioration 
of the situation of an unhappy brother," adding, with considerable force and 
feeling, "our enemies have endeavored to work upon me, by a motive which few men 
would have resisted. They represented to me a brother in irons, a brother who is 
to me very dear, whose deliverer I might become, and I declined the proposal, 
well persuaded of his innocence. I am free from apprehension as to the issue of 
a trial, but he is sick, and not in a place where he can receive the assistance 
he requires." Through Mr. Blanque, Lafitte addressed a letter to Governor 
Claiborne, in which he stated very distinctly his positions and desires. He 
says:

"I offer to you to restore to this State several citizens, who, perhaps, in your 
eyes, have lost that sacred title; I offer you them, however, such as you could 
wish to find them, ready to exert their utmost efforts in defense of the 
country. This point of Louisiana which I occupy is of great importance in the 
present crisis. I tender my services to defend it, and the only reward I ask is 
that a stop be put to the procecutions against me and my adherents, by an act of 
oblivion for all that has been done hitherto. I am the stray sheep wishing to 
return to the sheepfold. If you are thorougly acquainted with the nature of my 
offences, I should appear to you much less guilty, and still worthy to discharge 
the duties of a good citizen. I have never sailed under any flag but that of the 
Republic of Carthagena, and my vessels are perfectly regular in that respect. If 
I could have brought my lawful prizes into the ports of this State, I should not 
have employed the illicit means that have caused me to be proscribed. Should 
your answer not be favorable to my ardent desires, I declare to you that I will 
instantly leave the country to avoid the imputation of having cooperated towards 
an invasion on that point, which cannot fail to take place, and to rest secure 
in the acquittal of my own conscience."

Upon the receipt of these letters, Governor Claiborne convoked a council of the 
principal officers of the army, navy and militia, then in New Orleans, to whom 
he submitted the letters, asking their decision on these two questions: 1st. 
Whether the letters were genuine? 2d. Whether it was proper that the Governor 
should hold intercourse or enter into any correspondence with Mr. Lafitte and 
his associates? To each of these questions a negative answer was given, Major 
General Villere alone dissenting--this officer being (as well as the Governor, 
who, presiding in the council, could not give his opinion) not only satisfied as 
to the authenticity of the letters of the British officers, but believing that 
the Baratarians might be employed in a very effective manner in case of an 
invasion. The only result of this council was to hasten the steps, which had 
been previvously commenced, to fit out an expedition to Barataria to break up 
Lafitte's establishment. In the meantime the two weeks asked for by Lafitte to 
consider the British proposal, having expired, Captain Lockyer appeared off 
Grand Terre, and hovered around the inlet several days anxiously awaiting the 
approach of Lafitte. At last, his patience being exhausted and mistrusting the 
intentions of the Baratarians, he reitred. It was about this time that the 
spirit of Lafitte was sorely tried by the intelligence that the constituted 
authorities whom he had supplied with such valuable information, instead of 
appreciating his generous exertions in behalf of his country, were actually 
equipping an expedition to destroy his establishment. This was truly an 
ungrateful return for services which may not be justly estimated. Nor is it 
satisfactorily shown that mercenary motives did not mingle with those which 
prompted some of the parties engaged in this expedition. The rich plunder of the 
"Pirates' Retreat," the valuable fleet of small coasting vessels that ride in 
the Bay of Barataria, the exaggerated stories of a vast amount of treasure, 
heaped up in glittering piles, in dark mysterious caves, of chests of Spanish 
doubloons, buried in the sand, contributed to inflame the imagination and 
avarice of some of the individuals who were active in getting up this 
expedition.

A naval and land force was organized under Commodore Patterson and Colonel Ross, 
which proceeded to Barataria, and with a pompous display of military power, 
entered the Bay. The Baratarians at first thought of resisting with all their 
means, which were considerable. They collected on the beach armed, their cannon 
were placed in position, and matches were lighted, when to their amazement and 
dismay, the stars and stripes became visible through the mist.

Against the power which that banner proclaimed, they were unwilling to lift 
their hands. They then surrendered, a few escaping up the Bayou in small boats. 
Lafitte, conformably to his pledge, on hearing of the expedition, had gone to 
the German coast--as it is called--above New Orleans. Commodore Patterson seized 
all the vessels of the Baratarians, and, filling them and his own with the rich 
goods found on the island, returned to New Orleans loaded with spoils. The 
Baratarians, who were captured, were ironed and committed to the Calaboose. The 
vessels, money and stores taken in this expedition were claimed as lawful prizes 
by Com. Patterson and Colonel Ross. Out of this claim grew a protracted suit, 
which elicited the foregoing facts, and resulted in establishing the innocence 
of Lafitte, of all other offences but those of privateering, or employing 
persons to privateer against the commerce of Spain, under commissions from the 
Republic of Colombia, and bringing his prizes to the United States, to be 
disposed of, contrary to the provisions of the Neutrality act.

The charge of piracy against Lafitte, or even against the men of the assocation, 
of which he was the chief, remains to this day unsupported by a single particle 
of direct and positive testimony. All that was ever adduced against them, of a 
circumstantial or inferential character, was a discovery among the goods, taken 
at Barataria, of some jewelry which was identified as that of a Creole lady, who 
had sailed from New Orleans seven years before, and was never heard of 
afterwards.

Considering the many ways in which such property might have fallen into the 
hands of the Baratarians, it would not be just to rest so serious a charge 
against them on this single fact. It is not at all improbable--though no facts 
of that character ever came to light--that among so many desperate characters 
attached to the Baratarian organization, there were not a few who would, if the 
temptation were presented, "scuttle ship or cut a throat" to advance their ends, 
increase their gains, or gratify a natural bloodthirstiness.

But such deeds cannot be associated with the name of Jean Lafitte, save in the 
idle fictions by which the taste of the youth of the country is vitiated, and 
history outraged and perverted. That he was more of a patriot than a pirate, 
that he rendered services of immense benefit to his adopted country, and should 
be held in respect and honor, rather than defamed and calumniated, will, we 
think, abundantly appear in the chapter which follows.

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