Pasquotank County, NC - THE EHRINGHAUSES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ THE EHRINGHAUSES A GERMAN-AMERICAN FAMILY IN NORTH CAROLINA BY Chris Klasing 2003 FOREWORD This work on the Ehringhaus family is part of a larger work on my heritage. I have excerpted the Ehringhaus portion to provide it to the Elizabeth City, NC library (which I discovered has little Ehringhaus material despite the family line starting there). I am also providing a copy for Fred Fearing of Elizabeth City, a neighbor of the Elizabeth City Ehringhauses, with whom I had the privilege of visiting recently. I believe that family history is best understood in the context of the greater history, so I have begun this work with brief histories of Germany, where the Ehringhauses originated, and North Carolina, to which some of them immigrated. I want to point out that I have not visited Germany as part of the research for this work, so more original sources of the origins of the Ehringhauses will await a German visit at a later date. Regarding source material: Most of my sources are in the public record - publications, census information, church and cemetery records, and the like. I do have one source called “The Ehringhaus Line” that was among my the private papers of my grandmother Mattie Shelby Ehringhaus Gill. It contains an Ehringhaus genealogy, and I have included it in this work although much of it is not yet substantiated by public-record information. I would appreciate any substantiation a reader can provide. In the genealogies, every person is referenced to the oldest Ehringhaus on record, N. N. Ehringhaus, (about 1585 - about 1679), who is generation number 1. Each person listed has a number referring to the number of his or her generation. For example, I am generation number 11, so I am ten generations removed from N. N. Ehringhaus. Finally, this is a work in progress. About four years of off and on research has gone into this, but I consider it still incomplete. If a reader wishes to make suggestions, they will be gratefully received. Additions or corrections may be addressed to me at: 102 Walnut Trace Court Simpsonville, SC 29681 jckassoc@bellsouth.net Chris Klasing Frisco, NC June, 2003 GERMANY THROUGH THE TIME OF JOHANN EHRINGHAUS’ IMMIGRATION During the Middle Ages, all of present-day Germany was part of the Holy Roman Empire, ruled by an Emperor (Hohenstaufens until 1254, Habsburgs after 1273) in Prague. The German population increased from 8 million to 12 million during the relatively prosperous thirteenth century. The Black Plague in the fourteenth century caused population to decline and many towns became deserted. Jews had begun settling in some areas in the fourteenth century and in some cases were blamed for the plague and pogroms occurred. The reduced population caused a labor shortage which caused the nobles to restrict movement, tightening serfdom. In the fifteenth century, German knights began to colonize territories to the east, inhabited by pagan Slavs. The Teutonic Knights, a religious order, led a crusade which culminated in most of present-day Poland coming under Imperial domination. The territory of Prussia was thus established, including areas of northeastern Germany and most of present-day Poland. The Teutonic Knights declined in power during the fifteenth century and were defeated by the Poles at the Battle of Tannenberg in 1410. Eventually, in the course of the Thirteen Years War (1453-66) they were forced to accept feudal dependence on Poland and surrender the territory of West Prussia including Danzig (Gdansk). By the late fifteenth century the population of Germany had begun to grow again and by 1500 was about 16 million. The ‘Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation’ was a patchwork of dynastic and ecclesiastical territories dotted with Imperial free cities and castles of independent Imperial Knights. The Emperor in Prague loosely governed this territory and more tightly governed his own dynastic territories -- some of which were outside the Empire, in the Low Countries, Burgundy, and Spain. Kings under the Empire also governed loosely, with much independent power held by clerics and knights. Also, German kings were elected by nobles rather than succeeding through inheritance. In 1517, an event occurred which was to change the course of Germany and of Europe. Martin Luther, then an obscure monk and theology professor at Wittenberg University, nailed his ninety-five theses to the door of the castle church in Wittenberg and set off the reformation. Luther was outraged by the materialism of the church and particularly by the sale of indulgences. He was excommunicated by Pope Leo X in 1521 and was called to account at an assembly of the Imperial Diet in Worms in the same year. Luther’s views were that salvation is achieved by faith, not by good works; that authority came from Scripture and not the Pope; and that each person as an individual experienced salvation and scriptural interpretation. Luther probably would have faced execution, but he was protected by Frederick, Elector of Wittenberg, in Wartburg Castle. The Edict of Worms in 1528 outlawed supporters of Luther. The “Protestation of Speyer”, a 1529 pamphlet protesting this edict, coined the term “Protestant.” One effect of Luther’s ideas was a series of peasant rebellions throughout Germany in the mid-sixteenth century, based on his ideas of individual merit. Another was that a number of German princes adopted Lutheranism in the early sixteenth century including Albrecht von Hohenzollern in Prussia, in 1525. Protestantism swept rapidly through German territories with two-thirds of Imperial cities being Lutheran by the mid-1530’s. At some point in the mid-16th century, Hagen converted to Protestantism (Evangelische in German), so the Ehringhauses who lived there must have been brought up in the Protestant tradition. In the 1540s Emperor Charles V was able to direct his attention to affairs in Germany and attempted to suppress Protestantism and restore Papal authority, but without success. One factor aiding the Protestants was that the Lutheran doctrine of obedience to authority was revised to mean obedience to the local prince, not to the Emperor and the Pope, converting many princes to Lutheranism. The Peace of Augsburg, reached at an Imperial Diet in Augsburg in 1555, effectively recognized the religious stalemate that had developed, and froze the Catholic and Lutheran territories. At about the time Albrecht von Hohenzollern converted to Protestantism, he also established the hereditary Duchy of Prussia. The Hohenzollerns had held the territory of Brandenburg since 1417 and the effect of his action was to expand to the east. Prussia was a poor, underdeveloped territory on the northeastern frontier. A landed aristocracy began to establish itself in Prussia as disempowered younger sons (“Jung Herrn”, subsequently “junkers”) from elsewhere in the Empire settled in Prussia and established estates. In the early 16th century the Noblemen zur Lippe were elevated to the status of Reichsgrafs (dukes, vassals of the Holy Roman Emperor). In 1720 they were elevated to the status of Reichfürst (Prince of Empire. During the late 16th century, the balance of power began to shift as the conquest of the New World brought precious metals to Europe, causing inflation and the rise of England, Spain, and France as world powers as Germany and the Empire declined. The 1590’s were a decade of recession in Germany and population declined. Social unrest resulted and many princes raised armies to put down rebellions. Problems in Bohemia between the newly succeeded Catholic King Ferdinand and the Protestant nobility erupted into the Thirty Years War in 1618. Ferdinand became Emperor in 1619; his Catholic allies were Maximilian of Bavaria, as well as Spain and Poland. The Protestant allies of the Bohemian nobles were the Elector of the Palatine and Frederick V of Prussia. The Catholic League defeated the Protestants in Bohemia at the Battle of White Mountain in 1620. The war moved northward from Bohemia through a series of battles and by the late 1620’s the Hapsburg Emperor Ferdinand controlled most eastern German territory. Ferdinand began consolidating his power and provoked the distrust of even Catholic princes. The conflict reignited as one between the Emperor and German princes. The Catholic French and the Protestant Swedes allied themselves with the princes against the Empire. The Swedes drove through Germany from the north, winning victories in Leipzig, Wurzburg, Frankfurt, and Mainz. Cardinal Richilieu strengthened French positions along the Rhine. However, at the Battle of Nordlingen in September 1634, Spanish forces soundly defeated the Swedes and shifted the balance back to the Empire’s favor. The French could not tolerate this and formally declared war on Spain. Complex alliances within Germany confused who was on which side. Finally, after years of fighting and despoiling and plundering Germany by various armies, the Peace of Westphalia was concluded in 1648. Sweden was given a foothold in Germany including Bremen and Hamburg, and most of Alsace was ceded to France. Significantly, Hohenzollern lands in Prussia increased. Germany was devastated from the war, including Westphalia, Hanover, and Prussia. Overall the population of the Empire declined from about 20 million to about 15 million between 1618 and 1648. Some cities in the war-torn areas lost two thirds of their population. Politically the principal effect of the war was a lessening of the power of the Holy Roman Empire and an increase in the power of the German states; on the other hand, the judicial system on general political protection of the Empire allowed the German “small principalities” (Kleinstaaterei) to continue and not be centralized into a unified Germany. In general, the fortunes of German states continued to decline economically during the late 1600s, as the trend toward French/British/Spanish prosperity from trade with the New World continued. Along with this, the gulf between the aristocracy and the common people widened. Rulers and vassals sought to emulate the French court and manners and adopted French (rather than German, seen as common) as the language of their courts. Detailed regulations (Kleiderordnungen) were developed specifying the manner of dress appropriate to each level in the hierarchy. One state which continued to increase in power during this time was Brandenburg- Prussia, governed by the Hohenzollern dynasty. The center of Prussia in the 1600s was Brandenburg and by virtue of governing this free city the Hohenzollern ruler had the title of “Elector” in the Empire; by virtue of governing East Prussia (which was outside the Empire) the Hohenzollern ruler also was entitled to be called “king” (Konig) which would not have been possible in the Empire. Among the western territories ceded to Prussia in the Thirty Years War were Minden and Lippe. The Reichgrafs of Lippe thus became vassals of the Elector of Brandenburg who was also the King of Prussia. The Elector of Brandenburg during this period was Frederick William (Friedrich Wilhelm) (1640-1688), known as the “Great Elector”. He was succeeded by Elector Frederick III, who became King Frederick I in 1701 and ruled until 1713. Frederick William I (the “Soldier King) ruled from 1713 to 1740 and was succeeded by Frederick II (Frederick the Great, Friedrich der Grosse) who ruled from 1740 to 1786. Elector Frederick William began the practice of maintaining a standing army in peacetime in 1653. He imposed an indirect excise tax on towns and a direct tax on the countryside, in effect disenfranchising townspeople in favor of rural property owners and enabling the rise of the power of the Junkers. During the 1670’s, the elective governments of the towns was replaced with government officials appointed by the Elector. His successor, Elector Frederick III, crowned himself “King in Prussia” in Konigsberg in East Prussia, in 1701. Frederick I placed the crown on his own head, predating Napoleon by about 100 years. The Emperor in Prague was forced to tolerate this because he needed Frederick’s loyalty in the War of the Spanish Succession. Other German rulers were doing likewise: The Saxon Elector became King of Poland in 1697 and the Elector of Hanover became George I of Britain in 1714. In 1713, Frederick I was succeeded by Frederick William I, the “Soldier King,” who despised what he saw as the frivolity and French nature of his father’s court. In 1733 he established the canton system of organizing peasants for military training and service, which enabled Prussia to have a formidable army and reserve without sacrificing agriculture. By 1740 about 80 per cent of the state revenues were spent maintaining the army. Frederick William also established his lands as indivisible, meaning the senior heir would inherit all them rather than having them split among heirs. By the end of Frederick William’s reign in 1740, Prussia had spent so much building the army that it had fallen behind other European states in wealth. Frederick the Great lost no time in using his army to engage in power politics. In 1740 Prussia invaded Habsburg Silesia (south and east from Berlin) and by the end of the resulting War of Austrian Succession in 1748 Silesia was among Frederick’s dominions. In the Seven Years War (1756-1763) Frederick found Prussia defending itself against a coalition of France, Austria, and Russia. He successfully defended Prussia, thus establishing Prussia as at least the equal of Habsburg Austria in German affairs. Subsequently Frederick engineered the first partition of Poland, in which Prussia acquired West Prussia, the North Sea corridor between East Prussia and Brandenburg-Prussia. The result of these conquests was that Prussia in the late 1700’s became known as the leading state in continental Europe because of its strong army and efficient administrative government under Frederick. All of northern Germany was now under Hohenzollern Prussia. The south was Habsburg Austria under Joseph II. The rest was divided between significant states such as Saxony and Hanover, and minor states such as Wurttemberg. Hagen, Nordrhein-Westfalia, in northwestern Germany, was chartered as a city in 1746 by Frederick the Great. Based on information from Ehringhaus relatives, Ehringhaus ancestors lived in Hagen back to the 16th century, so it evidently was an unofficial town for some time before its chartering. It is a manufacturing city, about 10 miles south of Dortmund, in the Ruhr industrial district. After having been damaged heavily by Allied bombing during World War II, it has a current population of somewhat over 200,000. At some point, some of the Ehringhaus family moved to Holzminden, Hanover, which was the home of the immigrants Johann Christoph and Johann Heinrich Adolf Ehringhaus. It is a medium sized university town about 50 miles southwest of the city of Hanover. During the 18th century, Prussia became a haven for Protestants from all over Europe. About 20,000 French Huguenots settled there after their expulsion from France following the Edict of Nantes in 1685. Persecution of Protestants in Catholic Austria caused them to seek refuge in Prussia, whose Calvinist rulers had a vested interest in religious toleration. Despite anti-Semitism, Jews in Prussia found life more tolerable and even gained in influence. Because they had no religious strictures against usury, they were able to borrow and lend money at interest, which Prussian authorities found useful for government and military finance. German philosophy also flowered during the eighteenth century. Early thinkers such as Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716) were rationalists and mathematicians with some metaphysical beliefs. Later in the period Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) established the tradition of German Enlightenment philosophy. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832) revealed the possiblities for the German language as a literary vehicle. But it is in music that Germany in the eighteenth century became truly the center of the world. Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) and his sons, Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1800), Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791), and Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) were only the brightest in a galaxy of German composers of the era. Bach was cantor and music director at St. Thomas parish in Leipzig from 1723 until his death and during that period wrote over 200 cantatas for Sunday worship. In late eighteenth century Europe there were many reform movements. In Prussia, for example, the Generallandschulreglement attempted in 1763 to achieve a national standard for primary schooling. Similar efforts to reform aspects of German government were made throughout the latter half of the century, culminating in the end of serfdom in Prussia in 1807. Attempts to reform the Holy Roman Empire were less successful and by the end of the century the Empire was virtually moribund. The ultimate reform was the Revolution in France in 1789 in which Louis XVII lost his kingdom and his head. In 1792 French armies invaded the Holy Roman Empire and by the end of 1794 all German territory west of the Rhine was in French hands. Prussia remained neutral in this conquest of Imperial territory. In 1804 Napoleon crowned himself Emperor and at the same time Francis II had himself crowned as Emperor of Austria. A number of independent German states subsequently elected to put themselves under French protection; Bavaria, Wurttemberg, Baden, and Hesse-Darmstadt were among sixteen which became the Confederation of the Rhine and adopted the Napoleonic Code. On August 6, 1806, the Holy Roman Empire was formally abolished. It had existed in Europe since the time of Constantine in the fifth century. In September 1806, Frederick William III of Prussia declared war on France. The Prussian army, which had fallen into a state of poor discipline and ill- preparedness, suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Jena on October 14, 1806. In the 1807 Peace of Tilsit Prussia ceded all territory west of the Elbe to France, including Hagen and Holzminden. It was about this time that both Ehringhaus brothers, Johann Heinrich Adolph and Johann Christoph, emigrated to America, so our survey of German history ends here. However, there are Ehringhaus relatives in Germany to this day. A firm called Volker Ehringhaus , located in Erfurt, deals in art and architectural drawing supplies. NORTH CAROLINA HISTORY The early history of the present state of North Carolina is largely a result of its geography. Its Atlantic coast is protected by barrier islands now known as the Outer Banks. The coastal waters of the Atlantic are treacherous - Cape Hatteras is known as the “Graveyard of the Atlantic” - and the barrier islands precluded a natural deepwater port. Nevertheless, North Carolina was the site of the earliest English settlement in North America - the ill-fated Roanoke Island settlement at the northern end of Pamlico Sound, commissioned by Sir Walter Raleigh and settled in 1585. The colonists returned to England in 1586 and another colony was established on Roanoke Island in 1587. This was the “Lost Colony”; when the English returned in 1590 (having in the meantime beaten back the Spanish Armada in 1588), the Roanoke Island colonists were gone without a trace. The English did not resettle in North America until 1607, at Jamestown, Virginia. The colony of “Carolina” - which encompasses both present-day North Carolina and South Carolina - was chartered by the English King Charles II in 1663 as a “Proprietorship”, rewarding eight key courtiers for helping in his restoration, by permitting them to own and govern a profit-making colony in the New World. The natural harbor of Charleston made it a prime site for colonists from England and the British West Indies, and it was the site of the earliest English settlements. In the northern part of Carolina, settlers from Virginia began moving into the region around Albemarle Sound (the northeastern part of present- day North Carolina) until by 1694 its population was probably over 3,000, mostly in the northeast. The distance and hazardous journey required to get from the northern settlers in the Albemarle to the seat of government in Charleston, resulted in a need for separate governance, and in 1710 the Proprietors appointed a separate governor for North Carolina from the Charleston governor of South Carolina. In 1729 the English crown purchased the colony from the proprietors, and it was a royal colony with a royal governor until independence from England in 1776. During the eighteenth century, North Carolina was settled, mainly from the north, and mainly in three separate regions. Settlement along the coast continued, in the “Albemarle” region in the northeast by settlers from Virginia including French Huguenots, and increasingly, along the Cape Fear River in the southeast, much of the latter by settlers from South Carolina. New Bern (1710), Edenton and Beaufort (1722), and other communities were incorporated. The central part of the state was settled by Scots Highland, Scotch-Irish, and German immigrants from Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia. Settlements were established in Hillsboro (1753), Salisbury (1753), Fayetteville (1762), Charlotte (1763), and Salem (1766), part of the Moravian Wachovia Colony. Mountainous western North Carolina was settled only sparsely and toward the end of the century. North Carolina was something of a backwater for most of the American Revolution. The new state provided abut 15,000 troops - about 2,000 in the Continental Line and the rest militia - to the patriot cause. This number compares to 97,000 troops furnished by Massachusetts, for example. Not much happened in the state until the closing - but crucial - campaign of the war. After the fall of Charleston to the British in 1780, the British Army under Cornwallis began a deliberate move northward, seeking to close a pincers, with Howe’s forces from New York, on Washington’s army in New Jersey. However, a militia victory over Tory forces at King’s Mountain in October 1780 and a sound victory against British Regulars at Cowpens in January 1781 (both just across the South Carolina line) weakened the British army. Cornwallis pursued the Continentals north in difficult winter conditions and finally joined battle at Guilford Court House near present-day Greensboro in March 1781. Although the British inflicted more casualties, the Continentals kept their army intact, and Cornwallis had to retreat all the way to Wilmington for supply by the Royal Navy. North Carolina geography worked against him, Wilmington being the only deep-water supply port available. From there he marched to Yorktown, Virginia, and defeat. From the revolution to the Civil War, North Carolina’s geography - poor water transportation, limited ports, bad roads - condemned it to backwater status compared with its neighbors in Virginia and South Carolina. This is the state into which the American Ehringhaus patriarch, Johann Christoph Ehringhaus, came, in about 1805. Nearly all economic activity in the state was based on natural resources - fishing, farming, and some mining. Exporting, importing, and even intrastate commerce, were difficult because of poor transportation. North Carolina had no banks until 1804 when private banks were chartered in Wilmington and New Bern. In 1810 the legislature chartered the State Bank of North Carolina with its central bank in Raleigh and branches throughout the state. The first bank in Elizabeth City was a branch of this state bank, opened in 1835 by Johann Christoph Ehringhaus. This was the only bank in the Albemarle until after the Civil war, and Ehringhaus descendants were employed by the bank until Erskine Ehringhaus retired in the 1930s. Three technological developments began in the 1840s and 1850s to relieve North Carolina’s geographical limitations. A number of plank toll roads were built in the eastern and central parts of the state, which permitted farmers to seek improved markets for their goods. Railroads later in the period accelerated the ability to move goods and people. And steamboats made shallow-draft navigation of the sounds and estuaries by large vessels practical. However, these developments had little effect on the isolation of the Albemarle; until after the Civil war the area remained much as it had been in 1800. It could be argued that North Carolina entered the Confederacy reluctantly. After several close votes, a convention agreed in May, 1861, to secede from the union and join the Confederacy. However, once in, the state contributed to the cause, losing 40,000 of its men in the course of the war and suffered the same ruin as the other Confederate states after their defeat in 1865. Elizabeth City had a short war: like the rest of the coastal part of the state, it was occupied by Union troops after token resistance in early 1862 and remained occupied throughout the war. It is perhaps for this reason that no Ehringhaus men (other than Will who was in Texas) were Confederate soldiers. After the war, Elizabeth City and the Albemarle region remained something of a backwater. Elizabeth City did have the Dismal Swamp Canal which provided transportation from Hampton Roads, and the waterfront leading into Pamlico Sound was busy with coastwise traffic. However, the region did not have rail service until 1881 when the Norfolk and Southern began operations between Elizabeth City and Norfolk, Virginia. Even after that, it was far removed from the seat of government in Raleigh, and remains somewhat isolated to this day. Ehringhauses lived in Elizabeth City, practicing law and banking, until Erskine Ehringhaus died in 1942. EHRINGHAUS GENEALOGY 1. N. N. Ehringhaus: N. N. Ehringhaus was born in Germany about 1585. He had one known child. He died in Hagen, Germany in about 1679. 2. Johann Joseph Ehringhaus: Johann Joseph Ehringhaus was born in Germany to N. N. in 1612. He had one known child. He died in Hagen, Germany, in 1702. 3. Johann Christoph Ehringhaus: Johann Christoph Ehringhaus was born in Hagen, Germany to Johann Joseph in about 1660. He had one known child. He died in Hagen, Germany. 4. Johann Jacob Ehringhaus: Johann Jacob Ehringhaus was born in Hagen, Germany, to Johann Christoph, in about 1718. He married Anna Elisabeth Becker in Hagen in about 1745. He had one known child. 5. Johann Christoph Ehringhaus: Johann Christoph Ehringhaus was born in Hagen, Germany, to Johann Jacob, in about 1748. He married Johanna Elizabeth Schuman (January 05, 1752 - December 14, 1789) in Holzminden, Germany, on January 13, 1775. They had seven children. He died in Holzminden on December 14, 1789. 6. Johann Heinrich Adolf Ehringhaus: Johann Heinrich Adolf Ehringhaus was born to Johann Christoph and Johanna in Holzminden, Germany, in 1775. He married “Susan,” apparently in Germany, between 1795 and 1800. He emigrated to Philadelphia, in the United States, arriving on the ship Newton on July 21, 1800. He was a merchant in Philadelphia. He and Susan had five children. He died in Philadelphia in 1828. The names of Adolf’s children are not known, and they do not appear in Philadelphia or Pennsylvania after 1830. Based on census records, their births were as follows: Son Bet. 1795 - 1800 Daughter Bet. 1795 - 1800 Daughter Bet. 1800 - 1810 Daughter Bet. 1805 - 1810 Ernst (son) Bet. 1825 - 1828 An Ernst Ehringhaus was a Union soldier in the 7th New York regiment, and the 54th New York Infantry regiment, killed during the war. I believe that this man was the son born between 1825 and 1828. Also, a man named Adolph C. Ehringhaus (1803-1842) is buried in one of the Ehringhaus family plots in Elizabeth City. I think it is quite likely that this ma n was another son, perhaps one born 1795-1800 per the census and who went south to live with his uncle Johann Christoph Ehringhaus. 6. Johannes Martin Ehringhaus: Johannes Martin Ehringhaus was born to Johann Christoph and Johanna in Holzminden, Germany, in 1777. He married Gertrude Post. They had one known child. He died in Hanau, Germany, in 1834. 7. August Ehringhaus: August Ehringhaus was born to Johannes Martin and Gertrude in Holzminden in 1811. He married Pauline Herben ( ? - 1879). They had seven children. He died in Kilianstaten, but his death date is not known. 8. Barnhard Ehringhaus: Barnhard Ehringhaus was born to August and Pauline in 1839. He married Muna Harberg, probably in about 1860. They had four children. He died in Fulda after 1925. 9. August Ehringhaus: August Ehringhaus was born to Barnhard and Muna in about 1861. 9. Moritz Ehringhaus: Moritz Ehringhaus was born to Barnhard and Muna in about 1863. 9. Fritz Ehringhaus: Fritz Ehringhaus was born to Barnhard and Muna in about 1865. 9. Hans Ehringhaus: Hans Ehringhaus was born to Barnhard and Muna in about 1867. 8. Emma Ehringhaus: Emma Ehringhaus was born to August and Pauline in 1841. She married a Herr Schrott and they had three children. She died in 1911. 9. August Schrott: August Schrott was born to Herr Schrott and Emma. 9. Ludwig Schrott: Ludwig Schrott was born to Herr Schrott and Emma. 9. Karl Schrott: Karl Schrott was born to Herr Schrott and Emma. 8. Wilhelm Ehringhaus: Wilhelm Ehringhaus was born to August and Pauline in 1844. He died in 1851. 8. Matilde Ehringhaus: Matilde Ehringhaus was born to August and Pauline in 1846. She died in 1868. 8. Adolf Ehringhaus: Adolf Ehringhaus was born to August and Pauline in 1848. He died in the Franco-Prussian War, near Sedan, France, in 1870. 8. Luia Ehringhaus: Luia Ehringhaus was born to August and Pauline in 1854. She married a Herr Auffarth, said to have been a landowner. They had three children. 9. Anna Auffarth: Anna Auffarth was born to Herr Auffarth and Luia in about 1882. 9. Theodor Auffarth: Theodor Auffarth was born to Herr Auffarth and Luia in about 1884 9. August Auffarth: August Auffarth was born to Herr Auffarth and Luia in about 1886. 8. Karl Ehringhaus: Karl Ehringhaus was born to August and Pauline in 1858. He married Anna Schushardt. They had three children. He died after 1925. 9. Maria Ehringhaus: Maria Ehringhaus was born to Karl and Anna in about 1885. 9. Else Ehringhaus: Else Ehringhaus was born to Karl and Anna in 1888. 9. Wilhelm Ehringhaus: Wilhelm Ehringhaus was born to Karl and Anna in 1892. 6. Johanna Amelia Ehringhaus: Johanna Amelia Ehringhaus was born to Johann Christoph and Johanna in Holzminden on December 31, 1778. She married Justus Schottelius in Holzminden on November 13, 1800. She died in Hanover, Germany, on May 5, 1847. 6. Anna Augusta Henrietta Ehringhaus: Anna Augusta Henrietta Ehringhaus was born to Johann Christoph and Johanna in Holzminden in 1782. She died in 1868. 6. Johann Christoph Ehringhaus: Johann Christoph Ehringhaus was born to Johann Christoph and Johanna in Hagen, Germany on September 18, 1783. Family legend has it that he served as a staff officer under Prussian Field Marshal Blucher. If he did it must have been in early Napoleonic battles, because he left Germany and immigrated into the United States in about 1805, settling in Elizabeth City, North Carolina. Johann Christoph established himself quickly in his new home. He married Matilda S. Gregory, daughter of General Isaac Gregory, on March 1, 1813 (see the end of this section for her story and genealogy). He was Recorder of Deeds for Pasquotank County in 1818-1819. He was elected to the North Carolina House of Commons in 1819 and 1820. He was a Freemason and was elected Junior Grand Warden of the North Carolina Lodge in 1820. He was a partner of Wilson Sawyer in a store in 1820. In 1835 he opened the first bank in Elizabeth City, a branch of the Bank of North Carolina, with himself as sole employee. In 1842 he organized a company of militia infantry known as the “Albemarle Blues”. Johann Christoph and Matilda had three known children. The 1820 census for Pasquotank County shows two boys and one girl in the family, all under the age of 10. Johann Christoph died in Elizabeth City in August, 1865. He was buried on August 20, 1865 in the family plot in the Old Episcopal Cemetery in Elizabeth City. 7. John Christoph Blucher Ehringhaus: John Christoph Blucher Ehringhaus was born to Johann Christoph and Matilda on October 5, 1814. He was named after Prussian Field Marshal Blucher, and a number of later Ehringhaus and Erskine males carried the name. He attended the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill, with the class of 1836, but did not graduate. On June 6, 1836, he married Elizabeth M. M. Grice in Elizabeth City. Evidently Elizabeth died shortly thereafter, although there is no record of her death. On December 30, 1837, he married Catherine Haynes Erskine, whom he may have met in Mississippi or Alabama (her story is told in another work on the Erskine family). Like his father, Blucher (as he was known) was a leading citizen of Elizabeth City. He was an attorney and was elected to the North Carolina House of Commons in 1842, 1844, and 1845. Blucher and Catherine had twelve children. He died at the age of 39, on January 28, 1853, and was buried on January 30 in the family plot in the Old Episcopal Cemetery in Elizabeth City. 8. Matilda Gregory Ehringhaus: Matilda Gregory Ehringhaus was born to Blucher and Catherine in Elizabeth City in 1838. She was baptized at Christ Episcopal Church in Elizabeth City on February 28, 1845. She married Daniel Bartlett Bradford (born about 1836 in Kentucky, died 1918 in Elizabeth City) on May 17, 1866 in Elizabeth City. She died in 1916 in Elizabeth City and Matilda and her husband Bart are both buried in the Old Episcopal Cemetery in Elizabeth City. 8. William Frederick Martin Ehringhaus: William Frederick Martin Ehringhaus was born to Blucher and Catherine in Elizabeth City between 1840 and 1843. Census records show his birth as follows: Census Year WFM’s Age Implied Birthdate 1860 12 1847-8 1860 20 1839-40 1870 27 1842-3 1880 38 1842-3 However, he was baptized at Christ Episcopal Church on October 15, 1840, so he must have been born in about 1840. I have to conclude that the Pasquotank County census records are wrong - perhaps the 1860 North Carolina census taker used the name “Wm. F” but meant his brother John C. who was born in 1848, and perhaps the age was just wrong in the 1870 and 1880 censuses. In the late 1850s he moved to Seguin, Texas, near where his Erskine relatives lived. He enlisted in the Confederate Army (Company D, 4th Texas) on April 29, 1862, with several of his cousins and must have seen action in Virginia and at Antietam. He was medically discharged on May 26, 1863, due to St. Vitus’ Dance. He was confirmed at Christ Church in Elizabeth City on December 17, 1865. He owned property in Seguin from 1871 to 1885, but census records show that in 1880 he was in Elizabeth City living with his mother and working as an attorney. By 1900 he was back in Seguin, living alone on Austin Street. He was apparently committed to the Austin State Hospital in 1900 and died there after 1920. It appears Will and his brother John may have both had the terrible inherited disease, Huntington’s Chorea, which at that time would have been treated as mental illness. 8. Agnes Erskine Ehringhaus: Agnes Erskine Ehringhaus was born to Blucher and Catherine in 1841. She was named after her maternal grandmother and was baptized on April 24, 1842 at Christ Church. She does not show up in any subsequent census or county records, so she evidently died young. 8. Anna Christina Carolina Ehringhaus: Anna Christina Carolina Ehringhaus was born to Blucher and Catherine in 1843. She was known as “Tinnie” in the family, and was baptized at Christ Church on June 25, 1843 at Christ Church. She married Marshall B. Culpepper (October 23, 1845 - January 19, 1924) in Elizabeth City on May 5, 1869. They had two children. Tinnie died in about 1884 and her widower remarried. 9. John Blucher Erskine Culpepper: John Blucher Erskine Culpepper was born to Marshall and Tinnie on February 17, 1870. He was a mail carrier in Elizabeth City and never married. He died in Elizabeth City in 1954. 9. Kate E. Culpepper: Kate E. Culpepper was born to Marshall and Tinnie in 1879 and died in infancy. She is buried in the family plot in Elizabeth City. 8. Catherine Erskine Ehringhaus: Catherine Erskine Ehringhaus was born to Blucher and Catherine in 1844. She was named for her mother and baptized at Christ Church on November 10, 1844. She died in August 1845 and was buried in the family plot. 8. Mary Adolphine Ehringhaus: Mary Adolphine Ehringhaus was born to Blucher and Catherine in 1846. She was baptized at Christ Church on April 3, 1846. She died in September, 1846, and was buried on September 28 in the family plot. 8. Amelia Erskine Ehringhaus: Amelia Erskine Ehringhaus was born to Blucher and Catherine in Elizabeth City on February 17, 1847. She was baptized on June 21, 1847, and confirmed on April 14, 1861. She did not marry. She died of apoplexy on August 15, 1903, and was buried in the family plot in Elizabeth City on August 16, 1903. 8. John Christoph Ehringhaus: John Christoph Ehringhaus was born on August 6, 1848, to Blucher and Catherine, at Nags Head, North Carolina, where they were spending the summer. He was baptized at Christ Church on December 31, 1848, and confirmed on April 30, 1871. In 1870 he was studying law according to the census, and in February of that year must have lived somewhere other than at home, based on correspondence from his mother. In 1874, according to his pocket secretary, he moved to Texas, apparently to represent his mother’s interests in the estate of her father Michael Erskine (see the work on the Erskines for a discussion of this issue). He settled in Seguin, near his brother Will and his Erskine cousins; by 1880 he was practicing law in Seguin and lived with his cousins James and Margaret Miller. On December 6, 1883, he married Bettie Watkins (1854 - 1944). Her story is told in the work on the Watkins family. They had three children In 1887 he had a neurological attack of some sort, and on December 12, 1889 was committed to the Austin State Hospital (then known as the Texas State Lunatic Asylum. His condition was listed as “Dementia” which would have been consistent with Huntington’s Chorea (see discussion above on his brother Will). He died on April 24, 1892, of “General Paresis”, again consistent with Huntington’s Chorea. He is buried in Riverside Cemetery in Seguin. 9. William Frederick Martin Ehringhaus:William Frederick Martin Ehringhaus was born to John and Bettie in Seguin, Texas on September 18, 1884. He was named for his uncle of the same name. He married Kate ______. He lived in Michigan for a time and was issued a social security card there. He reportedly worked as a security guard for a petrochemical plant in Houston at one time. He died in Houston in March 1965. Will and Kate adopted a daughter named Evelyn Mae. 9. Mattie Shelby Ehringhaus: Mattie Shelby Ehringhaus was born to John and Bettie in Seguin on July 24, 1886. She was named after her mother’s aunt Mattie (Martha Calvert) Shelby. She moved to San Antonio and was working there in 1910. On November 2, 1913 she married John Marion Gill (January 7, 1884 - October 7, 1947) in San Antonio. They had one child. She was known to the family as “Shelby”; when she was small she referred to her little sister Bess as “my diddy sister”, so Bess’s part of the family referred to her as “Aunt Diddy”. In 1952, she moved to Illinois to live with her daughter Betty and her family, and to work as secretary for her son-in-law C. L. Klasing, Jr. In 1973 she moved to San Antonio to a nursing home, and died there on December 19, 1979. 10. Betty Marion Gill: Betty Marion Gill, the author’s mother, was born to John and Shelby. She married Charles Louis Klasing, Jr. They had two children. 11. Wayne Gill Klasing: Wayne Gill Klasing was born to C.L. and Betty in San Antonio. He moved with his parents to Illinois. He is married to married Barbara Grace Franey. They have one son. 12. Stephen James Klasing: Stephen James Klasing was born to Wayne and Barbara in Joliet, Illinois. 11. John Christoph Edwin Klasing: John Christoph Edwin Klasing (the author) was born to C. L. and Betty in Joliet, Illinois. He is married to Deborah Sue Hull (b. Valparaiso, Indiana) He and Deborah have a daughter and a son. 12. Juliet Elizabeth Klasing: Juliet Elizabeth Klasing was born to Chris and Deborah. 12. John Christoph Matthew Klasing: John Christoph Matthew Klasing was born to Chris and Deborah in Hinsdale, Illinois. 9. Lettie Elizabeth Ehringhaus: Lettie Elizabeth Ehringhaus was born to John and Bettie in Seguin, Texas on January 9, 1888. She was named after her mother’s sister Lettie and her father’s sister Elizabeth. She was known to the family as “Bess”. Bess married John Thomas Johnston in about 1914 and lived in Austin, Texas. They had two daughters. Bess died in Austin on December 19, 1977. Their daughters were: 10. Elizabeth May Johnston: Elizabeth May Johnston was born to John and Bess in Austin, Texas on November 27, 1916. She was known to the family as “Lib”. Lib married Onis Malcolm Doherty (b. Buda, Texas, January 30, 1915; d. Austin, Texas, December 1967) in Austin in 1936. Lib and Onis lived in north Austin for their entire lives. Lib worked for the Texas Employment Commission as an office manager until her retirement in about 1977. Onis worked as a city policeman in Austin and later formed a life insurance company. They had two children. Elizabeth died in Austin on February 5, 2002. 11. James Malcolm Doherty: James Malcolm Doherty was born to Onis and Lib. He is known as “Jimmy” to the family. Jimmy is married to Zada Jane Gunter and they have two children. 12. John Doherty: 12. Deborah Doherty 11. Sharon Elizabeth Doherty: Sharon Elizabeth Doherty was born to Onis and Lib. She is married to Richard W. Rhea (b. Austin) and they have two children. 12. Michael Rhea 12. Melissa Rhea 10. Anne Dennis Johnston: Anne Dennis Johnston was born to John and Bess in Austin on August 31, 1918. She was known in the family for having numerous boyfriends as a young woman. She married Earl S. Snavely, Jr. (b. Texas, abt 1922) in Austin. They had one child. Anne died in Arlington, Texas in November 1995. Earl is still living in the Dallas area and has remarried. 11. David Earl Snavely: David Earl Snavely was born to Earl and Anne He married Elsa _______. They have one child. 12. Yvonne Snavely: 8. Adolph Erskine Ehringhaus: Adolph Erskine Ehringhaus was born to Blucher and Catherine in Elizabeth City in 1850. He was baptized at Christ Church on October 20, 1850. He died in March 1851 and is buried in the family plot in Elizabeth City. 8. Elizabeth Ehringhaus: Elizabeth Ehringhaus was born to Blucher and Catherine in Elizabeth City in 1852. Known to the family as “Lizzie”, she was baptized at Christ Church on May 16, 1852 and confirmed on December 17, 1865. She died in July 1881 and was buried in the family plot on July 5, 1881. 8. Blucher Ehringhaus: Blucher and Erskine Ehringhaus were born to Blucher and Catherine on April 7, 1853, two months after their father’s death. He was baptized at Christ Church on September 13, 1853 and confirmed on April 28, 1869. He married Gertrude “Gertie” Overman (March 1856 - March 14, 1940) at Christ Church on December 12, 1878. In 1880, he and his young family lived with his mother in Elizabeth City. They had three children. He died in Elizabeth City on December 9, 1904, and was buried in the family plot on December 13, 1904. 9. John Christoph Erskine Ehringhaus: John Christoph Erskine Ehringhaus (“Erskine”) was born to Blucher and Gertie in Elizabeth City in September 1879. He was baptized at Christ Church on January 4, 1880 and confirmed on June 14, 1896. He married Sarah Egerton in 1906. In 1910 they lived in Jackson, NC. They had three children. He died in 1926. 10. Elizabeth B. Ehringhaus: Elizabeth B. Ehringhaus was born to Erskine and Sarah on October 31, 1906. She married William R. Tyson and lived in Norfolk, Virginia, in 1940. She died in Virginia Beach, Virginia on March 6, 1991. 10. Erskine Egerton Ehringhaus: Erskine Egerton Ehringhaus was born to Erskine and Sarah in Norfolk, Virginia, on November 9, 1908. He died in Norfolk on August 24, 1989. 10. Camille Lumsden Ehringhaus: Camille Lumsden Ehringhaus was born to Erskine and Sarah. She married Clarence Walter Petree. They had two children. 11. Christopher Lewis Petree: Christopher Lewis Petree was born in Charlotte, NC. 11. Camille Egerton Petree: Camille Egerton Petree was born in Charlotte, NC. 9. Blucher Ehringhaus: Blucher Ehringhaus was born to Blucher and Gertie in Elizabeth City in 1884 and died shortly after his birth. He was buried July 28, 1884 in the family plot in Elizabeth City. 9. Camille Lumsden Ehringhaus: Camille Lumsden Ehringhaus was born to Blucher and Gertie in October, 1885. She was unmarried and living with her mother in Norfolk, Virginia in 1920. 8. Erskine Ehringhaus: Erskine Ehringhaus, twin brother of Blucher, was born to Blucher and Catherine in Elizabeth City on April 7, 1853. He was baptized at Christ Church on September 13, 1853 and confirmed on April 28, 1869. He married Carrie Colville Matthews (d. December 6, 1892) at Christ Church on December 1, 1880. They had three children. Erskine worked as a bookkeeper at the bank - presumably the Bank of North Carolina - for most of his working life. He died on February 3, 1942 of heart failure, and was buried in the family plot in Elizabeth City on February 5. 9. John Christoph Blucher Ehringhaus: John Christoph Blucher Ehringhaus was born to Erskine and Carrie in Elizabeth City on February 5, 1882. He was baptized at Christ Church on April 30, 1882 and confirmed on June 14, 1896. He attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and graduated in three years, Phi Beta Kappa, in 1901. He attended UNC Law School and graduated in 1903. He was admitted to the North Carolina Bar in 1903. He served in the North Carolina legislature from 1905 to 1909 and in 1910 was practicing law in Elizabeth City and living with his father. That year he was elected Solicitor (prosecutor) for the First Judicial District, and served in that capacity for twelve years. In 1932, he was elected Governor of North Carolina as a Democrat. An interesting footnote to his gubernatorial campaign: one of his campaign managers was Sam Ervin, later a U. S. Senator from North Carolina and member of the Senate Judiciary Committee during the Watergate hearings. During Blucher’s term he had fairly frequent correspondence with President Roosevelt on agricultural and educational matters. He served one term and was renowned as a champion of education and fiscal responsibility. Ehringhaus Hall, a dormitory at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, was named for him. In the family he was known as “Blucher” and in 1912 he married Matilda (“Tillie”) Bradford Haughton (October 23, 1890 - June, 1980). They had three children. Blucher died in Raleigh on July 31, 1949, and was buried on August 2, 1949 in the family plot in Elizabeth City. 10. John Christoph Blucher Ehringhaus, Jr.: John Christoph Blucher Ehringhaus, Jr. was born to Blucher and Tillie in Elizabeth City on March 8, 1913. He graduated from UNC and UNC Law School; he was regional counsel for the Southern Railway System. He married Margaret Irwin Peoples (February 7, 1918 - February 28, 1967) in Oxford, North Carolina, on January 4, 1939. They had three children. He died in Raleigh on December 17, 2000. 11. Josephine Peoples Ehringhaus: Josephine Peoples Ehringhaus was born to Blucher and Margaret. She is married to Harry Brandt Ayers. They have one child. 12. Margaret Ayers: 11. Susan Haughton Ehringhaus: Susan Haughton Ehringhaus was born to Blucher and Margaret. She is married to Stuart Bondurant. 11. John Christoph Blucher Ehringhaus III: John Christoph Blucher Ehringhaus III was born to Blucher and Margaret. He is married to Nancy Roberts. They have two children. 12. Katherine Stuart Ehringhaus: 12. Julia Elizabeth Ehringhaus: 10. Matilda Ehringhaus: Matilda Ehringhaus was born to Blucher and Tillie in Elizabeth City on September 5, 1916. She was baptized at Christ Church on October 29, 1916 and confirmed on December 14, 1930. She married James Telfair Cordon (December 1, 1913 - May, 1978). They had three children - Matilda Cordon, John Christoph Cordon, and James Telfair Cordon, Jr. She died in Raleigh in December 2002. 10. Haughton Ehringhaus: Haughton Ehringhaus, twin brother of Matilda Haughton, was born to Blucher and Elizabeth in Elizabeth City on September 05, 1916. He was married and divorced. He had two children. He died in Edenton, NC on October 24, 1987. 11. Carroll Ehringhaus: Carroll Ehringhaus was born to Haughton. She is married to Thomas M. T. Niles. They have two children. 11. Michael Erskine Ehringhaus: Michael Erskine Ehringhaus was born to Haughton. 9. Kate Matthews Ehringhaus: Kate Matthews Ehringhaus was born to Erskine and Carrie on March 19, 1884. She was baptized at Christ Church on July 13, 1884 and confirmed on June 14, 1899. She married William P. Duff in Elizabeth City (b. Virginia, 1880). in about 1905. They had four children. She died in 1977. 10. Mary Katherine Duff: Mary Katherine Duff was born to William and Kate in Raleigh. She married Thomas Cox Powell and they had two children: Thomas Cox Powell, Jr. and Mary Katherine Powell. 10. William P. Duff, Jr.: William P. Duff, Jr. was born to William and Kate. He married a woman named Betty, and they had two children: William and Clare Duff. 10. James MacNeill Duff: James MacNeill Duff, twin brother of William P. Duff, Jr., was born to William and Kate. He married a woman named Patty. 10. Erskine Duff: Erskine Duff was born to William and Kate. 9. Mary Elizabeth Ehringhaus: Mary Elizabeth Ehringhaus was born to Erskine and Carrie in Elizabeth City on January 23, 1885. She was baptized on May 16, 1886 at Christ Church and was confirmed on May 18, 1902. She married Joseph Pool Greenleaf (b. 1885) at Christ Church on July 30, 1910. They had one child. She died in 1975. 10. Evelyn D. Greenleaf: Evelyn D. Greenleaf was born to Joseph and Mary. 7. William Frederick Martin Ehringhaus: William Frederick Martin Ehringhaus was born to John and Matilda between 1814 and 1818. There is little information available on this man, although he is mentioned in passing in some family letters. Family tradition is that he was named for William the Conqueror, Frederick the Great, and Martin Luther; that would certainly be consistent with his brother having been named after Blucher. Ehringhaus males in two subsequent generations carried the same name. There is one record that he married a woman named Winifred and they had a son named Blucher, born January 30, 1853, but I have been unable to find corroborating evidence of this. 7. Amelia Matilda Gregory Ehringhaus: Amelia Matilda Gregory Ehringhaus was born to John and Matilda in Elizabeth City in 1818. She married Carl Hendricks at Christ Church on March 4, 1841. They lived in New York and had one child. In 1910, aged 92, she was living with her niece Matilda Ehrhinghaus Bradford in Elizabeth City, so she evidently died after 1910. 8. Sarah V. Hendricks: Sarah V. Hendricks was born to Carl and Amelia. 6. Magdalena Wilhelmina Christina Ehringhaus: Magdalena Wilhelmina Christina Ehringhaus was born to Johann and Johanna in Holzminden in 1787. She married Werner Gutheit Carlshaven. 6. Johanna Carolina Ehringhaus: Johanna Carolina Ehringhaus was born to Johann and Johanna in Holzminden in 1788. She married Karl Christian Kollman at Sankt Kilian Evangelische-Lutherische Church, Hoexter, Westfalen, Prussia, on December 18, 1808. THE GREGORY FAMILY Since this family is also descended from the Virginia-North Carolina Gregory family, a brief section on that well-known family is presented. The reader is directed to other works such as Pugh’s Three Hundred Years Along the Pasquotank for a more thorough examination of the Gregorys. 3. Thomas Gregory: Thomas Gregory was born in about 1675, probably in Virginia. He married Priscilla Barecock who was born in about 1680. They had one known child. 4. William Gregory: William Gregory was born to Thomas and Priscilla in about 1700 in Virginia. He married Judith Morgan who was born after 1703 and died in 1753. They had seven known children. He died June 27, 1752. 5. Dempsey Gregory: Dempsey Gregory was born to William and Judith. 5. Affiah Gregory: Affiah Gregory was born to William and Judith. 5. Mark Gregory: Mark Gregory was born to William and Judith. 5. Mary Gregory: Mary Gregory was born to William and Judith. 5. Willis Gregory: Willis Gregory was born to William and Judith. 5. Lovey Gregory: Lovey Gregory was born to William and Judith after 1735. 5. Isaac Gregory: Isaac Gregory was born to William and Judith in about 1740. In about 1765, he married Elizabeth Whedbee, who died in about 1780. He remarried, to Sarah Lamb. He and Sarah had seven children. He was a distinguished citizen of Camden County, North Carolina, and was elected Colonel of the 2nd North Carolina Regiment of militia in 1775. He served in the Provincial Congress in 1776-1778. During the American Revolution he was promoted to Brigadier General and his units served with distinction until the British surrender. After the war, he was a delegate to the North Carolina convention to ratify the constitution (1788). General Gregory died in 1800 and is buried at his plantation, Fairfield, in Camden County, NC. There is a historical marker about him on North Carolina Highway 34 in Camden County about 5 miles north of Elizabeth City, and his descendants still live in the area. 6. Sarah Gregory: Sarah Gregory was born to Isaac and Sarah after 1790. 6. Mary Gregory: Mary Gregory was born to Isaac and Sarah after 1790. 6. Matilda S. Gregory: Matilda S. Gregory was born to Isaac and Sarah in 1793. She married John C. Ehringhaus (see above) in Elizabeth City, NC, on March 1, 1813. They had three children as described above. Matilda was confirmed into the Episcopal Church at Christ Church in Elizabeth City on May 3, 1825. She died in December, 1876, and was buried in the family plot in Elizabeth City on December 3, 1876. 6. William Gregory: William Gregory was born to Isaac and Sarah. 6. Isaac Gregory, Jr.: Isaac Gregory, Jr. was born to Isaac and Sarah. 6. Penelope Gregory: Penelope Gregory was born to Isaac and Sarah. 6. Harriett Gregory: Harriett Gregory was born to Isaac and Sarah. BIBLIOGRAPHY Books A Concise History of Germany, by Mary Fulbrook: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990 Addresses, Letters, and Papers of John Christoph Blucher Ehringhaus, David Leroy Corbett, Ed. Raleigh, NC:Council of State of North Carolina, 1950, Albemarle xe "Albemarle" People and Places, by J. Howard Stevens. Elizabeth City, NC: MM&T Printers, 1999. American Colonies, by Alan Taylor. New York: Viking Penguin, 2001 Ante Bellum Elizabeth City, by William A. Griffin. Elizabeth City, NC: Roanoke Press, 1970 Guadalupe County Texas Marriage Records, 1847-1874, Registers A and B, by Frances T. Ingmire. Pub. By G. Mclin, 1985. History of the University of North Carolina, 1789-1868, by Kemp H. Battle. Raleigh, NC: Edwards & Broughton Printing Co., 1907 Lone Star, by T. R. Fehrenbach. New York: Macmillan Press, 1968 North Carolina Government, 1585-1979, by John L. Cheney, Jr. (Publication information not available.) Pasquotank County Record of Deeds, 1700-1819, by Gwen Boyer Bjorkman. Bowie, MD: Heritage Books, Inc., 1990 Passenger Arrivals at the Port of Philadelphia 1800-1819, Tepper, Michael H., Gen. Ed., Detroit, Michigan: Gale Research Company, 1981. The History of a Southern State: North Carolina, by Hugh Talmadge Lefler and Albert Ray Newsome. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 1954 The Roster of Confederate Soldiers, 1861-1865, Vol. V, by Janet B. Hewett. Wilmington, NC; Broadfoot Publishing Company, 1996. The Roster of Union Soldiers, 1861-1865, by Janet B. Hewett. Wilmington, NC; Broadfoot Publishing Company, 1997. Three Hundred Years Along the Pasquotank: A Biographical History of Camden County, by Jesse Forbes Pugh. Durham, NC: Seeman Printery, 1957 Yearbook of Pasquotank Historical Society, by Edna M. Shannonhouse. Baltimore: Gateway Press, 1983 Microfilmed Records United States Census City of Norfolk, VA, 1920 City of Philadelphia, 1810 Guadalupe Co., TX, 1850 Guadalupe Co., TX, 1860 Guadalupe Co., TX, 1870 Guadalupe Co., TX, 1880 Guadalupe Co., TX, 1900 Guadalupe Co., TX, 1910 Northampton County, NC, 1910 Pasquotank Co., NC, 1860 Pasquotank Co., NC, 1870 Pasquotank Co., NC, 1880 Pasquotank Co., NC, 1900 Pasquotank Co., NC, 1910 Pasquotank Co., NC, 1920 Pasquotank Co., NC, 1930 Texas State Archives Guadalupe County Probate Records, 1862-1885 Guadalupe County Tax Records, 1846 - 1941 Newspapers Obituary, Gertrude Overman Ehringhaus, Richmond Times-Dispatch, March 16, 1940. Obituary, John Christoph Blucher Ehringhaus, Jr., The Insider – NC Government News, December 19, 2000 Internet Ancestry.com “Descendants of Robert Morgan”, Family Tree contributed by D. G. Owens North Carolina Deaths, 1983-87 “Walt Unterbrink's Genealogy,” by Walter Unterbrink, http://www.waltunterbrink.com/genealogy/gen4web/default.html US GenWeb Project The Philadelphia Directory & Stranger’s Guide for 1825, contributed by Cyndie Enfinger Other Archives of the Grand Lodge of North Carolina, http://www.grandlodge- nc.org/Archive/gline1.htm City of Hagen History. www.greatestcities.com/Europe/Germany/North_Rhine- Westphalia/Hagen_city.html “History of Elizabeth City”, from the Elizabeth City website, www.elizcity.com, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, International Genealogical Index “Thomas M. T. Niles: Biographical Note”, www.hri.org/forum/intpol/97-11- 14/niles.html United States Government, Social Security Death Index Vital Records Birth Certificate, Betty Marion Gill, Bexar County, Texas Death Certificate for Erskine Ehringhaus, Pasquotank County Records, Elizabeth City, NC. Medical Record of John C. Ehringhaus, Austin State Hospital, Austin, TX. Pasquotank County Marriage Records, Elizabeth City, NC Unpublished Manuscripts "Ehringhaus Line," Author Unknown, Unpublished manuscript among the papers of Mattie Shelby Ehringhaus Gill, 1886-1978. “Guadalupe County Cemetery Listings”, Compiled by Mr. & Mrs. Ken Pitner, Compiled 1971, Notebook in Seguin TX Public Library Letter from Catherine Ehringhaus to John C. Ehringhaus, February 20, 1870. Letter from Catherine Ehringhaus to Bettie Watkins Ehringhaus, August 1, 1895. Parish Record of Christ Episcopal Church, Elizabeth City, NC Program from Presentation of Portrait of J. C. B. Ehringhaus to State of North Carolina ___________________________________________________________________ Copyright. All rights reserved. http://www.usgwarchives.net/copyright.htm This file was contributed for use in the USGenWeb Archives by Chris Klasing ___________________________________________________________________