OHIO STATEWIDE FILES OH-FOOTSTEPS Mailing List Issue 156 *********************************************************************** USGENWEB NOTICE: These electronic pages may NOT be reproduced in any format for profit or presentation by other organization or persons. Persons or organizations desiring to use this material, must obtain the written consent of the contributor, or the legal representative of the submitter, and contact the listed USGenWeb archivist with proof of this consent. The submitter has given permission to the USGenWeb Archives to store the file permanently for free access. http://www.usgwarchives.net/ *********************************************************************** OH-FOOTSTEPS-D Digest Volume 00 : Issue 156 Today's Topics: #1 Fw: Bio History -- Know your Ohio ["Maggie Stewart" To: OH-FOOTSTEPS-L@rootsweb.com Message-ID: <191101bfb59a$7ec08340$0300a8c0@local.net> Subject: Fw: Bio History -- Know your Ohio -- Ohio's Huron and Wyandot Natives [6] Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit ----- Original Message ----- Contributed for use in USGenWeb Archives by Darlene E. Kelley ***************************************************** Historical Collections of Ohio Know Your Ohio by Darlene E. Kelley **************************************************** Ohio's Huron and Wyandot Indians --- Part 6. While Washington formed his administration and decided how to take their lands in Ohio, the Wyandot in Canada were under British pressure to surrender land in southwest Ontario for the resettlement of American Tories displaced by the Revolutionary War. In May, 1790 they signed a treaty with Alexander McKee ceding their lands east of Detroit in exchange for two reserves; a small tract opposite; and a larger one at Anderton on the Canard River near Amherstburg. Washington fnally decided to take Ohio by force and ordered General Harmar to move against the alliance. In October Harmar's army was mauled while trying to cross the upper Wabash River in Northwest Indiana. Washington, who had a bad temper, replaced Harmar with Arthur St.Clair, but in November, 1791 St Clair's army was nearly annihilated in western Ohio. With 600 killed and 400 wounded, it was the worst defeat ever inflicted on an American army by Native Americans. Above all else, Washington should be remembered as someone who did not surrender in the face of adversity. In 1792 he sent Anthony Wayne to take command in Ohio.Amercans knew him as "Mad Anthony," but the Indians would call him " Blacksnake," because, like the blacksnake, Wayne sat quietly, patiently waiting for the right moment to strike. Wayne trained an army of regulars while building a line of forts aimed straight into the heartland of the allience in northwest Ohio. As the alliance chiefs nervously watched Wayne's slow, methodical approach. American commissioners made overtures of peace. The British again urged resistance, and the Shawnee killed two American representatives enroute to a conference with the alliance. The alliance, however, was beginning to unravel. It could field 2,000 warriors but it had trouble feeding them over an extended period, and Wayne was definately extending the conflict. In 1792 the Wabash tribes ( Peoria, Piankashaw, Kickapoo, and Wea) signed a treaty with the Americans which caused them to leave the alliance and remain neutral. The Fox and Sauk also wihdrew at the same time. In July. 1793 American commissioners met for the last time with the alliance. At first, only the Wyandot, Shawnee, and Miami favored continuing the war, while others were undecided. Finally, the majority decided to fight, and the meeting ended. In October Wayne received orders to begin an advance north from Fort Washington ( Cincinnati), One of Wayne'ssupply trains was destroyed at Ludlow Spring, but he established himself at Fort Greenville ( 80 miles north of Cincinnati ). As the time of confrontation approached, doubts emerged within the alliance, and the Shawnee chief, Blue Jacket opened separate negotiations. The start of Wayne's advance may also have played a part in the British decision to finally close its forts on American territory and reach an accommodation with the United States. After a desperate attack on the Americans at Fort Recovery failed, the alliance had only 700 warriors in August, 1794 to face Wayne's Legion at Fallen Timbers. Aftr the battle, the retreating warriors sought refuge with the British at Fort Miami, only to have them close the gates on their former allies. Wayne's army marched right up to the British fort but did not attack. Afterwards, the Americans burned several of nearby Indian villages and destroyed their food supplies. Then Wayne returned to Fort Greenville and waited. After a hungry winter, the alliance made peace. No longer able to rely on British help against the Americans, the Wyandot and other tribes signed the Treaty of Fort Grenville in 1795 ceding all of Ohio except the northwest. This allowed the Wyandot to remain at Sandusky and Detroit, and Cranetown was the only one of their villages which needed to be relocated to conform to the Greenville treaty line. With defeat after a long, bitter war, there was a terrible period of social disintegration within the tribes of the alliance after 1795. Wiskey became a major problem, and civil authority broke down. The peace chiefs (Walking-in-the-water was the Wyandot peace chief) controlled the tribal councils and were determined to cooperate with the Americans. Although sometimes this was helped by bribery, most were doing the best they could, and it was, in general, a thankless job which all too often, put them into danger from their own people. ***************************************************** The Treaty of Greenville-- Wyandots, Delawares, Etc August 3, 1795-- A treaty of peace between the United Sttes of America, and the tribes of Indians called the Wyandots, Delawares, Shawnees, Ottawas, Chippewas, Pattawatimas, Miamis,Eel Rivers, Weas, Kickapoos, Piankeshaws, and Kaskaskias. To put an end to a destructive war, to settle all controversities, and to restore harmony and friendly intercourse between the said United States, and Indian Tribes, Anthony Wayne, major general commanding the army of the United States, and sole commissioners for the good purposes above mentioned, and the said tribes of Indians, by their sachems, chiefs, and warriors, met together at Greenville, the headquarters of the said army, have agreed on the following articles, which, when ratified by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate of the United States, shall be binding on them and the said Indian Tribes. ****************************************************** To be continued in part 7 -- The Treaty of Greenville --1795 ______________________________ ------------------------------ X-Message: #2 Date: Thu, 4 May 2000 03:20:53 -0400 From: "Maggie Stewart" To: OH-FOOTSTEPS-L@rootsweb.com Message-ID: <191201bfb59a$7f824ca0$0300a8c0@local.net> Subject: Fw: Bio History -- Know Your Ohio -- Ohio's Huron and Wyandot Natives [7] Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit ----- Original Message ----- Contributed for use in USGenWeb Archives by Darlene E. Kelley ****************************************************** Historical Collections of Ohio Know Your Ohio by Darlene E.Kelley ***************************************************** Ohio's Huron and Wyandots Indians -- Part 7 The Treaty of Greenville-- August 3, 1795. As described in part 6, thiis treaty was entered into by the United States of American and the tribes of Indians called the Wyandots, Delawares, Shawnees, Ottawas, Chippewas, Pottawatimas, Miami, Eel Rivers, Weas, Kickapoos, Piankeshaws, and Kaskaskas. To put to end of a destructive war, to settle all controversies, to restore harmony and friendly actions between the above Indians and the United States. They all met together at Greenville, the headquarters of the said Army and agreed to the following Articles; ARTICLE I-- Henceforth all hostilities shall cease; peace is hereby established and shall be perpetual; and a friendly intercourse shall take place between the said United States and Indian Tribes. ARTICLE II-- All prisoners shall, on both sides, be restored. The Indians, prisoners of the United States , shall immediately set at liberty. The people of the United States, still remaining prisoners among the Indians, shall be delivered up in ninty days from the date hereof, to the General of the commanding officer at Greenville, Fort Wayne, or Fort Defiance; and ten chiefs of said tribes shall remain at Greenville as hostages until the delivery of the Prisoners shall be effected. ARTICLE III-- The general boundary line between the lands of the lands of the United States and the lands of the said Indian Tribes, shall begin at the mouth of Cuyahoga River, and run thence up the same to the portage, between that and the Tuscarawas branch of the Muskingum, thence down that branch to the crossing place above Fort Lawrence, thence westerly to a fork of that branch of the Great Miami River, running into the Ohio, at or near which fork stood Loromie's store, and where commences the portage between the Miami of the Ohio, and St. Mary's river, which is a branch of the Miami which runs into the Lake Erie; thence a westerly course to Fort Recovery, which stands on a branch of the Wabash; thence southwesterly in a direct line to the Ohio, so as to intersect that river opposite the mouth of Kentucke or Cuttawa River. And in consideration of the peace now established ; of the goods formally received from the United States; of those now to be delivered ; and of yearly delivery of goods now stipulated to be made hereafter; and to indemnify the United States for the injuries and expenses they have sustained during the war, the said Indian Tribes do hereby cede ad relinquish forever, all their claims to the lands lying eastwardly and southwardly of the general boundary line now described; and these lands or any part of them, shall never hereafter be made a cause or pretence, or the part of the said tribes, or any of them, of war or injury to the United States, or any of the people thereof. And for the same considerations, and as an evidence of the returning friendship of the said Indian Tribes. of their confidence in the United States. and desire to provide for their accommodations, and for that convenient intercourse which will be beneficial to both parties, the said Indian Tribes do also cede to the United States the following pieces of land, to wit: 1) One piece of land six miles square, at or near Loromie's store, before mentioned. 2) One piece two miles square, at the head of the navigable water or landing, on the St Mary's River, near Girty's Town.3) One piece six miles square, at the head of the navigable water of the Auglauze river. 4) One piece six miles square, at the confluence of the Auglaize and Miami Rivers, where Fort Defiane now stands. 5) One piece six miles square, at or near the confluence of the Rivers St.Mary's and St.Joseph's, where Fort Wayne now stands, or near it. 6) One piece two miles square, on the Wabash River, at the end of the Portage from the Miami of the Lake, and about eight miles westward from Fort Wayne.7) One piece six miles square, at the Quatanon , or Old Wea towns, on the Wabash River.8) One piece twelve miles square, at the British Fort on the Miami of the Lake, at the foot of the rapids. 9) One piece six miles square, at the mouth of the said river, where it empties into the lake. 10) One piece six miles square, upon Sandusky Lake, where a Fort formally stood. 11) One piece two miles square, at the lower Rapids of Sandusky River. 12) The Post of Detroit, and all the land to the North, the West, and the South of it, of which the Indian title has been extinguished by gifts of grants to the French or English Governments; and so much more land to be annexed to the district of Detroit, as shall be comprehended between the Rosine, on the South, Lake St Clair on the north, and a line, the general course whereof shall be six miles distant from the West end of Lake Erie and Detroit River. 13) The Post of Michilimackinac, and all the land on the Island on which that Post stands, and the main land adjacent, of which the Indian Title has been extinguished by gifts or grants to the French or English Governments; and a piece of land on the main to the north of the Island, to measure six miles, on Lake Huron, or the Strait between Lakes Huron and Michigan, and to extend three miles back from the water of the Lake or Strait; and also, the Island De Bois Blane, being an extra and voluntary gift of the Chippewa Nation. 14) One piece of land six miles square, at the mouth of Chikago River, emptying into the southwest end of Lake Michigan, where a fort formally stood. 15) One piece twelve mies square, at or near the mouth of the Illinois River, emptying into the the Mississippi. 16) One piece six miles square, at the old Pioras Fort and village near the South end of the Illinois Lake, on said Illinois River. And whenever the United States shall think proper to survey and mark the boundaries of the lands hereby ceded to them, they shall give timely notice thereof to the said tribes of Indians, that they may appoint some of their wise chiefs to attend and see that the lines are run according to the terms of this treaty. And the said Indian tribes will allow to the people of the United States a free passage by land and by water, as one and the other shall be found convenient, through their country, along the chian of posts hereinbefore mentioned; that is to say, from the commencement of the portage aforesaid, at or near Loromie's store, thence along said portage to the St Mary's and down the same to Fort Wayne, and then down the Miami, to Lake Erie; again, from the commencement of the portage at or near Loromie's store along the portage from thence to the River Auglaize, and down the same to its junction with the Miami at Fort Defiance; again, from the commencement of the portage aforesaid, to Sandusky River, and down the same to Sandusky Bay and Lake Erie, and from Sandusky to the post which shall be taken at or near the Rapids of the Miami of the Lake; and from thence to Detroit. Again, from the mouth of Chikago, to the commencement of the portage, between that River and the llinois, and down the Illinois River to the Mississippi; also, from Fort Wayne, along the portage aforesaid, which leads to the Wabash, and then down the Wabash to the Ohio. And the said Indian Tribes will also allow the people of the United States, the free use of the harbors and mouths of rivers along the lakes adjoining the Indian lands, for sheltering vessels and boats, and liberty to land their cargoes where necessary for their safety, ARTICLE IV-- In consideration of the peace now established and of the cessions and relinquishment, of lands made in the preceding article by the said tribes of Indians, and to manifest the liberality of the United States, as the great means of rendering this peace strong and perpetual, the United States relinguish their claims to all other Indian lands northward of the Ohio River, eastward of the MIssissippi, and westward and southward of the Great Lakes and the waters, uniting them, according to the boundary line agreed on by the United States and the King of Great Britain, in the treaty of peace made between them in the year 1783. But from ths relinquishment by the United States, the following tracts of land are explicitly excepted. ****************************************************** To be continued in part 8 -- Treaty of Greenville. ______________________________ ------------------------------ X-Message: #3 Date: Thu, 4 May 2000 03:17:07 -0400 From: "Maggie Stewart" To: OH-FOOTSTEPS-L@rootsweb.com Message-ID: <191001bfb59a$7e004080$0300a8c0@local.net> Subject: Fw: Bio History -- Know Your Ohio -- Ohio's Huron or Wyandot Natives. [5] Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit ----- Original Message ----- Contributed for use in USGenWeb Archives by Darlene E. Kelley ***************************************************** Historical Collections of Ohio Know Your Ohio by Darlene E. Kelley **************************************************** Ohio's Huron and Wyandot Indians -- Part 5 There were 12,000 white settlers north of the Ohio in 1785, and General Josiah Harmar. the American Military Commander, could neither keep them from encroaching on native lands or remove them once they were there. Fighting resumed in 1786. When the Alliance met in council that fall, it was decided to demand the Ohio River as the frontier. A truce was called to give the Americans time to respond, but by the time the message reached Congress in July, the fighting had already resumed. The Americans made final attempt to avoid war and resolve the dispute through treaty. In December, 1787, Arthur St.Clair asked for a meeting at Fort Harmar at the falls of Ohio's Muskingum River. The alliance agreed and decided to settle for the Muskingum as the boundary. However, there was considerable disagreement, and the American soldiers building the council house for the meeting were attacked by the Ottawa and Ojibwe warriors in July, 1788. Joseph Brant returned to the alliance council demanding they repudiate all treaties ceding any part of Ohio. The Shawnee and Miami agreed, but Tarhu, a Wyandot chief, decided to negotiate and was able to convince the Delaware, Ottawa, Potawatomi, and Ojibwe to join him.--- Tarhe was the first chief to sign the Treaty at Greenville as Chief of the Tribe, Grand Sachem of the Wyadot Nation and headed the Northwest Confederacy. As keepers of the Camulet, the Wyandots were entrusted with the Indian copy of the Treaty. This was his address; " Elder brother! Now listen to us. The great spirit above has appointed you this day for us to meet together. I shall now deliver my sentiments to you, the fifteen fires. I view you, lying in a gore of blood. It is me, an Indian who caused it. Our tomahawk yet remains in your head-- the English gave it to me to place there." "Elder brother! I now take the tomahawk out of your head; but with so much care you shall not feel pain or injury. I will now tear a big tree up by the roots and throw the hatchet into the cavity which they occupy; where the waters will wash it away to where it can never be found. Now,I have buried the hatchet, and I expect that none of my color will ever again find it out. I now tell you that none in particular can justly claim this ground-- it belongs in common to all. No earthly being has an exclusive right to it. (spoken on a blue belt)." " Bothers, fifteen fires, listen! You now see that we have burned the hatchet. We see blood around, and in order to clear away al grief, we now wipe away the blood from around you, which together with the dirt that comes away from it, we bury the hatchet in the hole we have made for them, and replace the giant tree, as it stood before, so that neither our children, nor our children's children can ever again discover it." ( spoken on a blue string attached and both delivered.) " Brothers, listen! I now wipe your body cean from all the blood with this white, soft linen ( a white wampum) and I do it with as much tenderness as I am capable of. You have appointed this house for the chiefs of the different tribes to sit with you, and none but good words ought to be spoken in it. I have swept it clean-- nothing impure remains in it. " Brothers, listen! We are both placed on the ground. I now wipe the tears from your eyes and open your ears. I see your throat is so stopped that you are nearly suffocated-- I now open your throat and make it quite clean, that whatever the Great Spirit may think it proper for you to swallow may go down without any obstruction. I see also that your heart is not in its true situation-- I now place it in its proper position, that anything you may hear from us, your brothers, may descend directly to it, and what you shall say may come with truth and ease from it." " Brother, I clear away the hovering cluds that we may enjoy a clear, bright day; and easily see the sun which the Great Spirit has bestowed on us, to rise and set continually." ( A white string.) "Brother, Listen to us Indians, who now speak to you. The bones which lie scattered of your ancient warriors who fell in defense of the present cause, we gather all together, and bury them now, and place this white board over them, that they never again be seen by our posterity." ( A white belt and string .) " Brother warrior! listen to us. The great chiefs are about to speak to you. Your chiefs and warriors present, listen also. " Brother! We speak not from our lips, but fro our hearts, when we are resolved upon good works. I always told you that I never intended to deceive you, when we entered upon this business. It was never the intention of us Indians to do so. I speak from my heart what I say to you. The Great Spirit is now veiwing us now, and did he dicover any baseness or treachery, it would excite his just anger against us. " Brother, listen to me! We are all of one mind, who here assembled. This is a business not to be trifled with-- it is a matter of the utmost concern to us. We happily so far agree in handling our ancestor's records, who always worked for peace. " Brother! You have proposed to us to build our good work on the treaty of Muskingum. That treaty I have always considered as formed on the fairest principles. You took pity on us Indians--You did not do as our fathers, the British, agreed you should. You might by that agreement, have take all our lands; but you pitied us , and let us hold part. I always looked upon that treaty to be binding upon the United States and us Indians. " Brother! Listen to us Indians-- I told you jst now that we were upon business of the greatest moment. I now conclude the great work we have been employed in, and with this, I cover the whole earth, that it may appear white, and shine all over the world. I hope the Great Spirit will have pity on us, and make this work lasting. ( Four large mixed belts presented.) " Brother! I am going to relate to you the treaty made at Muskingum in a few words. I have not forgotten that treaty; neither have you. At that time we settled a peace between the Delawares, Six Nations, Ottawas, Chippeways, Potawattamies, and us Wyandots. It is very true there were not so many different nations then assembled as are now present. We now establish a general, permanent, and lasting peace, forever. " Brother! We are all sensible that when you struck the boundary, at the time, it ran from Tuscarawas to a little way below Loramie, where the fort stood, which was destroyed in 1752. I understand the line has since been moved a little toward us. Be strong, brothers, and fulfill your engagements. " Brothers, Listen! I have told you, that I speak from my heart-- You see the speeches I have delivered. Peruse them and see whether or not I have spoken with sincerity. This is all your brothers of the different nations present have this day to say to you." The treaty of Fort Harmer was signed in January 1789 agreeing t the Muskinggum as the boundary of settlement, but the Wyandot and other moderates within the allience had lost control. By summer the Shawne and Miami, with British support, had built a consensus and afterwards dominated the allience. In the fall, the Shawnee asked the Iroquois to join them in the fight for Ohio. The Iroquois already ha enough trouble defending their homeland from settlement and declined. They would have no furthur influence among the Ohio tribes after this. Meanwhile, as American settlers continued to encroach, the United States had ratified the Constitution creating a new form of government. It's first President was a war hero and Virginia farmer who had just happened to have his personal fortune invested in land along the Ohio River-- George Washington. ***************************************************** To be continued in part 6. -------------------------------- End of OH-FOOTSTEPS-D Digest V00 Issue #156 *******************************************