Military: Rev War & other service: Federal pensions for RW & other service 1818: PA Contributed for use in USGenWeb Archives by Richard Turnbach. USGENWEB NOTICE: Printing this file by non-commercial individuals and libraries is encouraged, as long as all notices and submitter information is included. Any other use, including copying files to other sites requires permission from the submitters PRIOR to uploading to any other sites. We encourage links to the state and county table of contents. ____________________________________________________________ PA Residents who were FEDERAL PENSIONERS IN 1820 - Transcribed 1994 from records in the State Archives of Pennsylvania " A list of Persons residing in the State of Pennsylvania who have been placed on the Pension Roll of the United States under the Act of Congress of the 18th day of March 1818; showing the rank or capacity in which each served, and made in compliance with a request of the Senate of Pennsylvania." [[Transcriber's note: Privates unless specified otherwise - death dates were entered on original documents]] Ens William AMBERSON Lt Robert ALLISON Stephen ARCHER, Marine Lt Thomas ANDERSON Jonathan ARNOLD Jonas ANDERSON John ADAMS Jonathan ARNOLD George ANDERSON Capt Enoch ANDERSON 1st Capt Enoch ANDERSON 2d James ANDREWS John ANTREIN John AKALEY Sgt Mj John ALLISON Elijah ALWOOD David ALLEN Mathias AMBRISTER Elisha AMES Deliverance ADAMS Adam ANDERSON Robert ANDERSON Jacob ALLEN Nicholas ANGST John ANTHONY David ALTHOUSE Samuel ANDERSON Christopher AVERY John ARTHUR Jeremiah ADAM Jacob BOWER John BREWER William BITTERLY Rufus BENNETT Patrick BUTLER Robert BARCKLEY Capt John BRISBAN Charles BETTS d 15 Jan James BOYLE Thomas BURN Lt Daniel BROADHEAD Emanuel BALLINGER James BROWN Jr d 1818? Daniel BLOOM, d 29 May 1818? William BLACK Daniel BOWEN Daniel BERGMEYER Sgt Thomas BEATTY Charles BRYAN Samuel BURNES, d 21 Oct 1818 Robert BUCHANAN Isaac BERLIN Frederick BOYER James BERRY John BUCHANAN James BLAIR Thomas BURK, Fifer EliJah BOWMAN James BAKER George BAYLOR Corp Benony BATES John BROWN George BLEAKLY, d 3 Jun 1818 Lt Eden BURROUGHS Alexander BUCHANNAN, d 25 Mar 1819 Joseph BRYAN John BAR William BARGENHOFF, Matross James BRADFORD Sgt Stephen BAENUM Archibald BIRTH Alexander BROWN John F BECHARTH, Dragoon John BECKER d 2 Mar 1819 Jeremiah BANNON John BEATTY 1st Yost BORGER John BERNHART Robert BAILEY John BROWN Jonathan BROWN Sgt George BUYERS Andrew BIRD Lewis BENDER Peter BUCKLEW William BROWN Stephen BENNETT Sgt William BLAKE James BROWN 2nd William BARR James BUCHANAN Benjamin BOSWORTH Joseph BATTERSON William BUTLER Capt Benjamin BURD Ens Nathan BOSTWICK Edward BESS Ebnezer BUMAN George BOWERS John BERNARD Sgt William BILLS Stephen BALLARD Henry BENTLEY, 1822 Peter BRECKER John BOON John BENSON John BAYLIE John BRENNON Moses BALDING Bartholomew BRATTON Mathias BUCKTER Capt William BLAKENEY James BIGELOW John BEATTY 2nd Martin BREEHALL Benjamin BENNET Daniel BERNHART James BARNES Sgt Nehemiah BARNES Joh Jacob BOWER George BOWERS 2nd Capt Thomas BUCHANAN John BURNHAM John BERRY Thomas BOWLAND Andrew BLANCHARD Benjamin BIDLOCK John BOYLE George BECKTEL Jacob BETTS Elias BENNET, Fifer Frederick BOYER, Trumpeter Thomas BERRY Michael BITZ Daniel BLACK Charles BISON/BISSON Ebenezer BARTLETT George BEAVER Willliam BARNES David BOGGS Andrew BRYSON John BLUNDIN Maj John CLARK 2nd Francis CARBERRY Darius CATKINS Corp John CAVENOUGH Miles CROWLEY Alexander CAMPBELL Greenwood CARPENTER Martin CLAUBAUGH Col Thomas CRAIG Daniel CALLAGHAN Capt John CRAIG Blaney COCHRAN John COSPER William CLINE David CRIDER Daniel CROSS John COLLINS Andrew CRAWFORD Edward CARLTON John CROSSAN Joseph COOPER Thomas CLARK John CAREY Edward CAVANAUGH Joseph CUNNINGHAM Samuel CAMPBELL Andrew CARMAN Nicholas CONLY Capt Eli CATLIN Lt Marmaduke CURTISS William CAMPBELL Felix CHRISTMAN Lt Joseph CHAPMAN John CASEY Edward CACHRAN John CALLENDER McDonald CAMPBELL, Fifer Philip COLDWATER William CHADWICK Casper CAMP Richard COOPER Capt John CLARK 3rd Sgt Timothy CULVER Patrick CARNEY Charles COOPER Sgt Nehemiah CURTISS Barnabas COLE Nicholas CASSIDY Sgt John CLARK James CLENDERIN Ebnezer COREY Samuel CALLENDER Sgt Timothy COLLINS Jacob CRAMER Isaac CASTER Nathaniel COBURN, Fifer Anthony CARNER Maj John CLARK 5th Mathias CROUT Samuel CASTILE Dennis CARROL Robert CAMPBELL 2nd Henry CLEMENS Joel COOK John CHURCHFIELD Jamse CRUTCHLOW Richard CHEYNEY Benjamin CARDON Peter CLEMENCE Peter CARRIGAN Tobias COLD John CLEVIDENCE Samuel COOPER Leonard CARL John CAROTHERS George COOPER William COLLINS Benjamin CLARK Henry CORNELIUS William CORK John CONWAY George CONNER Senr Lt John CRAWFORD William DONALDSON Jesse DICKINSON Maj Nathaniel DONNELL John DORNBAUCH d 24 Jan 1819 William DIXON or DICKSON James DUNCAN Sgt James DIXON Lt Samuel DAVIS James DUFF Charles DICKEY Lambert DORLAND Lt Andrew DOVER Lt John DOVER Robert DUNCAN David DIMOCK Benjamin DECHER Levi DAVIS John DEVENEY Samuel DEHART Sgt James DONOHO Thomas DILL Dennis DEMPSEY John DOUGHERTY Patrick DIXON William DRAKE Michael DOLIN William DAVIDSON John DALY Peter DYCH Sgt Andrew DOUGLAS d 10 Nov 1818 Jacob DOWDERMAN Dennis DUNNING, Drummer Lt Walter DYER d 2 Apr 1819 James DOUGHERTY Jacob DIXON Jacob DODDRIDGE Issac DAUD Michael DEARMOND Michael DODSON Leonard DEVONS Henry DAVIDHEISER Christian DENTZLER Issac DUNN Daniel DAVIS John DONNELLY William DENNING Samuel DUNLAP William DAVIS William DOUGHERTY Sgt Philip DUCK Henry DOLL Martin DOLL William DAVIS, 2nd Ludwig DORMAN Sgt John DONALDSON Thomas DAVIS George DITRICK Richard DRAUGHT, Drummer Ezra DOTY Dennis DAILLY Michael DEWALT Abel EVANS John ELLIOT John ENGLISH James ENGLISH Corp Michael ELLY John EICKHOLS Edward EDGERTON David EDGAR Hohn ECKART Capt George EVERSON Emanuel EBB John EVERHART Corp Evan EVANS John ELDRED Simon FLYNN Conrad FRY William FERRELL John FURNELL Jacob FETZER John FAUST Sgt William FORBES George Ferdinand FAGUNDUS Charles FRANCIS Peter FELIX Michael FINK Peter FLECK George FIRING d 8Jun 1819 Jacob FLESHER, Mariner Abraham FAITH Corp Consider FULLER John FISEMIRE Henry FRY Simon FLETCHER Philip FREEMAN Samuel FERGUSON Daniel FRENCH 2nd William FARNSHILD Michael FREDERICK Henry FRATT Jonathan FOWLER Martin FREAZE Jacon FRY Michael FERRICK Zephon FLOWER David FOX,Trumpeter Petrer FRICKER Peter FLORY Andrew FOX John FOX, Marine Nathan FORBES Thomas FORD Isaac FORD George FOLTS George FUNK Joseph FULLER Ens Issac FRANKS David FORREST Maj John FINLEY Jacob GRACE, Gunner, d 4 May 1819 George GIDEON Asa GILLET George GODFREY or FILKER Robet GALWAY John GUTHRY John GREGORY Andrew GARDNER, Drum Major Israel GREENLEAF Ambrose GAYLORD Hugh GOWAN Daniel GRAHAM Thomas GILMER James GREENLAND Sgt John GOLDY Jonathan GREY Alexander GALBRAITH John GORDON 2nd Capt Alexander GRAYDON Joel GRAY Willliam GEORGE Thomas GORDON Lt Enos GRANNISS John GRIFFITH Steven GILBERT Timothy GREEN James GRAY John GILLESPIE William GLENDY George GANGWORR Jacob GLASSMEYER Lt Levi GRIFFITH Abraham GREENWALT Lt Col John GIBSON John GRAHAM? Joshua GIBBS John GREEN William GUTHRIE Alpheus GILLET Solomon GOFF Daivd GEE Samuel D GOFF Joshua GRIFFIN John GUNNELL James GOODING Robert GORDON Alexander GRAY Isaiah GROVIER Jacob GRIGHER or GEIGH William GILLASPY Joseph GRAY Nathaniel GATES, Mariner Jacob GRUBB Adam GRAMLIN Asa GEER Lewis HARTER James HAGERMAN John HOSKIN Sgt Hugh HAFFERMAN Israel HARDING James HEATON Lt Frederick HUBLEY James HUTTON Thomas HAMILTON Sgt John HANNAH Abraham HORN Valentine HORSE John HASTINGS Cornelius HOFFMAN Frederick HILL Leonard HANSE William HOWELL James HOGG John HELLER John HENESY d 10 Jun 1819 John HEISAM George HOUSER John HAMILTON John HUTCHINSON, Drummer George HORFNOGGLE, Dragoon John HEMINGER Christian HUBBERT Lt John HODGE Thomas HOLLAND William HOWE Jacob HOLDEN Peter HEBBEIGER Thomas HENNEN Abel HENNON Capt John HOLLIDAY Henry HAMRICK Frederick HUBNER Waterman HULL Martin HART Joseph HENDERSON Nicholas HART Jacob HOUTS Alexander HOWDEN Melchior HEFFLISH William HENDERSON Adam HARBALL George HALLMAN William HAMSON Conrad HINES Capt Michael HUFFNAGLE John HARRIS James HOLMES, Drummer James HAMILTON, Hosp Surg John HEMMINGER Seth HOLMES, Drummer Andrew HENDRAKE Timothy HALL Adam HAPPALL John HAMILTON 2nd David HUNT Israel HEWITT Henry HILGER Christian HUFFMAN Francis HARBISON Philip HUSTON George HIGBER? George HENNING Jacob HUNT Francis HENERY Henry HUMMEL George HECKMAN Andrew HAMILTON John HIND Daniel HARPER, Gunner Capt James HOOK Cornelius HASKINS John IRVINE 1st Lt John JENKINS John JOHNSTON John IRVINE 2nd Hugh JOHNSTON Barney IDLE John JAMIESON Sgt Thomas JONES Peregrine JONES Philip JONES Joseph JOHNSTON Jacob JUSTICE Jonathan JENNINGS Crocker JONES Barney JOHNSON, Fifer Phineas JONES Michael JORDAN Michael JOINERS 2d Sgt John JOHNSON Sgt Gershom JOY Joshica JACKSON James JACOBS Joseph JOHNSON William JACKSON Francis JAMISON Artemadores INGERSOLL Philip ISENHOUR Philip JACOBY Joel JONES Capt Samuel KEARSLEY James KELLY George KELLER Franeis KING Philip KRUG or KNIGH George KIBBER Lt Robert KING Frederick KELLER John KEESY Sgt John KENDALL Joseph KING Sgt Alexander KING John KEEMLE, Surgeon Frederick KEMMERER James KEEP Sgt Peter KIP Henry KLUNCK of CLUNG Samuel KOKOGAI, Musician Martin KISENCIDERS Daniel KOUGHER Patrick KANE Michael KUHNS William KELLY John KETCHAM William KERNACHAN Peter KINNEY Adam KOCH William KERR George KAPPES Dennis KEAN Joseph KING Lewis KUNTZ Simon KING Samuel KELLOGG George KERSTELLER Henry KEYSER, Mariner Jacob LEWIS John LYNN Sgt Joseph LORENTZ Corp Jediah LYON Henry LIPKEY John LOCKMAN, Hosp Surgeon Thomas LLOYD Anthony LEHMAN Capt Thomas LUCAS Lt Robert LYON David LOGAN Jacob LINDEY Peter LAWYER Robert LACKEY John LEWIS Mungo LINDSEY Philip LANMAN George LIKENS John LEBO William LITTELL Ens Daniel LAWRENCE Capt Daniel LEE Sgt George LUCAS Joseph LINEBOCK John LOYD Samuel LEWIS Ens Hartman LATHEISER Thomas LITTLE Lewis LEWIS Serring LINE Lt Benjamin LYON Henry LOTZ, Marine Joseph LEDYARD Sr Jesse LOSEY Henry LUSHBAUGH John LEMMON John LAFFERTY James LAWSON Daniel LEANY Michael LYNCH John LAVERY d 7 Jun 1817 Henry LARYMAN Herzahiah LEACH John LANE John PASSLY William LEARY David LINDSEY Sgt Abraham LOPER George LENOX Archibald LEECH Amos LAWRENCE Mathias LITTLE Frederick LIVENBERG Philip LESH Thomas LIGGET Melekiah LABAR William LEARD William LOCK Alexander Mc CURDY William MAGAW, Surgeon Sgt Colin Mc LACHLAN Ens Henry MAAG Sgt Andrew Mc LURE Elnathan MINER Clement MASTERS William MAPES Thomas Mc FALL 2d Henry MALCOM, Surgeon Capt Francis MAXWELL Capt Jonathan MORRIS Samuel Mc MILLEN Conrad MITSCO Barney Mc GUIRE Jacob MOYER Conrad MYERS Sgt John MILLER John Mc KEOWEN Edward Mc MASTERS John MICHALL Richard MAHEW? James MAXWELL 2d John METZ Joseph MADON William Mc GINNIS Daniel Mc MAITH William MURRAY Richard MUGGS James MITCHELL Peter MAYER George MORRIS John McMURDY John MORRIS Charles Mc LAIN Robert Mc LAUGHLIN Peter Mc BRIDE Christian MILLER James MAXWELL 3d William MILLS Lt Enoch MORGAN, Paymaster Lt Alexander MARTIN William McMULLEN John McMULLEN Peter MARTIN Dennis MOONEY, Marine Lt Robert MUZZY Daniel McPATRICK James MAHONY Jacob MURRY Lt Maj James MITCHELL Andrew McPHERRAN John McDOWELL John MILLER 2d, d 11 Dec 1818 Atchison MELLIN William MOORE James MOON John MANAN James McKIM Neal McGARRY Conrad MILLER Nathaniel P MOODY Henry McCARTNEYS Capt John MARSHALL Jacob MILLER Sgt Henry MOZER Jacob MILEY Sgt Andrew MARKER Daniel McCANN William MASON Henry McEWIN Alexander McLAIN Thomas McKEEN Daniel McCARTY Baltzer MEESSE William MARTIN Stephen MILLER Francis McDONALD Patrick MARTIN Charles MARCH John McDOWELL 2d John MARTIN Christian MILLER 2d David MARSHALL George McSWINE William McCONNELL Lt John McCOY James MATTHIAS Capt William MOORE Claudius MARTIN Owen MURPHY Lt David MARSHALL James MORRIS John McCAR Caleb MILES William MILEHAM John MONTGOMERY John MOART Jacob McLEAN Almond MUNSON Isaac MORLEY Samuel MELLON Alexander McBRIDE Thomas McDOWELL John McGAW John McCLETTAND John MALONE Thomas MURRAY Jacob MOYER 2d Jacob MARKS Godfrey MILLER Adam MUSKETMUSS Philip MEANS Peter MILLER James MURRAY David McCOLTON John McCRAKEN Michael MULLEN John MURPHEY Josiah MILLS Robert MURDOCK James MARTIN David MAFFET, Martin mate Sgt John NICHOLSON Jonathan NICHOLS William NORTON John NEWELL John NOWLAN James NEWBURY William NEWILL Anthony NEWHOUSE Sgt William NICHOLS Christopher NEW James NORTON Robert NICHOLS Jonathan NEWMAN Henry NEIDER Samuel NEWCOME Sgt James NEILL John O'NEIL Samuel OSBURNE Hugh OTTERSON Andrew OLIPHANT Marty O'DORNER James OSBOURN Joseph ORR Andrew O'BRIEN John OHMET Robert OLDIS Peter OX Henry O'NEIL Robert OWENS Adam OURY Dedrick OURHAND Christian POBST Michael PETER Michael PACE Jr Capt Alex. PATTERSON Corp John PARKHURST Abraham PARMETTER Benjamin PECK Conrad PUDDING Samuel POLLARD Lt James PEALE George PREISE Christian PEMBERTON John PATTON Anthony PETERS George PHILE Henry PIPER Henry PENNSINGER Aaron POWERS Ephraim PRATT Elijah PUTNAM Comfort PETERS Jared PHELPS, Musician Frederick POWELL James PRATT Gideon POST, Fifer John PATRIDGE John POSTMAN Sgt Robert PELING Robert POTTER Aaron PERKINS Edward QUIGLEY Henry QUICK Sgt John RYAN Frederick RIVELEY Robert RICHIE David RAMSAY Sgt Abraham RIBBEL Conrad RIMEE Thomas RANDOLPH Frederick RICE Andrew RALSTON d 31 Aug 1819 Peter REESE Lt Thomas RYERSON Isaac ROSEBROUGH James RUSSELL John ROWAN William RUSSELL Abraham RINKER Philip RUSSELL, Surgeon Mate Thomas RATHBUN John RYAN John BENISON Godfrey RARICK Henry ROWLAND Benedict REYNOLDS Giles REED Stephen ROBERTS Frederick RIEGER Benjamin RENELS Jacob RUSK George RUNYAN Sgt Mark RODES Paul RUSSELL Samuel RAMBLE Isaac ROSE James RYBURN Michael REIGLE Conrad REICHWISK Zephaniah ROGERS Obijah REYNOLDS James ROBB? George REES Abraham ROSER Thomas ROBERTS George RISHELL Isaac RYNEARSON Russel ROSE Isaac RAYMON Capt John SAVIDGE Henry SWARTAGA James STEWART 1st John STAPLES Capt Daniel StCLAIR Corp Eliphalet SMITH Capt James E SMITH George STROUS James STEWART 2d Peter SHUMWAY Richard STONE Frederick SHRIBER George S SEARLES Christian SHOCKEY Moses SMITH Samuel SCOTT Adam STALL William SMITH Deadlove SHADOW Jacob STONER Hugh SWEENY Andrew SAX Edward SMITH John STIDINGER Samuel SPICER John SMITH 2d Jacob STROUS John SPERING Francis SHOVER John SNIDER Henry SHULER Daniel SALLADAY, or SOLLODAY Lt Samuel C SEELY George J JOHN Capt John STONER Thomas SMITH 1st Capt David STEEL 4 Feb 1819 John STRUNK James STEPHENSON, Mariner John STEPHENSON Henry SOUTHARD Adam STONEBRAKER Thomas SMITH 2d Christopher STEINHEISER Ichabod SHAW Capt Uriah SPRINGER Philip Peter SCHRIVER Christian SHRYOCK George SLATTERBARK Jacob SHIVELEY Abraham STEIGER Elijah STARR Thomas STRATTON Lawrence SPEIGEL John STEWART John SPICER John SHAFFER James S.....H Daniel STOY David STATZER Michael SPATZ, Marine Ebenezer SEELEY Baltus STONE Henry SYPERT John SAYLOR Benjamin STAGG William SCHIEB d 24 Oct 1818 John STUDELLMAN Peter SHEARS of SHEESE Sgt James SLOAN Richard SPARR Moses SWARTWOOD James SMITH 1st James SMITH 2d Willkiam SCOTT 2d Capt Roger STAYNER Lt Henry STROOP William SCHOFIELD David SOHN Frederick SHAFFER Thomas STEVENS Oliver SCOTT Mathias SHROYER Daniel STEEVER Samuel SEVERANCE James SATTERLEE, Fifer Job STILES Thomas SMITH 3d John STEEL Henry SNYDER Adam SHOEMAN Peter SAURMAN Daniel SHUTTELL Samuel SMILEY Andrew STOOPE John SPIRES Jacob STRICKER Robert SHANDLER John SMITH 3d Ens John SMITH John SHUBERT Joshua SPEAR Philip SHREDER Philip SMITH John Leonard SPONG Lt Adam SMITH Adam SWAGER? Sgt Levi STERLING Henry SHOUP Sr Joseph SMITH James SHIELDS Samuel SEELEY Sr Elisha SATTERLEE Conrad SMITH Nathaniel STEVENSON William STEVENS Edward SWEENY Ludwig SHOUP Ichabod SEAVER William STONE, Mariner Samuel SHROTT Jacob SEIVERT Jake SWETLAND Jonathan STRATTON Edward SMITH Adam SPECHT John SIMS John SMITH 4th John SPALDING Stephen SPARROW Adam SNYDER Frederick STILLWAGGON Sgt Robert STURGEON George SCOTT Lt Elihu TROWBRIDGE Thomas THOMPSON d 12 Feb 1819 William TAYLOR, Dragoon Henry TURNEY Isaiah TUTTLE David THOMAS Charles TIPPER Absalom TIMMS Leonard TOOPS John TREES Wiliam TENANT William G TURNER George TRINE William TINDALL Thomas TURNER Epaphras THOMPSON Benjamin H TROWBRIDGE Sgt John TEAL William TANNER Thomas THACKER William TENERY Henry TIBBIN Simon TAYLOR John THOMPSON 2d Obediah THATCHER James TONER John TUDOR Lambert THOMPSON Patrick TURNER Archelaus TEMPLE John TIFFANY Joseph THOMAS James THAYER Sgt Andrew TRYER Sgt Ezekiel THOMAS Moses TYLER Samuel TUBBS William TAYLOR 2d William TYE Isaac UPTHEGROVE John VANGARDNER Thomas VAUGHN Philip VARNER Bernard VALENTINE John VERNER Daniel VERGESON Stacy WILLIAMS William WILLIAMSON Michael WALTZ Robert WOOD Lewis W......... Abraham WARREN Valentine WEIRICK John WINN Christopher WEIGLE Benjamin WHEELER Robert M WILSON 2d, Boatswain Michael WARNER Andrew WILSON George WISEMAN William WADDLE Patrick WELSH Joseph WREN Jacob WINDOLPH John WORT Jacob WERTS Ralph WOOTMAN Samuel WHITEHEAD Michael WAGGONER John WELSH Michael WHEELAND Thomas WEST Lt Amos WILKINSON Joseph WILLIAMS Ephraim WHITE John WANDEL Corneilus WEAR Martin WETHKNECHT Robert WILSON 2d James WATSON John WILSON Edward WOODMAN George WRIGHTMIRE Jacob W.......RS Joseph WHITE, Dragoon James WINTERS William WILLIAMS Gideon WOODMANSEN James WILKINS Henry WEAVER John WHITTY William WEBBER Joseph WESCOAT Nehemiah WILSON Jacob WHITER Joseph WELSH Consider WOOD Lewis WALTMAN Michael WEIRICK Samuel WHARTON Benjamin WATSON Edmond WESTOM Nathan WINTON Capt Lt John B WEBSTER Adam WEAVER Isaac WHEELER Isaac WALL Frederick WILLIAMS Corp Frederick WILLHELM Absalom WRIGHT John WEASEY Frederick Wm WACK Silvanus WADE Joseph WILLIAMS Ichabod WARD John WEST Corp Joseph WALKER Jacob WESNER, Fifer Conrad WILLS William WILLARD David WILSON Godfrey WHITEMAN John WHITELEY Simeon WYLIE James WINNING George WILHELM Robert YOUNG John F YENGLING John YOUSE George ZEIGLER John ZEANS Michael ZELLER " I hereby certify that the foregoing sheets of thirty five pages are truly copied from the records of the War Department. In Testimony whereof I have here unto set my hand and affixed the seal of the said Department, this fifteenth day of January in the year of [Our] Lord one Thousand and Eight Hundred and Twenty. [signed] J C Calhoun Secretary of War." Transcribed 1994 by Richard TURNBACH and proofread by Richard FRANK