AREA HISTORY: History of Adams County, Chapter XXX, Adams County, PA Contributed for use in the USGenWeb Archives by Kathy Francis Copyright 2005. All rights reserved. http://www.usgwarchives.net/copyright.htm http://www.usgwarchives.net/pa/adams/ _______________________________________________ History of Cumberland and Adams Counties, Pennsylvania Chicago: Warner, Beers & Co., 1886 _______________________________________________ Part III, History of Adams County, Pages 236-247 CHAPTER XXX. CUMBERLAND TOWNSHIP.* * For sketch of Borough of Gettysburg, see Chapter XXV, page 181. The principal streams of Cumberland Township are Marsh Creek and Rock Creek. Willoughby Run, which drains the center of the entire north half, is a tributary of Marsh Creek, forming a confluence with that stream opposite the Reding homestead on Tout’s farm. A number of running brooks, some with the pretensions of creeks, flow southeast into Rock Creek, while several rivulets flow southwest from the center line north and south into Marsh Creek. Rock Creek bounds the township on the east and Marsh Creek on the west, both flowing south into Maryland within a mile of each other, although they are about six miles apart in the northern district of the township. Cemetery Ridge, Seminary Ridge and Round Top (799 feet above the Atlantic level) are the prominent eminences. The geological features are dolerite on Culp’s Hill; trap along Seminary and Cemetery Ridges to Little Round Top; indurated mud rock, south of Rock Creek bridge; shales and altered sandstone, indurated mixed rock in railroad cut west by north of Gettysburg; argillaceous sandstone at brick-yard northeast of Gettysburg; dolerite, three-quarters of a mile northwest of Gettysburg; and white feldspathic trap one and one-half miles south of Gettysburg. In 1874 a vein of iron ore was discovered on Howell’s farm, two miles west of Gettysburg. In 1872 iron ore was found on the Peter Gintling farm. Lignite was found opposite the fair grounds at Gettysburg, but the vein was light and quality poor. Southwest of Round Top is the Indian field. Fifty-six years ago this was a clearing of six acres in the midst of a dense forest, with a salt spring at the southern end. Here it is said a great Indian battle was fought, and this spot was cleared to bury the dead, although others say it was sacred festival ground. Here the Wilsons, McNairs and Quinns, all of Revolutionary stock, are supposed to have made the first white settlements in the county. The population of the township in 1800 was 1,263, including Gettysburg; in 1810, 863 - 436 males, 404 females, 2 slaves and 21 free colored. In Gettysburg there were 362 males, 313 females, 7 slaves and 43 free colored, aggregating 725, which with the township gives total population of 1,888 souls; in 1820, 1,022, and in Gettysburg, 1,111; in 1830, 1,010, and Gettysburg 1473; in 1840, 1,218, and Gettysburg, 1,908; in 1850 (excluding Gettysburg) 1,408, including 74 colored; in 1860, 1,325, including 67 colored; in 1870, 1,455, including 53 foreign and 91 colored citizens. The figures for 1860 and former decennial periods include the population of part of Highland. In 1880 the population outside of Gettysburg was 1,512, and of Gettysburg, 2,814. The number of taxpayers (1886) is 460; value of real estate, $566,479; number of horses and mules, 464; cows and neat cattle, 529; value of moneys at interest, $54,905; value of trades and professions, $11,280; number of carriages, 190; gold watches, 11; silver watches, 1; acres of timber land, 1,956. In 1809 the stone bridge over Marsh Creek at Bream’s tavern was built by William McClellan, for $2,500. The length is 115 feet, with five arches. In 1814 the Marsh Creek stone bridge on the Gettysburg and Emmittsburg road was built by John Murphy. It is 114 feet long, contains five arches and cost $3,500. In 1852 it gave place to the present wooden bridge. In 1846 Joseph Clapsaddle built the Rock Creek wooden bridge on the Harrisburg road for $850. In 1852 David S. Stoner built a wooden bridge over Marsh Creek on the road from Gettysburg to Nunnemaker’s mill, for $1,544. In 1853 John Finley erected the Rock wooden bridge on the Hanover road, near Gettysburg, for $1,490. In 1871 the 120 feet span bridge (wooden) at Horner’s mill was rebuilt at a cost of $1,345, by J. M. Pittenturf. In 1871 Gilbert & Co. erected an iron bridge over Willoughby Run, on the Gettysburg and Fairfield road, ninety feet long, for $13.45 per foot, exclusive of stone work, which was built by Perry J. Tawney. The iron bridge at Hoffman’s, which was being built in the winter of 1885-86, was swept away and a man named Herring drowned. The first road repairing work done in the township after the organization of the county, was in November, 1802, when a small bridge was built over the creek on the Baltimore road near the mill known as “McAllister’s Mill.” The first road built after the establishment of the county was that from Isaac Deardorff’s mill to Gettysburgh, viewed in 1800 by Thomas Cochran, Alexander Irvine, Francis Knouse, Alexander Lecky, James Horner and Samuel Smith of Mountpleasant. The Rock Creek road, otherwise the Baltimore road, an old highway, was repaired for the first time within the bounds of Adams County in June, 1805. During that month William McPherson and Reynolds Ramsey, the road supervisors of Cumberland Township, called on the residents for help. This call was responded to as follows: Rev. Alex Doblin, James McClure, Andrew Bushman, Quintin Armstrong, Robert McCurday, David Horner, Henry Black and Conrad Hoke sent each a wagon and team with one man. Jacob Sharfey, Phoutz J. Armstrong, Jacob Bushman, Robert Works, Hugh Dunwoody, Robert Thompson, Gabriel Walker, Robert McCreary, Henry Black, Michael Miller and Conrad Hoke appeared on the ground themselves, or sent their men to assist in repairing this road. The Gettysburgh and Black’s Tavern pike was made in 1812; the Baltimore and Carlisle turnpike in 1815; the York and Gettysburg and the Chambersburg and Gettysburg pike roads are noticed in the history of other townships. In 1859 the Gettysburg & Harrisburg Railroad was opened for traffic. February 26, 1884, the “Jay Cooke” brought in the first train over the Gettysburg & Harrisburg Railroad, and two golden spikes were driven. The road was completed and opened for regular traffic April 21, 1884, the first train north being drawn by the locomotive “South Mountain,” with Samuel Wiser, engineer; John Sawers, fireman, and Capt. Small, conductor. The second train was drawn by engine “Jay Cooke,” with Ephraim McClary, engineer; L. Bailey, fireman; Capt. C. E. Givler, conductor. In 1869 a street railroad was built from the Hanover Railroad depot to the Springs Hotel, right of way being granted on condition that the company would keep the streets in repair. The conditions were observed for a short time, and in failure the road was condemned. In 1696 the Five Nations Indians were induced to sell their lands, west of the Susquehanna, to Thomas Dougan, governor of New York. Immediately after, January 13, 1696, the whole tract was deeded to William Penn for £100 sterling, or about $483. Penn then won from the Susquehannas, the original owners, their claims and subsequently satisfied a claim of the discontented Conestogas who denied the validity of the Susquehannas’ title. In 1736 a deed was given by the five tribes to John Thomas and Richard Penn for all lands west of the Susquehanna to the “setting sun.” On this title the proprietaries claimed the right to own a tract of land as large as Great Britain, and the claim was held just by the English governors. There was also the “Carroll Tract” and “Digges’ Choice,” located in Adams County, under titles granted to Carroll and Digges by Lord Baltimore, but for some years this question of overstepping proprietary rights was confined to the landlords themselves. Between 1735-36 and 1741 a number of Irish peasantry from the hills of Tyrone, Derry, Cavan, and Sligo Counties, came hither to stay, to erect a free home for themselves at the foot of the old South Mountains. The Hamiltons, Sweenys, Eddys, Blacks, McClains, McClures, Wilsons, Agnews, Darbys and others were here, near Gettysubrg, in 1841. Then came the landlords’ agent to survey the “Manor of Maske,” and a second one to drive off the “squatters,” or obtain from them pay for the permission to work in the heat of summer and cold of winter among the rocky hills, who declared “yt if ye Chain be spread again, he wou’d stop it, and then stop ye Compass from ye Surv. Gen.” The men who resisted the survey of the “Manor of Maske” were prosecuted, but the wisdom of the Penns prompted a fair settlement with the squatters, which resulted in the Irish peasant becoming his own laborer and master, his own tenant and landlord. This same band of fighters for the right, organized for defense against the Indians and shared in the honors of saving the frontier from many an Indian raid. This same band of peasants first saw the tyranny of the “tea tax,” and were among the first to hail the Revolution. They were among the first to recognize the liberty conventions and swear fealty to the act of such conventions in 1775. They were the men who formed McPherson’s battalion in 1775, and the Eleventh Pennsylvania Regiment of the line in 1776. They spoke bad Irish and as bad English, but their shout was heard unmistakably wherever the wave of revolution struck, and when, with their brothers of the thirteen stars, they raised the flag of the Union, they, at that moment saw the shackles fall from the husbandman, and the industry and liberty march forward over the trails and military roads cut by the retreating soldiers of Great Britain. The German squatters in “Digges’ Choice” followed up the principle of the squatters in the ”Manor of Maske,” but, making only a formal resistance, were on the point of being subjected, when Jacob Kitzmiller shot Dudley Digges, a son of the “landlord” and routed the sheriff. This act, and the acquittal of the peasant, shed new light on the land question, and possibly was the second paving stone in the street which is leading to ownership of land by the cultivator of the land. Does it not seem strange that here on Marsh Creek, where the Irish squatter-cultivator first fought for the ownership of his own labor, the first decisive blow was struck at colored slavery 122 years later? The pioneers of the township came here between 1733 and 1739, from Ireland. The term “Scotch-Irish of the border” was a name given to these settlers by the colonial land grabbers of the Penn coterie (A. Boyd Hamilton, Harrisburg). The tract over which they squatted was wild land when they came; but a few years later, in 1740, the Penns named it “The Manor of the Maske.” In 1765 a list of the squatters was made out, which was recorded April 2, 1792. This list gives the names, and dates of original improvement of the lands throughout this entire “manor,” and from it, with the aid of descendants of the old settlers, the following list of those who resided in this township is taken: William McClellan, May, 1740 Thomas Douglass, May, 1740 John Fletcher, June, 1739 Alex. Poe, April, 1739 Robert Fletcher, May, 1741 Hugh Davis, April, 1739 Samuel Gettys (Rock Creek), - 1740 John Brown, May, 1741 Hugh Scott, September, 1740 Samuel Brown, May, 1741 Daniel McKeeman, September, 1740 Samuel Eddy, March, 1741 George Kerr, October, 1740 John Stuart, March, 1741 Samuel McCullough, May, 1741 Henry McDonough, April, 1739 Alex. Stuart, April, 1741 James McNaught, May, 1740 Robert Smith, April, 1741 Myles Sweeney, March, 1741 James Thompson, May, 1741 Thomas Boyd’s heirs, March, 1741 Joseph Clugston, April, 1741 James Hall, April, 1741 John McGaughey, April, 1741 Samuel Paxton and son, March, 1741 William McCreary, April, 1740 Quintin Armstrong, April, 1741 Joseph Moore, March, 1740 John Murphy, April, 1741 David Moore, March, 1741 John McNeit, April, 1741 Hugh Woods, March, 1741 John Armstrong, April, 1740 Edward Hall, March, 1741 Andrew Thompson, May, 1741 John Linn, April, 1740 John Leard, September, 1739 James Walker, May, 1740 Robert Black, May, 1740 Thomas Latta, May, 1740 Alex. Walker, April, 1741 David Dunwoody, March, 1741 Moses McCarley, April, 1739 Hugh Dunwoody, April, 1741 The name McPherson does not appear among the original owners. Robert McPherson was a delegate in the convention held at Carpenter’s Hall, Philadelphia, June 18, 1775, and took the oath of allegiance to the Union of States; he was also delegate to the great convention of 1776. The act of the Pennsylvania Legislature, March 12, 1802, dealing with the purchase and improvement of the “Manor of the Maske” prior to 1741, provided that the original settlers, or their heirs, who were excluded from perfecting titles to their lands, owing to State and manor boundary difficulties, be now enabled to acquire title by paying purchase money and interest thereon from 1765 to 1802 to the receiver-general of the land office. This act applied to the settlers in Butler, Menallen, Liberty, Straban, Hamiltonban and Freedom, as well as to the settlers on the east side of Marsh Creek. The original tax payers of the township in 1799, and the assessed value of property are given as follows: Quintin Armstrong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,052 Isaac Armstrong* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746 John Potter Ashbough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 William Braden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646 Robert Bigham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 Henry Black, miller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756 Adam Black, wagon-maker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664 Benjamin Blubough, tanner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537 John Bowman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 John Brough, hotel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Jacob Bogh, school teacher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Boyd property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,152 Christian Bender* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 925 William Crawford, physician . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,240 William Cobean†, miller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,203 Capt. Alex Cobean†† . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,666 Matthias Copland†† . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875 Henry Cluts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873 Cornelius Cornhover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 John Cunningham, tailor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 James Cox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530 Stophel Culp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916 James Cobean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Martin Cluts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Christian Culp, wheel wright . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Mathias Culp, blacksmith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Rev. Alex Dobbin* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,222 Thomas Douglass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829 James Douglass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 917 Thomas Douglass Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608 Arch. Dickey, millwright . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Hugh Dunwoodie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,360 James Dickson, merchant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 David Dunwoodie Sr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,942 David Dunwoodie, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,066 George Dunphy, weaver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Widow Douglass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 John Dodds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Samuel Edie, squire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 986 John Ewing, tailor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 David Edie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Charles Fletcher, blacksmith . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,157 Hugh Fergus, weaver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510 Samuel Frye, miller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533 Jacob Fox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 James Gettys†† . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,314 Fleming’s heirs† . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 900 William Guinn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 George Gayer, wagon-maker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 George Gayer, Sr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 William Garvin, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 John Galloway, sadler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 George Gantz, mason . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Grimes & Wilson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Conrad Hoke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 892 Edward Hall‡ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774 Patrick Hagen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726 James Hamers, blacksmith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Daniel Hack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631 William Hollen, a minor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 William Hamilton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,308 Christ. Harsha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,436 Henry Hoke¹, tanner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,244 Robert Horner, merchant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Jacob Harper, cordwinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Nicholas Kevehaver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,106 William Klonce, cordwinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 John Kissinger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536 George Kerr and Kerr & Mitchell, merchants . . . . . . 837 Alex Irvine, merchant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,615 Hugh Linn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 964 Fred Long, cordwinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,020 Samuel Lisley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916 Linah Thomas, weaver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 John Lower, joiner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Conrad Lower, joiner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 William McGaughey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,121 William McCreary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 John McKallen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,586 Robert Mayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451 Daniel Murphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819 Robert McCurdy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,794 James McClure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863 William McPherson††† . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,551 Widow Agnes McPherson²³ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 William McClellan, squire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,516 David Moore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,168 Michael Miller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 Widow McClellan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 John Myers, merchant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507 Widow Miller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Con. Maynag, cordwinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 John McNutt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Wyman Phillip, blacksmith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Hugh Patterson, weaver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Nathan Paxton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857 Samuel Patterson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 George Plank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756 Christian Patzer, joiner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Samuel Phillips, cordwinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Alexander Russell, squire‡ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,328 Reynolds Ramsey, merchant‡ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 John Rutter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849 Hugh Reed, mason . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Christian Rock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836 Fred Rumble, blacksmith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Ludwick Rumble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 George Rumble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 James Rowan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 William Stewart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918 Robert Stewart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Jacob Shirfey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,150 Alexander Shannon, tailor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 John Sweeney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,190 Henry Spangler, blacksmith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 James Sweeney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,130 Thomas Sweeney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,196 John Shakely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622 Lewis Shriver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760 Christian Stouffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 Abraham Stoner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,227 James Scott, hotel‡ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,128 Walter Smith, hatter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 John Scott, hotel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554 Robert Thompson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,357 Samuel Taggert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412 Jacob Troxell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Robert Tate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,458 Joseph Thompson, tailor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 John Troxall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 David Troxall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 John Wilson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570 William Waikert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783 Henry Wolf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Joseph Walker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903 Thomas Wible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Gabriel Walker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,064 George Wible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Robert Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,196 John Wible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 William Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Andrew Wible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Stephen Wible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549 Stephen Wible, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 John Welty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889 Henry Weaver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,348 Emanuel Zigler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537 * Store-house. † Grist-mill. †† Saw and grist-mill. ‡ Female slave, value $100. ³ Brick house, woman slave, value $25. ¹ Tanner, held male slave, value $150. ††† Holder of men slaves, value $800. ² Holder of man slave, value $150. The single men residing in the township in 1799, were William Ashbough, potter; John Breaden, tailor; Thomas Breaden, cordwinder; George Boham, James Black, John Black, Robert Black, blacksmiths; James Black, weaver; Elisha P. Barris, Thomas Brown, weavers; Samuel Cobean, John Cluts, weavers; James Douglass, hatter; James Dobbin, Henry Duncan, joiners; William Fellons, weaver; William Hall, John Hamilton, weavers; John Hunter, weaver; Robert Hayes, lawyer; Daniel Kissinger, tanner; Jacob Long, Thomas Latta, Matthew Longwill, merchants; William McDead, mason; John McCleary, tailor; James McNevin, William McKinley, cabinet-makers; Robert McMurdie, weaver; John McCulley, school teacher; David Moore, James McClillan, Hugh O. Dwyer, Robert Ramsay, cordwinders; James Smith, Hatter; William Sterling, John Shavey, Casper Shavey, Samuel Sloan, joiners; John Scott, miller; James Thompson, wheelwright; John Taylor, mason; and George Dodds. Many of these “single men” possessed some little property, which with the real estate and personal property assessment amounted to $103,931 as assessed by David Moore, James Gettys and Peter Weikert. The collectors were Edward Hall and Reynolds Ramsey, the rate being 36 cents per $100. >From 1775 to the close of 1865 this division of the State was always well represented in the armies of the Union. During the Revolution no less than 300 men from this portion of York County participated in the battles for liberty. Prior to this time they stood as sentries on the frontier, and in the late war contributed about 2,500 men to the defense of the Union. The first actual signal of the war of 1861-65 seen in the township, was Capt. Stoneman’s four companies of cavalry from Carlisle barracks. They encamped May 6, 1861, at Horner’s mills. The men who answered the first call for troops in 1861, residents of Cumberland Township and Gettysburg, were George Quinn, George Arendt, John Arendt, Sr., John Arendt, Jr., Joseph M. Miller, Charles M. Gallagher and Edward Welty, all of Cumberland Township. Andrew Schick, William Guinn, Thaddeus Warren, Henry Hughes, Nicholas J. Codori, Jr., James A. Lashall, Dr. T. T. Tate, Charles R. Bushey, John H. Sheads, Henry Chritzman, J. Louis McClellan, Johnson M. Skelly, Jacob Kitzmiller, George W. Myers, Henry J. Fry, John Sheads, A. P. Bollinger, Clinton Danner, Elias Sheads, Samuel George, Alex J. Tate, William Pierce, M. J. Coble, Oscar D. McMillan, Isaac M. McClean, Samuel Vandersloot, Thaddeus S. Welty, John G. Fry, Jr., William Wilson, Frank D. Duphorn, Duncan M. C. Little, William M. C. McGonagal, Peter Warren, George A. Warner, William Wiegantt, and A. J. Cover. John T. McIllhenny was second sergeant; James Adair, fourth sergeant; Adam Doersour, Jr., W. E. Culp and Jerome Martin, of Gettysburg, corporals; William W. Little, drummer; John Culp and E. G. Fahnestock, lieutenants; P. J. Tate, quartermaster, and C. H. Buehler, captain. The company of which these men were members was mustered into Company E, Second Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry. The house immediately south of the National Cemetery was built by William Guinn in 1776, and occupied July 4 of that year. It was tenanted by Catherine Guinn during the battle of Gettysburg, when thirteen shot and shell entered it, one striking the bureau near which the old lady was sitting. She was eighty-five years old in July, 1876. CHURCHES. The Upper Marsh Creek Church stood in what is now the desolate looking “Black’s Grave-yard.” After Mr. Black’s time the congregation pulled down the old church, and built one on North Washington Street, Gettysburg, near the Catholic Church. This was succeeded by the church of Baltimore and High Streets. In 1775 Rev. John Black became pastor of “Upper Marsh Creek.” In 1786 he, with others, was sent off to form the Carlisle Presbytery. Owing to congregational difficulties in 1790-94, he in 1794 joined a Reformed Dutch congregation near Hunterstown. His death took place August 16, 1802. The old log church of the Reformed Presbyterians, which stood on the old Dunwoody farm, now the David Blocher farm, on the Carlisle and Newville road was erected prior to 1774, as Morrow and Dunwoody were ordained as elders in 1753, and the society was organized April 8, the same year. The Covenanters-Among the Scotch and Scotch-Irish settlers along Marsh and Rock Creeks were small clusters of families called “Covenanters” because they asserted that the obligation of the “Solemn League and Covenant” of their forefathers were binding upon them. Their presbytery in the mother country took the name of the Reformed Presbytery and they styled themselves Reformed Presbyterians. They had been called Cameronians in Scotland after one of their field preachers, Richard Cameron, who was beheaded in 1680. They had also been known as Mountain People, because in times of persecution they fled to the mountains to worship in secret places. There were seven or eight little Covenanter societies between the Susquehanna and the Blue Ridge before the arrival of their first minister from the mother country. Rev. Alexander Craighead a Presbyterian minister who sympathized with the Covenanters in their distinctive principles, preached to them for a time. One of these little societies was at Marsh Creek, and had what was called a “tent” for their public meetings not far from the site of Gettysburg. The “tent” of the Covenanters of that time is described as simply a stand in the woods with a shelter overhead, a board braced against a tree on which to lay the Bible and psalm book, and rude seats in front for the congregation over whom there was no covering but the sky. At a general meeting of delegates from the different societies held at Middle Octorora, March 4, 1744, Thomas Wilson and David Dunwoody were delegates from the Marsh Creek society. In 1751 Rev. John Cuthbertson, the first Reformed Presbyterian minister in America sent by the denomination in Scotland, arrived in Pennsylvania. On September 1, 1751, Mr. Cuthbertson preached his first sermon to the Adams County Covenanters at their tent, which was not far from the residence of David Dunwoody. On April 8, 1753, was the first ordination of ruling elders of this denomination in America. Six persons were ordained, two of whom, David Dunwoody and Jeremiah Morrow, were the first ruling elders of the Covenanters about the site of Gettysburg; the former was the grandfather of Rev. Dr. J. L. Dinwiddie, the latter the grandfather of Gov. Jeremiah Morrow, of Ohio. The society soon took the name of Rock Creek Church, and built its first log meeting-house near that stream about one mile northeast of where Gettysburg now stands. In 1764 John Murphy and Andrew Branwood were ordained elders. The Rock Creek Church at the period of the Revolution was probably the most important and influential Covenanter Church in America. They learned Rev. Alexander Dobbin became pastor of this congregation in 1774, immediately after his arrival in this country and so continued until his death in 1809. After the union of the Reformed Presbyterians and Associate Presbyterians in 1782, it became an Associate Reformed Church, and about 1804 began the erection of the first house of worship in Gettysburg. This church was “a substantial brick structure, of good size, finished in the old style, with high-backed pews, brick-paved aisles, high pulpit and huge sounding-board.” It has since been remodeled in the interior, and since 1858 has been known as the United Presbyterian Church. The early Covenanters maintained a practical dissent against the British Government prior to the American Revolution. They were all Whigs; not a Tory could be found among them. Their public religious services lasted four or five hours, and on communion days, often from seven to nine hours, with an intermission of fifteen minutes for lunch. Some of the lead tokens used by them at communion services are still in existence. They are about one-half an inch long, and nearly as wide, with the letters R. P. (Reformed Presbyterian) on one side, and L. S. (Lord’s Supper) and the date, 1752, on the other. For twenty-two years Rev. John Cuthbertson was the only Covenanter pastor in America. During his first year in this country he preached on 120 days, baptized 110 children and married ten couples. Year after year he made his way in summer’s heat and winter’s storm over a region now forming four or five counties. At many of his preaching stations there were no churches for years; at such places he preached in the groves, when the weather would permit, and in private houses when the weather was not propitious. He died in 1791, after having toiled in this country nearly forty years, during which he preached on 2,452 days baptized 1,806 children, married 240 couples and rode on horseback about 70,000 miles. These facts are shown by his diary. CEMETERIES. The old Marsh Creek Cemetery, commonly called “McClellan’s,” is on the eastern bank of the creek a point north of the stone bridge on the Fairfield road. The headstones marking the burial places of the McClellans were moved to Evergreen Cemetery some years ago. The stones still to be found there give the following names and dates of death of aged people: Henry McDonogh, 1758 Joseph McCleary, 1840 Rosanna Crawford, 1772 Eleanor Kincaid, 1768 Christina Deal, 1809 Hugh Dunwoodie, 1825 Sarah Jamieson, 1807 Sarah Dunwoodie, 1744 Charles Deal, 1820 David Dunwoody, 1802 Sarah Cross, 1789 Jane Dunwoody, 1781 Eliza, wife of Mark Forney, 1852 Elizabeth Dunwoody, 1789 Eliza, wife of John Butts, Sr., 1851 The old monuments to the McClellans, moved to Gettysburg, are the old fashioned slate stones. They memorialize the deaths of William McClellan, fourth, fifth and sixty; the former dying in 1831. Black’s Cemetery takes its name from Rev. John Black, who was pastor of Upper Marsh Creek Presbyterian Church from 1775 to 1786. The church stood on the cemetery grounds, north of the Chambersburg road, until torn down about 1786. Among the straggling, crumbling monuments, the following names and dates of death are discernible: Mary Orr, 1754 Robert McNutt, 1772 Thomas Armstrong, 1759 Charles McAlister, 1774 Mary, his wife, 1759 James McAlister, 1782 John Morrison, 1749 John Bigham, 1759 His wife, 1752 Agnes Bigham, 1749 Ann Fletcher, 1773 John Innis, 1760 Wm. Boyd, 1757 James Innis, 1766 Robert Black, 1760 Robert Innis, 1763 John Hosack, 1789 Rev. Robert McMurdie, 1796 Violet Porter, 1753 Margaret McMurdy, 1777 Wm. Porter, 1753 Andrew Thompson, 1768 Nathaniel Porter, 1749 Samuel Agnew, 1760 Wm. Boyd, Sr., unknown Mary Agnew, 1760 Thomas Boyd, 1760 Alexander Latta, 1772 Rebecca Stevenson, 1767 Hugh Martin, 1767 Many of the old monuments have been removed to Gettysburg and other places. The few remaining, as well as the venerable old home of pioneers itself, are in a deplorable condition of decay. Hance Hamilton’s monument, moved to Gettysburg some years ago, is badly shattered. It records his death, February 2, 1772, aged fifty-one years. This old settler commanded in a fight with Indians at Bellemont about 1758. The pioneer McPhersons claim some ancient monuments also in the new cemetery at Gettysburg. The old cemeteries within the borough of Gettysburg are the German Reformed, near the church; old cemetery east of county jail; old Catholic; United Presbyterian, opposite the Catholic Church; Colored Cemetery on York road, near railroad, and Methodist, in rear of G. A. R. Post, No. 9 hall. Removals to Evergreen Cemetery and to the new Catholic Cemetery have been extensively carried out, so that the old homes of the dead are fast falling to decay. In April, 1880, the lot east of the jail was cleared of its 228 silent tenants by Samuel Herbst and a force of exhumers, some of the remains being moved to the grave-yard, where the Reformed Church stands, and some to the old cemetery. Sixty-four with headstones were placed in the Reformed Church Cemetery and twelve in Evergreen Cemetery. One hundred and fifty-two graves were unmarked. SCHOOLS. In April, 1800, the following named residents of Cumberland Township agreed to send their children to a school at Gettysburg to be conducted by a teacher of their own choice: David Dunwoody, Henry Hoke, Archibald Dickey, Walter Smith, Emanuel Zeigler, Hugh Dunwoody, Henry Weaver and Jacob Sell agreed to send each one child; James Scott, Joseph Little, James Duncan and Alex. Dobbin agreed to send two children each; A. Russell agreed to send three children, while George Kerr agreed to send one-half, which is interpreted to be a baby scholar. The election of teacher, which was held the same month, resulted in the choice of David Moore, Jr., over Andrew Wilson. Thaddeus Stevens represented Gettysburg and Cumberland Township in the convention of November 4, 1834, and voted for adopting the common school system according to the act of April 1, 1834. On November 28, 1834, the school board of Gettysburg divided the borough into four school districts, and established one school for colored children. S. S. King was president, and Robert G. Harper secretary of the board. Common schools were opened January 5, 1835, in Thomas Menargh’s house, Mr. Schriener’s, Mr. McMillar’s and Mr. McClean’s; the colored school in Mrs. Keech’s house. The postoffices in Cumberland Township are Gettysburgh and Green Mount, latter located southwest of Round Top, on the Emmittsburg road, below the old Wilson farm. It is the postal center for the greater part of Freedom Township and the southern portion of Cumberland. Mr. Bigham is in charge of the office. MISCELLANEOUS. On February 24, 1869, Thomas J. Lee was shot and killed by F. Weems Black at Mrs. Rosensteel’s “Wolf Hill,” two miles south of Gettysburg. Black was acquitted of murder.