Local History: Part IV - Biographical and Portrait Cyclopedia of Blair Co, PA: Samuel T. Wiley, Philadelphia, 1892, pages 120 - 156. Contributed for use in USGenWeb Archives by Judy Banja jbanja@email.msn.com Typing and proofreading by these subscribers to the RootsWeb PABLAIR mailing list: Ann Denson, Annie Whiteman, Bonnie Millican, Debbie Stearns, Denise Wagner, Donna Thomas, Eileen Van Allman, J. Goddard, Judy Banja, Lyn Frieda, and Sally. ____________________________________________________________ USGENWEB NOTICE: Printing this file by non-commercial individuals and libraries is encouraged, as long as all notices and submitter information are included. Any other use, including copying files to other sites, requires permission from the submitters PRIOR to uploading to any other sites. We encourage links to the state and county table of contents. ____________________________________________________________ BIOGRAPHICAL AND PORTRAIT CYCLOPEDIA OF BLAIR COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA EDITED BY SAMUEL T. WILEY AND W. SCOTT GARNER ILLUSTRATED GRESHAM PUBLISHING COMPANY PHILADELPHIA, PA RICHMOND, VA CHICAGO, IL 1892 [120 cont.] CITIES AND BOROUGHS. Cities and Boroughs. - Blair county contains one city - Altoona - and nine boroughs, which were laid out and organized in the years given: Borough. Laid Out. Organized. Hollidaysburg 1790 1836 Altoona (city) 1849 1868 Tyrone 1851 1857 Bellwood 1877 before 1880 Martinsburg 1815 1832 Roaring Spring 1865 before 1880 Gaysport - 1841 East Tyrone - 1873 East Hollidaysburg before 1890 Newry 1794 1876 Frankstown was organized as a borough in 1832, but never elected any borough [121] officers after the year of its incorporation, and Williamsburg was incorporated as a borough in 1827, but in 1841 let its municipal organization die and has figured since then as a village, although having over 900 of a population. Hollidaysburg. - On the left bank of the Beaver Dam branch of the beautiful Juniata, is situated the borough of Hollidaysburg, founded by the pioneer and daring frontiersmen, Adam and William Holliday, and for fifty years the metropolis and great business center, of what is now Blair county, of which it has been the seat of justice since the county's formation. Geographically, it is located in the northern part of Blair township, and is somewhat south of the center of the county. Adam and William Holliday were brothers, and natives of the north of Ireland, from which they came, in 1750, to settle in Lancaster county, which they soon left on account of the bitter feuds existing between the German and Irish settlers of that county, to seek a home in the Conocheague region. They remained there until 1768, and during that time served in the French and Indian war, and were with Armstrong in his march to Kittanning. Being frontiersmen and pioneers, they resolved, in 1768, to push further westward, and on their way to cross the Alleghenies stopped at the site of Hollidaysburg, where Adam was so favorably impressed with the country that he decided to settle there. He also prevailed upon his brother, William, to remain, and while Adam built his cabin on the site of the town which grew up and bears his name, William crossed the river, and became the first settler on land that is now included in the borough limits of Gaysport. It is a matter of dispute as to where Adam Holliday's cabin stood. Jones says that it was near the present, "American House," while H. H. Snyder claims that it stood on the southwest corner of Allegheny and Montgomery streets. Adam Holliday took up one thousand acres of land, but there was some flaw in his title, which Henry Gordon, a shrewd Scotchman, detected, and by course of law then won the land. Gordon went to Europe when the revolutionary war commenced, and was afterward attainted as a traitor by the council of Pennsylvania, who confiscated his land, which was bought by Adam Holliday at a nominal price, as no one would bid against him, in view that Gordon had wronged him out of it. After the war Gordon came back, and, proving that he had never taken up arms against the colonies, Congress agreed to purchase back his lands. "Thereupon, the commissioners to adjust claims, after examining the lands, reported them worth sixteen dollars an acre, and this amount was paid to Adam Holliday, who suddenly found himself the greatest moneyed man in this region, having in his possession sixteen or seventeen thousand dollars." There is dispute as to what year Hollidaysburg was laid out. Africa's county history places the date at 1790, while H. H. Snyder claims that it was plotted as early as 1780. The original lots and their owners were as follows: No. Owner. 1. Peter McLaughlin. 2. James Reynolds. 3. Sarah Holliday. 4. Lazarus B. McLain. 5. Peter Wort. 6. William Clark. [122] 7. William Henry. 8. Isaac Whetsel. 9. John Irwin. 10. Rev. D. Bard. 11. James Sommerville. 12. Martin Thompson. 13. Joseph Galbraith. 14. James McMurtrie, jr. 15. Alexander Holliday. 16. Samuel Galbraith. 17. Thomas Whittiker. 18. McMurtrie & Provines. 19. Robert Lawrence. 20. McMurtrie & Provines. 21. Joseph Patton. 22. McMurtrie & Co. 23. John Barber. 24. Adam Holliday. 25. John Holliday. 26. Alexander Young. 27. William Anderson. 28. James Morton. 29. Samuel Davis. 30. James Curry. 31. James Kerr & Lowry. 32. John Blair. 33. John Marshall. 34. Benjamin Elliottt. 35. John Cadwallader. 36. Thomas Blair. 37. Daniel Rothrock. 38. Samuel Holliday. 39. John Waggoner. 40. Adam Holliday. 41. John Parks. 42. Peter Titus. 43. John Titus. 44. Thomas Provines. 45. John Parks. 46. Andrew Henderson. 47. Adam Holliday. 48. John Reynolds. 49 Adam Mahood. 50. Maj. John Holliday. 51. John Holliday, jr. 52. Robert Gallbraith. 53. Benjamin Bears. 54. Samuel Marshall. 55. John Marshall. 56. Thomas Stewart. 57. Joseph Moore. 58. Robert Allison. 59. Andrew Divinny. 60. D G. Wilson. 61. John Holliday. 62. Samuel Holliday. 63. John Thompson. 64. John Brown. 65. Sebastian Bonslough. 66. Richard Smith, Esq. 67. Lazarus Lowry. 68. Rev. D. Bard. 69. William Moore. 70. Andrew Henderson. 71. John Cadwallader. 72. Philip Christian. 73. William McConnell. 74. James Kerr. 75. McMurtrie & Provines. 76. Samuel Kerr. 77. Lazarus Lowry. 78. Samuel Davis. 79. Robert Galbraith. 80. Jean Holliday. 81. William Divinny. 82. William Campbell. 83. William Reynolds, jr. 84. Swank and R. Provines. 85. Maxwell McDowell. 86. William Holliday. 87. William Reynolds. 88. Samuel Holliday. 89. Peter McLaughlin. 90. John Holliday. [123] Hollidaysburg seems to have grown but very slowly from 1790 to 1814. John Adams' tavern was a favorite resort as early as 1800. In 1814 the town contained eight buildings: John Adams' and John Hollidays' taverns, John Agnew's house, a store, smith shop, and the log dwelling of Christian Garber, and the first house of the town, which was built by Adam Holliday. The completion of the turnpike, in 1818, helped the growth and prosperity of the village, and by 1829 there were over twenty resident families. The building of the canal caused the village to grow into a town, and its establishment as the county seat, in 1846, added to its prosperity. The building of the Pennsylvania railroad, in 1852, gave it a check, from which it did not recover until the Hollidaysburg branch of the Pennsylvania railroad was completed. The population of Hollidaysburg since 1850 has been as follows: U.S. Census. Population. White. Colored. 1850 2430 2289 141 1860 2469 2354 115 1870 2952 2815 137 1880 3150 - - 1890 2975 - - "On the morning of the 19th of June, 1838, the town was visited by a terrible storm and flood. The rain began to fall about midnight, and continued, in unceasing torrents, until about six o'clock in the morning. The waters descended furiously in every direction from the high grounds, in immense columns, until all that portion of Gaysport lying between the railroad and the river was covered with a wild and almost irresistible flood. The Juniata had risen about fourteen feet above its ordinary level. The water in the dwellings near the river had risen as high as from four to five feet. This terrible flood did much damage to the canal between Hollidaysburg and Huntingdon, amounting to about one million dollars." The town was visited by a second terrible freshet October 7, 1947, when, by three o'clock, the water was over the banks of the river and nearly four feet deep in the buildings nearest the stream in Gaysport. Serious damage was done to the canal, and the farmers along the river lost heavily. Hollidaysburg was organized as a borough in August, 1836, and on September 13th of that year, its first borough officers were elected. They were: Dr. James Coffee, burgess; and Joseph Reed, John Walker, William McFarland, D. Mitchell, and S.F. Henry, councilmen; and Simon Brotherline, constable. The first postmaster was William Holliday, who served as early as 1779, and the first canal boat that came to town was the John Blair, that made its first appearance in 1833. The Washington Greys, organized October 5, 1839, was the first military organization of Hollidaysburg. They were succeeded by the Hollidaysburg Fencibles in 1856, and the Juniata Rifles, which were organized October 22, 1858. The Fencibles became Co. A of the 3d Pennsylvania infantry during the late war, and the Juniata Rifles was Co. H of the 2d Pennsylvania infantry, which served in the Army of the Potomac. Under the old military system of the state, two weekly encampments were made at Hollidaysburg; the first one of six companies, commencing October 18, 1841; and the second, of seventeen companies, commencing October 11, 1843. The reservoir was built in 1840 by Henry L. Patterson, the old market house was [124] erected in 1841, and the Hollidaysburg Gas and Water Company was incorporated in 1854, but the town was not ignited by gas until 1856, and the company did not succeed in their efforts to erect water works. The Hollidaysburg water works were built by the borough authorities, in 1866 and 1867, at a cost of nearly $50,000. The water is brought in pipes of wood wrapped with iron, from a beautiful spring of freestone water on the Brush mountain farm of Hon. Thaddeus Banks, a distance of two and three-fourths miles from the borough limits. The first reservoir was soon found to be too small, and the present one, with a capacity of two and one-half million gallons, was then erected at a cost of $15,000. It is from sixty to one hundred and twenty feel in elevation above all points in the borough. In February, 1837, the borough purchased for $225 a fire engine which proved to be of little value, and in 1841 the Diamond Engine company was formed as the successor of an attempted company in 1838. During 1841 and 1842 the borough purchased, for $1,900, two good fire engines, called respectively the Juniata and the Allegheny; and in 1871 bought the steamer Phoenix, at a cost of $2,500. The present fire companies are the Phoenix, Allegheny Hook and Ladder, and the Good Will Hose. On April 14, 1880, an incendiary fire originated in an unoccupied barn on Wayne, between Allegheny and Mulberry streets, and before it was extinguished destroyed property to the value of twenty thousand dollars, upon which there was insurance to the amount of ten thousand dollars. Among the more prominent events in the history of Hollidaysburg may be mentioned the railroad war at the tunnel in 1851, among the Irish laborers employed there, which was suppressed without loss of life by the Hollidaysburg Guards; and the visit of the distinguished Hungarian patriot, Louis Kossuth, in 1852. The iron manufacturing industries of Hollidaysburg were inaugurated in 1855, when James Denison and others, under the firm name of Watson, White & Co., built Hollidaysburg furnace, No. 1, in Gaysport, at a cost of $60,000. In the same year Gardner, Osterloh & Co. built Chimney Rock, now Hollidaysburg furnace, No. 2. About 1863 both of these furnaces became the property of the Cambria Iron Company. The Hollidaysburg Juniata Rolling mill was built at a cost of one half million dollars, and in 1879 was leased by the Blair Iron an Coal Company, and the Hollidaysburg Iron Nail Company rolling mill was built in 1860 by B.M. and Robert B. Johnson, and John L. Hemphill and Hugh McNeal. The educational facilities of Hollidaysburg are good. It possesses an efficient system of public schools while the Hollidaysburg Female seminary, which was erected in 1869, at a cost of $75,000, is recognized as one of the leading institutions in the State for the education of women. The present fine court house at Hollidaysburg is described by its architect, David S. Gendell, as follows: "The building is in the modern Gothic style of architecture, with the Italian treatment. This style, while it is directly founded upon mediaeval Gothic, omits many of the details of the latter, or adapts them to modern requirements. The exterior walls of the building are of stone. The facing is cut stone (the greater portion of which is from the Massillon quarries). The color of the main body of the work is [125] a warn, rich, sunny buff, while the alternate arch stones, with the hood mouldings over the arches, the string-courses, cornices, and many of the other ornamental portions of the work are of a beautiful deep peach-bloom color. The two colors present a sufficiently strong, and yet a very agreeable contrast. While the different points are thus sufficiently emphasized, the effect of the whole is exceedingly harmonious and pleasing, and free from that "patch-work" appearance which is the bane of much modern architecture where stones of two or more colors are employed. Inside the exterior stone walls are four and one-half inch brick walls, erected separately from the stone-work, to which they are tied with wrought-iron anchors. There is an air space of one and one-half inches between the stone walls and the brick lining. Thus, freedom from dampness is secured. The plan of the structure bears some resemblance to the letter T. In width it is seventy feet on the front, eighty-three and one-half feet on the rear, and fifty-five and one-half feet across the narrow part. Its total depth is one hundred and thirty-two and one-half feet. The front portion of the building is two stories in height, surmounted with a high slated roof. The rear part is three stories high, the upper story being contained within a mansard roof, having ornamental gabled stone dormers. The building is surmounted by two front and one main tower. The ventilating shaft is six and a half feet square, eighty feet high, and gives perfect ventilation to the whole building. The various county offices, court and jury rooms are in perfect keeping with the other beautiful and perfect architectural designs of this model structure." Hollidaysburg is a pretty and healthful town, with well shaded streets, and would make a very desirable summer resort. Altoona. - Napoleon's daring march across the Alps has been preserved in history; but the name of the engineer who located and built his wonderful road across those snow and ice-covered mountains is not known. Altoona, the Metropolis of the Alleghenies, came into existence as the terminal of the low grade of the Pennsylvania railroad in the Juniata valley, which fact has been preserved in the history of Blair county; but the name of the engineer who located the spot for the low grade terminal, and the site of the city, is not known. Altoona is situated in 40( and 32( north latitude; and 78( and 24( west longitude from Greenwich, England. The altitude of Altoona is 1208 feet above sea level. It is 236 miles from Philadelphia, 136 miles from Pittsburg, 164 miles from Buffalo, 125 miles from Wheeling, and 136 miles from Washington city. It contains the largest car and machine shops in the world, and is one of the most important railroad centers in North America. "Altoona, well named the 'Mountain City,' is situated at the eastern base of the Allegheny mountains. Its name is not derived from the Latin word, altus, nor from the French word, alto, as has frequently been asserted and published, but from the beautiful liquid and expressive Cherokee word, 'Allatoona.' This is on the authority of the person who bestowed the name, Mr. Wright, of Philadelphia, who was long a resident of the Cherokee country, in Georgia, and an admirer of the musical names of that Indian language. 'Allatoona,' literally the high lands of great worth. Upon the christening, Mr. Kneass suggested that the name was too long, and [126] it was shortened (by omitting the second syllable) to Altoona. It has a very romantic and un-city-like location upon the hillside, and is surrounded on all sides by some of the finest mountain scenery on the American continent. Within a radius of a few miles are Bell's Gap, Sinking Spring valley, with its subterranean streams and immense caverns, the Roaring Springs, Allegrippus, the famous Horse-Shoe Bend, and Cresson Springs beyond. The whole vicinage is popular as a place of resort for tourists during the summer months. The view from the top of Gospel Hill is a very fine one, and is thus described by a recent writer: 'We then climbed to the top of Gospel Hill, and got a glorious view for miles away. Here, standing on the Allegheny mountain side, we saw the city spread out at our feet, its houses scattered over a long, narrow strip of ground on the sloping sides of the valley, with the railroad and its shops and great buildings spread along the center. Far away to the southward, in the background, with the dark green ridge, known as Brush mountain, with the notch in it called the Kettle, through which could be seen the grayer, the more distant mountains behind. Turning to the northward, was seen the distant slope of the Allegheny mountains, rising higher than any of the others, as they spread out, a series of flat-topped mountains, far away to the southwest, with the sun setting in the clouds behind. Such is Altoona; and the distant bell and whistle, and the long lines of smoke far down in the valley tell the story of the railway that has brought this busy city out of the wilderness.'" One hundred and twenty-two acres of ground are occupied for business purposes by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. Its buildings are substantially constructed, on the most approved plans, and the tools and machinery used in them are the best that can be procured. As a consequence, the work is of the highest standard, and at the minimun cost. "It is a fact universally conceded that this company is the leader of the van of progress. Every month, every year it institutes the most exact scientific researches, tests, experiments, and observations, governed by the sole idea of obtaining railroad perfection; and the benefit of each year's chrystallized experience forms the basis of the operations, constantly progressive, of the following twelve months. A corps of scientists, regularly in the employ of the company, devotes its entire time, intelligence, acumen, and energy in determining what is best in everything, and the result is not only to furnish the road with what is wanted, but to gradually raise and purify the products of manufacturers of railroad supplies." This company has the most perfect system of running trains in the world, and the immense business of its road is transacted with precision and regularity. Trains at every hour of the day and night arrive and depart from Altoona, but under the supervision of William C. Snyder, the present train master, and one of the most efficient railway men in the State, perfect system prevails, and passengers and freight are speedily handled without confusion or mistake. William Clark describes the shops of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company as follows: "In them are manufactured, or repaired every year, thousands of the best freight, and finest passenger cars in the world, and hundreds of the largest and most powerful as well as most perfect locomotive engines. [127] The machine or upper shops as they are usually called to distinguish them from the car shops or lower shops, are presided over directly by master mechanic G. W. Strattan. They are located in the triangular plot of ground bounded by Ninth and Tenth avenues and Ninth street and Sixteenth street, the greater part of them being close to Twelfth street and between it and Sixteenth. These shops consist of three round houses, two erecting shops, two wheel foundries, a soft iron foundry, brass foundry, blacksmith shop, cab and tender shop, tin and sheet-iron shop, boiler shop, flue shop, a two-story lathe shop, a vise shop, wheel shop, telegraph shop, and air brake shop, a large storehouse, and office buildings. They have a floor surface of about twelve acres, and occupy thirty-one acres of ground. Three thousand men are employed, and the monthly pay roll is nearly two hundred thousand dollars. A new engine costs about nine thousand to construct. The car or lower shops, of which John P. Levan is general foreman, are located along Chestnut avenue from below city limits to Seventh street, and occupy the space between Chestnut avenue and the tracks of the main line P.R.R., on the line of Ninth avenue. They include a large round house which covers over three acres of ground, including the circle of four hundred feet diameter, which it encloses, which is not under roof, and in which is a one hundred foot turn-table, run by steam power, on which two of the largest freight cars and an engine can be turned with ease. There are also two large planing mills, a blacksmith shop, plumber's shop, upholsterer's shop, hair picking room, two paint shops, machine shop, truck shop (building iron car trucks), a cabinet shop in which the finest car furniture, etc., is made, a passenger car shop, freight car shop - which occupies the round-house principally - and a very extensive lumber yard, in which is piled all the time from 10,000,000 to 30,000,000 feet of the best lumber, of nearly all kinds, besides square timber - 60 to 100 men being constantly employed handling lumber. Nearly 2,000 men are employed at the car shops. "East of the car shops are the Juniata Locomotive Works recently completed, the shops and buildings of which occupy a tract of over 50 acres of ground, and are said to be the most extensive of their kind in the world. They employ about 1,000 men now but the number is to be largely increased, and they will soon be able to build many hundred locomotive engines yearly. They are the property of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and their continued operation will doubtless add 10,000 to Altoona's population in a few years." Of the other manufacturing industries of the city, are the Altoona iron and manufacturing companies. The Altoona Iron Company, of which James Gardner is president; H. K. McCauley, secretary; T. S. Gardner, treasurer and correspondent; and Robert Smiley, mill manager, has a large rolling mill just south of the city limits, on the Hollidaysburg branch of the Pennsylvania railroad, Allegheny station, where all kinds of merchant bar iron is manufactured. The capital stock of the company is one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, and the plant is valued at one hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars. 135 to 150 men are employed here. The Altoona Manufacturing Company (formerly "Car Works"), are located on Broad and Twenty-sixth streets, at the (128) southern limit of the city. They were first built in 1868, were burned down May 23, 1879, but at once re-built, and the company is now in a very flourishing condition. They employ about one hundred and fifty men. They have no connection with the Pennsylvania railroad, except by their own tracks, and while they have the facilities for building cars and do make some freight cars, and repair cars for several coal companies, their principal business is that of a machine shop, the manufacture of castings, engines, and improved machinery, hoisting engines, etc., having every facility for the purpose. The officers of the company are: M. A. Green, president; Wm. B. Wigton, secretary, and John Lloyd, treasurer. Altoona was laid out in 1849, by Archibald Wright, of Philadelphia, was organized as a borough February 6, 1854, and incorporated as a city in February, 1868. There is a romantic story about Mr. Wright sending a Mr. Cadwalader to purchase the David Robison farm for the town site, and that Mr. Cadwalader dropped his letter of instructions, directing him to pay $10,000 rather than fail to get the farm, which letter Mrs. Robison was said to have found, and as a result, Mr. Robison asked and received $10,000 for the farm which he had intended to have parted with for $6,000. After the Robison farm had been laid out in lots, the adjoining farms of Andrew Green and John Loudon were laid out by their owners into town lots, and Green's addition, on the east, was named Greensburg, while Loudon's was called Loudonsburg. Several additions since then have been made, and the growth of Altoona from a hamlet to an important city, has been rapid, steady, and substantial. The streets, with one exception, originally bore feminine names - given in honor of the sweethearts of the members of the engineer corps that located the railroad. The first building on the site of the town was the old Robison farm house, and the next one was a small frame, near the railroad, used as an engineer's office, for Strickland, Kneass and others. In 1851 there were less than a dozen buildings in the place, and among them were the Union church and school building, Adlum & Irvin's and Figarts' stores, Kneass' office, Dr. Thomas' residence, a tavern, and a brick building, in course of erection, on Virginia street (Eleventh avenue), for railroad offices. Adlum & Irvin built the first store building in 1849, and among the early merchants were: John Loudon, James Lowther, William McDowell, John Morrow, Michael Hileman, George Wayne, Henry Sellers, and John M. Bush. Samuel Ettinger was the pioneer clothing merchant, and George W. Kessler was the first druggist, while William O'Donnell opened the first hardware store. John B. Westley was the first carpenter and builder. The first tailor was Richard Smith (1852); shoemaker, Benjamin Figart; butcher and baker, Nicholas Agnew; minister, Rev. Henry Baker; physician, Dr. Gabriel Thomas; telegraph operator, Howard Larcomb; and the first brewer was Albert Schultz. The first tavern in the vicinity was the White Hall hotel, and the pioneer hotels of Altoona were the Red Lion hotel and the Mansion House. Among the notable events in the history of Altoona are: The centennial celebration, of 1876; the railroad riot, of July, 1877; the conclave of Knights Templar of Pennsylvania, of 1878; the reception of James Stewart Parnell, in the opera house, [129] February 12, 1880; and the annual meeting of the Pennsylvania State Medical society, in May, 1880. The water department is controlled by a board of three commissioners. The source of supply is at Kittanning Point, the reservoir lying right in the bend of the famous Horse Shoe curve of the Pennsylvania railroad. From this point it is conducted to Altoona, a distance of six miles, through two twelve-inch iron pipes, which empty into a storage reservoir at the top of a hill at Twelfth street and First avenue. From here it is distributed to the various parts of the city by force of gravity. This plant has cost the city more than half a million dollars, but, owing to continued and rapid growth, the supply is still inadequate, and arrangements are being made to increase it, a loan of two hundred thousand dollars for that purpose having been sanctioned at an election held in June, 1891. The first fire company was organized in 1859, by the name of the Good Will Fire Company. They used a hand engine until 1868, when they received one of the two Amoskeag steamers, purchased by the city in that year. The present fire department consists of four steam fire engine companies, three hose companies, one hook and ladder company, and a fire patrol, with a membership of six hundred and fifty men. The present gas company was a part of the old gas and water company, until 1871, when it was incorporated as a separate organization. Gas was first introduced into the pipes on December 15, 1859, and the capacity of the gas works is now over two hundred thousand cubic feet per day. The postoffice was established November 11, 1817, by the name of Collinsville; and so continued until November 1, 185(?), when the name was changed to Altoona, with George C. Ferree as postmaster. Altoona has ten planing mills in successful operation, whose owners are: M. H. Mackey, Leas & Bucher, Glunt & Crum, Geo. W. Rhine; Stoke, Kline, Parker & Co., and A. V. Price. The City Passenger Railway Company of Altoona (operated by electricity) was incorporated March 10, 1882. Capital stock, one hundred and eighty thousand dollars, all paid in. Length of line, including sidings, is six miles, and the first electric cars were run July 4, 1891. The line now extends from Juniata to the city line at First street and Chestnut avenue; along Chestnut avenue to Eleventh avenue; along Eleventh avenue to Bridge street; Bridge street to Seventeenth street; Seventeenth street to Eighth avenue; Eighth avenue to Fourth street; Fourth street to Sixth avenue; and along Sixth avenue to city line below Lloyd street. A branch, operated by horse power, extends from Seventeenth street and Eighth avenue to Seventh avenue, and along Seventh avenue to Twenty-fifth street. Other branches are in process of construction. The silk mill, a large brick structure at Ninth avenue and Twenty-sixth street, is filled with the latest improved machinery, and has been in full operation for several years. Vaughn's brick works are just outside the city limits; Miller's broom factory is near the corner of Ninth street, and three carriage factories are in successful operation, while several breweries furnish employment to several hundred men, directly or indirectly. There are twenty-five building and loan associations in the city. [130] The Edison Electric Light Company was organized in 1886, with a capital stock of fifty-six thousand dollars, and motors are supplied from the station, which is equipped with four thousand Edison lamps. The Mountain City Heat, Light and Power Company (electricity) has its plant on Ninth avenue. The Railroad Men's Christian association have rooms and a library on Eleventh avenue, on which is also situated the Altoona Mechanics' library. The Altoona hospital was built in 1885, opened in 1886, and since then has received nearly three thousand patients for treatment. The city contains thirty-four churches, whose property is worth nearly a million dollars. The public schools of Altoona are in a flourishing condition, there being now eleven school buildings, all brick, containing in the aggregate one hundred and twenty school rooms. The number of teachers employed for the coming year is one hundred and thirteen. The schools and number of rooms in each are as follows: Webster, 8 rooms; Penn, 12, Bryant, 11; Emerson, 14; Miller, 2; Franklin, 12; Adams, 11; Irving, 8; Madison, 10; Jefferson, 11; and Washington, 11 rooms. Attached to the Catholic churches, both English and German, are convent and parochial schools of a high order, attended by the children of the church who do not as a rule attend the public schools, and wherein a full educational course is pursued, from primary classes to the highest grades. The number of pupils in attendance at these schools is large. The Protestant Episcopal church also has a parochial school, which is attended by a considerable number of pupils. Altoona has five cemeteries: Fairview, which contains twenty acres of ground, was opened in 1857, and has over five thousand graves; Oak Ridge; the English and German Catholic cemeteries; and the Eastern Light, or colored people's cemetery. The population of the city of Altoona has been, since 1860, as follows: U.S. Census. Population. White. Colored. 1860 3,591 3,539 52 1870 10,610 10,462 148 1880 19,710 - - 1890 30,337 - - Clark says that "Altoona is the phenomenal metropolis of central Pennsylvania; that in the history of such a country of surprise as this United Stated of America there are to be found few parallels of such rapid and substantial growth as that of Altoona; and that the situation of Altoona is peculiar in several respects, being far from the seaboard, lake coast and any navigable stream. Intrenched in her mountain fastness, the Alleghenies on three sides of her, and the Blue ridge to the east, in case of the invasion of this country by a foreign army Altoona would be an important strategic point. Desirable to capture, but easy of defense, it would be the last city to be conquered in the great Commonwealth of Pennsylvania." Tyrone. - This borough, now almost a city, it seems was laid out as a town about 1851. It was incorporated as a borough on July 28, 1857, and the following account of its early history we extract from an interesting sketch of the borough by J. D. Hicks, esq.: "Tyrone City, so called in its earliest day by its original proprietors, is one of the comparatively new towns in the central part of the state, and is, in nearly every respect, what may be called a 'railroad town,' owing, as it does, its prosperity to [131] the Pennsylvania railroad and its branches. It was originally laid out by Messrs. Lyon, Shorb & Co., an old and much respected iron firm, that, until a few years since, carried on extensive iron works in different parts of the State. John T. Mathias, at the present day (1880) a venerable and highly respected citizen of the town, in 1850 assisted in planning the streets and laying out the lots. He was then the superintendent of what was known as Tyrone Forges. Hon. Jacob Burley built the first house, and moved into it in November, 1850, and Rev. John D. Stewart and Mr. Burley started business together in the building first then completed, adjoining, or in close proximity to the same ground now occupied by the City hotel. In 1852 the Central hotel was erected by Joshua Burley, and in 1853 Messrs. Edwin L. Study, Pius Sneeringer and Samuel Berlin, on their way to the far west from Adams county, were induced to interrupt their journey and look at the new town. They were so favorably impressed that they purchased lots, and ever afterward identified themselves with the growth and prosperity of Tyrone. Mr. Study died about a year ago, after being widely and favorably known over the entire State as an active and honorable business man. He was president of the Blair County Banking Company at the time of his decease. Mr. Berlin commenced in the drug business, in which he is still engaged. Mr. Sneeringer (now dead) started in general merchandising, and retired but a year or two since. In 1852 the first school house and Methodist Episcopal church were added to the many new buildings previously erected, and in the following year the Presbyterian and United Brethren churches were built. The railroad facilities of Tyrone are second to no town of like population in the State, and the early completion of the Tyrone & Lewisburg railroad (soon to be effected) makes Tyrone in reality a railroad center, and a point which will be sought after by persons whose inclinations and means would lead them into the manufacturing business." Lyon, Shorb & Co. purchased the site of Tyrone from John Gloninger & Co., iron masters, and in 1851 they had John T. Mathias to lay out seventy-five lots for a town, which was called successively Eagleville, Shorbsville and Tyrone City, and then by common consent became Tyrone. Among those who were active in the early development of the place were: Pius Sneeringer, E.L. Study, T. B. Heims, Samuel Berlin, E. J. Pruner, Samuel Jones, and J. L. Holmes. The railroad facilities of Tyrone are second to no town of like population in the State, and it is today one of the important railroad and manufacturing centers of Pennsylvania. The Bellefonte Plank road was completed in 1853, and was superceded in 1862 by the Bald Eagle Valley railroad. The Tyrone & Clearfield railroad was commenced by David J. Pruner, and was completed in 1860 by the Pennsylvania company. The Lewisburg & Tyrone railroad was built before 1880, and Tyrone today has four railroads and five branches. As early as 1868 the Pennsylvania Company established shops, which now employ a large force of hands. Among Tyrone's leading manufacturing establishments are: The paper mill erected by Morrison, Bare & Cass; Tyrone planing mills of F. D. Beyer; saw and planing mills erected by Beyer, Guyer & Co.; steam boiler works; Sinking Run and Bald Eagle tanneries; and [132] the office of the Study & Co. Mining Company. The Tyrone Gas and Water Company was chartered in 1863, but was not completely organized until 1869, when it brought the waters of Sinking run in pipes to the borough. Several miles of pipe have been laid, and excellent water in unlimited quantities is supplied. The gas works were erected in 1873, at a cost of $35,000, and gas was first used in October, 1874. The fire department was organized in 1868, and in 1873, a steam engine, costing $5,000, was purchased by the borough. Neptune Hose Company was formed in 1871, and Tyrone Fire Company, No. 1, was organized in 1873. At 3 o'clock on the morning of July 8, 1880, a fire broke out in the livery stable attached to the City hotel, and although the Neptune Fire Company worked nobly, the fire threatened the destruction of the whole borough. J. D. Hicks telegraphed to Altoona and Huntingdon, and with the assistance received from those places the fire was extinguished, after it had destroyed over $150,000 worth of property, of which nearly one-half was not insured. The pioneer physician was Dr. A. P. Calderwood, who came in 1852, and the first lawyer was D. J. Neff, while the pioneer hotel keeper was John D. Stewart, who opened the City hotel in 1853. The first military company was the Union Cavalry Company, which was succeeded in 1871 by the Sheridan Troop. Of the building and loan associations there are: Tyrone, No. 1, organized in March, 1870; Bald Eagle, in May, 1872; and Tyrone, No. 2, in March, 1878. The first school building was a log house, 18 x 20 feet, which stood on the corner of Main and Allegheny streets. The borough now has first-class school buildings and a good system of public schools. The Tyrone Cemetery association was formed in 1858 through the efforts of J. L. Holmes, who had purchased the site of the present beautiful Tyrone cemetery for the purpose of securing an appropriate burial ground for the borough. J. D. Hicks, in speaking of the future of Tyrone, says: "The iron ore fields of Warrior's Mark and Nittany valleys, and the Spruce Creek and Half Moon valley mines on the east; the inexhaustible coal fields and lumber districts of Clearfield and Centre counties on the north and west, and the zinc and lead mines of Sinking valley on the south - these resources, coupled with the beautiful Juniata, which sends forth a never-failing supply of pure water, together with its agricultural resources, must in the near future make Tyrone one of the most important and populous railroad towns of Pennsylvania. The health-imparting influences of the atmosphere, and the beauty of natural scenery, combined with the advantages already recited, point with unerring certainty to this result." The population of Tyrone at each United States census since 1860 has been as follows: U.S. Census. Population. White. Colored. 1860 741 706 35 1870 1840 1810 30 1880 2678 - - 1890 4705 - - Bellwood. - Is situated in Antis township, half-way between Altoona and Tyrone, and has been noted for years on account of its pure air and beautiful mountain scenery. On June 30, 1877, Dr. A. K. Bell had it laid out as a town, and it was incorporated as a borough before 1880. It is as important [133] railroad center of the county, and has grown within the last ten years from a village of three hundred to a town of nearly twelve hundred inhabitants. The Edingtons were the first residents in the vicinity, settling some time between 1774 and 1785. About the year 1800 Edward Bell settled here and erected a grist mill and distillery, and afterward a saw mill. This gave the place the name of Bell's Mills, and the building of Mary Ann forge and Elizabeth furnace some thirty years later led to the settlement of several families at Bell's Mills. Some years after the building of the Pennsylvania railroad the village commenced to expand into a town that has grown wonderfully in the last decade in population and prosperity. It was incorporated as a borough by its present name of Bellwood, in honor of its founder, Edward Bell, who was one of the early prominent men of the county. "A few touches from the hand of art would make it as pretty as any place of its size along the Pennsylvania railroad." The population of Bellwood since its incorporation has been as follows: U.S. Census. Population. 1880 366 1890 1146 Martinsburg. - This thriving town is twenty-two miles southeast of Altoona, on the Morrison Cove branch of the Pennsylvania railroad. Its pioneer settlers were Daniel Camerer and Abraham Stoner, according to one authority, and Daniel Martin by another. The first lots were laid out by Camerer, about 1815, and Stoner's plot, east of Market street, was made in 1820. It was incorporated as a borough April 2, 1832, and has grown into quite a commercial center. The first home was built by John Soyster, a son-in-law of Daniel Camerer, and among the earliest residents were Rev. Christian Winebrenner, James Shirley (surveyor), John Hysong, and William Entriken and Benjamin Wright (merchants), and Daniel Bloom (tanner), and Doctor Kane, the first physician of the place. Of those who settled there about 1820 and shortly afterward were: Henry Bridenthal, Hon. Alex. McFadden, Col. Samuel Swoope, Alex. Bobb, David Byers, Jonathan Graham, Adam Snyder, and Henry Shoemaker. Martinsburg has good public schools, and the interests of higher education are well provided for in Juniata Collegiate institute, which was chartered in 1859 as Franklin High school and Blair County Normal institute. The main building was erected in 1860, and an addition was built, by Prof. Lucian Cort, in 1867. The building is an elegant four-story brick structure, was built at a cost of nearly $20,000, and is on an elevated site, where it commands a delightful view of the surrounding country. The population of Martinsburg by each United States census since 1850 has been as follows: U.S. Census. Population. White. Colored. 1850 442 436 6 1860 464 456 8 1870 536 531 5 1880 567 - - 1890 588 - - Roaring Spring. - This enterprising town is situated seventeen miles southeast of Altoona, on the Morrison Cove branch of the Pennsylvania railroad, at the junction of the Bloomfield railroad. It derives its name from the celebrated Roaring spring within its limits. The land on which the town stands was owned by George H. Spang and Job Mann, of Bedford, this State, from [134] whom it was purchased in 1863 by Daniel Bare and his son, Daniel M. Bare. The Bares, in connection with John Eby and John Morrison, immediately erected a paper mill. This mill burned down, and on its site they erected the present mill, which is now owned and operated by Daniel M. Bare, who is the founder of the town and has been the mainstay of its prosperity up to the present time. The first improvement was made about 1770 by Daniel Neff, the Dunkard miller, who built the mill, which was burned by an Indian war party, after he had killed two of their scouts, who were endeavoring to secure his scalp. John Ullery afterward built a mill on or near the site of the Neff mill, and this, with the Spang residence, a small log house, and a store building, was the hamlet of Roaring Spring, which the Bares purchased in 1863. The paper mill, which is often operated day and night, is the main industry of the place. It is one of the most complete paper manufactories in the State, and its extensive machinery is run by a mammoth Corliss engine. Roaring Spring was laid out in 1865 by D. M. Bare & Co., and was incorporated as a borough before 1880. From 1880 to 1890 the population increased from 489 to 920. Gaysport Borough. - This town, which lies just across the river from Hollidaysburg, is partly on the land taken up by William Holliday in 1768. Holliday's heirs owned the land until the building of the canal, when it passed into the virtual control of other parties, and a great lawsuit followed, in which Thaddeus Stevens was conspicuous as an attorney for one of the contesting parties. The town is said to have derived its name from an engineer by the name of Gay, who was prominent during the construction of the canal and railroad. It was laid out some time before the building of the canal, and was incorporated as a borough June 9, 1841. It is pleasantly located on bottom lands, and its history to a large extent is the same as that of Hollidaysburg. It is a manufacturing town. Devine & Evans built Bellrough foundry in 1837, and in 1846, J. C. McLanahan engaged in the foundry business, and whose son, J. King, is now the senior member of the well known foundry and machine shop firm of McLanahan & Stone, the members of which are: J. King McLanahan, William Stone, a nephew of Hollidaysburg's pioneer founder and machinist, Hon. Geo. R. McFarlane, S. C. McLanahan, and A. T. Stone. Gaysport also contains an iron furnace (No. 1), gas works, and a flouring mill. The population of Gaysport by each United States census since 1850 has been as follows: U. S. Census. Population. White. Colored. 1850 590 571 19 1860 601 587 14 1870 799 790 9 1880 764 - - 1890 867 - - East Tyrone. - This borough is one mile east of the business part of Tyrone, and was laid out, under the instructions of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, by George C. Wilkins. It was incorporated as a borough on July 28, 1873. The town site is well adapted to serve the purpose of its projectors, to provide cheap and comfortable homes for their employees on the Tyrone division of their road. The first houses erected were those of J. Forshey, Thaddeus Kneiss, and a Mrs. Simpson. The first store was opened in 1872 by Gray & Co., and the first election was held in September, [135] 1873, at the store of Hoover & Woods. The population of East Tyrone in 1880 was 279, and ten years later, in 1890, had increased to 435. East Hollidaysburg. - This town is really but the east extension of Hollidaysburg, and is prosperous for its size. It was incorporated before 1890, and in that year had a population of 136. Newry. - This borough is one of the oldest towns in the county, being laid out about 1793 or 1794. It is on Poplar run, in Blair township, four miles southwest of Hollidaysburg, and is the present terminus of the Newry branch of the Pennsylvania railroad. Its founder, Patrick Cassidy, was a native of Newry, Ireland, after which city he named his town. At an early day Newry was an active business center on the old pike, but its progress was checked by the growth of Hollidaysburg and the travel on the canal. With the building of the Newry branch of the Pennsylvania railroad the town received a new impetus, and promises to become a place of importance. Newry was incorporated March 25, 1876. Its population in 1880 was 326, and in 1890 was 335. Among the prominent villages of the county which are really important towns, are Williamsburg, Duncansville and Henrietta. Williamsburg Village. - This town and once borough is on the south bank of the Juniata river, in Woodbury township. It is the eastern terminus of the Hollidaysburg & Williamsburg branch of the Pennsylvania railroad. In 1790 Jacob Ake purchased the site of the town from John Canan and John Swift. On August 14, 1795, Mr. Ake had Patrick Cassidy to survey and lay out the town, which went for several years by the name of Akestown. In 1814 the town contained twenty families, and in 1827 was incorporated. It let its borough organization go down in 1840, and has never sought for incorporation since. The destruction of the old canal, and the dissolution of the Williamsburg Manufacturing Company effected the prosperity of the village for some years. Mr. Ake, the founder of the town, in 1790 established at his own expense, at Williamsburg, one of the first elementary schools in the county. The population of Williamsburg by each United States census since 1850 has been as follows: U.S. Census. Population. White. Colored. 1850 747 737 10 1860 798 781 17 1870 821 815 6 1880 566 - - 1890 888 - - Duncansville Village. - This important railroad and iron manufacturing town of Blair county is situated on the line between Allegheny and Blair townships, but the business part of the place lies in Allegheny. The Duncan family was settled here before 1810, in which year Francis Smith built a small tannery, and kept an inn on the site of the town. In 1828 William Gibboney built a woolen mill, and in 1830 John M. Gibboney opened the first store. In 1831 Samuel Duncan, as proprietor, laid out the village plot of Duncansville, while east of him Jacob Walter laid out Walterville, after which Duncan and Walter tossed up a penny to decide which of their names should be given to both plots, and Duncan won. Duncansville has also absorbed the following plots and villages: Lloydsville, Temperanceville, Henrysburg, and Mullen Ghar. [136] The Duncansville rolling mill (formerly Portage Iron works) was built in 1833-34 by Samuel Duncan and Thomas McNamara, who afterward erected the nail works. The Gibbony foundry was built in 1842, but was not operated until 1848. Duncansville has rapidly increased in population within the last decade. Its population in 1880 was about 350, but in 1890 had grown to 1,227 in numbers. Henrietta Village. - This prosperous town is the southern terminus of the Morrison's Cove branch of the Pennsylvania railroad, and is in the southeastern part of North Woodbury township, where the Cambria Iron Company have large tracts of iron ore land. Its progress from 1880 to 1890 is best illustrated by its increase of population from 175 in the former, to 369 in the latter year. Census Statistics. - We have carefully compiled, at considerable labor, from the United States census reports, the following statistics of population, manufactures and agriculture of Blair county: I. STATISTICS OF POPULATION. Census. Males. Females. Total. 1850 11,181 10,588 21,777 1860 14,099 13,730 27,829 1870 18,878 19,173 38,051 1880 26,432 26,308 52,740 1890 35,892 34,974 70,866 RACE AND NATIVITY. Census. White. Colored. Native. Foreign. 1850 21,517 260 1860 27,546 283 25,195 2,634 1870 37,665 386 34,711 5,386 1880 52,257 483 48,882 4,936 1890 70,057 809 64,989 5,877 NATIVITY BY PLACE OF BIRTH. Place. Census 1870. Census 1880. Born in the State 33,865 47,233 Maryland 268 615 New York 99 201 Virginia 124 182 Ohio 60 134 New Jersey 78 104 Massachusetts - 43 Delaware - 32 Connecticut - 17 West Virginia - 11 British America 32 75 Ireland 1,491 1,515 German Empire 1,324 1,505 England and Wales 339 415 Scotland 37 50 France 45 49 Sweden and Norway 16 33 Switzerland 31 33 Poland - 22 Holland 2 - POPULATION OF MINOR CIVIL DIVISIONS. Township or Borough. 1850. 1860. Allegheny 2,354 1,649 Antis 2,452 2,204 Altoona - 3,591 Blair 991 1,176 Catharine 889 815 Freedom - 792 Gaysport 590 601 Greenfield 1,032 1,099 Frankstown 1,482 1,363 Hollidaysburg boro 2,430 2,469 Huston 1,174 1,214 Juniata 1,752 545 Logan - 2,538 Martinsburg boro 442 464 North Woodbury 1,836 907 Snyder 1,090 1,422 Taylor - 1,137 Tyrone 1,068 1,766 Williamsburg boro 747 798 Woodbury 1,450 1,279 Totals 21,777 27,829 [137] In preceding table Williamsburg is given as a borough; below as a table. Township or Borough. 1870. 1880. 1890. Allegheny 1,913 2,149 2,850 Altoona city 10,610 19,710 30,337 Ward 1 1,925 2,734 3,273 Ward 2 2,521 3,340 4,680 Ward 3 1,687 2,491 3,049 Ward 4 1,771 2,587 3,415 Ward 5 1,387 2,708 4,457 Ward 6 1,319 3,058 4,996 Ward 7 - 823 1,985 Ward 8 - 1,969 4,482 Antis 1,893 2,281 2,060 Bellwood boro - 366 1,146 Blair 1,571 1,094 1,143 Catharine 907 596 513 East Tyrone boro - 279 435 East Hollidysburg boro - - 136 Frankstown 1,553 1,753 1,505 Freedom 1,020 1,228 1,140 Gaysport boro 799 764 867 Greenfield 1,233 1,285 1,319 Hollidaysburg boro 2,952 3,150 2,975 Ward 1 889 - 816 Ward 2 504 - 676 Ward 3 638 - 609 Ward 4 921 - 874 Huston 1,335 1,533 1,391 Juniata 621 729 684 Logan 2,422 4,590 7,688 Martinsboro boro 536 567 588 Newry boro - 326 335 North Woodbury 953 1,695 1,651 Roaring Spring boro - 489 920 Snyder 1,412 1,424 2,011 Taylor 1,368 2,011 1,116 Tyrone boro 1,840 2,678 4,705 Ward 1 - - 830 Ward 2 - - 1,171 Ward 3 - - 1,288 Ward 4 - - 1,416 Tyrone 1,066 1,004 1,239 Woodbury 2,107 894 2,112 Williamsburg village 821 566 888 Totals 38,051 52,740 70,866 WHITE POPULATION Township or Borough 1850 1860 1870 Allegheny 2,329 1,642 1,902 Altoona - 3,539 10,462 Antis 2,450 2,204 1,893 Blair 972 1,171 1,561 Gaysport 571 587 790 Hollidaysburg 2,289 2,354 2,815 Catharine 885 815 907 Frankstown 1,478 1,363 1,551 Freedom - 792 1,020 Greenfield 1,032 1,099 1,229 Huston 1,165 1,214 1,335 Juniata 1,752 545 621 Logan - 2,517 2,409 North Woodbury 1,829 906 953 Martinsburg 436 456 531 Snyder 1,083 1,422 1,412 Tyrone boro - 706 1,810 Taylor - 1,137 1,368 Tyrone 1,061 1,758 1,005 Woodbury 1,448 1,279 2,091 Williamsburg vil 737 781 815 COLORED POPULATION. Township or Borough 1850. 1860. 1870. Allegheny 23 7 11 Altoona - 52 148 Antis 2 0 0 Blair 19 5 10 Gaysport 19 14 9 Hollidaysburg 141 115 137 Catharine 4 0 0 Frankstown 4 0 2 Freedom - 0 0 Greenfield 0 0 4 Huston 9 0 0 Juniata 0 0 0 Logan - 21 13 North Woodbury 7 1 0 Martinsburg 6 8 5 Snyder 7 0 0 Tyrone boro - 35 30 Taylor - 0 0 Tyrone 7 8 1 Woodbury 2 0 16 Williamsburg vil. 10 17 6 [138] SCHOOL, MILITARY, AND VOTING AGES. The following table gives the number of pupils, persons subject to military duty, and the voters in the county, from 1850 to 1880. Census. School. Military. Voters. 1850 8,421 3,743 5,118 1860 10,535 4,605 6,325 1870 12,593 6,885 8,155 1880 16,547 10,474 12,713 The statistics of 1850 and 1860, in the above table, are approximated. The school age of 1870 and 1880 is given in the United States reports from five to seventeen years of age, instead of six to twenty-one years, the true age of the State. No statistics of 1890 are given, as the part of the census reports of that year relating to these subjects has not been issued yet by the United State government. II. STATISTICS OF MANUFACTURE. CONDENSED STATISTICS. Census. Establishments. Employees. 1860 133 1,031 1870 440 3,624 1880 254 2,192 In this table and the one following, as in many other compilations in this work, no statistics for 1890 can be given, because the government has not yet (1892) issued those parts of the census containing the required information. Strange as it may appear, it seems impossible for the United States government to get one census completely issued until nearly time to undertake its successor. Census. Capital. Material. Products. 1860 $1,609,290 $ 986,494 $1,510,449 1870 4,145,430 3,704,301 6,428,366 1880 3,017,563 2,752,243 4,233,552 This table and the one following include every mechanical or manufacturing establishment in Blair county, returned at the Tenth census as having had during 1880 a product of five hundred dollars. In comparisons of values of 1870 and 1880, it must be recollected that the values of 1870 were expressed in a currency which was at a great discount in gold, and for purposes of comparison the values of 1870 should be reduced one-fifth. Also, while capital, products and the number of employees increased largely from 1870 to 1880, that there was not an appreciable increase of the number of establishments, on account of the concentration of labor and capital in large shops and factories. No United States census has ever embraced in its statistics of manufactures the full productions of the hand trades of mason, carpenter, blacksmith, cooper, painter, plumber, and several others of less importance. SELECTED STATISTICS OF MANUFACTURES. 1860. 1870. 1880. Bakeries ... 7 5 Boots and shoes 8 ... ... Carriages and wagons 3 13 1 Cars ... 3 1 Carpets ... 2 ... Coke ... ... 4 Flouring mills 35 36 35 Foundry and machine shops ... ... 2 Furniture 1 15 13 Gas ... 1 1 Iron and steel 25 28 16 Leather, tanned 11 11 10 Liquors, malt 1 6 8 Lumber, planed 1 7 7 Lumber, sawed ... ... 8 Men's clothing 3 17 ... Saddlery and harness 4 9 ... Tin, copper, sheet iron 2 13 12 Woolen goods 3 4 ... [139] In 1880 there were four coke works in Blair county, with one hundred and ninety ovens. Their output was 98,154 tons of coke, worth $212,102. The capital invested in these works was $110,000, while the land - two thousand three hundred and forty-five acres - cost $470,000. They gave employment to one hundred and seven men, whose yearly wages was $38,764. TOTAL MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS. Census. Establishments. Capital. Employees. 1860 133 $1,609,290 1,031 1870 440 4,145,430 3,624 1880 254 3,017,563 2,192 III. AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. Census. No. Farms. Acres Improved. Unimproved. 1850 - 80,033 55,150 1860 906 88,379 51,885 1870 1,053 98,285 52,500 1880 1,536 128,068 64,295 Of the 1,536 farms in the county in 1880, 1,045 were cultivated by their owners, while 62 were rented, and 429 were tilled for a share of their products. Census. Cash Value Farms. Value Implements. 1850 $3,869,205 $120,778 1860 4,995,315 140,522 1870 8,098,146 277,788 1880 8,895,772 268,655 Farms as above referred to include all considerable nurseries, orchards, and market gardens, and no tract of land less than three acres in extent is considered as a farm unless the value of its yearly product is five hundred dollars or more. Census. Val. Orchard Products. Val. Market Gardens. 1850 $ 1,276 $ - 1860 10,962 737 1870 40,863 3,859 1880 85,962 14,477 The census of 1860 only gave light attention to the subject of the orchard and market garden values, and a thorough report of the subject was never made until 1880. CEREALS. Census. Bus. Wheat. Corn. Oats. 1850 267,349 145,851 173,017 1860 189,072 339,510 139,216 1870 259,599 339,922 266,348 1880 272,296 474,297 143,068 The above table gives the three leading cereals of the county, while the product of the three minor ones is presented in the following table: Census. Bus.Rye. Barley Buckwheat. 1850 50,825 3,636 5,226 1860 77,526 21,015 18,716 1870 64,839 19,275 7,025 1880 39,167 20,986 14,959 MEADOW PRODUCTS. Census. Tons Hay. Bu. Clover Seed. Bu. Grass Seed 1850 13,637 1,387 50 1860 15,778 7,813 85 1870 20,677 6,033 94 1880 12,876 3,056 327 The grass crop is the greatest of all the crops of the country, and in addition to the pasturage, the value of the hay crop nearly equals that of the greatest of the cereals. PULSE AND ROOT CROP. Census. Bu. Peas & Beans. Irish Potatoes. Sweet Potatoes. 1850 - 25,192 4 1860 77 95,575 118 1870 72 85,938 20 1880 285 142,626 329 DAIRY PRODUCTS. Census. Lbs. Butter. Gals. Milk Sold. Lbs. Cheese 1850 203,088 - 1,758 1860 323,238 ... 2,083 1870 294,879 446,634 100 1880 409,690 141,316 124 [140] Dairy products have to be secured by combining the statistics of agriculture with those of manufactures. SUGAR AND MOLASSES. Census. Lbs. Maple. Gals. Maple. Gals. Sorghum. 1850 2,550 40 ... 1860 1,764 229 ... 1870 762 30 20 1880 4,084 306 13 The production of sugar and molasses has been among the most difficult subjects of enumeration in the agricultural census. APIARY AND VINEYARD PRODUCTS. Census. Lbs. Honey. Beeswax. Gals. Wine. 1850 - 289 2 1860 4,070 125 - 1870 1,275 78 1,583 1880 5,900 262 ... In 1879 there were 60,664 fowls in the county, of which 52,789 were barn-yard, or common stock. The product of eggs was 222,402 dozen. The statistics of poultry and eggs were gathered, for the first time, by the census of 1880, which showed that over one hundred and twenty-five millions of fowls were in the United States that year. WOOL, HOPS, AND FLAX. Census. Lbs. Wool. Hops. Flax. Bus. Flax Seed. 1850 26,278 80 395 71 1860 21,850 299 709 57 1870 19,666 14 180 9 1880 35,499 - 5 63 LIVE STOCK. Census. Horses. Mules. Milch Cows. Other Cattle. 1850 3,512 89 3,768 5,897 1860 3,966 22 4,379 7,394 1870 4,322 41 4,242 6,006 1880 4,675 141 5,638 8,346 In the above table oxen are included under the head of other cattle, and the following table will give sheep and swine and the value of live and slaughtered stock. Census. Sheep. Swine. Val. Live Stock. Slaught. Stock 1850 10,227 9,712 $348,644 $ 73,615 1860 7,710 9,059 551,118 111,867 1870 8,372 6,781 798,164 187,971 1880 7,843 10,428 ... - The animals reported in the census are those which are found on farms only. The number of sheep and cattle thus omitted is so small as to be insignificant, while this number of milch cows is not inconsiderable, and the number of horses employed in trade and owned by professional men, livery stable keepers, and others not farmers, is large. The number of swine not kept by farmers exceed all other animals kept elsewhere than on the farm. WEALTH. Township. Real Estate. Personal Property. Total. Allegheny $ 224,575 $ 12,050 $ 236,625 Antis 332,220 22,031 354,251 Blair 209,300 12,615 221,915 Catharine 232,345 10,625 242,970 Frankstown 349,503 17,998 367,501 Freedom 85,465 12,005 97,470 Greenfield 106,220 10,145 116,365 Huston 317,572 14,872 332,444 Juniata 76,013 4,575 80,588 Logan 489,240 27,975 517,215 N. Woodbury 375,180 15,751 390,931 Snyder 171,603 7,785 179,388 Taylor 379,830 22,042 401,872 Tyrone 344,100 22,150 366,250 Woodbury 421,965 24,001 445,966 City. Altoona 1,729,340 23,910 1,753,250 Boroughs. Hollidaysb'g 315,125 11,640 326,765 Tyrone 301,070 6,125 301,195 Total of towns under 1,000 193,000 23,501 216,501 _______ _______ ________ Totals $6,653,666 301,796 6,955,462 [141] Taxation. - The amount of taxes in Blair county in 1879 was: State, $597; county, $58,992; township, $69,203; and school, $64,927; making a total of $193,719. Indebtedness. - The indebtedness of the county in 1879 was as follows: County bonded debt, $124,000; township floating debt, $32; school distinct bonded debt, $4,929; city and township bonded debt, $451,819; and city and township floating debt, $12,859; making a total of $593,639. Miscellaneous. - We give the following lists of county officers, which were not compiled in time to be placed under the civil roster commencing on page 56 of this work. PRESIDENT JUDGES. 1846. Jeremiah S. Black. 1849. George Taylor. 1871-91. John Dean. ASSOCIATE JUDGES. 1846. George R. McFarlane. 1847. Daniel McConnell. 1848. Davis Brooke. 1851. James Gardner. 1851. Levi Slingluff. 1854. James D. Rea. 1855. James L. Gwin. 1855. David Caldwell. 1855. John Penn Jones. 1860. Adam Moses. 1860. Samuel Dean. 1865. B. F. Rose. 1870. George W. Patton. 1870. Joseph Irwin. 1875. Charles J. Mann. 1875. Samuel Smith. 1881 (Jan.) Robert Stewart. 1881 (Jan.) Robert Gamble. 1881 (Sept.) Joseph Fitchtner Robert Gamble died in a short time after taking his seat. Joseph Fitchtner was appointed in his place, and at the next election was elected for a term of five years. Since the county was made a judicial circuit there have been no associate judges. DISTRICT ATTORNEY, FROM 1846 TO 1892. 1846. Col. John Cresswell. David M. Hoffius. 1851. Joseph Kemp. George A. Coffey. 1854. Essington Hammond. 1857. Benjamin L. Hewitt. 1863. John H. Keatly. 1868. John Dean. 1871. Milton Alexander. 1874. James F. Milliken. Thomas W. Jackson. 1880. J. D. Hicks. 1888. Martin Bell, jr. CORONERS. 1855. James Funk. 1858. William Fox. 1864. Jacob Weidensall. 1869. John W. Humes. 1880. W. H. Glenn. 1889. Michael Poet. SURVEYORS. 1862. Henry C. Nicodemus. 1875. John M. Gibboney. 1878. Francis Cassiday. 1883. Samuel Katterman. 1886. O. M. Irvine. 1889. H. C. Love. AUDITORS. 1847. Charles E. Kinkead. 1847. William P. Dysart. 1847. James Wilson. 1848. William Reed. 1850. James L. Gwin. [142] 1850. David Tate. 1851. Jacob Walter. 1851. George W. Smith. 1852. James A. McCahan. 1853. Samuel Smith. 1854. Henry Lingenfelter. 1855. John Hagerty. 1856. John W. Tippery. 1857. Samuel Morrow. 1858. A. C. McCartney. 1859. Joseph R. Hewit. 1860. A. M. Lloyd. 1861. R. M. Messimer. 1862. L. Lowry Moore. 1863. David Henshey. 1863. John A. Crawford. 1864. Alexander Knox. 1864. George W. Reed. 1865. M. D. Thatcher. 1866. Abraham Robison. 1866. James McKim. 1867. D. E. McCahan. 1868. S. A. Fulton. 1868. George W. Hoover. 1869. William H. Canan. 1869. J. D. Hicks. 1870. William H. Calvert. 1871. John C. Robison. 1872. J. J. Nofsker. 1873. Martin Bell, jr. 1874. Alexander Knox. 1875. Charles E. Butler. 1876. J. Ross Mateer. 1876. B. F. Custer. 1876. J. E. Hagey. 1879. S. C. Baker 1879. J. H. Isett. 1879. A. C. Clapper. 1881. A. T. Wilson. 1881. H. C. Lorenze. 1881. J. H. Patterson. 1884. William L. Shellenberger. 1884. George R. Stiffler. 1884. A. J. Filler. 1887. George R. Stiffler. 1887. David Koch. 1887. A. J. Filler. 1890. George A. Stiffler. 1890. D. D. Coleman. 1890. James Condrin. DIRECTORS OF THE POOR. 1849. William Bell. 1849. Joseph Fay. 1849. J. A. Landis. 1851. Edward McGraw. 1851. Jacob Igo. 1851. J. G. McKee. 1852. John Bennett. 1852. George Cowan. 1853. C. Stoner. 1854. David Fleck. 1855. C. Guyer. 1856. M. Wike. 1857. Samuel Shryver. 1858. George Weaver. 1859. John B. Riddle. 1860. Peter Good. 1861. William Burley. 1862. David Aurandt. 1863. Jacob Nicodemus. 1864. Samuel Jones. 1865. Samuel Moore. 1866. Stephen Hammond. 1867. Samuel Smith. 1868. David Crawford. 1869. Jacob Stifler. 1870. Abraham Loudon. 1870. Andrew Biddle, appointed. 1870. John M. Bush., appointed. 1871. James M. Johnston. 1872. F. D. Young. 1873. Albert Wilson. 1874. Joseph Riddle. [143] 1875. David Bell. 1876. Edward Bell. 1877. John S. Biddle. 1878. David Bell. 1879. J. C. Mattern. 1880. Eli Smith. 1881. David Bell. 1882. William Richardson. 1883. John Loudon. 1884. John A. Crawford. 1885. Joseph Robison. 1886. John Loudon. 1887. John A. Crawford. 1888. Alex. J. McKee. 1889. John Loudon. 1890. John A. Crawford. 1891. Alex. J. McKee. We extract the following interesting description of the history and progress of Blair county and the Juniata valley in 1855, from Jones' valuable History of the Juniata valley: "When the early settlers were apprised of the fact that some of the more enterprising contemplated cutting a pack-horse road over the Allegheny mountains, through Blair's Gap, they shook their heads ominously, and declared that the task was one which could not be accomplished. But it was accomplished; and after its completion, it was not many years until the pack-horse track was transformed into a wagon road. People were well satisfied with this arrangement; for no sooner was there a good road along the river than some daring men commenced taking produce to the east, by the use of arks, from the Frankstown branch, the Raystown branch, and the Little Juniata. With these advantages, a majority of the inhabitants labored under the impression that they were keeping pace with the age; but others, endowed with a fair share of the progressive spirit which characterizes the American people, commenced agitating the project of making a turnpike between Huntingdon and Blairsville. The old fogies of the day gave this innovation the cold shoulder, spoke of the immense cost, and did not fail to count the expense of traveling upon such a road. But little were their murmurings heeded by the enterprising men of the valley. The fast friend of the turnpike was Mr. Blair, of Blair's Gap, west of Hollidaysburg. His influence was used in the halls of the legislature until he injured his political standing; nevertheless, he persevered until the company was chartered, and he soon had the satisfaction of seeing the turnpike road completed. Once built, it was found to be rather a desirable institution, and its value soon removed all opposition to it. "Anon came the startling proposition of building a canal along the Juniata, and a railroad over the Allegheny mountains, to connect the waters of the Juniata and the Conemaugh. To men of limited information the project seemed vague and ill-defined; while knowing old fogies shook their heads, and declared that a canal and a turnpike both could not be sustained, and that, if the former could accomplish the wonders claimed for it, the teams that carried goods between Philadelphia and Pittsburg in the short space of from fifteen to twenty days would be compelled to suspend operations! But the opposition to the canal was too insignificant to claim notice; and when the building of it was once commenced an improvement mania raged. The stately and learned engineer, Moncure Robinson, was brought all the way from England to survey the route for the Portage road. Like a very colossus of Rhodes, he strode about [144] the mountain, and his nod and beck, like that of imperial Caesar upon his throne, was the law, from which there was no appeal. By dint of long labor, and at a vast expense to the Commonwealth, he demonstrated clearly that a road could be built across the mountain, and rendered practicable by the use of ten inclined planes. Alas! for the perishable nature of glory! Moncure Robinson had hardly time to reach his home, and boast of the honor and fame he achieved in the new world, before a Yankee engineer discovered that a railroad could be built across the Allegheny mountains without the use of a single plane! Of course, then, he was thought a visionary, and that not a quarter of a century ago; yet now we have two railroads crossing the mountain without the use of a plane, and the circumstance appears to attract no other remark than that of ineffable disgust at the old fogies who could not make a road to cross the Appalachian chain without the tedious operation of being hoisted up and lowered down by stationary engines. "The era of 'flush times' in the valley must have been when the canal was building. Splendid fortunes were made, and vast sums of money sunk, by the wild speculations which followed the advent of the contractors and the sudden rise of property lying along the river. As an instance of the briskness of the times in the valley when the canal was building, an old settler informs us that Frankstown at that time contained fourteen stores, five taverns, and four roulette tables. At present, we believe, it contains but two or three stores, one tavern, and no gambling apparatus to relieve the reckless of their surplus change. "The completion of the canal was the great event of the day, and the enthusiasm of the people could scarcely be kept within bounds when the ponderous boats commenced ploughing the ditch. This will be readily believed by any one who will read the papers published at that time. >From a paper published in Lewistown on the 5th of November, 1829, we learn that a packet-boat arrived at that place from Mifflin on the Thursday previous, and departed again next day, having on board a number of members of the legislature, as well as citizens and strangers. The editor, in speaking of their departure, enthusiastically says: 'The boat was drawn by two white horses, when she set off in fine style, with the 'Star Spangled Banner' flying at her head, and amid the roar of cannon, the shouts of the populace, and the cheering music of the band which was on board.' Reader, this was a little over twenty-six years ago; and the jubilee was over a packet capable of accomplishing the mighty task of carrying some forty or fifty passengers at the rate of about four miles an hour. The climax of joy, however, appears to have been reached by the editor of the Huntingdon Gazette, on the 15th of July, 1831, when he became jubilant over the launch of a canal-boat, and gave vent to the following outburst: 'What! A canal-boat launched in the vicinity of Huntingdon! Had any one predicted an event of this kind some years back, he, in all probability, would have been yclept a wizard, or set down as beside himself!' "These gushings of intensified joy, although they serve to amuse now, do not fail to convey a useful lesson. Let us not glory too much over the demon scream of the locomotive as it comes rattling through the valley, belching forth fire and smoke, or the miraculous telegraph, which conveys messages from one end of the Union to the [145] other, with the rapidity with which a lover's sigh would be wafted from the Indies to the Pole; for who knows but that the succeeding generation, following in the footsteps made by the universal law of progress, will astonish the world with inventions not dreamed of in our philosophy, which will throw our electric telegraphs and railroads forever in the shade. "For eighteen years, with the exception of the winter months, the canal packet held sway in the Juniata valley, carrying its average of about thirty passengers a day from the East to the West, and vice versa. When hoar old winter placed an embargo upon the canal craft, travel used to dwindle down to such a mere circumstance that a rickety old two-horse coach could easily carry all the passengers that offered. Who among us that has arrived at the age of manhood does not recollect the packet-boat, with its motley group of passengers, its snail pace, its consequential captain, and its non-communicative steersman, who used to wake the echoes with the 'to-to-to-to-toit' of his everlasting horn, and his hoarse cry of 'Lock ready?' The canal-packet was unquestionably a great institution in its day and generation, and we remember it with emotions almost akin to veneration. Right well do we remember, too, how contentedly people sat beneath the scorching rays of a broiling sun upon the packet, as it dragged its slow length along the sinuous windings of the canal, at an average speed of three and a half or four miles an hour; and yet the echo of the last packet-horn has scarcely died away when we see the self-same people standing upon a station-house platform, on the verge of despair because the cars happen to be ten minutes behind time, or hear them calling down maledictions dire upon the head of some offending conductor who refuses to jeopardize the lives of his passengers by running faster than thirty miles an hour! "At length, after the canal had enjoy a sixteen years' triumph, people began to consider it a 'slow coach;' and without much debate, the business men of Philadelphia resolved upon a railroad between Harrisburg and Pittsburg. The project had hardly been fairly determined upon before the picks and shovels of the 'Corkonians' and 'Fardowns' were brought into requisition; but, strange to say, this giant undertaking struck no one as being extraordinary. It was looked upon as a matter of course, and the most frequent remarks it gave rise to were complaints that the making of the road did not progress rapidly enough to keep pace with the progress of the age. And, at length, when it was completed, the citizens of Lewistown did not greet the arrival of the first train with drums, trumpets, and the roar of cannon; neither did any Huntingdon editor exclaim, in a burst of enthusiasm, on the arrival of the train there, 'What! nine railroad cars, with six hundred passengers, drawn through Huntingdon by a locomotive! If any person had predicted such a result some years ago, he would have been yclept a wizard, or set down as one beside himself!' "The Pennsylvania railroad once finished, although it failed to create the surprise and enthusiasm excited by the canal, did not fail to open up the valley and its vast resources. Independent of the great advantage of the road itself, let us see what followed in the wake of this laudable enterprise. The railroad created the towns of Altoona, Fostoria, Tipton, and Tyrone; its presence caused the building of three [146] plank roads, and the opening of extensive coal and lumber operations in the valley, and kindred enterprises that might never have been thought of. Nor is this all. A rage for travel by railroad has been produced by the Pennsylvania Company; and there is good reason to believe that it will increase until at least three more roads tap the main artery into the Juniata valley - the railroad from Tyrone to Clearfield, from the same place to Lock Haven, and from Spruce Creek to Lewisburg. These roads will unquestionably be built, and at no remote period. The Pennsylvania road has now facilities for doing business equal to those of any road of the same length in the world; and, when a second track is completed, it is destined, for some years at least, to enjoy a monopoly of the carrying trade between Pittsburg and Philadelphia. Much as we regret it, for the sake of the Commonwealth which expended her millions without anything like an adequate return, the canal is rapidly falling into disuse, and we see, with deep regret, that it has become entirely too slow for the age in which we live. With all the vitality forced into it that can be, we confess we can see no opposition in it to the road but such as is of the most feeble kind; yet all will agree that this opposition, trifling as it is, should continue to exist until such a time as other routes shall be opened between these points, and healthy competition established. But let us not dwell too much upon our modes of transit through the valley, lest the historian of a hundred years hence will find our remarks a fitting theme for ridicule, and laugh at us because we speak in glowing terms of a single railroad, and that road with but a single track for more than half its distance! "In order to give the reader a little insight into the progress which has been made in the valley, let us turn statistician for a time, with the understanding, however, that we shall not be held responsible for the accuracy of dates. "Less than twenty-six years ago George Law sat upon the left bank of the Juniata, two miles west of Williamsburg, cutting stones for building two locks at that place. Now the aforesaid Law is supposed to be worth the snug little sum of six millions of dollars, and not long since was an aspirant for the presidential chair! "Thirty years ago, when Frankstown was a place of some note, Hollidaysburg contained but a few scattered cabins. In fact, twenty years ago it was 'to fortune and to fame unknown;' yet it now contains a population (including that of Gaysport) that will not fall much short of four thousand. "Less that twenty-five years ago Dr. P. Shoenberger, while returning from Baltimore with $15,000 in cash, fell in with the celebrated robber, Lewis, on the Broad Top mountain. The intention of Lewis, as he afterward acknowledged, was to rob him; but the doctor, although he was unacquainted with his fellow traveler, had his suspicions awakened, and, by shrewd manoeuvering, succeeded in giving him the slip. Had the $15,000 in question fallen into the hands of the robber, Dr. Shoenberger would have been bankrupt, and the probability is that he would have lived and died an obscure individual. Instead of that, however, the money freed him from his embarrassments, and he died, but a few years ago, worth between four and five millions of dollars, more than one-half of which he accumulated by manufacturing iron in the valley of the Juniata. [147] "Less than sixteen years ago a gentleman named Zimmerman was a bar-keeper at the hotel of Walter Graham, esq., at Yellow Springs, in Blair county, afterward a 'mud boss' on the Pennsylvania canal, and subsequently a teamster at Allegheny Furnace. At the present day the said Samuel Zimmerman owns hotels, palaces, a bank of issue, farms, stocks, and other property at Niagara Falls, in Canada, which swell his income to $150,000 per annum. He is but thirty-eight years of age. Should he live the length of time allotted to man, and his wealth steadily increase, at the end of three-score-and-ten years he can look upon ordinary capitalists, who have only a few millions at command, as men of limited means. "Let it not be presumed, however, that we notice these capitalists from an adoration of their wealth or homage to the men, but merely because their history is partially identified with the valley, and to show what a singular manner the blind goddess will sometimes lavish her favors; for hundreds of men without money, but with brighter intellects and nobler impulses than were ever possessed by Zimmerman, Law, or Shoenberger, have gone down to the grave 'unwept, unhonored, and unsung,' in the Juniata valley. Neither will the soughing of the west wind, as it sweeps through the valley, disturb their repose any more than it will that of the millionaires, when resting from 'life's fitful fever' in their splendid mausoleums. "Less than ten years ago a railroad from Huntingdon to Broad Top was deemed impracticable. Since then, or, we may say, within the last four years, a substantial railroad has been built, reaching from the borough of Huntingdon to Hopewell, in Bedford county, a distance of thirty-one miles; and the cars are now engaged in bringing coal from a region which, but a few years ago, was unexplored. In addition to the main track, there is a branch, six miles in length, extending to Shoup's run. The coal field contains eighty square miles of territory; and from the openings made at Shoup's run and Six mile run, semi-bituminous coal has been taken, the quality of which cannot be surpassed by any coal fields in the world. Along the line of the road quite a number of villages have sprung up. The first is Worthington, some thirteen miles from Huntingdon. The next is Saxton, twenty-six miles from Huntingdon. Coalmont is the name of a flourishing village growing up on Shoup's run, about a mile below the lowest coal veins yet opened. Barret is located about two miles farther up; and Broad Top City is located upon the summit of the mountain, at the terminus of the Shoup's Run branch, at which place a large three-story stone hotel has been built, and a number of lots disposed of, on which purchasers are bound to build during the summer of 1856. "Less than eight years ago the author of these pages, while on a gunning expedition, traveled over the ground where Altoona now stands. It was then almost a barren waste. A few fields, a solitary log farm house and its out buildings, and a school house, alone relieved the monotony of the scene; yet now upon this ground stands a town with between three and four thousand inhabitants, where the scream of the engine is heard at all hours of the day and night - where the roar of fires, the clang of machinery, and the busy hum of industry never cease from the rising to the setting of the sun, and where real estate commands a [148] price that would almost seem fabulous to those not acquainted with the facts. But of this enough. "Let us now proceed to examine the products of the valley. The lower end of it is a grain-growing region, the upper an iron-producing country; and it is owing to the mineral resources alone that the valley maintains the position it does, and boasts of the wealth and population it now possesses. The Juniata iron has almost a world-wide reputation; yet we venture to say that many of our own neighbors know little about the immense amount of capital and labor employed in its manufacture." History and Literature. - Sherman Day's "Historical Collections of Pennsylvania," published in 1842 or '44, gave a brief history of Huntingdon county, which then included the territory of Blair. It was soon followed by a history of Northumberland, Huntingdon, Mifflin, Centre, Union, Clinton, Juniata, and Columbia counties, prepared by I. D. Rupp. These two works failed to deal much with local history, and in 1856 U. J. Jones published his "History of the Early Settlement of the Juniata Valley," which is a very valuable work, and now a recognized standard of reference on the early history of Blair and the other counties of the Juniata valley. Mr. Jones was indebted (as he states) to Major B. F. Bell, Judge McCune, Edward Bell, Judge Adams, and Michael Maguire for much valuable material, and wrote an interesting and reliable work that will preserve his name from oblivion for all time to come. "For the year 1875 George J. Akers compiled 'The Mirror Hand-book and Compendium of Facts,' a pamphlet of forty-seven pages. It contained a synopsis of the local occurrences of that year, such as marriages and deaths, interments in Fairview cemetery, State, county, and city elections, a brief history of Altoona, a list of city and county officers, a sketch of the public schools, etc., making it a valuable book of reference. Harry Slep was the publisher. "In the early part of 1879, 'The First Venture,' a book consisting of one hundred and eighty-seven pieces of poetry and a story in prose, entitled 'After Many Days,' was issued from the press of Harry Slep. The book contained sixty pages. Five hundred copies were issued, which commanded a ready sale. It was prepared by Harry L. Woods, the author of a book of Irish tales, entitled 'Pat Muldoon's Anecdotes.' "During the year 1880 an illustrated volume of two hundred and sixty-five pages, edited by James H. Ewing and Harry Slep, of Altoona, and issued from the press of Harry Slep's printing house, was delivered to its patrons. It is entitled the 'History of the City of Altoona and Blair County,' and contains brief historical sketches of Hollidaysburg, Tyrone, Bell's Mills, Roaring Springs, Martinsburg, Williamsburg, Gaysport, Bennington Furnace, Kittanning Point, Arch Spring, Tipton, Newry, and Duncansville, besides a considerable amount of classified information not practicable to enumerate here. The work is meritorious." In 1883 Louis H. Everets, of Philadelphia, issued the "History of Huntingdon and Blair Counties, Pennsylvania, by J. Simpson Africa," and illustrated work of seven hundred and sixty-one pages. The work gives two hundred and sixty-one pages to the history of Blair county, whose general history is treated of in nine chapters, while eighteen chapters are [149] devoted to the description and history of her townships and boroughs. J. P. Snell and Dr. Thomas Cushing wrote the principal part of the history of Altoona; J. H. Schenek wrote all of the township histories except those of Snyder and Tyrone; and Maj. Franklin Ellis, one of the best county historians in the United States, prepared the military history of both Huntingdon and Blair counties. Blair County Home. - The present handsome and commodious county home building was erected in 1892. Smith & Robinson, of Altoona and Johnstown, were the architects. The structure is of brick, two stories in height, and between one hundred and fifty and two hundred feet in length, and is amply furnished, completely heated, and well lighted throughout. It is favorably located, ranks as one of the finest county homes of the State, and is a credit to the county. Early Courts and Lawyers. - Section 8 of the act under which Blair county was organized provided that "the county of Blair shall be annexed and compose part of the Sixteenth judicial district of this Commonwealth, and the courts shall be held and commence as follows, to wit: On the fourth Monday of March, July, October, and December in each year, and the first court shall be held in the said county of Blair on the fourth Monday of October next." A supplemental act, however, amended section 8 of the original act to the effect "that the first court shall be held on the fourth Monday of July, 1846." This court convened in the old Methodist Episcopal church at Hollidaysburg, on Monday, July 27, 1846, and was presided over by Judge Jeremiah S. Black, and George R. McFarlane and Daniel McConnell associate judges. One the same day the following forty-nine attorneys were sworn in and admitted to practice in the several courts of the county: Anderson, J. P. Banks, Thaddeus. Banks, Ephraim. Blair, Samuel S. Blair, David. Benedict, A. W. Barkley, Samuel M. Brotherline, John. Bell, J.M. Canan, Moses. Calvin, Samuel. Curtin, A. G. Cresswell, John. Coffey, T. J. Cox, Joshua F. Cline, A. J. Cremer, Theo. H. Dorris, William, jr. Duff, David. Fenlon, John. Hall, James T. Hoffius, David M. Heyer, Charles H. Hasson, Michael. Hughes, Isaac. Johnston, Robert L. Jacobs, William J. King, Alexander. Kimmell, F. M. Kemp, Joseph. Lowrie, J. R. Lyon, William. Mann, Job. Miles, John G. Magehan, M. D. McMurtrie, R. A. Mower, John. McAllister, H. N. Ogle, A. J. Orbison, Wm. P. Russell, James M. Russell, Samuel L. Stewart, Wm. M. Stewart, J. S. Scott, John, jr. Tate, Samuel H. Williamson, John. Wilson, A. P. Wharton, S. S. Judge Black held twelve terms of court at Hollidaysburg, and then, in 1849, Blair county was taken from the Sixteenth judicial district and placed in the Twenty-fourth with Huntingdon and Cambria counties. Judge Black presided over the courts of Blair county with satisfaction to the people, and of him Judge John Dean spoke at the dedication of the new court house, in 1877, as follows: "Of Judge Black, in the presence of this audience, as a lawyer and a judge, I need [150] not speak at length. Whether as advocate at the bar, presiding in the common pleas, judge and chief justice of the supreme court, attorney-general of the United States, delegate at large to the constitutional convention of 1873, everywhere he has honored himself and has reflected honor on the people who honored him. His legal opinions and arguments are the delight of the lawyer, for it may be said of him, as Coke said of Littleton, 'He cites not many authorities, yet he holdeth no opinion but is proved and approved by these two faithful witnesses in matters of law, authority and reason.' While his name and fame are national, we claim the distinction of saying he held our first court, he was our first judge." Judge Black was succeeded as president judge of the courts of Blair county by Hon. George Taylor, who was born in Chester county in 1812. He read law, was admitted to the bar, and acquired a fine reputation as a lawyer and advocate in Huntingdon county, where he practiced until 1849, when he was appointed by Governor Johnston as judge of the Twenty-fourth district. He served until 1851, then was elected for a term of ten years by the whigs, and in 1861 was reelected for another term. He died November 14, 1871. He had an intense love of justice, and the nerve fearlessly to administer it in the face of all opposition, yet he always tempered justice with mercy. Judge Taylor was succeeded by Hon. John Dean, the present president judge, and "that he has given universal satisfaction to the people of the Twenty-fourth judicial district since his elevation to the bench, is attested by the fact that he was nominated and elected in the fall of 1881, while his political opponents, conceding to his ability, fitness, and impartial rulings, in convention assembled, adopted complimentary resolutions, and refrained from nominating an opposing candidate." Judge Dean, who is now the candidate of the Republican party for an associate justice of the supreme court of Pennsylvania, resides at Hollidaysburg, where he is an active, enterprising citizen, and a valued member of society. Early Physicians. - But little can be secured of the early physicians of the county. Dr. John McCloskey was a practicing physician in Frankstown township in 1787, and was succeeded in 1810 by Dr. John Buchanan, whose successor was Dr. Alexander Johnston. Drs. James Coffey, John Metzger, and Thomas Stark were practicing in Frankstown township before 1830. Dr. George Kneopler seems to have been the second resident physician in the county, and practiced at the beginning of the present century at Williamsburg, where Dr. John D. Ross commenced to practice in 1838. He is now the oldest physician in the county in years of active practice. Summer Resorts. - There are many places in the county where fine summer resorts are to be established. There are already two noted resorts in the county: Cresson Springs and Wopsononock, both of which are noted for grandeur of scenery. Wopsononock is named for an Indian chief of that name. This beautiful "look out" is the equal of any in the State. The Altoona & Wopsononock railroad furnishes rapid and comfortable transit to and from Altoona. From the top of Wopsononock mountain, looking south and east, can be seen Altoona very distinctly, Bellwood more distant, and an extensive panorama of hill and valley, cleared field, and woodland dell. [151] With a field glass prominent landmarks are discernible in six counties: Blair, Cambria, Bedford, Huntingdon, Clearfield, and Centre. Healthfulness. - The following facts, taken from the report of the board of health for 1890, are valuable as showing the healthfulness of Altoona: Mean temperature for January, 42 1/2† Fahrenheit; February, 41 1/2; March, 37 7/8; April, 52 3/4; May, 61 1/2; June 70; July, 74; August, 72; September, 64; October, 53 7/8; November, 47 1/2; December, 34 1/2. Death rate per 1,000 for the year, 16.06. Births, 1,054; marriages, 233. FREE MASONRY. We give the numbers, names, locations and dates of organization of the following lodges, chapters, councils, and commanderies in Blair county: No. Name. Place. Year. Lodge. 220 Portage Hollidaysburg 1846 281 Mountain Altoona - 282 Juniata Hollidaysburg 1853 490 Logan Altoona 1871 494 Tyrone Tyrone 1871 Chapter. 189 Mountain Altoona 1858 Council. 9 Mountain Altoona 1857 Commandery. 10 Mountain Altoona 1855 KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS. No. Name. Place. Year. Lodge. 79 Logan Altoona 1868 103 Silver Spring Tyrone 1868 281 Blair Altoona - 295 Alto Altoona - 354 White Cross Altoona 1872 Division. 26 Altoona Altoona - B. U. (H. F.) No. Circle. Place. Year. 20 Bethany Altoona 1879 50 Rising Sun Altoona 1870 ODD FELLOWSHIP. No. Encampment. Place. Year. 69 Appalachian Hollidaysburg 1847 129 Altoona Altoona 1859 GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC. No. Post. Place. 39 William G. Murray Hollidaysburg. 62 Stephen C. Potts Altoona. 468 Fred C. Ward Altoona. SONS OF VETERANS. 12 Lieut. S. C. Potts Altoona 183 Fred C. Ward Altoona PATRIOTIC ORDER SONS OF AMERICA. Washington Camp, No. 31 Altoona Caldwell Council, No. 31 Altoona The following organizations meet at Altoona: Lodges. Altoona, No. 102, B. P. O. E. Altoona, No. 277, O. of T. Unity, No. 2, I. O. G. T. Purity, No. 75, I. O. G. T. Altoona, No. 107, I. O. G. T. Altoona, No. -, K. of H. Councils. Cresson, No. 108, JR. O. U. A. M. Altoona, No. 152, JR. O. U. A. M. Juniata, No. 372, JR. O. U. A. M. Mountain City, No. 472, JR. O. U. A. M. Altoona, No. 580, R. A. Altoona, No. 15, O. of C. H. Mechanics, No. 21, B. O. of E. [152] Castles. Altoona, No. 145, K.G.E. Elmo, No. 154, K.G.E. Centennial, No. 204, K.G.E. Prince Arthur, No. 138,A.O.K.M.C. Conclave. Altoona, No. 132, I.O.H. Tribe. Winnebago, No. 35, I.O.R.M. Legion. Washington, No. 7, K. of R. In 1891 the following fraternal organizations in the United States and their membership were: Free Mason, 673,643; Odd Fellows, 647,641; Grand Army of the Republic, 398,270; Ancient Order of United Workmen, 267,611; Knights of Pythias, 263,847; Knights of Honor, 138,256; Improved Order of Red Men; 111,644; Royal Arcanum, 118,454; Sons of Veterans, 100,000; Patriotic Order Sons of America, 100,000; Order of Chosen Friends, 38,821; and Catholic Mutual Benefit Association, 35,000. War of 1812. - The Huntingdon Light Infantry, the Juniata Volunteers, and two drafted companies from Huntingdon county served on the northern frontier, but it has been impossible to secure a correct list of the names of those who enlisted from what is now Blair county. Mexican War. - The Williamsburg Blues, commanded by Capt. Thomas K. Fluke, were among the first volunteer companies of Pennsylvania to offer their services, and W.T. Wilson, James Ellis, William Sullivan, R.M. Jones, John Condo, Robert Woods, G.W. Yeager, and Samuel Holliday enlisted in the 2d Pennsylvania regiment. Twenty-three men from Hollidaysburg enlisted in Co. B, 2d Pennsylvania, and served under Scott in Mexico. Of this number were: Lieut. William Williams, Thomas Hurd, Frederick Hesser, James Mealy, Washington Stone, Andrew Dripps, Don Revalon, Robert McNamara, and John Campbell. State History. - In closing this historical sketch of Blair county it might not be inappropriate to refer briefly to the State, of which it is a political division. Pennsylvania is situated between 39 degrees, 43 minutes and 42 seconds north latitude, and 2 degrees, 17 minutes east, and 3 degrees, 31 minutes west longitude, from Washington. Its mean length is 280.39 miles; mean breadth, 158.05 miles; its greatest length, 302 13-40 miles; and greatest breadth, 175 miles and 192 perches. The latitude of Greenwich is 51 degrees, 27 minutes, 39 seconds north, and the latitude of Washington, 38 degrees, 53.3 minutes. The longitude of Philadelphia from Greenwich is 75 degrees, 18 minutes west, and the longitude of Greenwich from Washington is 77 degrees, 00.6 minutes east. Topographically Pennsylvania is divided into three parts - a southeastern or seaboard of scattered hills, a middle belt of mountains, and a great western table land or bituminous coal district, which is everywhere deeply seamed by numerous tributaries of the Allegheny, Monongahela and Susquehanna rivers. In the first district is the garden portion of the State. In the Appalachian belt is the great anthracite coal field of the United States, while the western district is rich with treasures of oil, iron ore and bituminous coal, and the Connellsville coking region, which produces the typical coke of the world. The third district embraces one-half of the area of Pennsylvania, being bounded on three sides by State [153] lines, and on the east by the last westward ridge of the Alleghenies. The Allegheny mountains also divide the State into two nearly equal parts, which are entirely different in geological formation and surface relief. The western one of these parts, or western Pennsylvania, lies in the Mississippi valley; while the eastern part, or eastern Pennsylvania, is embraces within the area of the Atlantic seaboard. The geological structure of Pennsylvania is complicated of form, and various of quality and age. The Laurentian or oldest system of geology is slightly represented in some of the eastern counties, while its successor in age, the Huronian system, has never been recognized in the State. But the Paleozoic, or older secondary system - beginning with No. I, the Potsdam system, and terminating with No. XIII, the coal measures of carboniferous formation, is grandly developed in every part of the State. The subterranean floor of Pennsylvania is formed of granite, gneiss, mica, slate, and marble, lies beneath the present surface at from a thousand to twenty thousand feet, and rests upon the same rocks which form the hill country of Lake Superior, and contain vast deposits of iron ore, but at inaccessible depths, beneath every county of the State. The rocks composing this great floor were originally sandstone and limestone, but were converted into granite, slate, gneiss, mica and marble, by pressure, heat and chemical action. On this floor was deposited formation after formation of the Paleozoic system until its terminal coal measures were formed just at sea level, when the second great change in the relative level of sea and land occurred in the surface of Pennsylvania. The land rose into the air in the central and western part, erosion commenced, and drainage was established. A third principal change in land and sea level followed when the eastern borders of the continent arose and carried up in its swell the surface of the eastern part of the State, which had been mostly in the bed of a long salt water bay. Frost and rain then commenced their work of destruction on these elevated surfaces, and drainage carried the soil and rock thus loosened on the east, to build up New Jersey, Delaware, and the tide water region of Maryland and Virginia, while on the west it bore the eroded earth to form Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. By the waters of the calm-flowing Delaware, in 1634, Gustavus Adolphus, "the greatest benefactor of mankind in the line of Swedish kings," sought to establish a mighty empire, in which religious thought should be free, and human servitude should never exist. But to other hands was left the founding of this grand ideal State, and upon the weak and feeble New Sweden of the warrior king of Sweden was planted the strong and prosperous Quaker province of William Penn, which is now the powerful and populous Keystone State of the American Union. Prior to Gustavus Adolphus' idea of founding a State on the Delaware, the Dutch West India Company and the English of Connecticut had made ineffectual attempts at colonization on the "South River." The first permanent settlement in Pennsylvania was made at Upsal (now Chester), in 1638, by Swedes and Finns, and was under the direction of Oxenstiern. These settlers came from Gottenburg, on two vessels, named the Key of Calmar and the Griffin. They were sent out by a Swedish West India company, which was founded by William Usselinex, who had been instrumental in [154] forming the Dutch West India Company. Their first governor was Peter Minuet, a former governor of the New Netherlands. In 1655 New Sweden was captured by the Dutch, and was New Netherlands until 1664, when it was wrested from the Dutch by the English. In 1673 a Dutch squadron recaptured the country, but one year later gave it up to the English by the treaty of Westminster. In 1681 the province of Pennsylvania was granted to William Penn, in liquidation of a debt of 16,000 pounds, which the British government owed to his distinguished father, Admiral Sir William Penn. The following, from Dr. Engle's History of Pennsylvania, will throw light upon the naming of the State: "The king affixed his signature on March 4, 1681, naming the province Pennsylvania, for the reasons explained in the subjoined extract from a letter from William Penn to his friend, Robert Turner, dated 5th of 1st month, 1681: 'This day my country was confirmed to me under the great seal of England, with large powers and privileges, by the name of Pennsylvania - a name the king would give it in honor of my father. I chose New Wales, being as this is a pretty hilly country; but Penn being Welsh for a head, as Penmaurmoire in Wales, and Penrith in Cumberland, and Penn in Buckinghamshire, the highest land in England, called this Pennsylvania, which is the high, or head wooodlands [sic], for I proposed, when the secretary, a Welshman, refused to have it called New Wales, Sylvania, and they added Penn to it, and though I much opposed it, and went to the king to have it struck out and altered, he said it was past, and would take it upon him; nor could twenty guineas move the under secretary to vary the name, for, I fear, lest it be looked on as vanity in me, and not as a respect to the king, as it truly was, to my father, whom he often mentioned with praise.'" William Penn landed in his province in 1682. He founded the city of Philadelphia, which afterward became the metropolis of the thirteen colonies and the birthplace of American independence. He established his colony upon the broad principles of Christian charity and constitutional freedom. Penn was proprietor of Pennsylvania until 1693, when the crown assumed the government, which it did not restore to him for two years. He then continued as proprietor until his death, in 1718, and was succeeded by his sons, John, Richard, and Thomas, who were successively proprietors until 1776. At the opening of the revolutionary war the settlers between the Susquehanna and the Hudson owned larger farms than the people of New England, although their farms were less than the plantations of the south. There was a greater diversity of nationalities in Pennsylvania than in any other colony. From the southeast and north and westward were the following elements of population: "First Swedes, next English, then Germans, and lastly New Englanders; while the whole front of this mass, from the west branch of the Susquehanna southward, was Irish, Welsh, Scotch, and Scotch-Irish." The spirit of liberty in Pennsylvania was stubborn but not fierce. During the revolution Pennsylvania bore her part in achieving independence, and since its close the State has increased rapidly in population and wealth until the present time. The Indian title to the State was liquidated by six successive purchases, made [155] respectively in 1682, 1736, 1749, 1758, 1768, and 1784. Pennsylvania soldiers were first to reach Washing in 1861. During the war Pennsylvania sent to the Union army 270 regiments, numbering 287.284 men, which included 25,000 militia, which were in service in September, 1862. The decisive battle of the late civil war as the great struggle at Gettysburg, on the soil of Pennsylvania. Since the war the State has grown very rapidly in population and wealth, and of her political history since 1824 we give the following talbe: POPULAR VOTE OF PENNSYLVANIA AT PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS FROM 1824 TO 1888. 1824. Republican Andrew Jackson 36,100 Coalition John Q. Adams 5,440 Republican William H. Crawford 4,206 Republican Henry Clay 1,609 1828. Democrat Andrew Jackson 101,652 Nat. Rep. John Q. Adams 50,848 1832. Democrat Andrew Jackson 90,983 Nat. Rep. Henry Clay 56,716 Anti-Masonic William Wirt - 1836. Democrat Martin Van Buren 91,475 Whig Wm. H. Harrison 87,111 1840. Whig Wm. H. Harrison 144,021 Democrat Martin Van Buren 143,676 Liberty James G. Birney 343 1844. Democrat James K. Polk 167,535 Whig Henry Clay 161,203 Liberty James G. Birney 3,138 1848. Whig Zachary Taylor 185,513 Democrat Lewis Cass 171,176 Free Soil Martin Van Buren 11,263 1852. Democrat Franklin Pierce 198,568 Whig Winfield Scott 179,174 Free Dem John P. Hale 8,525 1856. Democrat James Buchanan 230,710 Republican John C. Fremont 147,510 American Millard Fillmore 82,175 1860. Republican Abraham Lincoln 268.030 Democrat John C. Breckinridge 178,871 Ind. Dem Stephen A. Douglas 16,765 Cons't Union John Bell 12,776 1864. Republican Abraham Lincoln 296,391 Democrat Geo. B. McClellan 276,316 1868. Republican Ulysses S. Grant 342,280 Democrat Horatio Seymour 313,382 1872. Republican Ulysses S. Grant 349,589 Dem. And Lib. Horace Greeley 212,041 Temperance James Black 1,630 Democrat Charles O'Connor - 1876. Republican Rutherford B. Hayes 384,122 Democrat Samuel J. Tilden 366,158 Greenback Peter Cooper 7,187 Prohibition Green Clay Smith 1,319 1880. Republican James A. Garfield 444,704 Democrat Winfield S. Hancock 407,428 Greenback James B. Weaver 20,668 Prohibition Neal Dow - 1884. Republican James G. Blaine 473,904 Democrat Grover Cleveland 392,785 Greenback Benjamin F. Butler 16,992 Prohibition John P. St. John 15,283 1888. Republican Benjamin Harrison 526,091 Democrat Grover Cleveland 446,633 Prohibition Clinton B. Fisk 20,947 Greenback Alson J. Streeter 3,873 Pennsylvania needs no eulogium; her past honorable career and present commercial supremacy are sufficient guarantees of her future greatness. William Penn. - In concluding this brief account of the "Keystone State," we append Lossing's sketch of her founder: "In glorious contrast with the inhumanity of Spaniards, Frenchmen, and many Englishment, stands the record on History's tablet of the kindness and justice toward the feeble Indian of the founder of Pennsylvania. "'Thou'lt find,' said the Quaker, 'in me and mine, But friends and brothers to thee and thine, Who abuse no power, and admit no line 'Twixt the red man and the white.' And bright was the spot where the Quaker came To leave his hat, his drab, and his name, That will sweetly sound from the trump of Fame, Till its final blast shall die. HANNAH F. GOULD. "William Penn was born in the city of London on the 14th of October, 1644, and was educated at Oxford. His father was the eminent Admiral Penn, a great favorite of royalty. William was remarkable, [156] in early youth, for brilliant talent and unaffected piety. While yet a student he heard one of the new sect of Quakers preach, and, with other students, became deeply impressed with the evangelical truths which they uttered. He, with several others, withdrew from the Established church, worshipped by themselves, and for non-conformity were expelled from the college. Penn's father sought, in vain, to reclaim him; and when at length he refused to take off his hat in the presence of the admiral, and even of the king, he was expelled from the parental roof. He was sent to gay France, where he became a polished gentleman after a residence of two years; and on his return he studied law in London until the appearance of the great plague, in 1665. He was sent to Ireland in 1666, to manage an estate there belonging to his father, but was soon recalled, because he associated with Quakers. Again expelled from his father's house, he became an itinerant Quaker preacher, made many proselytes, suffered revilings and imprisonments 'for conscience' sake,' and at the age of twenty-four years wrote his celebrated work, entitled 'No Cross, No Crown,' while in prison because of his non-conformity to the Church of England. He was released in 1670, and soon afterward became the possessor of the large estates of his father, who died that year. He continued to write and preach in defence of his sect, and went to Holland and Germany, for that purpose, in 1677. "In March, 1681, Penn procured from Charles the Second, a grant of the territory in American which yet bears his name; and two years afterward he visited the colony which he had established there. He founded Philadelphia - city of brotherly love - toward the close of the same year; and within twenty-four months afterward, two thousand settlers were planting their homes there. Penn returned to England in 1684, and through his influence with the king, obtained the release of thirteen hundred Quakers, then in prison. Because of his personal friendship toward James, the successor of Charles (who was driven from the throne by the revolution of 1688, and had his place filled by his daughter, Mary, and William, Prince of Orange), he was suspected of adherence to the fallen monarch, and was imprisoned and deprived of his proprietary rights. These were restore to him in 1694; and in 1799 he again visited his American colony. He remained in Pennsylvania until 1701, when he hastened to England to oppose a parliamentary proposition to abolish all proprietary governments in America. He never returned. In 1712 he was prostrated by a paralytic disorder. It terminated his life on the 30th of July, 1718, at the age of seventy-four years. Penn was greatly beloved by the Indians; and it is worthy of remark that not a drop of Quaker's blood was ever shed by the savages." Time in his flight has numbered nearly a decade over two hundred years since William Penn set foot on the soil of the present mighty and populous State of Pennsylvania, and the results of his work on the Delaware are truthfully given on the tablet in Independence Hall, on which is inscribed: "William Penn, born in London, October 14th, 1644, laid the foundation of universal liberty A.D. 1682, in the privileges he then accorded the emigrants to Pennsylvania, and thus enabled their descendants to make the colony the Keystone State of the Federal Union in 1789." ~~~~~ * ~~~~~