THE HISTORY OF BUCKS COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA: DAVIS, 1876: CONTENTS, PREFACE, ILLUSTRATIONS, CHAPTER I. from the discovery of the Delaware to the present time by W. W. H. Davis, A.M., Democrat Book and Job Office Print., Doylestown, PA, 1876. Contributed for use in the USGenWeb Archives by Donna Bluemink. dbluemink@cox.net Transcriber's note: Liberty has been taken with numbering footnotes so as to include all footnotes from both the 1876 and 1905 editions, plus any additional text and pictures in the 1905 edition. All 1905 material will be noted with an asterisk. USGENWEB NOTICE: Printing this file by non-commercial individuals and libraries is encouraged, as long as all notices and submitter information is included. Any other use, including copying files to other sites requires permission from the submitters PRIOR to uploading to any other sites. We encourage links to the state and county table of contents. ___________________________________________________________________________________ HISTORY OF BUCKS COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA from the discovery of the Delaware to the present time by W. W. H. Davis, A.M., Democrat Book and Job Office Print., Doylestown, PA, 1876. And Second Edition, Revised With a Genealogical and Personal History of Bucks County Prepared Under the Editorial Supervision of Warren S. Ely Genealogist, Member of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania and Librarian of the Bucks County Historical Society John W. Jordan, LL.D Of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania New York, Chicago The Lewis Publishing Co., 1905 THIS VOLUME IS RESPECTIVELY INSCRIBED TO THE HONORABLE HENRY CHAPMAN, A DESCENDANT OF JOHN CHAPMAN, THE FIRST SETTLER NORTH OF NEWTON, BY THE AUTHOR PREFACE The writing of the History of Bucks county has been more a "labor of love," than of gain, to the author. It was undertaken from a desire to preserve interesting facts, connected with its settlement and history, that in a few yeas would have been lost forever; and no reasonable compensation would reward us for the seven years' labor bestowed upon it. We labored under many difficulties. Its history has never been written, and the material, in a great measure, had to be first gathered in isolated facts and then woven into the thread of history. This was the most difficult part of our task. In most cases individuals and families gave up their papers for examination, which proved of great assistance. With the lapse of years the material grew upon our hands beyond our anticipations, and we could have written a larger work, but are content to give the result of our labors in a volume not too large for convenient use. Our greatest difficulty was in collecting matter relating to the settlement and early history of the German townships, because they were less in the habit of preserving family and personal records. We consulted the most reliable records and authorities to be reached, and are satisfied it contains as few errors as could reasonably be expected in a work of the kind. As a rule we have given the original spelling of the names of both persons and places, which in many cases will be found to differ from the present spelling; and in some instances the same name is spelled in two ways. This was unavoidable. We acknowledge our obligations to many gentlemen, not only for the encouraging interest they took in our labors, but also for information furnished, often unsolicited. We also acknowledge the assistance derived from the small work on the county, published twenty years ago, by Mr. William J. Buck, one of our earliest and most laborious local historians. The maps and engravings are a proper accompaniment of the work, and we doubt not will interest the reader. The catalogues of the Flora, Birds and Mammals of the county were prepared, expressly for our work, by Doctor I. S. Moyer and Joseph Thomas, of Quakertown, and are the result of years of careful and laborious research. The information touching the variation of the needle was furnished, at the author's re quest by Carlile P. Patterson, Esq., superintendent of the United States coast survey. The variation of the compass needle, as shown by the United States coast survey report for the year 1855, Chapter XVIII, has been determined more frequently at two stations in the neighborhood than anywhere else within the limits of the United States. Early observations were rough, but being repeated at intervals and merged in due time as first parts in a series ending with several accurate determinations, the law of variations during the last two centuries has been deduced for the vicinity of Philadelphia. As applicable also to Bucks county, and referable to early periods in the settlement, the value of the article on variation in the history will be apparent. W. W. H. DAVIS. DOYLESTOWN, Pa., September 1, 1876. CONTENTS DEDICATION PREFACE ILLUSTRATIONS FILE NAME CHAPTER I davis01.txt FROM THE DISCOVERY OF THE DELAWARE TO THE ARRIVAL OF ENGLISH IMMIGRANTS CHAPTER II davis02.txt ENGLISH IMMIGRANTS CONTINUE TO ARRIVE ON THE DELAWARE CHAPTER III davis03.txt WILLIAM PENN BECOMES PROPRIETOR OF THE COUNTRY WEST OF THE DELAWARE CHAPTER IV davis04.txt WILLIAM PENN SAILS FOR PENNSYLVANIA CHAPTER V davis05.txt SOME ACCOUNT OF THE EARLY IMMIGRANTS CHAPTER VI davis06.txt SOME ACCOUNT OF PENNSBURY CHAPTER VII davis07.txt THE ORGANIZATION OF TOWNSHIPS - FALLS CHAPTER VIII davis08.txt MAKEFIELD CHAPTER IX davis09.txt BRISTOL CHAPTER X davis10.txt BENSALEM CHAPTER XI davis11.txt MIDDLETOWN CHAPTER XII davis12.txt WILLIAM PENN RETURNS TO PENNSYLVANIA AND LIVES IN BUCKS COUNTY CHAPTER XIII davis13.txt SOUTHAMPTON CHAPTER XIV davis14.txt WARMINSTER CHAPTER XV davis15.txt NEWTOWN CHAPTER XVI davis16.txt WRIGHTSTOWN CHAPTER XVII davis17.txt BUCKINGHAM CHAPTER XVIII davis18.txt SOLEBURY CHAPTER XIX davis19.txt HISTORICAL CHURCHES CHAPTER XX davis20.txt BRISTOL BOROUGH CHAPTER XXI davis21.txt NORTHAMPTON CHAPTER XXII davis22.txt HILLTOWN CHAPTER XXIII davis23.txt NEW BRITAIN CHAPTER XXIV davis24.txt PLUMSTEAD CHAPTER XXV davis25.txt WARWICK CHAPTER XXVI davis26.txt WARRINGTON CHAPTER XXVII davis27.txt MILFORD CHAPTER XXVIII davis28.txt RICHLAND CHAPTER XXIX davis29.txt UPPER MAKEFIELD CHAPTER XXX davis30.txt THE WALKING PURCHASE CHAPTER XXXI davis310.txt TINICUM CHAPTER XXXII davis32.txt UPPER MILFORD; SAUCON; MACUNGIE; SALISBURY; WHITEHALL CHAPTER XXXIII davis33.txt ROCKHILL CHAPTER XXXIV davis34.txt NOCKAMIXON CHAPTER XXXV davis35.txt BEDMINSTER CHAPTER XXXVI davis36.txt SPRINGFIELD CHAPTER XXXVII davis37.txt SMITHFIELD; ALLEN; MOUNT BETHEL; MOORE; EASTON CHAPTER XXXVIII davis38.txt BETHLEHEM; NAZARETH; CARBON COUNTY CHAPTER XXXIX davis39.txt HAYCOCK CHAPTER XL davis40.txt BUCKS COUNTY IN THE REVOLUTION CHAPTER XLI davis41.txt DURHAM CHAPTER XLII davis42.txt MORRISVILLE CHAPTER XLIII davis43.txt DOYLESTOWN CHAPTER XLIV davis44.txt NEW HOPE CHAPTER XLV davis45-16.txt DOYLESTOWN BOROUGH CHAPTER XLVI davis46.txt CLEARING LAND; FARMING; DRESS; MODE OF LIVING, ETC. CHAPTER XLVII davis47.txt OUR COURTS; COUNTY-SEATS; DIVISION OF COUNTY; BUILDING OF ALMSHOUSE CHAPTER XLVIII davis48.txt ROADS CHAPTER XLIX davis49.txt OUR POETS AND THEIR POETRY CHAPTER L davis50-51.txt MANORS AND LARGE LAND GRANTS CHAPTER LI davis50-51.txt NEGRO SLAVERY IN BUCKS COUNTY CHAPTER LII davis52.txt NEWSPAPERS IN BUCKS COUNTY CHAPTER LIII davis53.txt OLD TAVERNS CHAPTER LIV davis54.txt VOLUNTEERS; BIBLE SOCIETIES; AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES; VISIT OF LAFAYETTE; POISONING OF DOCTOR CHAPMAN CHAPTER LV davis55.txt RELIGIOUS EXCITEMENT; MERINO SHEEP AND MULTICAULIS; NAVIGATION OF THE DELAWARE; SHAD; ELECTIONS AND TAXES CHAPTER XXVI [VOL II 1905 Edition] davis55-26.txt SCHOOLS AND EDUCATION. [Part from Chapter LV 1876 edition.] APPENDIX Omitted from this on-line archives. [Note: See Bean's History of Montgomery County, also in these archives, for material relating to these subjects. FLORA BIRDS MAMMALS COMPASS davisapp0.txt BUCKS COUNTY ASSOCIATORS [Rev War] davisapp1.txt INDEX ILLUSTRATIONS Map of Bucks county Henry Hudson Autographs of William Tom and Walter Wharton Autograph of Ephraim Herman William Penn at age 22 Letitia Penn's Cradle Autographs of Tamany Bucks County Seal Earmarks of Cattle Original Map of Bucks county Pennsbury Manor Penn's Brew-house Jacob Brown Map of Manor of Highlands China Retreat, 1790 Bristol College, 1838 Bath Spring near Bristol Bloomsdale Farm Growden Mansion, Bensalem, rear view Nicholas Biddle Andalusia, Residence of the late Nicholas Biddle Red Lion Inn, Bensalem The Jenks Coat-of-Arms Middletown Meeting House, Maple Avenue, Langhorne Autograph of Jeremiah Langhorne Mansion of Jeremiah Langhorne Arms of Penn Penn's Burial Place Map of Southampton, Warmister and Warrington, 1734 Old Sawmill at Davisville Watts Homestead Gen. John Davis Hart Homestead, Warminster, built 1750 Longstreth Homestead Autograph of John Fitch Fitch's Steamboat on the Delaware Log College, 1726 Loller Academy Yates House, Newtown Map of Newtown, 1703 Harris House Newtown, Washington's Headquarters, December 27-30, 1776 Brick Hotel, Newtown George School, Newtown Sharon, Residence of James Worth, Newtown, 1830 Paxson Memorial Home, Newtown Wrightstown Meeting House Eight-Square School House, Penn's Park, Wrightstown Map of Buckingham and Solebury, 1703 Preston Coat-of Arms Crest of the Fells Buckingham Meeting House Oldest House in Bucks County, Wrightstown Tyro Hall, a Famous School Ingham House, Southwest Corner Gen. Zebulon M. Pike Kugler's Mill, Lumberton Solebury Meeting House Map of New Hope, 1798 Southampton Baptist Church Presbyterian Church, Newtown St. James Episcopal Church, Bristol, 1857 Sarah Lukens Keene Home, Bristol Old Hip Roof House, Northampton Township Black Bear Tavern New Britain Baptist Church Daniel Boone Iron Hill Residence of Lieut. Samuel Wigton, 1807 Ruins of Old Cloth Mill in Neshaminy, Warwick Neshaminy Church, Warwick Moland House, Warwick Hough House Sir William Keith Dr. Graeme Keith House, Graeme Park Map of Richland Township, 1754 Autograph of Morris Morris Autograph of Edward Roberts Autograph of Hugh Foulke Richland Friends Meeting House, Quakertown Lancaster House, Quakertown, 1747-1891 Reformed Church, Quakertown Keith House, Upper Makefield Map of Manor of Highlands Map of Walking Purchase Mennonite Church, Bedminister Map of Upper End of Bucks county, 1750 Birthplace of A. R. Horne Map of Lottery Lands, 1735 First House at Bethlehem Durham Iron Works Map of Durham Lands, 1773 Map of Doylestown and Vicinity, 1775 Autograph of William Doyle Wilkinson Coat-of-Arms The Parry Mansion, New Hope Lenape Building, Doylestown The County Seal, 1738 ___________________________________________________________________________________ CHAPTER I. FROM THE DISCOVERY OF THE DELAWARE TO THE ARRIVAL OF THE ENGLISH IMMIGRANTS. 1609 TO 1678 Bucks an original county. Size and situations. Hudson's discoveries. County first traversed by Europeans. Holland plants settlements. First settlers. New Albion. The Swedes arrive. The English appear. Van DerDonk. Lindstrom. Dutch drive out Swedes. The English seize the Delaware. Government established. William Tom. Overland communication. Richard Gorsuch. Governor Lovelace visits Delaware. George Fox. Sir Edmund Andros. William Edmonson. Wampum. Settlers arrive. First grand jury. Lands surveyed. Population. Burlington island. Bucks County, one of the three original counties of Pennsylvania, is bounded on the northeast and southeast by the Delaware, southwest by Philadelphia, and Montgomery county, and on the north by Lehigh and Northampton counties. The surface is uneven and rolling, and the soil fertile. It is watered by several tributaries of the Delaware, the principal of which are the Neshaminy, Pennypack, Poquessing, Tohickon, and a branch of the Perkiomen which empties into the Schuylkill. Limestone in large quantities is found in that section and in the northeast. The inhabitants are almost exclusively employed in agricultural pursuits. In 1790 the population was 25,401; 1800, 27,496; 1810, 32,371; 1820, 37,842; 1830, 45,745; 1840, 43,107; and 64,336 in 1870. The length is forty miles and average breadth fifteen, giving it an area of 600 square miles, equivalent to about 380,000 acres. This volume will contain the history of Bucks county from the discovery of the Delaware to the present time. Henry Hudson (1), an Englishman in the service of the Dutch East-India company, discovered Delaware bay August 28,1609, but he made no attempt to ascend the river (2 and 3). Captain Cornelius Jacobson May ascended the river some distance in 1614, and two years afterwards Captain Hendrickson discovered the Schuylkill. For a number of years the history of the country watered by the Delaware is but a relation of the feeble struggles of Holland, Sweden and England for empire on its banks, which will engage but little of our attention. It was about this period that Bucks county was first traversed by Europeans. In 1616 three Dutch traders, setting out from Fort Nassau, now Albany, to explore the interior, struck across to the headwaters of the Delaware, down which they traveled to the Schuylkill. Here they were made prisoners by the Minquas, but were rescued by Captain Hendrickson at the mouth of that river. He was sent round from Manhattan in the Restless, and landing on the west bank of the Delaware, above the mouth of the Schuylkill, he ransomed the Dutchmen by giving in exchange for them "kettles, beads and other merchandise." As the interior of the country was wholly unexplored, it is not probable that these wanderers would leave the banks of a great river and trust their steps to an unknown wilderness. (1) Miss Lizzie Doan of Carversville, this county, has the sash worn by Henry Hudson on these explorations. * (2) It is claimed, in DeCosta's "Sailing Orders of Henry Hudson," that Hudson was not the first discoverer of the Hudson River, but that its mouth, and bay into which the river empties, were seen by Verrazana, who was on this coast, 1513. It is also claimed that Stephanus Gomez was on this coast a few years after Verrazana and discovered a large river that was called "Rio de Gomez." De Costa indulges in some argument to prove this latter river to be the same as the Hudson. * (3) The Delaware has had a multiplicity of names. The Indians called it Marisqueton, Mackeriskitton and Makerishkiskon, Lenape, Wihittuck, or the stream of the Lenape. But the Dutch it was called Zuydt, or South river; Nassau, Prince Hendrick's, and Charles river. The Swedes called it New Swedeland stream; while to the English it was generally known as the Delaware, after Lord de-la-War, the supposed discoverer. The Dutch, less frequently, called it New river, and the Indians called it Pautaxat. We have but a brief record of the success of the Hollanders planting settlements on the Delaware. They and the French carried on a profitable trade with the Indians as early as 1621, and no doubt now and then one of them pushed his way into what is now Bucks county to trap and trade. In 1623 (4) the Dutch West-India company erected a fort where Gloucester, New Jersey, now stands; but affairs were so unpromising on the Delaware that it was abandoned in 1630. (4) Sir Dudley Carleton, English Ambassador at the Hague. About 1624-25 the West-India company established a trading house on a small island, called "Vurhulsten island," after William Vurhulst, director of New Netherland, near the west shore of the Delaware, just below Trenton falls, and located upon it three or four families of French Wallons. The post was broken up about 1627, and the Wallons returned to New York, but a small vessel was retained in the river to keep up the fur trade. This island, opposite Morrisville, is undoubtedly the same which Gabriel Thomas call "Stacies' island" sixty years later, now known as "Fairview," and is only a sand bar, containing about seventy-five acres, with a fishery upon it. Twenty-five years ago it was used as pasture ground. The settlement on this island was undoubtedly the earliest in this county and state. There is no doubt hanging over its location. In March 1685 Peter Lawrensen stated in a deposition before Governor Dongan, of New York, that he came into that province a servant of the West-India company in 1628; that in 1631, he, with seven others, was sent into the Delaware, where the company had a trading house, with ten or twelve servants attached to it; that he saw them settled there. That he also saw the place on the island, near the falls, and near the west bank, where the company had a trading house three or four years before; that three or four families of Walloons were settled there, but had then left (5). A considerable body of Waldenses and Huguenots were sent to the Delaware in 1656-1663 (6), but it is not known what became of them. (5) Gabriel Thomas (6) Van DerDonk If the story of New Albion is other than an historical myth, the English were among the earliest adventurers and settlers on the Delaware. Between 1623 and 1634 - for several dates are mentioned - Charles I granted an extensive territory to Sir Edmund Plowden which embraced Long island, all of the New Jersey, Delaware, and parts of Maryland, Virginia and Pennsylvania, who formed a company of noblemen and gentlemen under the title of "The Albion Knights." The Delaware was the chosen ground to settle, and the company pledged itself to introduce 3,000 trained men into the colony. Colonists were actually introduced and made their homes on the Delaware, but neither the number nor exact location can be told. Plowden was Lord Proprietor and Captain General, while one Beauchamp Plantagenet was made agent of this company of knightly settlers. Plowden and Plantagenet were here seven years, and became well acquainted with the country and Indian tribes. A government was framed, and the machinery of civil administration put in operation, but its duration is unknown. A history of the colony, published in 1648, contained the letter of one "Master Robert Evelin" addressed to Lady Plowden, after his return to England. He was four years on the Delaware, and in his letter he states that "Captain Claybourn, fourteen years there trading." sustains what he says of the country. Evelin evidently sailed up the river to the falls, for he mentions the streams which empty into it; names the tribes which live along it and their strength, with some description of the country and the productions. Six leagues below the falls he speaks of "two fair, woody islands, or thereabouts." These were probably Burlington and Newbold's islands. Near the falls he says is an isle fit for a city; all the materials there to build; and above, the river fair and navigable, as the Indians informed me, for I went but ten miles higher." The "isle fit for a city" refers, doubtless, to Moon's island, or the one abreast of Morrisville. It is barely possible that he fell into the popular error of some explorers of the period, that the Delaware branched at the falls, and that the two branches formed a large island above. He says that a ship of 140 tons can ascend to the falls, and that "ten leagues higher are lead m ines, in stony hills." At the falls he located the Indian town of Kildorpy, with "clear fields to plant and sow, and near it are sweet, large meads of clover or honeysuckle." The letter speaks of the abundant store of fish in the river; of water fowl that swim upon its surface, and the game, fruit and nuts to be found in the woods that line its banks, and of the magnificent forest trees. Evelin must have traveled well into the interior and through portions of Bucks county. He speaks of the new town of the Susquehannocks as a "rare, healthy and rich place, and with a crystal, broad river." This must refer to the Susquehanna river and the tribe from which it takes its name. What became of Plowden's colony would be an interesting inquiry, if we had the leisure to pursue it or the data necessary to solve it. The late William Rawle, of Philadelphia, who gave the subject a careful and intelligent investigation, believed that some of those who welcomed Penn to the shores of the Delaware, were the survivors of the Albion Knights. History offers no Oedipus to unravel the mystery (7). (7) Sir Edmund Plowden was a great-grandson of Edmund Plowden, the jurist. About 1610 he married Mabel, daughter of Peter Mariner. In 1632 he petitioned King Charles for a grant of land on the Atlantic coast of America, and July 24, same year, an order was issued for letters patent to Sir Edmund Plowden for Long Ireland and 40 leagues square of the adjacent continent, to be holden "as of our crown of Ireland," by the name of "New Albion." In 1634, Captain Young and his nephew, Robert Evelyn, commenced to explore the Delaware and other parts of the province of New Albion. He returned to England, 1635. They ascended the Delaware in August 1634 and on the 29th came to shoal water below Trenton Falls. He returned to England via Boston, and the same year published a description of New Albion. His will is dated July 29, 1651, and he died 1655. * Down to 1638 the Dutch held undisputed sway on the Delaware, but for the next seventeen years, and until the English displaced them both, they were to enjoy a joint occupancy with the Swedes. In April Peter Minuit planted a Swedish colony near where Wilmington stands, and named the creek Christina, after the youthful Queen of Sweden. They were reinforced in 1640, and again in 1642, under Lieutenant John Printz who came with full powers to put the machinery of government in operation, and fixed his capi tal on Tinicum island, just below Philadelphia. The Dutch had failed to make a permanent settlement on the west bank of the Delaware, nor had they purchased a foot of ground except a small tract nearly opposite Gloucester, New Jersey, about the mouth of the Schuylkill. Shortly after his arrival, Minuit purchased of the Lenni Lenape Indians all the land on the west bank of the Delaware from Cape Henlopen to Trenton falls, and extending inland to the Susquehanna, and stakes and other marks were set up to designate the boundaries. This was the first purchase of the Europeans of the Indians in the limits of Bucks county. The Dutch called this purchase in question, but it was as valid as any of that period. The time and place of birth of John Printz, the first to administer justice on the west bank of the Delaware, are not known. He was ennobled July 20, 1640; attained the rank of colonel in the Thirty-two Years' war; was arrested, tried and dismissed the service for surrendering his post without authority. He was appointed governor of New Sweden in 1642; returning home in 1653; he was appointed colonel and governor of the Jonksping, and died in 1663, without male issue. He built the first flour mill in Pennsylvania at "Karakung," near the Blue Bell tavern, in Delaware county. It is described as a "fine mill, which ground both coarse and fine flour." The English, destined to be the governing race on the Delaware from its mouth to its source, did not make their appearance until 1640. In 1639 some parties from New Haven purchased enough land of the Dutch and Swedes for several farms (8), and colonists were sent out the following year; but both nations threw every possible obstacle in their way. Several additional families came out the following year. These attempts were not successful, and failed to give the English a foothold on the river. In 1646 Andreas Hudde, a Dutch commissioner on a mission to search for minerals, ascended the Delaware to the falls, but the Indians would not allow him to go higher up. Nevertheless he put up a stake with the Dutch coat-of-arms upon it, and claimed the country for Holland. At this time there was not a white settler above the Schuylkill, and prior to 1643 there was not a white female west of the Delaware (9). Adrian Van DerDonk, a Dutch traveler, visited the Delaware in 1642, and on his return to Holland published a book about the country. The favorable opinion he entertained of New Netherland brought it into notice, and induced many to immigrate. He says: "About the falls the river divides into two large boatable streams, which run far inland to places unknown to us." On examining his map we find how little this early explorer knew of the stream he wrote about. The river is made to divide a few miles above Morrisville. The left, or Delaware branch proper, trends to the west in about its natural course, then inclines to the east and unites with the Hudson in what Van DerDonk calls "Groote Esopus river;" the other branch, which never had an existence except in the imagination of the author, runs in a more direct course and unites with the main branch near Esopus - the two branches forming a large lake. Campanius, a Swede, who came to this country in 1642, wrote an interesting account of the Delaware. About the falls he found walnuts, chestnuts, peaches, mulberries, a variety of plum trees and grape vines, hemp and hops. The calabash was here first met with, and the rattlesnake, "a large and horrible serpent." (8) Letters from court at New Haven to the Swedes on the Delaware. (9) Hudde's report In 1654 Peter Lindstrom, a Swedish engineer, surveyed and mapped the Delaware from its mouth to the falls. In his treatise, which accompanied the map, he speaks of the products of the country. He says: "Maize or Indian corn grows of various colors - white, red, blue, brown, yellow and pied. It is planted in hillocks and squares, as the Swedes do hops. In each hillock they sow six or seven grains of corn, which grow so high as to rise an ell above a man's head. Each stalk has six or seven ears, with long, slender and pointed leaves, which are the same color with the corn. Each ear is one and a half quarter, but mostly half an ell long. In some parts they are as thick as the thickest man's arm, in others smaller. They have ten, twelve, nay, fourteen rows of grains from the bottom to the top, which with God's blessing, make a thousand fold increase. When these are just ripe, and they are broiled on hot colas, they are delightful to eat. Out of the white and yellow maize they make bread, but the blue, brown, black and pied are brewed into beer, which is very strong, but not remarkably clear." Tobacco grew wild in great quantities, and was also cultivated. The map, while not entirely correct, proves that the Swedes were familiar with the river, and the country on both sides a few miles inland. The names of the streams, which appear to be a mixture of Indian, French, and probably Swedish, cannot all be made out. The Poquessing is called Ponetquessingh; the Pennepack, Penickpacka; the falls at Morrisville, La Cateract d'Asinpink; the channel between the mainland and an island just below the falls, La Rivier de Schamats, and the island itself, Kentkateck. The next island below is Menahakonck, and the channel on this side La Rivier de Sanckhickon. What was afterward Welcome creek, on whose bank William Penn built his manor house, is La Rivier of Sipaessingz-Kyl, and Burlington island, opposite Bristol, Mechansio Eyland. The Neshaminy is called the river of Inckus. This map enables us to fix the falls at Morrisville as identical with Alummengh (10). In September 1655 in the absence of Governor Printz, the Dutch governor of New York sent a fleet of seven vessels and seven hundred men into the Delaware, which reduced the forts and took possession of the settlements. This put an end forever to Swedish empire on the river. Although it was a bloodless conquest, the captured Swedes were treated with severity. The Dutch authorities divided the western bank of the river into two jurisdictions - the West-India company, and the City of Amsterdam - the latter extending from about Wilmington to the falls, at Trenton. While the Dutch retained control immigration was encouraged, and an occasional vessel arrived from Amsterdam with settlers. At the time of the conquest the population on the river was about four hundred, mostly Swedes (11). The home government sent out horses and cattle in considerable numbers, on condition that the settlers were to return them in four years with one-half the increase. (10) "D'Assinpink la place meme s'appelle Alummengh." (11) Dr. Smith says there were but six able-bodied Dutchmen on the river in 1648. In taking leave of the Swedes we confess to kindly feeling toward this amiable people. Although few in number, they made their mark upon the future of the state, and their descendants are among our most respectable citizens. They subsisted principally by hunting, fishing, and trading with the Indians, and lived in the simplest manner in log cabins of a single room, low doors, and holes cut in the sides for windows, with sliding boards. The chimney, of stone, clay and grass, occupied one corner of the room. The men dressed in vests and breeches of skins; the women in jackets and petticoats of the same material. Their bedding was likewise of the skins of animals. They tanned their own leather and made their shoes. Their condition was improved after the arrival of the English. We are indebted to the Swedes for the introduction of domestic animals and the various European grains. They had stables for their cattle before the English came, but after their example allowed them to run at large all winter. They were the first to lay ax to the forest. Gordon says: "Many improvements were made by this industrious and temperate people from Henlopen to the falls." They built the earliest church, and introduced Christian worship into the wilderness west of the Delaware. The first minister of the gospel on the Delaware was Reverend Reorus Torkillus, a Swedish professor from Gottenberg, who died in 1643. Jacob Alricks, a trader on the Delaware, was one of the earliest Dutch vice-directors, commissioned in 1657. He was accompanied by his wife, who soon died a victim to the climate. His nephew, Peter Alricks, a native of Groningen, Holland, who probably came to America with his uncle, was the first known landholder in this county, but probably never lived here. He became prominent in public affairs. Beginning life as a trader, he was Commissary of a fort near Henlopen, in 1659; the first bailiff and magistrate of New Castle and settlements on the river, his jurisdiction extending to the falls; Commandant of the colonies under the English in 1673; one of the first justices commissioned by Penn after his arrival; member of the first assembly, held in Philadelphia in 1683, and was repeatedly a member of the provincial council. He lived at New Castle, and had a large family of children. He owned an island in the Delaware below the mouth of Mill creek, at Bristol, near the western shore, which bore his name many years, but no longer exists. It was separated from the main-land by a narrow channel that drained a swamp that extended up the creek. The island was granted to Alricks, by Governor Nicholls, in 1667; by Alricks to Samuel Borden in 1682, and to Samuel Carpenter in 1688. The last conveyance includes two islands on the west side of the Delaware, "about southwest from Mattinniconk (Burlington) island" - the largest, once known as "Kipp's island," and by the Indian name of Kaomenakinckanck, was a mile long by half a mile wide. No doubt these islands have both been joined to the main-land by draining the swamp, and now form the valuable meadows below Bristol. In 1679 Alricks' island was occupied by a Dutchman named a Barent. Hermanus Alricks of Philadelphia, grandson of Peter Alricks, then a young man, settled in the Cumberland valley about 1740. When Cumberland county was organized in 1749-50 he was the first member of the legislature. He filled the offices of register, recorder, clerk of the courts, and justice to his death about 1775. He married a young Scotch-Irish girl named West, whose brother Francis was the grandfather of the late Chief Justice Gibson. Hermanus Alricks had several children, all of them born in Carlisle, the youngest, James, in December 1769. Hamilton Alricks, of Harrisburg, is a descendant of Peter Alricks, as probably are all who bear the name in the state. On March 12, 1664, Charles II granted to his brother, the Duke of York, "all New England from the St. Croix to the Delaware," and directed the Dutch to be dispossessed. An expedition sailed from Portsmouth in July and arrived before Manhattan, now New York, the last of August. The town and fort surrendered September 8, 1664, and a bloodless conquest was made of the settlements on the Delaware October 1, 1664. Among the Swedes who took the oath of allegiance to the conqueror were Peter Alricks, Andries Claesen and Claes Janzen. There was no violent shock when power passed from the hands of the Dutch to the English. Sir Robert Carre was made Commander, with his seat of government at New Castle, and was assisted by a temporary council of six, of whom Peter Alricks was one. The laws established were substantially the same as prevailed in the other English colonies; the magistrates were continued in office on taking the oath of allegiance, and the inhabitants were promised liberty of conscience, and protection to person and property. In a few cases Carre confiscated the goods of the conquered Dutch, to reward his favorite followers. The settlers received new deeds from the authorities at New York, but some refused them, preferring to trust to the Indian grant in case their titles were called in question. There was but little change in affairs for several years, and but few immigrants arrived to swell the population. Colonel Robert Nicholls, the first governor, was a mild ruler, but his successors, Lovelace and Andros, were more severe. Lovelace believed "in laying such taxes on the people as might not give them liberty to entertain any other thought but how to discharge them." He imposed a tax of ten per cent on all goods imported into, or exported from, the Del aware, the first tariff enforced on that river. The rent of that day was a bushel of wheat for every hundred acres. The inhabitants lived in great quiet and indolence, and there was neither agriculture nor trade beyond what was necessary to subsist the sparse population. William Tom was one of the earliest English officials who exercised authority in this county. He came to America in the king's service, probably with the troops that reduced the Dutch. In 1666 he was appointed commissary on the Delaware, and 1669 collector of quit-rents, his jurisdiction in both cases extending to the falls. The killing of two of his servants, on Burlington island (12), by the Indians, in 1668 or 1669, came near producing an Indian war, and was the first blood shed by the Indians in this county. In 1671 Walter Wharton was appointed surveyor on the west bank of the Delaware. He married a daughter of Governor Printz; was judge of the court at New Castle, and died in 1679. He was succeeded by Richard Noble (13), a settler and land-holder of Bensalem townships (14). [Autographs of William Tom and Walter Wharton, appear here.] (12) Down to a much later period Burlington island was in Buck's county. * (13) Commission dated March 15, 1679. (14) At this time the settlements on the west bank of the Delaware extended up the river sixty miles above New Castle, and were mostly of Swedes, Dutch and Fins. - [Massachusetts Historical Collection.] An overland communication from the Delaware to Manhattan, via Trenton falls, was opened soon after the river was settled. The route was up the river in boats, or more frequently along the western bank to the falls, where the stream was crossed, and thence through the wilderness of New Jersey to Elizabeth, and to Manhattan by water. The trip occupied two or three days. In 1656 the captain of a Swedish ship came over the route to get permission of the Dutch authorities to land passengers and goods in the Delaware. The same year ensign Dirck Smith came overland with a small party of soldiers to quell a disturbance with the Indians; and in April 1657 Captain Kryger with a company of forty soldiers and a few settlers, crossed at the falls and continued down the river to New Amstel. These parties passed down through the woods of Bucks county. It was likewise the mail route of the Dutch authorities, and frequent letters were sent across by the Indian runners. This overland route was continued by the English as their main channel of communication with the government at New York. By 1670 civil government had become so well established on the Delaware, and the country was found to be so attractive, that strangers began to come in and take up land with a view to permanent settlement. In the next ten years a number of immigrants located themselves along the river between the Poquessing and the falls. In 1670-71 Richard Gorsuch patented a considerable tract in the southwest part of the Bensalem, and in Philadelphia, extending from the Pennepack across the Poquessing, and north to a creek the Indians called Quiatcitunk, believed to have been the Neshaminy. Governor Lovelace dispossessed Gorsuch of this tract, for in August 1672 he ordered his Surveyor- General to seat and clear the land for his own use. Lovelace, who succeeded Nicholls as governor in May 1667 came overland to visit the settlements on the Delaware in March 1672 accompanied by an escort and several private persons, and captain John Garland, with three men, was sent ahead to make arrangement for their entertainment. He probably struck the river at the falls, and followed down the east bank to about Bristol, where he crossed to the west bank, and continued down to the lower settlements. During the war between England and Holland, which broke out in 1672, New York and the Delaware again fell into the hands of the Dutch, which they held about eighteen months, but restored possession to the English at the conclusion of peace in 1674. One of the earliest English travelers down the Delaware was George Fox, the eminent Friend, in the fall of 1672, on his way from Long Island to Maryland. Starting from Middletown harbor, New Jersey, he traveled through the woods, piloted by Indians, toward the Delaware. He reached the river the evening of September 10, 1672; staid all night at the house of Peter Jegou, at Leasy point, and the next morning crossed over to Burlington island, and then to the main-land just above Bristol. Himself and friends were taken over in Indian canoes, and the horses swam. Major, afterward Sir Edmund, Andros succeeded Lovelace as governor, July 11, 1674, and remained in office until William Penn became Proprietary, in 1681. In his proclamation assuming the duties of his office, he confirmed all previous grants of land, and all judicial proceedings. Sir Edmund was born at London September 1637. His father was master of ceremonies to Charles I, and the son was brought up in the royal family. He began his career in arms during the exile of the Stuarts, and at the Restoration was appointed gentleman in ordinary to Elizabeth Stuart, queen of Bohemia. He bore a distinguished part in the Dutch war that closed in 1667, and in 1672 he commanded the English forces at Barbadoes. At the death of his father in 1674 he succeeded to the office of bailiff of Guernsey. The same year he was commissioned to receive the surrender of New York from the Dutch, and was appointed Governor- General of the colony. He remained here until 1681 when he returned to England, and was knighted by Charles II. He was appointed to the governorship of Massachusetts in 1686, where he had a stormy and unsuccessful administration. In 1692 he was appointed governor of Virginia and Maryland. Subsequently he held several other posts of trust. He was married three times, and died without children in 1713. Andros introduced reforms in the courts, and we are indebted to him for the introduction of English jurisprudence on the Delaware. Governor Andros visited the settlements on the river, the first time in May 1675, accompanied by a numerous retinue. He came overland to the falls, where he was met by sheriff Cantwell on May 4, 1675. He crossed the river and traveled through the woods of Falls, Bristol and Bensalem townships, down to New Castle where he held court on May 20, 1675. During the session of the court it was ordered that some convenient way be made passable between town and town, the first road law in the state. A ferry was established at the falls, on the west side of the river, a horse and man to pay two guilders - twelve pence, currency - and a man ten stivers. At this time there was no place of religious worship higher up the river than at Tinicum island, and the court ordered a church to be built at Wiccacoa, to be paid for by the people of "Passyunk and so upward," but Penn's arrival prevented this bad precedent. In 1675 and 1676 William Edmonson, a traveling Friend from Ireland, made a religious visit to the brethren on the Delaware. His journal gives us some account of his journey through the county. In it he says: "About nine in the morning, by the good hand of God we came to the falls, and by his Providence found an Indian man, a woman and a boy with a canoe. We hired him for some wampumpeg to help us over in the canoe; we swam our horses, and though the river was broad, yet got well over and, by the directions we received from Friends, traveled toward Delaware town (15) along the west side of the river. When we had rode some miles, we baited our horses and refreshed ourselves with such provisions as we had, for as yet we were not yet come to any inhabitants. Here came to us a Finland man, well horsed, who could speak English. He soon perceived what we were and gave us an account of several Friends. His home was as far as we could go that day; he took us there and lodged us kindly." The next day Mr. Edmonson and party proceeded down the river to Upland. The Fin, with whom they tarried over night, probably lived in Bristol or Bensalem, and the "several Friends" of whom he spoke lived in that section of the county. (15) Where was "Delaware town"? * At the time of the English conquest the circulating medium on the Delaware included beavers, the government value being fixed at 8 guilders each - equal to $3.20 currency. Wampum passed as money almost down to the arrival of Penn, at established values. Eight white, or four black wampums were worth a stiver, and twenty of them made a guilder, equivalent to 40 cents. The first land tax west of the Delaware was laid by the Upland court in November 1677. It was called "poll money," and 26 guilders were as sessed against each taxable person, which could be paid in grain or provisions, at fixed prices. The systematic administration of Governor Andros invited immigration to the Delaware, and considerable land was taken up while he was in office. In 1675 the governor purchased of four Indian chiefs - Mamarakickan, Anrickton, Sackoquewano, and Nanneckos - for the Duke of York, a tract on the river extending from just above Bristol to about Taylorsville, embracing the best lands in the townships of Bristol, Falls, and Lower Makefield. It is described as: "Beginning at a creek next to the Cold spring somewhere above Mattinicum island, about eight or nine miles below the falls, and as far above said falls as the other is below them, or further that way, as may be agreed upon, to some remarkable place, for more certain bounds; as also all the islands in Delaware river within the above limits above and below the falls, except only one island called Peter Alricks' island." It included what was afterward Penn's manor. The deed was executed October 19, 1675, and witnessed by twelve white men. As nothing further is known of the purchase, it was probably never consummated. The next year Ephraim Herman was appointed clerk of Upland court, whither the few inhabitants of Bucks county resorted for justice, two centuries ago. In 1679 he married Elizabeth VonRodenburg, daughter of the governor of Curacoa, an island in the Caribbean sea. He brought his bride overland from New York to the falls, where a boat met him and conveyed them down the river. He abandoned her shortly afterward and joined the Labadists, a new religious sect lately sprung up, but repented and returned to his family. Herman was one of the commissioners to deliver the province to William Penn. He held other places of public trust. He was the son of Augustus Herman, a [native of Prague, Bohemia, and came to New Amsterdam in 1647, as clerk or factor, to the brother Gabri. In 1650 he was one of the selectmen of Manhattan. He afterward settled in Maryland where his son was born, 1654. The wife of Benedict Arnold was a descendant of Herman's daughter, Anna Margaretta, through Vanderhuyden, whom she married, and Edward Shippen, whom her daughter married. Thomas Story, proficient in Greek and mathematics and skilled in music and fencing, studied law before coming to Philadelphia and marrying a daughter of Edward Shippen.] (16) [Autograph of Ephraim Herman, appears here.] (16) Information in brackets appears in the 1905 edition). We have no record of settlers coming into this county in 1676, but the following year there was some addition to our sparse population, and a little land taken up. In the fall of 1677 the court at Upland made the following grants of land in this county, which no doubt it was authorized to make by the authorities at New York: Three hundred acres each to Jan Claesen, Paerde Cooper and Thomas Jacobse, on the east side of the Neshaminy two miles above its mouth, in Bristol township; four hundred and seventeen acres to James Sanderland, probably the same whose mural tablet stands in Saint Paul's church, Chester, and Lawrence Cock, extend a mile along the Delaware about the mouth of Poquessing, and called "Poquessink patent;" two hundred acres next above on the river to Henry Hastings, and called "Hastings' Hope;" one hundred acres each to Duncan Williamson (17), Pelle Dalbo, Lace Cock, Thomas Jacobse and William Jeacox, on the south side of the Neshaminy, in Bensalen, and one hundred acres to Edmond Draufton and son. Williamson and Draufton were members of the jury at Upland court, November term, 1678, the first jurymen known to have been drawn from this county. The authorities at New York directed the Upland court to purchase a tract reaching two miles along the river above the falls, and Governor Andros authorized sheriff Cantwell and Ephraim Herman to purchase of the Indians all the land below the falls, including the islands, not already sold, but we hear nothing more of them. On November 23, 1677, a number of Swedes petitioned the court for permission "to settle together in a town at the west side of the river just below the falls." They represented that they were native of the county and brought up on the river and parts adjacent, and asked for one hundred acres each, with a fit proportion of marsh, and a suitable place to lay out a town. What action was taken on the petition is not known (18). Governor Andros made easy terms in the purchase of land. Actual settlers, with families, were allowed fifty acres to each member, and a patent issued on the certificate of the court, and approved by the governor, and quit-rent on all newly seated land was remitted for three years. If the land were not settled upon within that time it vitiated the title. The earliest lands surveyed in this county extended back a mile from the river. When Andros came into authority the whites who had purchased land of the Indians about the falls were in arrears for purchase money. It was found to amount to "five guns, thirty hoes, and one anker of rum," which the governor ordered to be paid, forthwith. The earliest receipts for quit- rent on the Delaware that we have seen are - one dated 1669, signed by Governor Lovelace, and another by Ephraim Herman, April 27, 1679. Otto Ernest Cock, who paid quit-rent in 1672, was still paying it to James Logan in 1709. Down to the arrival of William Penn, every acre of land, whether cultivated or not, paid a quit-rent of one and a fifth schepel of wheat. (17) He was known as Dunk Williams, but the inscriptions on his tombstone was Duncan Williamson. (18) The following are the petitioners: Lawrence Cock, Israel Helm, Moens Cock, Andreas Benckson, Ephraim Herman, Casper Herman, Swen Loon, John Dalbo, Jasper Fisk, Hans Moonson, Frederick Roomy, Erick Muelk, Gunner Rambo, Thomas Harwood, Erick Cock, Peter Jockum, Peter Cock, Jr., Jan Stille, Jonas Neilson, Oole Swensons, James Sanderling, Marhias Mathias, J. Decos and William Oriam. The descendants of Duncan Williamson, one of the earliest landowners and settlers in this county, claim that he came to America from Scotland, with his wife, as early as 1660 or 1661. We first hear of him in 1669, when land was granted him on the east side of the Schuylkill from the mouth up. He probably settled in Bensalem in 1677. In 1695 he bought one hundred acres adjoining his former tract, of Thomas Fairman, for 11 pounds silver money - part of four thousand (19) acres which Fairman bought of Wil liam Stenly and Peter Banton in 1689. Dunk's ferry was named after him. He died about 1700, and was buried in the Johnson burying ground, Bensalem. [Dunck Williams, or Williamson, left two children, sons, William and John. William married Elizabeth Claessen, daughter of Jan Claesen, an original grantee of 1666, and had five children, all sons, and John married Elizabeth _______, had eleven children, and his will was proved September 21, 1761. The will of William is dated December 15, 1721, and was proved January 22, 1722. His name is written "Williamson" in the will book, No. I, this county] (20). Of his wife we know nothing. His son William, who died in 1722, left a widow and five sons - Jacob, Abraham, John, William and Peter. Peter, the great-grandson of Duncan, was the grandfather, on the mother's side, of Robert Crozier, of Morrisville. A sister of Peter Williamson, who married Abraham Head, died in Solebury in 1834, aged 101 years. The descendants of Duncan Williamson intermarried with the families of Vandygrift, Walton, Burton, Crozier, Brewer, Vansant, Thompson and many others. A large number of his posterity live in this state and county. Among them is Peter Williamson, grand treasurer of the Grand Masonic Lodge of Pennsylvania, as was also the late Mahlon Williamson, merchant, of Philadelphia (21). (19) 400 acres. * (20) Information in brackets appears in 1905 edition. (21) There has been much speculation as to the correct Christian name of Duncan Williamson and its derivation. His descendants are at sea about it. His surname has had almost as much liberty taken with it, some of his descendants calling themselves "Williamson," other "Williams." What license there was for this we know not. Owen Moon, Jr., Trenton, a descendant, in a letter to the author, thinks "Dunk" or "Dunck" a mistaken reading of the word "Dirck" or "Donck." At various times he was called or written Dirck, Donck, Durck and Dunk. The ferry on the Delaware, called after him, is known to this day as "Dunk's Ferry," while the name on his tombstone in the Johnson burying ground, Bensalem, is "Duncan Williamson." The Christian name of several of the settlers of that period was "Dirck," Dirck Albert, Dirck Johnson, Dirck Peter, Dirck Jansen and Dirck Keyser. The family of Durck, or Duncan, Williamson were members of the Gloria Dei Church, Philadelphia county. The most noted descendant of the first settler was the late Isaiah V. Williamson, the millionaire of Philadelphia, a native of Falls township, this county. * The population of the Delaware increased very slowly. It had now been forty years since the Swedes made the first settlement, and there were but six hundred (22) inhabitants in all of Upland county, which extended up the river to the Trenton falls, two hundred of which resided in what is now Delaware county. Wolves along the Delaware became so troublesome before 1680, that the Upland court authorized forty guilders to be paid for each scalp, but becoming worse the court ordered the setting of fifty-two "wolf pitts or trap houses." (22) Dr. Smith Burlington island in the Delaware opposite Bristol came early into notice. It was recognized as belonging to the west shore from its discovery, and was included in Markham's first purchase. The Indians called it Mattiniconk, which name it generally bore down to Penn's arrival. It is so called on Lindstrom's map of 1654. When the English seized the Delaware in 1664 it was in the possession of Peter Alricks, but was confiscated with the rest of his property, and restored in 1668 by order of Governor Lovelace. During the confiscation it got into the possession of Captain John Carre (23) probably a brother of Sir Robert - and for a time was called Carre's island - in consideration of his "good conduct in storming and reducing fort Delaware." The earliest public use made of the island was the establishment on it of frontier trading and military posts. In a letter of Governor Lovelace to Captain William Tom, who had charge of affairs on the Delaware, written October 6, 1671, he recommends "a good work about Marriniconk house, which, strengthened with a considerable guard, would make an admirable frontier." It was here that Alricks' two Dutch servants, Peter Velts Cheerder and Christian Samuels, were murdered in 1672. The expense of burying the two Dutchmen, one hundred and six guilders, was paid by Jonas Nielson, and which upland court refused to refund. (23) A record says that Governor Lovelace granted the island to Andrew Carre, and Margaret his wife, in 1669; who assigned it to Arnoldus de la Grange in 1672; in 1684 they granted it to Christopher Taylor,who sold it to Ralph Fretwell in 1685, who died in Barbadoes May 17, 1692. On November 14, 1678, Sir Edmund Andros leased the island for seven years to Robert Stacy, brother of Mahlon, one of the first to settle West Jersey, and sheriff Cantwell put him in possession two weeks afterward. Stacy, and George Hutchinson, who appears to have become associated with him in possession, conveyed the island to the town of Burlington, but he only conveyed his title under the lease. The deed could never be found. Danker and Sluyter, who passed down the Delaware in 1679, say of Burlington island: "This island formerly belonged to the Dutch governor, who had made it a pleasure ground or garden, built good houses upon it, and sowed and planted it. He also dyked and cultivated a large piece of meadow or marsh, from which he gathered more grain than from any land which had been made from woodland into tillable land. The English governor at the Manhattons now held it for himself, and had hired it out to some Quakers, who were living upon it at present. It is the best and largest island in the South river." Among the earliest acts of the assembly of Pennsylvania after the organization of the province, was to confirm this island to Burlington, the proceeds to be applied to maintain a free school for the education of youth in said town. In 1711 the legislative council of New Jersey authorized Lewis Morris, agent of the West Jersey society, to take up this island for Honorable Robert Hunter, the warrant for which was granted in 1710. It was surveyed by Thomas Gardner, and found to contain four hundred acres. Hunter purchased it the same year. The people of Burlington in olden times resorted to it for recreation. When Governor Burnett, of New York, occupied it in 1722 he caused vistas to be cut through the timber from a point on it to Burlington, Bristol, and up and down the river. In 1729 Peter Bard and James Alexander went to Burlington to examine the town's title to the island, and reported it not a good one. The inhabitants of Burlington ousted Hunter in 1729. When Governor Gooken, of Pennsylvania, was about obtaining the grant of the islands in the Delaware to this state, it is said the lords of trade accepted his as not being on a footing with the other islands (24). (24) Gilbert Cope wrote the author as follows, touching his reference to Mattiniconk: "There appears to be some confusion respecting the island of Mattiniconk, and whether Burlington Island was known by that name. I have not examined, but your note #22, refers to Tinicum island (as since called) in Delaware county, Pennsylvania. I have by me the old court record of 1683, giving an account of the suit of Arnoldus De La Grange to recover possession from Otto Earnest Cock, who purchased from Lady Normgard Prince (Printz), who had sold it to the father of De La Grange, but the money not being all paid, she recovered it in a suit against Andrew Carr and wife (widow of De La Grange). The plaintiff, showing he was under age and in Holland at the time of the last mentioned suit, obtained a verdict in his favor. Israel Taylor, son of Christopher, subsequent owner of the island, styles himself, in his will, "of Multinicunk Island, Cehiurgeon." * (end of chapter one)