THE HISTORY OF BUCKS COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA, CHAPTER XXXVIII, BETHLEHEM, NAZARETH, CARBON COUNTY 1746 TO 1752. from the discovery of the Delaware to the present time by W. W. H. Davis, A.M., 1876 and 1905* editions. Contributed for use in the USGenWeb Archives by Donna Bluemink. dbluemink@cox.net USGENWEB NOTICE: Printing this file by non-commercial individuals and libraries is encouraged, as long as all notices and submitter information is included. Any other use, including copying files to other sites requires permission from the submitters PRIOR to uploading to any other sites. We encourage links to the state and county table of contents. _____________________________________________________________________________ Transcriber's note: Liberty has been taken with numbering footnotes so as to include all footnotes from both the 1876 and 1905 editions, plus any additional text and pictures in the 1905 edition. All 1905 material will be noted with an asterisk. Note: Where names differ, the 1905 edition spelling is applied. _____________________________________________________________________________ CHAPTER XXXVIII or CHAPTER VIII (Vol. II), 1905 ed. BETHLEHEM, NAZARETH, CARBON COUNTY 1746 TO 1752 The Moravians. -Purchase of site for Bethlehem. -William Allen. -Nitschmann settles at Bethlehem. -First house. -Other buildings. -Count Zinzendorf. -His arrival. -Settlement names. -Church organized. -Congregation house built. -Girls' school. -Mill built. -Water-works. -Gnadenhutten. -Nain. -Indian converts. -Community system. -Severity of discipline. -Cultivation of music. -Grant of ferry. -The Moravians and education. -Township organized. -Doctor Matthew Otto. -The Sun Inn. -Spangenberg, Edwards, Horsfield, et al. -NAZARETH: Grant to Letitia Penn. -George Whitefield. -Tract purchased by Moravians. -First house finished. -Ephrata, et al. -Mill built. -Rose tavern. -Nazareth Hall built. -Road laid out. -Healing waters. -Indians in the Forks. -Carbon county settled. -Northampton county, [from Bethlehem to "Forks of Delaware,"*] cut off from Bucks. -Townships and population taken. The Moravians, who settled the wilderness north of the Lehigh, were an important accession to the sparse population of that region, and introduced a higher culture than any class of immigrants who had previously settled in the county. When the Moravians were notified to leave the Whitefield tract at Nazareth, where they had spent the winter of 1740-41, they purchased 500 acres of William Allen, on the north bank of the Lehigh, where Bethlehem stands. (See illustration of William Allen) William Allen, who played an important part in the settlement of this county, and was one of its largest landowners, was the son of William Allen, a leading merchant of Philadelphia. The son, who acquired a large fortune in real estate speculations, was appointed chief-justice of the province in 1750. His wife was a daughter of Andrew Hamilton. In the Revolution Allen took sides with the mother country, and went to England, where he died in 1780, but his son James remained true to the cause of his country, and died in Philadelphia in 1775. In 1728 William Penn, the younger, granted 10,000 acres in Bucks county to William Allen, part of it in Forks of Delaware. He built "Trout hall," where Allentown stands, before 1755, for it is marked "William Allen's house" on a draft of the road from Easton to Reading drawn that year. What remains of the old hall is incorporated with the buildings of Muhlenberg college. Allentown grew around the hall. William Allen was one of the three gentlemen of the province who kept their own carriages. His was a landau, drawn by four black horses, and driven by a driver imported from England. (See illustration of First House in Bethlehem) Bishop David Nitschmann, who landed at Philadelphia, in 1741, with a few immigrants commissioned to found a Moravian settlement in America, removed with his little flock from Nazareth to Bethlehem in the spring of 1741. The first house (1) of hewn logs, 40x21 feet, one story high, with peaked gable and projecting eaves, was completed early in the spring; and the cornerstone of a more commodious building was laid the 28th of September, in the presence of 17 brethren. This was also built of hewn logs, two st ories high, 45x30 feet, chinked in with clay, and is still standing, the west wing of the old row on Church street. Two rooms were finished for Zinzendorf in December, and the building was occupied in the summer of 1742. An addition was afterward made to the east end that gave it a front of 93 feet. The remainder of the quaint old pile, somewhat in the style of the manor-houses of Europe, was built at several times, the centre in 1743, and the third side of the square between 1744 and 1752. The west wing was not completed until 1751, and the extreme east wing as late as 1773. It constituted the settlement for a number of years, and all divisions of the congregation lived in it. (1) It stood until 1823 when it was taken down to make room for the Eagle hotel. The accounts of the building of this house are conflicting. Some authorities say that the little band of Moravians left Nazareth December 20, 1740, and felled the first tree to build the house on the 22d, while Bishop David Nitschmann says, in his autobiography, that they all passed the winter at Nazareth, and in the spring "we went out into the forest and began to build Bethlehem." Count Zinzendorf, the founder of the Moravian colony north of the Lehigh, descended of a noble Austrian family, was born at Dresden, May 26, 1700, was educated at Halle and the University of Wittenberg, and afterward spent some time in travel. In 1732 he married the Countess Erdmuth Dorothea Von Reuss, and shortly afterward became a convert to the Moravian faith. He visited England in 1736, the West Indies in 1739, and came to America in 1741, accompanied by his daughter Benigna, and other on their way to join the colony at Bethlehem. He spent little less than a year in the province, traveling and preaching, passing through several parts of this county. In June 1742, he organized the Moravians at Bethlehem into a congregation. He preached his farewell sermon at Philadelphia December 31st, and left the same evening for New York to embark for Europe, where he passed the remainder of his life, dying May 9, 1760. Zinzendorf arrived at Bethlehem the evening of December 21, 1741. On Sunday morning, the 24th, the immigrants celebrated the Lord's Supper, and that evening the festival of Christmas-eve, at which the new settlement was named Bethlehem. John Martin Mark says, in his autobiography, that as the services were about closing, between nine and ten o'clock, the count led the way into the stable adjoining the dwelling, singing the beautiful hymn which begins, "Not Jerusalem, but from thee, oh Bethlehem," etc., from which incident the new settlement received its name. Mack, who was born in Wurtemberg in 1715, and died in 1784, was a Moravian missionary among the Indians. He came with the Moravians from Georgia in 1740, and was employed by Whitefield to erect his building at Nazareth. He assisted to fell the first tree and to erect the first house at Bethlehem, and his daughter died there in 1851, in her 90th year. The church was organized June 25, 1742, in presence of Zinzendorf, Nitschmann, and Peter Boehler in the upper story of the large stone house on Church street, next above the present Moravian church. The settlers then numbered 120, and there was only one other building, the log cabin that stood on the site of the Eagle hotel stables. On the arrival of the first colonists, in 1742, the community at Bethlehem consisted of 15 married couples, five widows and 22 single men. That summer the "congregation house," a dwelling-place for ministers and their families, was built and is still used for that purpose. A large room in the second story was used as the church for nine years, and in it the first Indian convert was baptised September 16, 1742. The old school building, of stone, was built in 1745-46, a brass clock and three bells being put in the belfry, and additions were added in 1748 and 1749. A boarding-school, (2) for girls, was opened in the old school building January 5, 1749, and was continued until 1815. The western end of the Sister's house was built in 1742, and the eastern end in 1752, when its occupation was celebrated, May 10th, by a shad-dinner. Among those who accompanied Zinzendorf to America was David Bruce, a Scotchman, who afterward married Judith, daughter of John Stephen Benezet. He labored several years in the destitute English neighborhoods of Bucks county, and died in 1749. (2) Probably the first in the county. In 1743 the Moravians built their first mill at Bethlehem, on the Monockasy creek, on the site of Luckenbach's mill, which was under roof in April, and ground its first grist the 28th of June. The miller was Adam Schaus, who ground the grain for all the settlements of the north. It was rebuilt in 1751, and under the same roof was a flour and fulling-mill, clothier's shop, and dye-house. The iron work came from the Durham furnace. This old mill ground its last grist January 27, 1869, and the same night was burned to the ground. A mill for pressing linseed oil was built in 1745, and burned down in 1763. The water-works, the first in the United States, were projected and built in 1750 by Christian Christianson, a Moravian from Denmark, who was the principal millwright in building the first mill. One account states that Henry Antes, of Frederick, Montgomery county, was the millwright that built the mill. Antes immigrated prior to 1726, and settled at Falckner's swamp, where he died in 1755. He resided at Bethlehem between 1745 and 1750, and directed many of the improvements there. He had great influence among the Germans, and his son, John Antes, was an accomplished musician. He was sent a missionary to Egypt, where the Turks punished him with the "bastinado," and while abroad made the acquaintance of Haydn, who played some of his compositions. The first store was opened in 1753. Soon after the place was settled a brick and tile factory was erected on the Monockasy, a mile north of the town, and here were made the first bricks used at Bethlehem. In October 1752 a stone house, 52x40, was built on the west bank of the Monockasy to lodge Indian visitors, and a log building was afterward added for a chapel. In this building were accommodated all the Indians who escaped from the massacre of 1756. Before 1752 the Moravians were raising silk-worms, and in that year they were transferred to Christian spring by Philip C. Bader. The mulberry tree appears to have abounded at Bethlehem. The Moravians established a missionary station, called Gnadenhutten, or "Tents (3) of Grace," on both sides of the Lehigh near the mouth of Monockasy creek, and also three miles northwest of Bethlehem, on the Geisinger farm, near a village of Christian Indians called Nain. They were evacuated in 1765 on the removal of the Indians to the Susquehanna, when the chapel and several other buildings were taken down and re-erected at Bethlehem. The society soon exercised a softening influence on the character of the surrounding Indians, and many of them became converts. They visited the settlement in large delegations, and never went away without presents. Down to February 22, 1751, 153 Indians were buried in the cemetery at Bethlehem; and among the Indian converts buried there was "Brother Michael," a famous Munsey chief, whose face was covered with tattoo-marks. At late as 1756 Bethlehem was a frontier settlement, and during the Indian troubles of that period it was surrounded by a stockade for protection from the hostile Indians, with log watch-towers, on which a sentinel was always kept. In 1754 the whole site of the present town was covered with a dense forest. In 1751 the population was 200, which had increased to [500*] in 1756. There was a prosperous shad-fishery in the Lehigh, which was conducted by the Indians when they were refugees there. From 15,000 to 20,000 were caught in a season, and as many as 2,000 in a single day. Large quantities were salted down. The country abounded in all kinds of game, and at intervals there was a large pigeon-roost on the Lehigh above Bethlehem. (3) By some this missionary station is called "Hutts of Grace."* For the first twenty years after its foundation the inhabitants at Bethlehem were united as one family, with a community of labor and housekeeping. All worked for the church, and the church gave to each a support. The community system was dissolved in 1762. During the "Economy" period the training of the Moravians was very strict. The children were taken from their parents when very young, and given into the care of disabled brethren and sisters appointed to watch over them. They were not allowed to be out of their sight a moment, even at recreation. The boys were prohibited associating with the girls in any wise, and if they ever met they were not permitted to look at each other, and punishment was sure to follow such offending. If a grown girl was caught looking toward the men's side of the church, she was called to account for the misdemeanor. When they took walks along the Lehigh, Sunday afternoon, attended by their keepers, the sexes walked in opposite directions, so as not to meet, but if perchance they should meet both parties were commanded to look down or sideways. The girls were never allowed to mention the name of any male, and it seems an effort was made to have the sexes forget each other. The clothing of the sexes was not allowed to be put into the same tub to be washed. The society tried to make worldly angels of these young Moravians, beings which have no place on this planet; but while the girls were brought up in pristine innocence and simplicity they were kept in ignorance as well. The males were kept less strict than the females, as they were obliged to come more in contact with the outer world. When the Moravians first settled on the Lehigh there were but few white families in that vicinity on either side of the river. In 1747 Bethlehem was visited by Bishop John de Watterville, son-in-law of Count Zinzendorf, who held the first synod there in 1748. The cultivation of music was an early feature of Moravian life. Instrumental music was used in their religious services as early as 1743, and three years later a noted Indian chief was buried amid strains of music. The first organ was put up in 1751, in the old chapel, where it still stands. When the first harvest was ready for the sickle a procession of reapers, male and female, proceeded to the harvest-field, where South Bethlehem now stands, accompanied by the clergy and a band of musicians, where the occasion was gratefully celebrated by religious exercises. Troops of reapers, with their musical instruments, met to repair to Nazareth and other points, to assist their brethren to harvest their crops. Great attention has always been paid to the cultivation of music, and to the Moravians at Bethlehem belong the honor of having introduced into America Haydn's Creation, the score for which was furnished by one of her inhabitants. We are told that an Indian attack was averted in 1755, by the sound of the trombones, the savages supposing it to be an alarm. The site of the ferry across the Lehigh was chosen in January, 1743, and the first ferry-boat passed on the 11th of March. The grant and patent were obtained from the Proprietaries in March 1756, for the term of seven years, at an annual rent of five English shillings in silver. (4) The ferry-house, which stood just above the railroad bridge, was torn down in 1853, when work was commenced on the Lehigh Valley railroad. Adam Schaus was ferryman for one year from February 1745. In 1794, immediately before t he building of the first bridge, (5) there was a rope-ferry across the river. A strong rope was stretched from bank to bank, along which a large flat-boat was run by the force of the current. [The ferries on the Lehigh nearest to Bethlehem, except the one at that place, were Calder's, now Allentown, and Currie's, now Freemansburg, "assessed at three-fifth of the sums they do, or may, rent for."*] (4) "For the better convenience of communication with the capital, the prospective purchase of lands on the south side of the Lehigh, and at the solicitation of the settlers in the neighborhood, in January of 1743, a ferry was located near the present railroad bridge which spans the river. A boat, to operate the ferry, was finished in March, hauled to the river by eight horses and successfully launched. Prior to the epoch of the ferry the river was forded, and in times of high water travelers were conveyed across in canoes." -The Bethlehem Ferry, 1743-94, by John W. Jordan, Pennsylvania Magazine, April 1897.* (5) The first foot-bridge across the Monockasy was built August 19, 1741. [Nicholas Garrison, Jr's, paintings of some of the Moravian settlements have preserved to us the appearance of these pioneer towns in the wilderness north of the Lehigh. That of Bethlehem, painted 1757, is a picture of exceeding interest. Besides this, he published one of Nazareth, a second of Bethlehem, 1761, and a third, 1784. The artist was the son of Captain Nicholas Garrison, who commanded the "Little Strength," which sailed from Cowes, England, 1743, with what was called, by early Moravian writers, "the second sea congregation." He followed the sea for a number of years, accompanying his father on important voyages for the missions of the Brethren's church to Greenland and Dutch Guiana. He was educated in the Moravian school, and an excellent draftsman.*] We owe the Moravians a debt of gratitude for what they did for education in the upper end of this county, and the counties carved out of it, at an early day. As early as 1746 they had established fifteen schools among the Scotch-Irish settlers, where their children were taught gratis, as well as those of German parents outside of the Moravian communion. Between 1742 and 1746 at least 600 Moravians had settled north of the Lehigh, who, being educated, and many of them highly cultivated, exerted a powerful influence in molding the future generations of Germans and Scotch-Irish in Northampton and adjoining counties -an influence that is felt to the present day. The 10th of March 1746, the inhabitants of Bethlehem, Nazareth and Gnaden petitioned the court of Quarter Sessions to lay off and organize a township north of the Lehigh, "to run in breadth east and west about seven miles across the Managus (6) creek, and in length about nine or ten miles toward the Blue mountains." The prayer of the petitioners was granted. (7) The report and draft of the township were presented at the June term following. The draft places the Moravian tract in the southwest corner of the township, but the number of acres is not given. On it Robert Eastburn is marked 150 acres at the head of the "Manakasie;" Thomas Graeme, 500, John George, "Now William Allen," 500, and William Allen 673. The survey and draft included the Nazareth tract, but neither is the number of acres in that mentioned. The township was again surveyed in 1762, by George Golkowshy. (8) (6) Monockasy. (7) The signers of the petition included all the leading men of the Moravians, such as Spangenberg, Antes, Weis, Neisser, Brownfield, Pyrlaeus, Camerhoff, Seidel, and Burnside. (8) The Moravians were not the first land-owners on the Monockasy. Jeremiah Langhorne owned 500 acres on that stream as early as 1736, John George, 1,000, and Thomas Clark, 500. But it is not known that any of these tracts were settled upon, and probably they were not. In April 1749 John Jones, of Upper Merion township, Montgomery county, settled with his family near Bethlehem. In 1751 he bought 500 acres on the left bank of the Lehigh, of Patrick Graeme, a brother of Doctor Thomas, which touched the east line of the Moravian tract. Doctor Matthew Otto, [supposed to have been*] the first regular apothecary in the county, and certainly north of the Lehigh, opened his laboratory at Bethlehem about 1745. As early as May 1746 we find him called to attend the sick and disabled at Durham furnace, and the doctor's bill against one Marcus Duling was £3. 5s. Joseph Keller, an early settler in Plainfield township, five miles northeast of Nazareth, supplied the brethren at Bethlehem with butter, as early as 1746. A notice of early Bethlehem would not be complete without mention of the "Sun Inn," one of the oldest and most historical public houses in the country. The matter of a house of entertainment on the north bank of the Lehigh was agitated as early as 1754, but the project did not take shape until dour years later. The plans were submitted in January 758, the cellar dug and walled the following May, and the house opened in May 1760, but license was not obtained until June 1761. It was furnished at an expense of £39. 17s. 2d., and its cellar was well stocked with liquors. At this time Bethlehem was a small village, consisting of the old pile on Church street, with the middle building of the seminary, the out-buildings that clustered around the first house, in the rear of the Eagle hotel, the mills and workshops on the Monockasy, a dwelling on Market street, and a second in course of erection on the site of the Moravian publication house - with a population of 400. During the Revolutionary was this inn was visited by all the leading characters of the period, civil and military, including Washington and Hancock. Among its guiest were most of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, and may distinguished men from other parts of the world. In May 1777 Lady Washington, with her retinue, under the escort of Colonel McClean, traveled from Bethlehem down the Durham road through Bucks county to join the general at Philadelphia. The Sun Inn has bee in charge of twenty landlords, since it was first opened in 1760, and is yet maintained as one of the best public houses in the state. (See illustration of The Sun Inn.) Among the early Moravians who settled at Bethlehem and vicinity and were largely influential in shaping the destinies of the infant colony, were a number of able and useful men. Some contributed to its success by their learning, but all by their industry and economy. Among them all, few, if any, occupy a more prominent place than August Gottlieb Spangenberg. In this same connection may be mentioned William Edwards, Jasper Payne, John Christopher Pyrlaeus, Timothy Horsfield, and a number of others. Spangenb erg was born at Klettenberg, in 1704, was educated at Jena, converted by Zinzendorf in 1729, appointed professor at Halle, in 1732, and subsequently joined the Moravians at Hernhutt. In 1735 he conducted a colony of the brethren to Georgia, and in 1736 he came to Pennsylvania to look after a colony of Schwenkfelders settled in [Philadelphia, now] Montgomery county. After a second visit to this colony, and one to the West Indies, he went to Europe, whence he returned a bishop in 1744, and visited Bethlehem. He spent about thirteen years there, and in missionary labor in the colonies between 1744 and 1760, when he returned to Europe where he died in 1792. William Edwards was born in Gloucestershire, England, October 24, 1708, came to America in 1736, joined the Moravians in 1741, and removed to Bethlehem in 1749. He was elected to the Assembly from Northampton in 1755, and died at Nazareth in 1786. Jasper Payne, born at Twickenham, county of Middlesex, England, immigrated to America and settled at Bethlehem in 1743, where he was steward and accountant. He was at the mission on Brodhead's creek in 1755, where he made a narrow escape from the Indians and in August 1762, was appointed superintendent of the Sun Inn, at Bethlehem. John Christopher Pyrlaeus, who married the youngest daughter of John Stephen Benezet, was born at Pausa, Voightland, in 1713, and reached Bethlehem October 19, 1740. He was prominent among the Moravians as a preacher, and became a great Mohawk scholar. He died at Hernhutt, Germany, May 28, 1785. Timothy Horsfield was born at Liverpool, England, in 1708, immigrated to America in 1725, became a Moravian in 1741, and removed from Long Island to Bethlehem, in 1749. He was appointed one of the first justices of the peace in Northampton county, and died in 1773. The early Moravians had no warmer friend than John Stephen Benezet, a Huguenot refugee, who immigrated to Pennsylvania and settled in Philadelphia in 1731. Zinzendorf was his guest on his arrival, and his three daughters married Moravians at Bethlehem. Bethlehem is now a populous and flourishing town, connected by rail with he great centres of business. The population on both sides of the river is about 15,000. NAZARETH. -Sometime before his death, William Penn released and confirmed to Sir John Fagg "for the sole use and behoof" of his daughter Letitia, 5000 acres in the upper end of Bucks. It embraced rich, rolling country with numerous springs and water courses, and lay in the heart of what is now Northampton county. She had the privilege of erecting it into a manor, and holding courts for the preservation of the peace. September 25, 1731, John, Thomas, and Richard Penn released and confirmed this tract to their sister, on condition of her paying to them, their heirs and assigns "one red rose on June 24th of each year, if the same shall be demanded, in full for all services, customs and rents." Sometime afterward this tract was purchased by William Allen for £2,200, who in April 1740, sold it to the Rev. George Whitefield, who wished to establish upon it a school for colored orphan children. A portion of Nazareth township is included in this tract. About this time Peter Boehler arrived at Skippack, Montgomery county, with the last of the Moravians from Georgia, and met there Mr. Whitefield and bargained with him to erect the building on the Nazareth tract. Work commenced in May 1740, but the season was so far advanced, and so wet, that the cellar walls were only up by September. Seeing the building could not be finished before cold weather, it was covered in when the first story was up, and a two-story log house was erected in which Boehler and the Moravians spent the winter. Before work could be resumed on the building, Whitefield drove the Moravians from his tract on account of some theological dispute. This house still stands on the edge of the present town of Nazareth, in a good state of preservation. In 1742 Peter Boehler and August Gottlieb Spangenberg bought the Nazareth tract of Whitefield for the Moravians, giving him the same that he paid, and paying the cost of the building in addition. The house was finished the fall of 1743, and the first religious meeting was held in it the second of January following. A considerable number of German immigrants had arrived the previous December. After the founding of Bethlehem, immigrants began to flock to Nazareth, and dwellings were erected. Among others, Christian Frolick [Freylich*], of Hesse, came to Pennsylvania in 1741, and joined the brethren on the Whitefield tract, but his subsequent career is not known. Improvements were made at Ephrata in 1743, at what is known as Old Nazareth in 1744, at Gnadenthal, the site of the Northampton county alms-house in 1745, at Christian spring in 1748, and at Friedenthal in 1749. An attempt was made to lay out the town of Gnadenstadt, adjoining Old Nazareth, in 1751, but meeting with opposition, it was abandoned. Of the two houses that were erected at Gnadenstadt, one of them, a mile north of the Whitefield house, became the "Rose tavern," famous in local history. The first orchard was set out by Owen Rice, who arrived in June 1745. The trees grew thriftily , and the first cider was made from their apples in August 1755. Rice's example was followed by others, and soon apple trees were set out on all the farms of the Nazareth tract. There were but two dwellings at Nazareth in July 1742, one of which was the log house built in 1740, to winter Boehler's colony in. Some English immigrants arrived in the Catharine in June 1742, and arrangements were made to settle them at Nazareth and Zinzendorf, and a number of brethren to both sexes, went up there to prepare for their reception. In the spring, or summer, of 1750, a grist-mill, known as the Friedenthal mill, was erected on the bank of the Bushkill creek, (9) which ground its first grist in August. The first miller was Hartmann Verdries. During the Indian war of 1756 the mill was enclosed by a stockade, 400x250 feet, with log houses at the corners for bastions, and it was a place of refuge for the frontier inhabitants when threatened by the Indians. The Moravians sold the mill in 1771, and it is now known as Mann's mill. (9) The Indian name of the Bushkill was Lehietan, but it is called Tatemy's creek on early maps; also Lefevre's creek, after a French Huguenot, who immigrated to New York, 1689, and settled a few miles above Easton. The foundation of the Rose tavern, adjacent to Nazareth on the King's highway leading over the mountains to the Minisink settlement, was laid March 27, 1752, and the house completed the following summer. (10) It was a two-story frame building, and upon the ancient sign was emblazoned a red rose. The first landlord was John Frederick Schwab, who occupied it September 15th, and retired from the Rose August 4, 1754. Schwab was born in Switzerland in 1717, and with his wife, Divert Mary, came to America with a party o 33 Moravian couples, in the autumn of 1743, and settled at Nazareth. Their son John was the first child born of white parents at that place. This old tavern was several times a place of refuge for the frontier inhabitants when driven in by the Indians, and the troops operating against then frequently made it their place of rendezvous. A tavern was kept in it many years, under the direction of a number of landlords, and it was demolished in the summer of 1858. Tradition says that all the cakes used at the Rose were supplied from the old Nazareth baker, and that the Indians frequently attacked the wheelbarrow that was conveying them from the bakery to the tavern. Nazareth hall, designed as a residence for Count Zinzendorf, was erected in 1755, and was under roof by September 24th, but was not finished and dedicated until September 13, 1756. As he did not return to America, the building was put to other uses. A school for the sons of Moravian parents was opened in it, in June 1759, and a boarding-school for boys October 3, 1785, which, after the lapse of 91 years, is in a flourishing condition, and this is probably the oldest boarding-school in the United States. (11) An Indian town called, Welagamika, (11) stood on the Nazareth tract when purchased by the Moravians in 1742. Nazareth was not organized into a separate township until after Northampton county was cut from Bucks, in 1752, and its population at that time is not known. (10) The petitioners for the license say "the inhabitants of this country greatly increase and many travelers pass to and from the Blue mountains, so that it is too much for the brethren (Moravians) at Nazareth to give them proper lodging and entertainment, which for ten years past they have willingly done, by reason that their dwelling houses are now become too small for that purpose and especially so as they have a nursery of small children." The petition was signed by 33 names of persons living at the Forks of Delaware, now Easton, and at Minisink.* (11) A boarding school was opened at Nazareth March 28, 1745, probably the first school of its kind in this county, as Northampton was not then cut off from Bucks.* (12) Meaning "the best tillable land."* The first road laid out in Bucks county north of its present boundary, was from Goshenhoppen, in Montgomery county, through Upper Milford, to Jeremiah Trexler's, (13) in Upper Macungie, Lehigh county, in 1732. In 1737 a road was opened from Nicholas De Pui's in the Minisink to William Cole's. In 1744 the inhabitants of Bethlehem and Nazareth petitioned for a wagon road from Grove's Saucon mill, and thence to Nazareth, and three years afterward a wagon road was asked for, from the King's road near Bethlehem to Mahoning creek, beyond the Blue mountains, and to the "Healing waters." The reason given is that many people of this and neighboring provinces have received much benefit from the said waters. (13) In 1743 there was no road nearer the Minisink on the south than Irish's mill on the Lehigh, where the Old Bethlehem road terminated. The next year (14) a road was laid out from Walpack ferry on the Delaware to Isaac Ysselstein's on the Lehigh, via Solomon Jenning's, and thence to the Old Bethlehem road, which was 27 miles and 118 perches. (15) A road was laid out from Bethlehem down to Martin's ferry, now Easton, in 1745, (16) and about that time one was opened across the Lehigh hills in a southwest direction from the Crown Inn toward the German settlements of Macungie. The leading roads of the period converged toward Bethlehem, an objective point of civilization. A road was opened early from Craig's settlement in Allen township to Hunter's in Mount Bethel, and in 1745 one from Irish's mill, via Bethlehem, to Nazareth. In 1743 a road was opened from Bethlehem to Saucon mill. The Old Bethlehem road, via Applebachsville, to Philadelphia, started from this point, while the New Bethlehem road, called the "King's highway," starting from the same place, ran via Tru mbauersville and North Wales. (13) This was a chalybeate spring and is marked on Scull's map of 1759. It was visited by the Moravians as early as 1746, and its waters were bottled and sent to Philadelphia for invalids. It is on the farm late of Stephen Snyder, and now owned by Charles Brodhead, of Bethlehem. (14) On authority say 1741. (15) To this petition were signed the names of Richard and Daniel Brodhead. (16) This road was asked by the Moravians to accommodate their brethren who landed at New York and joined them via Martin's ferry. [As the road from Bethlehem to "Forks of Delaware," now Easton, was the first highway laid out between the Moravian settlement and that river, and both soon to become objective points in the colony, we give the proceedings in full. The Petition presented to the court in session at Newtown at the December term, 1744, was a follows: "To the Worshipful court of Quarter Sessions for the County of Bucks. "The Petition of David Martin sheweth. "That your Petitioner being possessed of a Patent under the great seal of the Province of Pennsylvania for keeping a Ferry or Ferries on the Western shore of the River Delaware for such certain bounds as are inserted in the said patent, hath for some years past, settled a Ferry boat at the Forks of Delaware to answer the purposes and Intention of the said patent. "That the Moravian Brethren, who are settled in the township of Bethlehem about ten miles from the said ferry are very desirous of having a road from their settlement at Bethlehem laid out to the ferry at the Forks of Delaware in such manner as may be most conducive to the benefit and ease of the two Provinces. (Signed) D. Martin." In accordance with the prayer of the petitioner, the jury appointed to lay out said road, made the following return: "Whereas the Honorable Court, pursuant to the petition of David Martin, were pleased to grant an order dated ye 12th day of December, last, directed to Robert Gregg, Nicholas Best, Thomas Craig, Solomon Jennings, William Caplebury [Castleberry*] and Hugh Wilson to lay out a road from Bethlehem to David Martin's ferry on the River Delaware at the Forks and to make return thereof. "There are therefore to certify this Honorable Court that we the underwritten agreeable to said order have laid out said road as in the above plan beginning at said ferry and do now make return thereof. Its courses and distances being as follows, viz.: From the bank of the river at ferry W. N. W. 20-1/2 perches, Wly S. 100 per., W. 44 per.; W. S. W. 846-1/2 per.; S. W. by S. 233 per.; West 590 per.; W. S. W. 649 per.; W. 404- 1/2 per.; where it falls into the Kings road leading from Bethlehem to Nazareth. Signed by us this 12th day of March, Anno Dom., 1745. (Signed) Robert Gregg, Nicholas Best, Solomon Jennings, William Castleberry."*] Among the Indians in the Forks of Delaware, none were more noted than Teedyuscung, a Delaware chieftain, son of old Captain John Harris, who was born near Trenton, New Jersey, about 1700. His father was likewise a noted chief, and he had several brothers, all high-spirited men. The increasing whites drove them and others across the Delaware into the Forks about 1730, and wandering over that uninhabited region they reached their kinsmen, the Munceys, across the Blue mountains. Teedyuscung was baptised at Gnadenhutten March 12, 1750, and lived among the brethren until 1754, when he joined his wild brothers, and took up the hatchet. Peace was made with the Delaware king by the treaties at Easton in 1746 and 1757. He is described as a tall, portly man, proud of his position as chief of the Delawares, a great talker, and a lover of whiskey. It is said that on one occasion Anthony Benezet found him on a Monday morning sitting on a curbstone, with his feet in the gutter, and very drunk. Anthony said, "Why, Teedyuscung, I thought you were a good Moravian?" The savage replied, "Ugh! Chief no Moravian now; chief joined Quaker meeting yesterday." (See illustration of Delaware Indian Family) Moses Tatemy was only second to Teedyuscung in influence among the Delawares. He was likewise born along the Delaware in New Jersey, some fifteen miles below Easton, but in his youth moved up into the Forks. His was a peaceful influence, the name signifying "peaceable man." He enjoyed the fullest confidence of the Proprietaries, and preserved peace with the Indians from 1742 to 1755, when his influence was eclipsed by Teedyuscung. He lived on 300 acres, given him for his services, near Stockertown, above Easton. His wife was a white woman. He was shot near Bethlehem, by a boy, in 1757, and was buried at the expense of the county. The earliest settlement in that part of Bucks county, now included in Carbon, was on the north side of Mahoning creek, near Lehighton, where the Moravians established a home for the Mohegan Indians in 1746. Here they built a pleasant village called Gnadenhutten, or Tents of Grace, where each Indian family had a house to live in and a piece of ground to till. The congregation numbered 500 persons, and in 1749 a new church was built for them, the corner-stone of which was laid by Bishop De Watteville. In 1754 the settlement was changed to the north side of the Lehigh, and called New Gnadenhutten, where Weisport stands. It was attacked by the French Indians, November 24, 1755, eleven of the inhabitants killed, and the town burnt. The first public road in the county was that from Bethlehem to Mahoning (17) creek, granted in 1747. (17) A corruption from "Mahoink," signifies where there is a lick - at the lick - so called because deer came there to lick the saline or saltish earth. Northampton county was cut off from Bucks in 1752. (18) The petition, signed by the "inhabitants of the upper end of Bucks," set forth that their distance from the county seat was often a denial of justice, and that they often chose to lose their rights, rather than prosecute them, under the circumstances. It was presented to the legislature by William Craig, May 11, 1751, but was not considered until the following session, when, after a debate of seven days, it passed and was signed by Governor Hamilton, March 11, 1752. The act provides that Easton, on "Lehietan," in the forks of the river Delaware, shall be the county seat, and named Thomas Craig, Hugh Wilson, John Jones, Thomas Armstrong, and James Martin trustees to purchase land and erect a court-house and jail, the land and building not to cost more than £300. The boundary lines were to be run by John Chapman, John Watson, Jr., and Samuel Foulke, within six months. Thomas Craig, who had been active in having the new county erected, was paid £30 out of the county-treasury to cover his expenses in procuring the passage of the act. The first sheriff of the new county was William Craig, son of James Craig, an original settler. (18) Several townships were organized in Northampton, within two years after it was cut off from Bucks; Lynn, by order of court, June 19, 1753, on petition of October, 1752, Weisenburg march 20, 1753, and Whitehall at June sessions, 1752, the surveyors' report being returned to March term, 1753. Whitehall was subsequently cut in two. The first county court was held at Easton, at the house of Jacob Bachman, June 16, 1752, before Thomas Craig, Timothy Horsfield, Hugh Wilson, James Martin, and William Craig, "justices of the Lord, the King." The first election in the new county was held at the court-house, October 1, 1752, when James Burnside, the Quaker candidate for the Assembly, was elected by several hundred majority. He was a Moravian who lived near Bethlehem, came from Ireland in 1742, and had been a missionary at several stations t hroughout the new county. The election was conducted with much bitterness. The erection of the new county involved a question of political importance, for the division of Bucks would give additional strength to the Proprietary party, and the Friends assented to it with reluctance. Northampton county took from Bucks between five and six thousand of her white population, sparsely scattered over a large extent of country. Down to the time of the division the following townships, which fell within the new county, had already been organized, namely: Smithfield, organized in 1742, with a population of 500 Milford, 1742, 700 Upper Saucon, 1743, 650 Lower Saucon, 1743, 700 Macungie, 1743, 650 Bethlehem, 1746, 600 Allen, 1748, 300 Williams, 1750, 200. Mount Bethel had already been organized, but the date is not known. In that district of country called the "Forks of Delaware" there was a population of several hundred not included in any township. There was a white population of about 800 in the upper parts of what is now Lehigh county, mostly German, and in some townships there was hardly an English inhabitant. In Allen and Mount Bethel there were 600 Scotch-Irish, and some 300 Hollanders in Smithfield, the descendants of the early settlers at the Minisink. This was the only township north of the Blue mountains, and all beyond was an unbroken wilderness, known as "Towamensing," [Towamenseng*] a country not inhabited. On Evan's map of 1749 this region is called "Saint Anthony's wilderness," so named by Count Zinzendorf. (19) Northampton county, named after Northamptonshire, England, originally embraced all the territory in the counties of Monroe, Pike, Wayne, Susquehanna, Wyoming, Luzerne, Carbon, Lehigh, and a portion of Schuylkill and Northumberland. It was subdivided as follows: Northumberland was cut off in 1772 Luzerne, 1786 Susquehanna, 1810 Schuylkill, 1811 Lehigh, 1812 Pike, 1814 Monroe, 1836 Wyoming, 1842 Carbon in 1843. The original Bucks county was almost an empire in extent, and her subdivisions form several wealthy, populous and powerful local commonwealths. (19) On the quarter sessions docket, Northampton, 1754, is an entry of the organization of Plainfield, Lehigh and Forks townships and boundaries are given. End of Chapter 38 or Chapter 8 of 1905 Edition.