LOCAL HISTORY: STOREY, Henry Wilson. HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY PA. Vol. 1 The Lewis Publishing Co., 1907. Contributed for use in the USGenWeb Archives by Martha Humenik. There is an HTML version of this book, with page images, on the county web site: http://www.camgenpa.com/books/Storey/v1/ Copyright 2006. All rights reserved. http://www.usgwarchives.net/copyright.htm _______________________________________________ CHAPTER XVIII. CAMBRIA STEEL COMPANY--ORIGIN AND EARLY HISTORY OF THE PRES- ENT GREAT CORPORATION. The Cambria Steel Company, formerly the Cambria Iron Company, the leading manufacturing industry in the city of Johnstown, and which has been such since 1853, is of so great importance, that its early history and a description of the manner in which it was originated, should be recorded. The Pennsylvania system of transportation, consisting in part of the canal from Johnstown to Pittsburg and the Old Portage railroad over the mountains from Johnstown to Hollidaysburg, was completed and ready for business in 1834. Its opening was a national event, and it seemed probable that business would center around Johnstown. In 1833, George Shryock King, then in the twenty-fourth year of his age, was a merchant in Mercersburg, Franklin county, and his attention was drawn to Johnstown by the public works. In that year he came here, looked over the situation, and, concluding it was going to be a better place for business than Mercersburg, the following year transferred his stock of merchandise to Johnstown. He bought the lot on the northeast corner of Main and Franklin streets, which then extended up Main street so as to include the Hamilton lot, and erected a store building on the Hamilton portion, at the same time purchasing for a residence the lot later occupied by Dr. S. M. Swan, and several other lots from Abraham Morrison. Mr. King opened his store and continued in business until 1840, when he sold out to John K. and William L. Shryock, with the intention of going to Pittsburg and engaging in the wholesale dry-goods trade but the effect of the panic of 1837 was so serious that it changed his course. This was the real beginning of the Cambria Iron Company. This panic was the same as all other business stagnations, bringing misery until revival came, and of course there was a scarcity of money as a medium of exchange. It is stated that there was actually no money here. Probably two thousand people dwelt in the community, and Mr. King came to the conclusion that if some 401 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. means were devised by which the natural products of the vicinity could be taken to Pittsburg, he could there exchange them for groceries, dry goods, and other articles, besides furnishing employment to a large number of men here. He believed there was sufficient iron ore in the hills around Johnstown to carry out his idea of an exchange in that direction. A little before this time David Stewart and Samuel Kennedy were carrying on a foundry on the "Island," but, owing to the panic, the firm had dissolved. Mr. King made known [PHOTO] George Shryock King. his views to Mr. Stewart, a practical foundryman, who favorably considered the proposition, and the two started prospecting for iron ore in all the hills around Johnstown. The search was continued for a long time before a vein of sufficient size was discovered to warrant the building of a furnace. In 1840 a crop of ore was found on the John Seigh farm on the Laurel run, above the "Bucket" factory, now in West Taylor township, and to ascertain the thickness and quality of the ore, they sank a shaft thirty-seven feet, and found a fifteen-inch seam. Several tons of ore were taken out and hauled over Vol. 1-26 402 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. the Laurel Hill to the Ross Furnace, in Westmoreland county, to be made into pig metal, for the purpose of testing the quality. The metal was taken to a forge on the Juniata river, in Blair county, and proved very good bar iron, excepting that it was excessively hard or brittle. But the prospectors had confidence in the ore and purchased from Mr. Seigh the land on which their first find was located. The terms for acquiring ore and limestone for Ben's Creek Furnace were as follows: "We, the undersigned land owners in the Township of Conemaugh and County of Somerset on the Ben's Creek and its waters, do hereby convenant and agree that Geo. S. King of Johnstown, and such other persons as may join with him in Company, shall erect a Furnace on said Ben's Creek for the purpose of making Iron Castings, etc., that in such case, We, the undersigned do hereby grant to him and them the privilege of using any Iron ore and Limestone that can or may be found on the Land of all or any of the undersigned, and do hereby grant to him and them the privilege of making immediate examination and search for the same; and shall pay to the person or persons from whose land the ore shall be taken ten dollars a year in advance from the time they commence naming the same for use, so long as they may continue to haul and use the same; provided always, nevertheless that whatever damage may accrue to the owners of the lands where said ore may be found in raising and hauling the same, by roads, lanes or other wise, the same shall be paid for to the owner of said land by the person or persons using said ore. "Witness our hands this -- March, 1841. "William McCoy by his attorney in fact, Abraham Morrison, grants the above privilege on three tracts, including the forks of Ben's Creek for the names of John Clark, Stephen Clark and James Dalton. Garit Ream." Mr. King and Mr. Stewart formed a partnership under the firm name of George S. King & Co., and built the Cambria Furnace, on the Seigh tract, which was finished and blown in in 1842, and was the first furnace in this county. They shipped the pig metal to Pittsburg, exchanging it for dry goods, etc., and continued the store formerly owned by Mr. King. In 1843, Mr. King finding a better vein of ore in Benshoff's Hill, operated it, hauling the ore to the canal, transporting it to the Bucket factory, and then hauling it up to Cambria Furnace. The vein of ore on the upper and lower sides of Hinckston's run was the best in quantity and quality of all those about Johnstown, and was mined for some years after the Cambria 403 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. Iron Company, under the present organization, had control of it. The vein passed through the lands of Peter Levergood, David Prosser, and Judge John Murray, up to East Conemaugh. The ore mines on the Millcreek were opened in 1843 or 1844. The Prosser Mine was opened by David Prosser, on Prospect Hill, about 1847, and was subsequently purchased by the Cambria Iron Company. About 1843 Dr. Shoenberger, of Pittsburg, bought the interest of David Stewart in the Cambria Furnace and store for $6.000, and on September 24, 1844, Dr. Peter Shoenberger, then of Bedford, George S. King, and John K. and William L. Shryock, of Johnstown, entered into a partnership, to operate the furnaces then erected; the first two partners to have one-third interest each, and the remaining third to be a joint Shryock interest. The firm then owned about 10,300 acres of land in Cambria and Somerset counties. On February 9, 1846, the Messrs. Shryock sold their interests therein to King and Shoenberger for $9,000. After selling to Shoenberger, Mr. Stewart built the Blacklick Furnace, situated on the Blacklick creek, in Indiana county, about three or four miles in a northeasterly direction from Armagh. Mr. Stewart built a road from his furnace to Armagh, and hauled his pig metal to Nineveh, the shipping point by canal. He was not successful at the Blacklick Furnace, and in 1847 King & Shoenberger bought it, and formed a new partnership with Michael Berry, for the purpose of operating it; Berry was to have a one-fourth interest and the remainder to be joint between Shoenberger and King. In 1845-6 King & Shoenberger, with John Bell, of Indiana county, under the firm name of John Bell & Co., built the Millcreek Furnace. The same parties, under the firm name of George S. King & Co., built the Benscreek Furnace, which in a short time was operated under the name of King & Shoenberger. Mr. Bell was a general contractor and did not remain in the firm very long. Selling his interest therein to the other partners, he left Johnstown and went to California, becoming one of the "Forty-niners." The firm was then operating four charcoal furnaces--Cambria, Benscreek, Millcreek, and Blacklick--in this vicinity, and a block coal furnace which they had built at Sharon, Mercer county. 404 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. On July 10, 1850, Mr. King sold his interest in the Benscreek furnace to Dr. Shoenberger, and on September 17, 1852, sold him his one-fourth interest in the Sharon furnace. These sales did not affect the other partnership property. No coke was made here in those days, and it was necessary to use charcoal in the furnaces; consequently a large amount of timber land was required, which the firm owned to the extent of about, twenty-five thousand acres. The machinery for making a blast was very crude and to bank a furnace was a dangerous undertaking, in consequence of which it was kept going day and night to prevent a "chill." Subsequently improved appliances were introduced by which the matter could be safely controlled and operation suspended temporarily. A furnace in Blair county was the first to introduce the new machinery which permitted work to cease on Sundays, consequently to this day the place is called "Sabbath Rest." On February 14, 1847, the partners in Mill Creek and Bens Creek furnaces were George S. King, P. Shoenberger and John Bell. They made the following list of lands belonging to these furnaces, located in Conemaugh townships of both Somerset and Cambria counties: "2 tracts purchased of Oliver Woods and George Gates 811 acres. 1 tract of David Shrock 150 3 tracts of David T. Storm. 1,320 1 tract warranted in name of J. Bell 41 1 tract of Jonas Yodder 2181/2 2 tracts of William R. Thompson. 819 1 tract of John Wertz 271 3 tracts of Jacob Miltenberger 1,038 1 tract of C. Hershberger 75 1 tract of John Alwine 100 1 tract of Garret Beam 2821/2 6 tracts of King & Shoenberger 2,500 ----- 7,626 acres." Each of these furnaces had an output of from four to five tons of pig metal per day, the market value of which was from $22 to $25 per ton in Pittsburg. Sometimes it was sold as low as $17 and at other times bringing $30, but its value was always about twelve per cent less than other metals on account of its hardness, which will be referred to in detail hereafter. 405 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. At this time, King & Shoenberger were producing about one hundred and twenty-five tons of pig metal per week, of a market value of about $3,000. They had an agent in Pittsburg and a metal yard, to which they shipped it by the Pennsylvania canal, but on account of its brittleness they had some difficulty in selling it or exchanging it for dry goods and groceries. By itself it did not make good bar iron, but when mixed with Juniata or Hanging Rock pig, or other softer metals, in proportion of one-fourth Cambria, it made the best iron in the market, especially for nails; but the skill for making proper mixtures was not as perfect then as now, nor was it so scientifically looked after. The local managers of the several furnaces in the order of their service, were: Cambria, John Galbreath, George Long and James Cooper; Benscreek, Samuel Bracken and William McCormick; Blacklick, John Mathiott and David F. Gordon; Millcreek, John Bell, Gordon Clifford, John Stewart and W. L. Shryock. After an abandonment of about forty six years, the furnace at Millcreek was the only one that could be recognized as ever having been used. It stood about four miles from Johnstown, on the westerly side, and not far from the source of the Millcreek, a beautiful mountain rivulet. The old stack was recently torn down. In construction it was thirty feet square at the base, and tapering to a height of forty-five feet, the inside was shaped something like an egg, with the slender part at the top. It rested on the bosh, so that the raw material would drop as it was consumed. Many of the stones were two feet square and four feet in length. Some of the fire-bricks which rested on the bosh had been taken out to a height of five feet, but from there to the top of the stack they seemed to be as perfect when torn down as when put in place. The inside of the bosh was about four feet square. The tuyere, where the engine was located, was on the northerly side of the stack, and the casting house, 30 by 40 feet, was on the easterly side. The arch on the easterly side was about twelve feet wide, while those on the northerly and southerly sides were about eight feet. On the westerly side was the bridge house, and above it on the hillside were the charcoal beds. Charcoal as fuel for furnaces was abandoned for coke forty years ago, therefore a charcoal kiln is a matter of interest. These beds seem to have 406 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. been about twenty-five or thirty feet square. Logs of wood of almost any variety were placed end to end, like a V inverted, with a draft and a vent to permit combustion for a while, after which the air would be excluded by covering the wood with [PHOTO] Ritter Furnace, near Vintondale. Abandoned in 1857. earth. After several hours' smouldering the covering would be removed, and the charcoal, when properly treated, would consist of carbon mixed with inorganic ash. The Benscreek Furnace has been entirely obliterated, and nothing remains of it except the level ground on the hillside, to 407 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. mark where the stack stood. A small portion of the Cambria Furnace stack remains. At the time the erection of the Cambria rolling mill was begun, the projectors also commenced to build four coke furnaces at a point below the mill, but they were completed by Wood, Morrell & Co. "We give the product of two of the Cambria Iron Company's Furnaces last week, as follows: "Furnace No. 2 made 188 tons, 800, and 2 quarters. "Furnace No. 3 made 201 tons, 200. "Now, that's what we call making iron by the wholesale. And they could, have made more--at least No. 2 would have yielded as much as the other one, but she was with smaller sized tuyeres than No. 3, and so did not come up to her full capacity. We give this as a specimen of what the Cambria Company's furnaces have done, and we have the authority of Thomas M. Collins, the founder, to challenge any establishment in the State, or the world, of the same size, to equal it. When that is done, we will do better. Will our Hollidaysburg neighbors accept the banter?"--Tribune, April 22, 1857. Messrs. King & Shoenberger had great confidence in their plant and had a large amount of money invested; their output was satisfactory; they had a large number of men employed; they believed the raw materials were ample for future operations; and, notwithstanding the partial embargo placed on the Cambria pig metal by the iron men of Pittsburg, they looked for another market. In after years their judgment was confirmed, and the stone which had been rejected became the pillar of the American iron rail market on account of its hardness. The rails made by the Cambria Iron Company led in an open market, and on one occasion J. Edgar Thomson, president of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, said he always preferred them, especially where heavy hauls were made or on curves, as they were much harder and, more nearly than any other, approached the English steel rail, which was then selling at $200 per ton. In 1893 a gentleman of this city was traveling on the Queen and Crescent line, en route to Birmingham, Alabama, when, in passing over a particularly smooth piece of track, the conductor took care to inform him that they were running on iron rails made by the Cambria Iron Company in 1867. About 1850 the opening up of the great West to civilization began, and from then to 1860 may be considered as the first 408 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. decade of railroad building in this country. During the earlier part of this period, also, there arose a considerable demand for iron kettles to be used in making sugar and molasses on the plantations of Louisiana. With these two different channels opening up for the disposal of their product, a question as to what was the best thing to do arose in the minds of Messrs. King and Shoenberger. Dr. Shoenberger advocated the erection of a foundry in Johnstown by which to turn their metal into iron kettles, while Mr. King had faith in it for railroad bars. The question required and received due consideration, and in February, 1852, they agreed to build a rail mill, and Mr. King at once started East to organize a company. At Boston and New York he met parties who were interested in the iron business, and it was agreed between them that the Cambria Iron Company should be organized with a capital of $1,000,000. Messrs. King and Shoenberger were to put in their twenty-five thousand acres of land and four furnaces, with all the tools, teams, tracks and appliances, at a valuation of $300,000, and were to receive $100,000 in stock and $200,000 in cash. The Boston parties, who were Daniel Wild and John Hartshorn, were to provide the necessary cash in six months. At the expiration of six months the Boston parties had failed to meet their obligations in the enterprise. A further extension of six months was given them, at the end of which, they and those interested in the project residing in New York, united and agreed to take $300,000 as their portion of the stock. Simeon Draper became security for this payment. Thereupon a permanent organization was effected by electing Dr. Peter Shoenberger, president; Simeon Draper, treasurer; George W. Hodges, of New York, secretary, and George S. King, manager. At this organization King & Shoenberger changed their subscription to $200,000 in stock and $100,000 in cash. The company issued $500,000 in bonds, but they were not negotiated. There had been no investment of cash or its equivalent, except what King & Shoenberger had contributed in property. The company was incorporated under the General Act of Assembly relating to manufacturing industries, and a supplement. When it became financially involved through the failure of the eastern parties to perform their part of the contract, the General Assembly passed the following act, which was approved by Governor Bigler February 27, 1854: 409 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. "AN ACT RELATIVE TO THE CAMBRIA STEEL COMPANY. "WHEREAS, The Cambria Iron Company, incorporated under the laws of this Commonwealth, have been induced by large subscriptions to the capital stock of the Company to contract debts to mechanics, laborers and others, in the construction of their works, and which stock the Company have been obliged to take back; and "WHEREAS, At a meeting of the stockholders of said Company it was resolved, in order to pay said debts and complete the works of said Company, to sell and dispose of said stock and to issue and sell five hundred thousand dollars of the bonds of said Company, secured by a first mortgage on the entire real estate of said Company, and convertible, at the option of the holders thereof, into the common stock of said Company; therefore "Be it enacted, etc., That the aforesaid acts and proceedings of said Company are hereby approved, and the Directors thereof are authorized to sell and transfer the stock and bonds of said Company on the best terms they can procure for the general interests of said Company, and that the sale of such bonds or stock at less than the par value of the same, or an agreement to pay a larger rate of interest than six per cent per annum shall not be deemed usurious, or in any manner invalidate any contract authorized to be made by this act. "SECTION 2. That the holders of the bonds aforesaid, before and after their conversion into the common stock of said Company, be entitled, for every twelve dollars and one-half paid, to the same privileges of voting, according to the scale of votes, as the stockholders of said Company are now entitled by law." Notwithstanding the unfortunate financial complications, the erection of the rolling mill and the four coke furnaces was commenced in February, 1853, and just at that time a trust agent for the Ohio & Toledo railroad appeared in New York to purchase rails to finish the road. He had no money, but he had bonds of the company worth $200,000, which he was willing to exchange for railroad bars. Mr. Draper agreed to take the bonds and deliver the rails at $85 per ton, which terms were accepted. This was before the mill was completed. The bonds were sold and the order given to the Cambria Iron Company at $55 per ton. The market value of rails was about $80, but the order was so large and the Cambria Iron Company so eager to get it that with this combination they furnished the rails, and it is a fact worthy of note that the profits of this order was the only money that went into the original rolling mill, as Simeon Draper, who had secured the subscription of $300,000, had failed. 410 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. After the preliminary meeting Mr. King was authorized to procure a charter for the Cambria Iron Company. He proceeded about it in the usual manner, but it required a special act of Assembly to remove a restriction which prevented a corporation from holding more than five hundred acres of land. This limitation was repealed by an act passed in 1852. Mr. King procured the charter in blank and took it to Philadelphia, to have Francis W. Hughes, secretary of the commonwealth, sign it, but the secretary declined to do so until twenty-five per cent of the stock, or $250,000, was actually paid in, or that much delivered to him in trust. While they were discussing the subject, Jeremiah S. Black, who was then chief justice of the state, came in. He was well acquainted with Mr. King and interceded with the secretary in his behalf, but to no avail, and the result was that the evidence of the payment had to be produced. As it was then, as now, somewhat unusual to carry that much money, Mr. King went to New York, and Simeon Draper, an eminent broker and banker, gave him a certificate of deposit for $250,000. With this he returned and presented it to the secretary, who promptly signed the charter; and the certificate, having served its purpose, was returned to Mr. Draper. Mr. King then came back to Harrisburg to have Governor Bigler execute the document. Arriving at a late hour, he ascertained that the governor intended leaving the capital early in the morning, and time was an element of value. Accordingly he called at the residence of the governor, who had retired, and was conducted to his bed chamber. After apologizing for appearing in his night robe, the executive signed the charter, on June 29, 1852. The preliminary agreement to organize the Cambria Iron Company was as follows: “Articles of agreement made this 21st day of April, 1852, by and Between Daniel Wild and John Hartshorn of the City of Boston, Mass., of the first part, and Geo. S. King of Johnstown, Cambria County, Pennsylvania, of the second part, Witnesseth: That the parties of the first part together with such other persons as they may associate with them, not to exceed more than three persons, agree with said King to become joint owners in a company or companies for the purpose of mining and manufacturing at Johnstown, or near said town in Cambria, or adjoining counties, Pa. "That it is hereby understood that they are to be joint 411 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. owners in the undertaking of getting up said Company. The stock of which is to be one million (or more) dollars, divided into eighty thousand shares, to purchase the property as per article of agreement entered into by said Wild and Hartshorn, with P. Shoenberger, dated April 21st, 1852. Eight thousand shares of which are to be given to said Shoenberger as part payment on said property. Thirty thousand shares to be disposed of for working capital. Twenty-five thousand shares to be used by said Wild and Hartshorn and to be equally divided between the said Wild, Hartshorn and King to do with as they shall Jointly determine for getting up the company, paying expenses, etc., and to be the property of the aforesaid parties--Wild, Hartshorn and King--together with such other parties or persons they shall admit into the project. "And it is further understood that any sales of said stock sold by any of the owners is to be for the mutual benefit of the whole. A correct account to be kept of the same in order that reference may be had thereto by the parties. No expense paid by either one of the parties can be called for only from the sale of the stock which is for the present to be held in common, and no part is allowed to come into this agreement without the consent of every one hereunto signing. "Witness our hands and seals. "Witness: "DANIEL WILD, SEAL. "EUGENE HOMER HARTSHORN, "JOHN HARTSHORN, SEAL. "HIRAM E. FELCH." "GEO. S. KING. SEAL. The subscriptions for stock were as follows: "New York (January) 31, 1853. Memorandum of an agreement entered into by and between the undersigned for the subscription to the Cambria Iron Company stock, of two hundred and eighty thousand dollars. "The said subscription is made by D. Wild, William A. Shepard, and George W. Hodges for themselves and others and has reference to two contracts entered into this day,--one for the purchase by them of 12,000 tons Iron rails at $55 from the Cambria Iron Company; the other for the sale of 8,000 tons of rails by them at $571/2 to J. P. Resner: Now, therefore, it is agreed that the profits or losses that may arise from this subscription and from the above contracts shall be apportioned and borne in the following manner, namely: "One Eighth part by and for William A. Shepard. "One Eighth part by and for Daniel Wild. "One Eighth part by and for Geo. W. Hodges. "One Eighth part by and for Geo. S. King. "One Fourth part by and for J. P. Resner. "One Eighth part by and for Eugene Ledentu. "One Eighth part by and for and we hereby authorize and empower the said Daniel Wild, 412 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. William A. Shepard and Geo. W. Hodges to subscribe the said amount, of $280,000 to the Cambria Iron Company's stock for us in proportion to our respective interest as above. "Witness: "W. H. TAYLOR. "DANIEL WILD, SEAL. "GEO. W. HODGES, SEAL. "EUGENE LEDENTU, SEAL. "GEO. S. KING, SEAL. SEAL. "J. P. RESNER." SEAL. The following shows the value of property February 15, 1853: "It is hereby agreed by and between the undersigned, Geo. B. King and Dr. P. Shoenberger, that the sale made by them to the Cambria Iron Company is to be divided in the following way, to wit: "For Cambria Furnace ................$ 80 000 00 "Ben's Creek Furnace ................ 65 000 00 "Mill Creek Furnace ................. 60 000 00 "Blacklick Furnace .................. 55 000 00 "Horner tract of land ............... 5 000 00 "King's tract of land ............... 5 000 00 "Dr. P. S. other lands .............. 20 000 00 ---------- $300 000 00 "And for all the Jackson lands in the schedule of property furnished three dollars per acre is to be allowed for to Cambria, or K. & S., the owners. "Witness our hands and seals this 15th day of February, 1853." The by-laws of the Cambria Iron Company read as follows: "Articles of Association of the Cambria Iron Company, made in pursuance to an Act of Assembly, passed June 16, 1836, P. L., 799, and a supplementary Act passed June 29, 1852. "Witness that the subscribers, citizens of the United States, whose names are hereto affixed have associated themselves under and pursuant to the acts aforesaid for the purpose of making and manufacturing iron from the raw material, with coke, mineral coke and charcoal, and mining the mineral and using the product of the land of the association, and do certify and declare the articles and conditions to be as follows: "Article 1, The name and style and title of the Company shall be the Cambria Iron Company. "Article 2, The lands to be purchased and held by the Com- 413 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. pany shall be in the counties of Cambria, Indiana, Somerset and Westmoreland. "Article 3. The capital stock of the Company shall consist of one million dollars. "Article 4. The said capital stock shall be divided into 80,000 shares of $12.50 each. The subscribers have subscribed for the number of shares set opposite to their respective names and appointed Daniel Wild as Receiver to receive $250.000, said sum being 1/4 of the capital stock subscribed. "Article 5. The Board of Directors shall consist of seven; one of whom shall be chosen President. "Article 6. The company shall in all things be subject to and governed by the provisions of the acts of Assembly under which it is created, and shall have the same and no other or greater powers, privileges and franchises than are conferred on it by virtue of said Acts." Dated August 1, 1852, The rolling mill, when completed in 1853, was a balloon frame structure, one hundred and fifty by six hundred feet, with two wings and four heating furnaces and thirty puddling furnaces. During the financial embarrassments a syndicate of Philadelphia people, of whom Matthew Newkirk was the active member, came into the company, and Newkirk was elected president. Under this organization the company issued and disposed of $500.000 in bonds, at from sixty to seventy per cent., in addition to the $500,000 in bonds issued and held as collateral by the New York organization, and the balance of the stock, which was $800.000. This was the first money that was ever realized from stock or bonds. The New York organization did not operate the works for more than sixteen months, when the Newkirk organization took control Mr. King resigned as manager. On September 20, 1853, Dr. Peter Shoenberger and Sarah K., his wife, executed a deed for the property to the Cambria Iron Company for a consideration of $300,000, and on December 9, 1853, Mr. King and Eliza King, his wife, executed their deed for the half interest to Dr. Shoenberger. The first rail was rolled on July 27, 1854, and the Cambria Tribune for Monday, July 31, 1854, had this item: "On Thursday the Cambria Iron Company made a fair and, we are gratified to say, satisfactory trial of the entire machinery of the rolling mill. It worked admirably. Four large T rails were rolled and pronounced perfect by competent 414 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. judges. Thursday may be regarded as the commencement of an era in the history of the iron manufacture of Pennsylvania, worthy of special remembrance. On September 18, 1854, it also notes that the mill is making 'a hundred T Rails per diem.'” For the week ending May 14, 1859, the output of iron rails was 722 tons, which broke the record and exceeded that of any other mill in the United States. On occasion, pig metal was used as collateral security. Bell, Smith & Co. were bankers in Johnstown. Two months before the leasing of the works to Wood, Morrell & Co. on May 1, 1855, by the Newkirk organization of the Cambria Iron Company, the latter had secured a loan of $1,000, and gave about sixty tons of pig metal as collateral. The details were: "Having sold to Bell, Smith & Co. a lot of Pig Metal now lying on the bank of the Canal in Johnstown, say about 60 tons, and delivered to said Bell, Smith & Co. said metal as collateral security for the payment of the Cambria Iron Co.'s note in favor of Geo. C. Ferree, agent, dated March 8, 1855, at 60 days for one thousand dollars." After authorizing the sale if the note be not paid at maturity, it provided "that said metal shall not be sold by said Bell, Smith & Co. until the expiration of five days after the maturity of said note." The instrument was dated at Johnstown, 30th day of March, 1855, by Cambria Iron Co., Per John Anderson, Agent. The Cambria Iron Company, on May 21, 1855, by M. Newkirk, president, and John T. Kille, secretary, leased its property to Wood, Morrell & Co.--Charles S. Wood, Daniel J. Morrell, Edward Y. Townsend, Wyatt W. Miller, William H. Oliver and Thomas Conarroe. "To have and to hold unto the second party, their executors and administrators, for and during the full term of five years, one month and eleven days, from the date hereof, which term is to be fully completed and ended on 30th June, 1860." Then follows the description of the properties: The Cambria Furnace lands, about 8,570 acres; the Blacklick lands, 3,723 acres; the Ben's Creek lands, 5,930 acres; the Mill Creek lands, 5,044 acres; the lands along the river and railroad, and in Johnstown and vicinity, upon which were erected the rolling mill, etc., 2,577 acres. Total 25,844 acres. The conditions were that the lessees could surrender the lease at any time, upon giving six months' written notice to that effect, or if the rent were in default, or the works ceased operation for a period of thirty days, unless caused by unavoidable 415 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. accidents, fire or flood, the company reserved the right to re-enter and take possession. The rents were fixed thus: For the one month and eleven days, expiring, June 30, 1855, $ 4,555.55 For the year expiring June 30, 1856, 40,000. For the year expiring June 30, 1857, 60,000. For the year expiring June 30. 1858, 70,000. For the year expiring June 30, 1859, 80,000. The lessees were authorized to make improvements to the value not exceeding thirty thousand dollars in any one year, and deduct the same from the rent. The inventory of the personal property at Johnstown at the time Wood, Morrell & Co. leased the Cambria Iron Company, amounted to $192,378.32. The schedule is complete in detail, and some of the items are important in view of values and quantities of materials and equipments, namely: "Lumber $5,200.00 Red brick burnt and unburnt 1,500. 14 carts 450. 5 wagons 200. 21 head horses 1,890. Tools, shovels and picks, etc. 600. 12 cars, at $90 1,080. 6 cars, stone, at $60 360. Coal and ore cars 450. Foundry tools and flasks 1,000. Blacksmiths' tools, etc. 1,500. Machine shop tools, etc. 5,000. Ore raised 2,000. Castings for puddling and blast 5,000. Fire brick 5,000. Rolls, etc. 2,000. Bedplates, etc. 2,000. Squeezers, etc. 2,000. "AT FURNACES. "About 1400 tons metal, part in town @ $40 $56,000. Addition to charcoal at furnaces 16,000. Tolls, teams, etc., at furnaces 32,239.03" Messrs. Wood, Morrell, Townsend and Conarroe then resided in Philadelphia, Mr. Oliver in New York, and Mr. Miller at Safe Harbor, Lancaster county. They formed a partnership to operate the Cambria Iron Company, the purpose being set forth thus: "taking from the Cambria Iron Company a, lease of all their estate, lands and works in Cambria and adjoining 416 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. counties, and purchasing the stock for carrying on the manufacture and sale of Iron in any form or any kind, Brick, Cement, Charcoal or any other article of merchandise that can be manufactured or produced out of or from the lands and property of the Cambria Iron Company." They were to commence operations May 1, 1855, and to continue until July 1, 1860, unless the same should be sooner terminated by giving such notice as was agreed upon in the lease. Each of the partners contributed the sum of $30,000. The active managers were Charles S. Wood and Daniel J. Morrell, each of whom was to receive $5,000 per annum for his services. On October 12, 1855, the term was extended until July 1, 1861, and in November, 1860, the firm extended its partnership agreement to February 1, 1862, unless the Cambria Iron Company should take possession and operate the works prior to that date. On January 31, 1856, Mr. Conarroe sold his interest to George Trotter. Notwithstanding the fact that Wood, Morrell & Co. were obliged to rebuild the frame mill and replace the machinery, which had been destroyed by fire in August, 1857, the firm was financially successful, but it became entangled by reason of the death of some of the partners, and by an assignment for the benefit of the creditors of other parties who inherited interests. On May 8, 1858, Mr. Oliver made a declaration of trust for the benefit of Mary Newkirk Oliver, his wife, George Heberton Newkirk, William Henry Newkirk and Matthew Newkirk, Jr., whereupon the latter assigned his interest to William Henry Smith, of Philadelphia, for the benefit of his creditors. Mr. Oliver appointed Thomas Marsh, of Philadelphia, to represent his interest in accordance with the terms of the declaration, and died May 8, 1858. Mrs. Mary Newkirk Oliver also died, and they not having issue, her father, Matthew Newkirk, Sr., inherited an interest in the firm, while he was insolvent. On March 29, 1862, he made an assignment for the benefit of creditors, naming William Henry Smith as the trustee. Marsh and Smith were making claims for the same, or parts of the same, interests of William Henry Oliver, which, of course, was very unsatisfactory to a successful firm. On July 5, 1862, Wood, Morrell & Co. paid Marsh $10,000 on account of his claim. The firm again became entangled by a new partner with- 417 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. out its consent, when George Heberton Newkirk died intestate, on September 22, 1861, leaving an infant daughter, Emma Newkirk, to inherit his estate. The stockholders of the Cambria Iron Company met on December 10, 1861, and decided to take over the property and operate it as the Cambria Iron Company, and to pay Wood, Morrell & Co. the sum of $51,099.35 for its equity in the property. This transfer took effect on January 1, 1862. In 1862 the bonds were due, and instead of foreclosing, Wood, Morrell & Co., who held them, proposed to buy all the outstanding stock at ten per cent, and to pay King & Shoenberger the sum of $100,000, which the New York and Boston parties had agreed to give at the time of the New York organization. The proposition was accepted, and King & Shoenberger secured something like $160,000 for their interests, thus canceling the bonded indebtedness. [PHOTO] Cambria Iron Works, about 1864. In 1862 the Cambria Iron Company was reorganized by electing Charles S. Wood president, E. Y. Townsend vicepresident, John T. Kille, secretary, and Daniel J. Morrell general superintendent. The firm of Wood, Morrell & Co., so far as it applied to the lease of the works, was abandoned, and the property was reconveyed by deed, etc., to the Cambria Iron Company, about September 1, 1862. Mr. Hite, in describing the Cambria Iron Company in 1856, states its works consists of a "rolling mill, 650 feet by 350 feet, with fifty-six puddling furnaces and five steam engines; a machine shop, two stories high, with a blacksmith shop attached; a foundry, with a pattern shop upstairs; a pig metal house, for storing the metal previous to puddling; a covered brickyard, of ample dimensions, in which a small engine furnishes power to grind the clay for two brick making machines; four furnaces, of double the usual capacity, two of which only are yet in operation: besides wagon making shops, carpenter shops, Vol. 1-27 418 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. stables, etc. Two hundred dwelling houses are erected for the operatives, besides a boarding house of three stories, offices, storehouses, etc. About 1,500 men and 300 horses and mules are employed directly, exclusive of those engaged at the four other furnaces in connection with them." Also the "Johnstown furnace, owned by Rhey, Matthews & Co., employs over a hundred men and thirty mules. The yield of metal per month is near 150 tons." In 1865, Thomas J. Chapman published a "History of The Conemaugh," and referring to the Cambria Iron Company, in describing the new brick building completed after the fire of August 1, 1S57, adds: "In 1863, another mill, 300 feet long by 100 feet wide, was built. It stands parallel with the old mill, and not more than thirty or forty feet distant. * * Another mill is now in the course of erection. It is attached to the northern end of the transverse portion of the old mill. It will cover over an acre of ground. * * * There are now in operation twenty-two heating furnaces and thirty double puddling furnaces, a train of rail-rolls, squeezers, * * * three vertical steam engines, and the fly wheels are immense castings, weighing forty tons, and make as high as seventy- five to eighty revolutions per minute." He describes the process of making an iron rail thus: "The ore is taken from the mines near the works, and after being put through, the roasting process, which requires some time, it is thrown into the blast furnace, of which there are four in number, capable of running 190) tons per week: thence the metal is transferred to the puddling furnaces, and after undergoing the process of puddlins, it goes thence through the squeezers, and thence through the puddle rolls, when it is ready for the heating furnaces. After being heated in the latter, it is prepared for its final rolling into bars. These works employ 2,700 men and from 300 to 400 head of horses and mules." The output of finished rails was 40,000 tons in 1864, and adds, that when the new building is in operation it would have a capacity of from 60,000 to 70,000 tons. That there are over thirty-five engines used in the works. * * * "The amount of business transacted by this establishment may be judged from the fact that the internal revenue tax alone, paid by this company for the year 1865, will be over $200,000, or more than one-half of the total collected in the district during the year." 419 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. THE HILL WHERE THE ORE WAS FOUND. Prospect Hill is a part of the Laurel Hill range, and extends along the northern side of the city of Johnstown, from the upper end of Woodvale (now the Eleventh ward) to Hinckston's Run, in the Fourteenth ward. More properly speaking, it includes the Twelfth and portions of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth wards lying above the river bottom. The Ebensburg road divides the Twelfth and Thirteenth wards. Prospect Hill runs partially in a line parallel with Yoder Hill, on the southern boundary line, up to Green Hill, which it then parallels up the Conemaugh river. Prospect Hill is not as high as either Yoder or Green Hill. The greatest elevation in the Twelfth ward is nearly opposite the Woodvale bridge, where the altitude is 451 feet above the curb line at Main and Franklin streets, and the highest point in the Thirteenth ward is at the reservoir, where the altitude is 411 feet from the same place. The distance in an air line, from the Thirteenth ward schoolhouse just below the reservoir, to the postoffice is 1,800 feet, yet to travel by the most direct road and streets, it is 4,560 feet, or two and a- half times as far by the circuitous route taken in order to overcome the abrupt height. Prospect Hill is divided into what are locally known as Upper and Lower Prospect. The first bench of the hill is on Lower Prospect and the second on Upper. Thus it will be observed that Johnstown lies between Yoder Hill and Prospect Hill up to Green Hill, where that prominence divides the city. Yoder Hill and Green Hill form the Stonycreek valley, and Green Hill and Prospect Hill, the Conemaugh valley. The Little Conemaugh river flows at the base of Prospect Hill and the Stonycreek river along Yoder Hill to The Point, where thereafter it is the Conemaugh river. Between the two rivers and in the business part of the city, the distance from river to river, at Franklin street, is 2,250 feet; at Market street, 3,800 feet; at Walnut, 2,065 feet, and at Union street, 1,375 feet. From about 1846, when Rhey's Furnace was built at the foot of Prospect Hill, within two hundred feet of the present location of the passenger station of the Pennsylvania railroad and nearly opposite thereto, until 1868, when the Bessemer steel process revolutionized the iron and steel industries, Prospect Hill was a valuable factor in creating the prosperity of Johnstown. The ore deposits, the abundance of coal in this hill, and 420 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. the transportation facilities afforded by the Pennsylvania canal, were the primary causes of locating Rhey's Furnace there; and when the canal was abandoned and was succeeded by the Pennsylvania railroad, the Cambria Iron Works were located at the base of Prospect Hill for the reason that a superior quality of ore, in great abundance, was to be had in this hill. The ore therein mined ceased to be a factor, however, when the Bessemer process was introduced, as it did not possess the qualities necessary to make good steel. But it did make the best iron that was offered in the market. The railroad rails made of iron by the Cambria Iron Company always had an advantage over all others in open competition, owing to their superior quality. They possessed an element of flexibility that other manufacturers could not obtain in their products, for which the ore in Prospect Hill was largely responsible. Before the introduction of steel rails the great danger to the railroad traveler during the winter season was an accident caused by broken rails, which were, at that time, made of iron. Daniel J. Morrell frequently related, with profound satisfaction, an incident which occurred on a Western road, where the foundation of a small culvert was washed away by a flood and the tracks were suspended across it by the Cambria rails, over which an engine and train passed safely. This, he thought, was a sufficient recommendation for the Cambria rail. The mineral right to all the ore, coal, and other deposits in the Thomas Afflin survey, which included the lower end of Prospect Hill, was sold by Eli Benshoff to George S. King & Company, on September 26, 1845. Benshoff had purchased the whole tract, consisting of 3903/4 acres, from Mark Graham, on the 18th of May, 1837. Shortly after the purchase by King & Company four iron ore drifts were opened in Prospect Hill, on the easterly side of Hinckston's Run, and the ore was used in the Rhey & Mathews furnace, by King & Company and the Cambria Iron Company. Other ore mines were worked along the slope of the hill from that portion of Prospect Hill eastward to a point above the Woodvale factory. Probably the richest piece of real estate ever known in this vicinity was the "Bound Mound," as it was called, where the reservoir now stands. It is said that its yield of wealth was equal to that of any piece of land of similar size in the gold 421 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. fields of California. The vein of iron ore in the hill was from one to four feet in thickness, and under the "Bound Mound," it "was mostly from three to four feet. It was common wages for the ore miners to make $5 and $6 a day, and sometimes $8 to $10 when the four-foot lodgment was struck, as they were paid $2.70 per ton. It is said the "Round Mound" was purchased for $800 and that the company declined $80,000 for it. This was the top vein above the cokeyard seam of coal. Under the coal was another vein of ore known as the "Kidney" seam, but it was not so valuable, nor was it worked to any great extent. There are very few people who know that there is a tunnel from the lower end of Ihmsen avenue, through old Prospect Borough up to Woodvale, but such is a fact, although it has probably fallen in and would be difficult to find. It was made by the ore miners, and was used as a roadway for hauling the ore from the crop above Woodvale to the furnaces. The ore mines were worked to some extent until 1871. In 1854 a stone quarry near the top of the hill, above the old blast furnaces of the Cambria Iron Company was operated, from which an inclined plane extended to the works. At that time a spring of water was flowing from the hillside a short distance east of the stone quarry, and about midway up the hill, but it has long since ceased to flow as it did fifty years ago. The ore beds are yet discernible in the opening made along the ridge of Prospect Hill above the Pennsylvania railroad, running through the Eleventh and Twelfth wards and the abandoned mines in the hill on the east side of Hinckston's Run, in the Fourteenth ward. Drifts were also made near the Ebensburg road, but not to a great extent. The coal in Prospect Hill that was convenient and could be economically mined was taken out many years ago, but, farther back, some yet remains in its natural seams. The old slope mine of the Cambria Iron Works operated by an incline near where the old blast furnaces are, brought the coal from the "B," or Miller, vein to the mills and to the coke yard, which at that time, so it was considered by furnace men, had to be on a level with the mouth of the furnace. It was abandoned in 1879. By the modern process the coke is made in the Connellsville district, and in the by-product plant at Franklin. The older citizens will remember the popular Murray's 422 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. Grove, in Woodvale, at the foot of Prospect Hill, on the north side of the Pennsylvania, railroad, where picnics were held until 1871, when it was abandoned because of the progress of industries and the destruction of a portion of the trees therein. These picnics were popular resorts for the public, and much frequented by candidates for office and their friends. Prospect Hill has lost all its foliage, therefore its beauty had been marred by the smoke and gas from the mills and furnaces at its base, but it has been one of the works of Nature most valuable to the prosperity of Johnstown. THE CAMBRIA BRIDGE. On April 2, 1860, P. L. 702, an Act of Assembly, was approved authorizing Wood, Morrell & Co. to construct a lateral railroad from the Cambria Iron Works across the Conemaugh river to connect with th6 Pennsylvania railroad, and furthermore, to connect with the abutments and piers of the Cambria Bridge Company, if it was deemed expedient. The Cambria Bridge Company was incorporated by an Act of Assembly dated April 18, 1853, P. L. 540, and its capital was not to exceed $10,000. On July 20, 1863, Wood, Morrell & Co. purchased from Watson, Dennison & Co., of Hollidaysburg, three furnaces known as the "Chimney Rock," "Gaysport" and "Frankstown" furnaces, and formed the Blair Coal and Iron Company. John Fritz came to Johnstown when Wood, Morrell & Company leased the works, and was the chief engineer until July 5, 1860, when he took his departure for Bethlehem, where he assumed the management of what is now known as the Bethlehem Steel Company. There he has made an international reputation as a steel expert and engineer. While in charge of the Cambria works he invented the three high roll mill, and received a patent for it dated October 5, 1858. It was a great success. On the two roll mill the rail bars could only be passed through the one way, but by placing a third roll above the two the bar could be passed back, which almost doubled the output, and it also prevented the bars from lapping around the rolls. In six days in May, '59, he rolled 722 tons of rails, which exceeded that of any other mill in the Union. His pre-eminence has been recognized for many years, but to establish it the more firmly, and to perpetuate the memory of his achievements in industrial progress, at a banquet given by 423 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. [Three PHOTOS] E. Y. Townsend. George Fritz. John Fritz. 424 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. six hundred of his associates, in the Waldorf-Astoria, New York, October 31, 1902, in honor of his eightieth birthday, there was founded the "John Fritz Gold Medal" award. The rules governing the awards are substantially as follows: 1. The medal shall be awarded for notable scientific or industrial achievement. There shall be no restriction on account of nationality or sex. 2. The medal shall be gold and shall be accompanied by an engraved certificate which shall recite the origin of the medal and the specific achievement for which it was made. 3. It may be awarded annually, but not oftener. 4. The awards shall be made by a board of sixteen members composed of an equal number from each of the four national societies of engineers, namely: The American Society of Civil Engineers, the American Institute of Mining Engineers, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. It was a pleasure to the leading steel engineers and manufacturers to acknowledge his pre-eminence. Irving M. Scott, the builder of the "Oregon," wired his Congratulations, in which he said: "All hail, Unser Fritz, father of us all." Andrew Carnegie said: "All honor to John Fritz, rolling mill pioneer, friend and counsellor of us all." Charles M. Schwab admitted "that he has done more for the steel industry than any man living, and we all acknowledge him as our master and prize him as our friend." Carl Lueg Schroedter cabled from Dusseldorf: "Happy salutation to the well-deserved chief of iron masters." Robert Hadfield, the inventor of manganese steel, also cabled from England: "Sheffield's heartiest greetings to John Fritz." _______________ Mr. Fritz gives his experience in building his new train of rolls: "I now prepared to suggest building a three-high mill, which I did, and the suggestion was met with a rebuff, which was not unexpected. * * * The officials called a meeting, and after consultation with some practical iron men, decided to put up a geared two-high mill, and by greatly increasing the speed of the rolls, the rail would be finished in much less time, and consequently at a higher heat, which would prevent the serious trouble of rough and torn flanges. I was ordered to build a new mill, two-high, geared. * * * I most emphatically said I would not do it, as two of the most objectionable features of the present system would still be retained. * * * I consequently concluded that I would do as I had been compelled to do before and many times since--assume authority and go ahead, which 425 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. I did, and commenced work on the patterns. The drawings had already been practically completed. After the pattern for the housing was well advanced Mr. E. Y. Townsend, the vice-president, came out to the works, and I informed him of what I was doing. * * * In about a week he came to the works again. This time he was armed with a legal document opposing the spending of the money in the way it was being done. He handed me the document to read, which I did. * * * After some friendly talk on the condition and the importance of the change proposed he said: 'Go ahead and build the mill as you want it.' 'Do you say that officially?' To which he replied: 'I will make it official.' And he did so. "When I look back to that talk, which took place on a Sunday morning long years ago, and recall to mind Mr. Townsend and myself, with evidences of failure on all sides, and surrounded by the gloom of future uncertainties, I cannot but feel it was a critical period in my own history as well as that of the Cambria Iron Company. To Mr. E. Y. Townsend belongs the credit not only of the introduction of the three-high rolls but also for a large share of the subsequent marvelous prosperity of the Cambria Iron Company which followed the introduction of the three-high mill and its many accompanying improvements. * * "At length the mill was completed, and on the third day of July, 1857, the old mill was shut down for the last time. * * * The starting of the mill was the crucial period. There were no invitations sent out. As the heaters to a man were opposed to the new kind of a mill we did not want them about at the start. We, however, secured one of the most reasonable of them to heat the piles for a trial. We had kept the furnace hot for several days as a blind. Everything being ready we charged six piles. About ten o'clock in the morning the first pile was drawn out of the furnace and went through the rolls without a hitch, making a perfect rail. You can judge what my feelings were as I looked upon that perfect and first rail ever made on a three-high train. * * * "Everything worked well up to noon on Saturday, it being our custom to stop rolling at that time. About six o'clock in the evening Mr. Hamilton and myself left the mill, and on our way home congratulated ourselves on the fact that our long line of troubles and disappointments was now over. About an hour later I heard the fire-alarm whistle blow, and rushing back to the mill found it a mass of flames from one end to the other. In less than one hour's time the whole building was burned to the ground, and a story was started that the new mill was a failure and that we had burned the mill to hide our blundering mistakes. The situation of affairs on that Saturday night was such as might appall the stoutest heart. * * * The next day being Sunday it was devoted to rest and to thinking over the matter. On Monday morning we commenced to clear up 426 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. the wreck, all the workmen giving a full day towards it, and to begin the work of rebuilding. "In four weeks from that time the mill was running and made 30,000 tons of rails without a hitch or break of any kind, thus making the Cambria Iron Company a great financial success, and giving them a rail plant far in advance of any other plant in the world. This position they held, unquestioned, for both quality and quantity, until the revolutionary invention of Sir Henry Bessemer came into general use." THE BESSEMER STEEL PROCESS. There was a conflict between Sir Henry Bessemer, of England, and William Kelly, of Eddyville, Kentucky, as to the priority of this valuable invention. Mr. Kelly obtained the American patent for it, but Sir Henry is the general accredited inventor. He successfully completed it in 1858. The Cambria Iron Company took a prominent part in establishing the new process in the United States. Mr. Kelly came to Johnstown in 1857 and 1858, and made experiments at the Cambria works. On his first visit he made his tests in a furnace having a hearth similar to a puddling furnace. The iron was melted in the foundry and carried in ladles to be poured into the furnace and then fired with a blast until it was supposed to be steel, but it was not. It could neither be drawn nor forged like steel, and yet it was harder in texture than cast iron. In 1858 he came back and made new tests in a different manner. James H. Geer who was then in the pattern shop, and now superintendent of construction for the company, with Evan G. Lewis, Isaac Jones and Valentine Ripple, made his patterns for the trunnions and other castings. It was at this time that Mr. Kelly made the converter which was the first one used in America. When the hot metal was poured into the converter and the blast turned on for the first time it was too strong and blew the charge out. On its second attempt he was more successful as the metal he produced could be drawn out on the anvil or in forge and in appearance was more like wrought iron than either steel or cast iron. It is understood that all of Mr. Kelly's tests were made at the Cambria works. The converter referred to is the one which was on exhibition at the Columbian Exposition, in 1893, and is now at Johnstown, in the Cambria Steel Company's yard at the southern end of the Walnut street bridge. Daniel J. Morrell and his associates secured control of the Kelly patent, while John F. Winslow of Troy, New York, and 427 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. his associates, obtained the right to use the Bessemer process, in America. However, when it came to operate the machinery of the respective patents it was found there was an interference not only between Bessemer and Kelly, but in an improvement on the Bessemer process which was patented by Robert F. Mushet, of England. To make the process entirely successful a combination of these three patents was made in 1866, whereby Mr. Winslow and John A. Griswold were the owners of seven-tenths of the right, and Daniel J. Morrell, in trust, for the Kelly interest held the other three-tenths. [PHOTO] Kelly Steel Converter, 1858. The first Bessemer steel made in America was produced by William F. Durfee, at Wyandotte, Michigan, in September 1864, and the first steel rail was rolled at the North Chicago mill, May 24, 1865. Mr. George Fritz of Johnstown was present on the latter occasion. However, the first lot of steel rails rolled to fill an order were made at the Cambria works in August, 1867. The Open Hearth process was introduced in Cambria, and the first output was in October, 1879. Mr. Geer without the use of technical terms concisely defines the distinction thus: In Bessemer steel the carbon in the pig metal is eliminated by 428 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. forcing a blast of cold air through the hot metal in the converter, but as some carbon is necessary, it is resupplied in proper proportions by adding manganiferous pig metal, or ferromanganese while it is in a state of fusion. Open Hearth, steel is a product of pig metal containing any percentage of carbon that may be desired. It is obtained by melting the metal on the hearth of the furnace by means of the flame passing over the bath, thereby eliminating the carbon, which is then re-carbonized as may be desired. It requires much more time to make the latter, but it is of a finer quality. It is a competitor of wrought iron and other kinds of steel, and is used in the construction of ships, buildings and all kinds of tools. The latter process was made successful in 1864, by Dr. Charles William and Frederick Siemens, natives of Hanover, but citizens of England, in conjunction with Emile and Pierre Martin of the Sireuil works in France. In March, 1907, Cambria has four 20-ton and fifteen 50-ton capacity open hearth furnaces in operation, with two additional 50-ton furnaces in course of construction. The ingots for the first steel rails rolled at Cambria works were made at Harrisburg. They were hammered into blooms under a five ton hammer. George Fritz, the chief mechanical engineer, became convinced that was not the proper method to treat steel, and devised a set of blooming rolls which he placed in a 21-inch rail train. It was a great advance in the primary days of the introduction of Bessemer steel. In conjunction with the train of rolls, he invented the driving rollers in the tables and the hydraulic pusher for turning over and moving the ingots. These two features constitute the Fritz Blooming Mill patent, which was instantly adopted in all the Bessemer works in this country and is now used. Mr. Fritz also constructed the converting mill according to his own ideas for the manufacture of steel. He built, vertical disconnected, blowing engines, and arranged the converting building under one roof, without any dividing wall between the melting and casting houses. The first steel blow was made at Cambria on July 10, 1871, when Robert W. Hunt had charge of the Bessemer plant. George Fritz died August 5, 1873, in the prime of his successful life. In the following September Mr. Hunt left Cambria and became engaged at Troy, New York. John E. Fry succeeded Mr. Hunt, and Daniel N. Jones was made chief mechanical engineer, vice Fritz. Captain William R. Jones then became connected with the Edgar Thomson works at Braddocks, where 429 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. he has made a brilliant record in the manufacture of steel, and especially in his invention of the "mixer," in order to use the hot metal as it came from the blast furnaces to the steel works. On the death of George Fritz the "London Engineering" said: "It is not much to say that Mr. George Fritz, and his brother, Mr. John Fritz, have created the American rail mill, and established the success of the manufacturer, chiefly in their radically new system of arranging and working three-high rolls, but largely, also, in every detail of plant--in heating apparatus, in adaptation of power in finishing machinery and in general arrangement; they have put their mark on every feature, not only of the rail mill, but of the American rolling mills at large." * * * One of his remarkable talents was "his novelties always worked well at the first trial." Great rivalry existed between the Cambria and the Edgar Thomson works in the seventies. The record breaker for the output in Cambria Bessemer plant on March 21, 1876, was 297 gross tons in twenty-four hours; 1475 in a week and 6051 tons in a month. About the same time the latter had an output of 265 in a day and 5403 gross tons in a month. Mr. Hunt and Mr. Fry were the joint patentee's of the principle of filling an ingot mould from the bottom, the steel being poured into the top of an adjoining mould. There was also intense rivalry in the output of the blast furnaces. The largest daily output in those days was 750 tons from one furnace, but such records are not entirely satisfactory, as better results can be obtained by a continued and settled out-put of 550 tons daily. ____________ The miners' strike in the panic of 1873 was the most serious labor dispute that ever occurred at the Cambria works. The distress throughout the country was severe, but there was little discontent here until the spring of '74. On March 17 the miners met in their hall in the Fronheiser building, on the corner of Clinton and Railroad streets, and decided to cease work, as their wages were too low. Their demand was for a sliding scale, to receive one cent for each dollar on the market price for rails; this meant an increase of one mill. In 1873 iron rails had sold for $83 per ton, but at the time of the strike the price had fallen to $60. On the 26th, John Siney, president of the Miners' Union for 430 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. the state, arrived in the city, and upon consultation appointed a committee to call upon Mr. Morrell. The latter declined to treat with the committee in its collective capacity, but agreed to do so as individuals, and with all of the employees. A large meeting was held, Mr. Siney spoke and advised a settlement, but if the strike was forced he would he the last one to say quit. On April 6 Mr. Morrell issued a circular to the employees stating the financial situation, as well as the depression in the iron and steel trade; that the company would continue to operate its mills if it had the co-operation of its employees, and all those who were satisfied to work should report at once, and those declining to accept the situation would be regarded as withdrawing from the service. The steel works were started that day, but on the morning of the 7th work was suspended owing to a large number of the employees in the blooming mill, who belonged to various unions, leaving their work. However, their places were soon filled, but the majority of the miners took their tools from the mines. On April 21 the mill was in fair operation, having sixteen puddling and eight heating furnaces active. This caused serious difficulty between the workmen and the strikers. On the 21st Michael Smith, who was subsequently convicted of the murder of John Minnahan, but escaped a few days before the day of his execution, went to the mill while he was under the influence of liquor, and became very abusive. Being requested to leave, he drew a dirk, which he threatened to use, but withdrew. On the 22d William Walton, a roller from the Pennsylvania Steel Works at Harrisburg, came here to work, and while sitting on the porch in front of the Merchants' Hotel about 9:15 p.m. was struck by a large stone thrown from the street, which fractured his skull. On the next day Mr. Morrell offered a reward of one thousand dollars for information leading to the arrest and conviction of the person who threw it, but he was not discovered. On May 8 Mr. Siney, at a meeting in the Union hall, recommended the miners to go to work in a body if they considered they were defeated. This proposition was submitted to Mr. Morrell, who directed that all who desired work should apply to James Morley, the superintendent, who would assign them to such places as were vacant, at the old rate of wages. These conditions were not satisfactory to a large portion of those who were discontented. The places of the absentees were being 431 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. filled, and on June 1 notice was posted that the rate of pay would be increased to ten mills, instead of nine mills under the old scale. A serious disturbance took place on June 3 on Washington street, near Park Place. Revolvers were fired, but no one was severely injured. Public and private interests were becoming demoralized throughout the town. Under these conditions, and in face of great distress in the country, George T. Swank, editor of the Tribune, advised the discontented men of the impropriety of their actions, and recommended that they return to their employment. This was unpopular, of course, and brought the question into politics. On June 12 a meeting was held on "The Point" to consider financial and political affairs. A large assembly had gathered, and upon the organization resolutions were adopted principally upon financial affairs, except the sixth paragraph, which was as follows: "Resolved, That in the appointment of George T. Swank as postmaster, the wishes of the people have been disregarded and violated, and that while their votes are solicited for certain candidates they cannot be heard in matters of great interest to themselves; therefore, we will repudiate at the polls the political aspirations of those who were instrumental in procuring so obnoxious an appointment." Mr. Swank was appointed and served for twelve years. The situation continued to be serious. On June 20 two large cinders were thrown through the window of a dwelling on Union street, one of them striking the wife of the occupier. On the 25th the Mill mine was entered, the cars were wrecked and the miners' tools broken. On July 18 the Miners' Union announced the disbanding of the local union, and soon thereafter the rollers, the puddlers and other trade unions also disbanded. Since that date there has been no substantial effort to reorganize these unions, nor has the policy of the company changed in reference thereto as provided by the rules of the company adopted in 1862. THE GAUTIER STEEL COMPANY, LIMITED. The Gautier Department of the Cambria Steel Company occupied the ground bounded by the Conemaugh river and Center street, on the east by the Woodvale bridge, and on the west by the Cambria railroad bridge, near the Pennsylvania R. R. station. It was the successor of a plant for the manufacture of steel 432 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. products, conducted by Josiah H. Gautier and associates in Jersey City, New Jersey, transferred to Johnstown in 1878. For the first three years it was a distinct subsidiary institution of the Cambria Iron Company, and was organized under the law applicable to limited partnerships with the above title. The firm began its legal existence May 1, 1878, and was to continue for twenty [PHOTO] Daniel Johnson Morrell. years, unless sooner dissolved. At that time the capital was $300,000. Its object was to manufacture "wire rods, wire spring steel, wagon tires, steel carriage springs, hay rake teeth, mowing machine fingers, bars and other shapes and articles of iron and steel." In May, 1879, the capital was increased to a total of $500,- 433 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. 000, with these members of the firm and distribution: Daniel J. Morrell, $249,800; George Webb, $100; Daniel N. Jones, $100; Josiah H. Gautier, $200,000; Thomas B. Gautier, $25,000; Dudley G. Gautier, $25,000. In July, 1881, it was decided to dissolve the limited partnership, whereupon, Daniel J. Morrell, Powell Stackhouse and W. S. Robinson were delegated liquidating trustees, who proceeded to close the current accounts and on December 12, 1881, the firm was legally dissolved. Thereafter it became the property and a department of the Cambria Iron Company. The Gautier Department was entirely destroyed in the great flood of May 31, 1889, when the lower mill and steel works were greatly damaged. On February 23, 1890, the Cambria Iron Company leased a mill in Cumberland, Maryland, and operated it until the Gautier mills were rebuilt. Hon. Daniel J. Morrell died at his home in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, on Thursday morning, August 20, 1885, at the age of sixty-four years and twelve days. His career was thus told by James M. Swank: "Daniel Johnson Morrell was a descendant of one of three brothers, who in early colonial days emigrated from Old England to New England. From these three brothers there probably descended all the Morrells and Morrills in the United States today. David Morrell, grandfather of Daniel J. Morrell, made his home in Maine considerably over a century ago, and here, in a settlement of Friends, or Quakers, in the town, or township, of Berwick, and county of York, was born, one hundred and two years ago, on the farm on which he died eleven years ago, Thaddeus Morrell. When about twenty-three years old he married a neighbor's daughter, Susannah Ayres. They were married on February 17, 1806, and were buried on the same day, June 10, 1874. Ten children were given to this Quaker couple, of whom eight grew to manhood and womanhood. Daniel was the seventh child. He was born on the farm on August 8, 1821. "The childhood and youth of Mr. Morrell were attended by such vicissitudes as are experienced by most boys whose lot has been cast in pioneer homes. His immediate ancestors were true pioneers, whose scanty fortunes had been carved from primeval forests and gleaned from the virgin soil amid, many hardships and at the risk of life itself. His father's family wore homespun, woven from threads of flax and wool which had made acquaintance with the family spinning- wheel. When old enough Daniel was taught to assist in the labors of the farm, and when the winter school was in session he was a regular attend- Vol. I-28 434 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. ant. But the entire time spent by him in the school-room did not exceed two years. The education thus acquired was, of course, limited to the most elementary studies. The only additional 'schooling' he ever received was obtained in a course of study at a commercial college after his entrance upon a business life. His religious training was such as prevails among the Friends. "Those citizens of York county who were not engaged in farming sixty-odd years ago found profitable and needed employment in some form of manufacturing industry. If they did not make iron the first settlers of York county did make it. During the Revolution the colonists had great difficulty in procuring iron, and extraordinary efforts were made to supply the want. Many Catalan forges were erected, by means of which malleable iron was obtained directly from the ore by a single fusion. One of these forges stood two miles from the farm of David Morrell, and from the farm itself was taken the ore from which the iron was made. The grandmother of the boy Daniel used to delight to tell him how the iron was made by the Catalan process in the forge that had long been abandoned. Years afterward, in a distant state, he successfully embarked in the manufacture of iron and steel on the largest scale and by the most improved modern processes. "In 1837, when in his sixteenth year, Mr. Morrell left home and went to Philadelphia, to which city his older brother David had preceded him. David was engaged in the wholesale dry-goods trade as a member of the firm of Trotter, Morrell & Co., which occupied the building now designated as No. 32 North Fourth street. With this firm Mr. Morrell was employed as a clerk for five years, until 1842, when the firm dissolved, and he embarked in the same business for himself, in the same building, his brother David being associated with him. The business of this firm was conducted with energy, but with some eccentricity on the part of David, the elder brother, which finally led to its dissolution. In 1845 Mr. Morrell joined Oliver Martin, a dealer in fancy dry goods, at No. 28 North Fourth street, first as clerk and afterwards as a partner, the firm name being Martin, Morrell & Co. In 1854 Mr. Martin died and Mr. Morrell became executor of his estate. Notwithstanding the death of Mr. Martin the business of the firm continued, and Mr. Morrell's duties kept him constantly engaged until 1855, when his mercantile career ended. He retired with a small capital, to assume the management of the Cambria Iron Works, at Johnstown, which had been established in 1853 for the manufacture of iron rails, and which in 1855 passed into the hands of Wood, Morrell & Co., as lessees. This position he retained for nearly twenty-nine years, until January, 1884, when failing health obliged him to retire from all active business. "Down to 1871 the production of the Cambria Iron Works 435 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. was iron rails solely, in the manufacture of which they had acquired an excellent reputation; but long prior to this year the time had arrived when it became apparent that rails made of steel by the pneumatic process must ultimately displace those made of iron, on account of their greater durability. Mr. Morrell early perceived the coming revolution, and it was largely through his efforts and persistence that the directors of his company were among the first in this country to enter upon the business of manufacturing Bessemer rails. The company commenced their manufacture in 1871. "During the early part of his mercantile career he frequently visited the Western and Southern states as collector, and in this way he obtained a knowledge of the extent and resources of the country which he could not otherwise have acquired. He was a regular attendant for several years upon the lectures of the Franklin Institute, and the time thus spent in a scientific atmosphere was most profitably employed. Attaching himself to the Whig party he became an ardent admirer of its great leader, Henry Clay, and from his speeches he obtained a knowledge of the policy of governmental protection to American industry, of which policy he subsequently became one of the most prominent exponents in the country. "Since 1855 Mr. Morrell has resided continuously in Johnstown and taken an active interest in its growth and prosperity. He might have kept himself aloof from its people and manifested no interest in their welfare, but he chose to regard himself as one of its number and to throw his influence in the scale in behalf of local improvements and an enlarged public spirit. During the Rebellion he greatly aided the cause of the country by encouraging the enlistment of volunteers. Almost every ablebodied employe at the Works was at some period of the war an enlisted Union soldier. When the war closed his great ability, his patriotism, his intelligent and influential advocacy of the Protective policy, and his many sterling qualities of head and heart were recognized by the people of the congressional district in which he resided, who twice elected him their representative in congress--first in 1866, by a majority of 1,219, and again in 1868, by a majority of 1,094. In 1870 he was a candidate for re-election, but was beaten by eleven votes through the defection of a faction of the Republican party in Huntingdon county. "In his first speech in congress Mr. Morrell uttered the following noble plea for labor: 'The American workingman must live in a house, not a hut; he must wear decent clothes and eat wholesome and nourishing food. He is an integral part of the municipality, the state, and the nation; subject to no fetters of class or caste; neither pauper, nor peasant, nor serf, but a free American citizen. He has the ballot, and if it were possible it would be dangerous to degrade him. The country 436 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. stands pledged to give him education, political power, and a higher form of life than foreign nations accord their laborers, and he must be sustained by higher rates of wages than those of Europe. Our industries operated by American citizens must be freed from foreign interference, and organized into a distinct American system, which will exact some temporary sacrifices, but result in general prosperity and true national, independence. In maintaining diversified industries we utilize every talent, provide a field for every capacity, and bind together the whole people in mutual dependence and support, assuring the strength and security of our Republic.' No better definition of the Protective policy of this country was ever written. "Upon the organization of the first Congress to which Mr. Morrell was elected, the Fortieth, he was made Chairman of the Standing Committee on Manufactures and a member of the Standing Committee on Freedmen's Affairs. He retained his Chairmanship of the Committee on Manufactures during the Forty- first Congress, and was also a member of the Standing Committee of the Pacific Railroad and of the Select Committee on the Decline of American Commerce. The feature, however, of his Congressional career with which his name will longest be associated is his introduction on the 9th of March, 1870, of a bill to provide for the celebration at Philadelphia of the hundredth anniversary of American Independence. This bill became a law mainly through his persistent advocacy of its propriety and justice, and through the happy effect produced on Congress and the country by his admirably-conceived speech of the 14th of December, 1870, in favor of its passage. Upon the organization of the Centennial Commission, provided for in this act of Congress, the services of Mr. Morrell in securing its creation, and his superior business and executive qualifications, were recognized by his selection as Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Commission. "In January, 1878, Mr. Morrell was appointed a Commissioner to the Paris Exposition. On Tuesday evening, May 7, 1878, he was tendered a farewell dinner at the Continental Hotel in Philadelphia by leading citizens of the State, including Hon. J. F. Hartranft, Hon. William S. Stokley, Hon. Morton McMichael, Gen. Robert Patterson, Thomas A. Scott, Henry C. Carey, A. J. Drexel, A. E. Borie, and many others almost equally distinguished. Over one hundred gentlemen sat down to the dinner, which was tendered him 'as a complimentary testimonial on the eve of his departure to Europe as a Commissioner from the United States to the International Industrial Exposition at Paris, and in recognition of the services rendered by him to the Centennial Exhibition while he was a member of Congress, and afterwards while filling the arduous and responsible position of Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Centennial Commission during the whole period of its existence.' Gov- 437 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. ernor Hartranft presided at the dinner. On May 9, 1878, Mr. Morrell sailed for Europe, returning on the 14th of October, 1878. "On the 6th of March, 1879, Mr. Morrell was elected President of the American Iron and Steel Association. He resigned the office on December 15, 1884, his resignation being accepted and his successor chosen on January 6, 1885. His official retirement from the management of the Cambria Iron Works took place on January 15, 1884. "In 1845 Mr. Morrell married Susan L., daughter of Powell Stackhouse, a member of the Society of Friends. His wife and a daughter survive him. The latter is the wife of Mr. Philip E. Chapin, the General Manager of the Cambria Iron Works. He was never blessed with any other children. "The funeral, of Mr. Morrell took place on Monday, August 24th, and was attended by an immense concourse of his old neighbors and employes. Many friends from a distance were also present. He was buried at Johnstown, amid the scenes of his industrial triumphs and among a people who loved him and will miss him. Peace to his ashes!" George A. Bates, son-in-law of Mr. Morrell, was his assistant for a few years prior to his death, which occurred in September, 1877. When Mr. Morrell withdrew from the active management of the works, on January 15, 1884, Philip E. Chapin, also his son-in-law, succeeded him as general manager. THE CAMBRIA STEEL COMPANY. The capital, of the Cambria Iron Company at the time it leased its property to the Cambria Steel Company was $8,468,000, the par value of each share being fifty dollars. On November 14, 1898, the Cambria Steel Company was incorporated under the laws of Pennsylvania, with a capital of $16,000,000. Upon its organization it leased the property of the Cambria Iron Company, consisting of ore mines, coal lands and the works, for a term of 999 years, with a fixed guaranty of four per cent per annum on its capital stock. This organization continued for almost three years, when the increased business demanded more capital. On July 1, 1901, the Conemaugh Steel Company was chartered under the laws of this State, with a capital of $45,000,000. These two companies merged and formed the present Cambria Steel Company, which was incorporated at Harrisburg on August 14, 1901, with a capital of $50,000,000, of which $5,000,000 has not been issued. A cash payment, of 438 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. $22.50 was made on each share, the remainder being made up with the property of the company. We follow with a concise and complete directory of the organization of the Cambria Iron Company from its earliest, inception as a chartered company; the several periods of the different administrations, the officials, and the character and kind of departments of the entire works as it was on March 1, 1907: The distinct periods of the several administrations were: Cambria Iron Company, from September 13, 1852, to May 1, 1855; Wood, Morrell & Company, lessees, from May 1, 1855, to September 1, 1862; Cambria Iron Company, from September 1, 1862, to November 14, 1898; Cambria Steel Company and the [PHOTO] Cambria Steel Company. Bessemer Works and Rail Mill, 1906. Conemaugh Steel Company merged; Cambria Steel Company from August 14, 1901. The executive staff at Johnstown: Charles S. Price. General Manager. H. H. Weaver. Assistant to General Manager. H. C. Wolle. Mills Assistant to General Manager. Joseph Morgan. Consulting Engineer. J. H. Geer. Superintendent of Construction. John W. Gocher. Chief Engineer. John C. Ogden. Superintendent Mechanical Department. H. S. Endsley. Solicitor. John C. Davies. Assistant Solicitor. M. G. Moore. Mining Engineer. In charge of all mines, ovens and quarries. 439 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. F. E. Thompson. Superintendent Bessemer Department D. M. Stackhouse. Superintendent Franklin Open-Hearth Department. John I. Souther. Superintendent Blast Furnace Department. W. S. Weaver. Superintendent Steel Car & Structural Department. V. S. Doebler. Superintendent Transportation Department. George E. Thackray. Structural Engineer. R. V. Sage. Chief Draftsman and Steel Car Engineer. J. L. Replogle. Superintendent Order Department. William Kelley. Superintendent Lake Superior Ore Mines. Joseph Masters. Superintendent Lands and Dwellings. A. B. Cooper. Superintendent Teams and Farms. William E. McHenry. Auditor. CORPORATE OFFICIALS AND MANAGERS. Presidents: From To Daniel M. Wilson, Sept. 13, 1852 Jan. 31, 1853. Resigned. J. G. Miner, Jan. 31, 1853 Oct. 24, 1853. Resigned. Peter Shoenberger, Oct. 24, 1853 Jan. 25, 1854. Matthew Newkirk, Jan. 25, 1854 Jan. 22, 1862. Charles S. Wood, Jan. 22, 1862 May 27, 1873. Deceased. Edward Y. Townsend, Nov. 5, 1873 Nov. 5, 1891. Deceased. Powell Stackhouse, Jan. 19, 1892 Vice-Presidents: James Henderson, May 17, 1853 July 25, 1853. Resigned. J. G. Miner, Oct. 24, 1853 Feb. 4, 1854. J. P. Reznor, Feb. 4, 1854 Aug. 31, 1854. Resigned. George Trotter, Sept. 26, 1854 Jan. 15, 1856. David Reeves, Jan. 15, 1856 Jan. 18, 1859. Samuel J. Reeves, Jan. 18, 1859 Jan. 22, 1862. Edward Y. Townsend Jan. 22, 1862 Nov. 5, 1873. Chas. Stewart Wurts, Nov. 5, 1873 Jan. 16, 1883. Fowell Stackhouse, Jan. 24, 1884 Jan. 19, 1892. John W. Townsend, Jan. 19, 1892 Assistant to President: John W. Townsend, Feb. 21, 1882 Jan. 15, 1889. Second Vice-presidents: John W. Townsend Jan. 15, 1889 Jan. 19, 1892. John Lowber Welsh, Jan. 19, 1892 Jan. 17, 1899. Treasurers: S. Draper (pro tern), Oct. 23, 1852 Jan. 25, 1854. Henry M. Watts, Jan. 25, 1854 Feb. 3, 1855. John T. Kille, Feb. 3, 1855 Jan. 15, 1889. Resigned. William S. Robinson, Jan. 15, 1889 Apr. 15, 1903. Resigned. Alex P. Robinson, Apr. 15, 1903 Assistant Treasurers: Harvey Ellis, June 20, 1882 Nov. 1, 1893. Resigned. Alex P. Robinson, Jan. 16. 1894 Apr. 15, 1903. Resigned. Edward T. Stuart, Apr. 15, 1903 Assistant Treasurers at Works: Clifford J. Ellis, Jan. 21, 1890 June 17, 1890. Resigned. David J. Jones, June 17, 1890 Jan. 17, 1899. Secretaries: William A. Shepard (pro tem), Sept. 13, 1852 Oct. 23, 1852. 440 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. George W. Hodges, (pro tem), Oct. 23, 1852 Jan. 25, 1854. Henry M. Watts, Jan. 25, 1854 Feb. 3, 1855. John T. Kille, Feb. 3, 1855 Sept. 16, 1879. Resigned. William S. Robinson, Sept. 16, 1879 Apr. 15, 1903. Resigned. Alex P. Robinson, Apr. 15, 1903 Assistant Secretaries: Alex P. Robinson, Jan. 29, 1889 Apr. l5, 1903. Edward T. Stuart, Apr. 15, 1903 Mar. 16, 1904. D. Brewer Gehly, Mar. 15, 1904 General Superintendents: Jas. Henderson, May 1, 1853 July 25, 1853. Resigned. Peter Shoenberger, Nov. 17, 1853 Feb. 4, 1854. J. P. Reznor, Feb. 4, 1854 Aug. 31, 1854. Resigned. John Anderson, Nov. 29, 1854 Mar. 9, 1855. Resigned. James L. James, Mar. 9, 1855 Daniel J. Morrell, May 1, 1855 Jan. 20, 1874. General Managers: Daniel J. Morrell, Jan. 20, 1874 Jan. 15, 1884. Philip E. Chapin, Jan. 15, 1884 Dec. 31, 1887. Resigned. John Fulton, Jan. 1, 1888 Mar. 1. 1892. Resigned. Charles S. Price, Mar. 1, 1892 Jan. 17, 1899. General Agent: Charles S. Price, Jan. 17, 1899 Assistant Superintendent: Powell Stackhouse, Jan. 21, 1868 Jan. 21, 1879. Assistant General Manager: Powell Stackhouse, Jan. 21, 1879 Apr. 20, 1880. Comptroller: Powell Stackhouse, Apr. 20, 1880 Jan, 15, 1884. Agent: George S. King, Feb. 5, 1863 Feb. 4, 1854. Resigned. Solicitors: Cyrus Elder, Apr. 30, 1873 Jan. 15, 1901. H. S. Endsley, Jan. 15, 1901 Cyrus Elder was employed as associate counsel with James Potts and Abraham Kopelin about August, 1862, by Mr. Morrell. Thereafter he was the regular Solicitor of the Company and in '73 the position was made a corporate appointment. Col. John P. Linton was the local associate of Mr. Elder until his death.) Finance Committee: P. Shoenberger, } J. P. Reznor, } W. A. Shepard, } Nov. 17, 1853. J. G. King, } G. W. Hodges, } J. G. Miner, } Auditing Committee: Josiah M. Bacon, } Robert F. Kennedy. } Jan. 19, 1892 Jan. 16, 1900. R. Francis Wood, } Executive Committee: Daniel M. Wilson, } Edward F. Grant, } Oct. 23, 1852 Jan. 31, 1853. George S. King, } J. G. Miner, Jan. 31, 1853 May 17, 1853. Dispensed with. George S. King, Jan. 31, 1853 Jan. 24, 1854. George W. Hodges, Jan. 31, 1853 Jan. 24, 1854. William A. Shepard Feb. 5, 1853 Jan. 24, 1854. James Henderson, May 17, 1853 July 25, 1853. Resigned. (Last named committee not re-elected Jan. 24, 1854.) John Lowber Welsh, Chairman, Nov. 17, 1891 Jan. 21, 1902. Robert F. Kennedy Nov. 17, 1891 Feb. 22, 1901. Deceased. Josiah M. Bacon Nov. 17, 1891 Feb. 10, 1901. Deceased. Effingham B. Morris, Feb. 20, 1901 Jan, 21, 1905. (Vice J. M. Bacon, deceased.) Directors: Peter Shoenberger, Sept. 13, 1852 Jan. 24, 1854. Daniel M. Wilson, Sept. 13, 1852 Jan. 31, 1853. Resigned. 441 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. Samuel H. Jones, Sept. 13, 1852 Jan. 31, 1853. Resigned. John Hartshorn, Sept. 13, 1852 Apr. 16, 1853. Resigned. Edward F. Grant, Sept. 13, 1852 May 17, 1853. Resigned. George S. King, Sept. 13, 1852 Jan. 24, 1854. William A. Shepard, Sept. 13, 1852 Jan. 24, 1854. George W. Hodges, Jan. 31, 1853 May 3, 1854. Resigned. (Vice S. H. Jones.) J. G. Miner, Jan. 31, 1853 Jan. 24, 1854. (Vice D. M. Wilson.) James Henderson, Apr. 16, 1853 July 25, 1853. Resigned. (Vice J. Hartshorn.) Charles Illius, May 17, 1853 Oct. 13, 1853. Resigned. (Vice E. F. Grant.) J. P. Reznor, Oct. 13, 1853 Aug. 31, 1854. Resigned. (Vice Chas. Illius.) Richard D. Wood, Nov. 17, 1853 Jan. 17, 1865. Matthew Newkirk, Jan. 24, 1854 Jan. 21, 1862. David Reeves, Jan. 24, 1854 Jan. 18, 1859. George Trotter, Jan. 24, 1854 Jan. 15, 1856. John H. Shoenberger, Jan. 24, 1854 Jan. 16, 1855. G. Heeberton Newkirk, May 3, 1854 Jan. 16, 1855. (Vice G. W. Hodges.) Caleb Jones, Sept. 7, 1854 Jan. 16, 1855. (Vice J. P. Reznor.) Henry M. Watts, Jan. 16, 1855 Apr. 18, 1855. Resigned. John Brock, Jan. 16, 1855 Jan. 21, 1862. George H. Newkirk, Jan. 16, 1855 June 4, 1860. Resigned. Horatio C. Wood, Jan. 15, 1856 Jan. 21, 1862. Henry Musselman, Jan. 15, 1856 Jan. 21, 1862. Samuel J. Reeves, Jan. 18, 1859 Jan. 21, 1862. George R. Justice. June 4, 1860 Jan. 21, 1862. (Vice G. H. Newkirk.) Charles S. Wood, Jan. 21, 1862 May 27, 1873. Deceased. George Trotter, Jan. 21, 1862 Dec. 15, 1877. Deceased. John M. Kennedy, Jan. 21, 1862 Mar. 15, 1887. Resigned. Edward Y. Townsend, Jan. 21, 1862 Nov. 5, 1891. Deceased. Wyatt W. Miller, Jan. 21, 1862 Jan. 15, 1867. James Moore, Jan. 21, 1862 Jan. 15, 1867. George L. Oliver, Jan. 17, 1865 June 3, 1886. Deceased. Richard D. Wood, Jan. 15, 1867 Apr. 3, 1869. Deceased. Samuel J. Reeves, Jan. 15, 1867 Dec. 15, 1878. Deceased. Samuel Welsh, Apr. 9, 1869 Mar. 19, 1889. Resigned. (Vice R. D. Wood.) George R. Wood, July 18, 1873 Oct. 16, 1873. Resigned. (Vice C. S. Wood.) Daniel J. Morrell, Oct. 16, 1873 Jan. 24, 1884. Resigned. (Vice G. R. Wood.) Chas. Stewart Wurts, Jan. 20, 1874 Feb. 15, 1887. Resigned. Henry Lewis, Jan. 20, 1874 Nov. 16, 1886. Deceased. I. V. Williamson, Jan. 15, 1878 Mar. 19, 1889. Deceased. David Reeves, Jan. 21, 1879 James McMillen, Jan. 20, 1885 Nov. 3, 1896. Deceased. Josiah M. Bacon, Nov. 16, 1886 Feb. 10, 1901. Deceased. (Vice Geo. L.Oliver.) Henry Lewis, Nov. 16, 1886 Feb. 17, 1891. Resigned. (Vice H. Lewis.) R. Francis Wood, Feb. 15, 1887 (Vice C. S. Wurts.) Robert F. Kennedy, Mar. 15, 1887 Feb. 22, 1901. Deceased. (Vice J. M. Kennedy.) Powell Stackhouse, Mar. 19, 1889 (Vice I. V. Williamson.) A. J. Drexel, Jr., Mar. 19, 1889 Jan. 21, 1896. (Vice Sam'l Welsh.) John Lowber Welsh, Mar. 17, 1891 Sept. 21, 1904. Deceased. (Vice Henry Lewis.) John W. Townsend, Nov. 17, 1891 (Vice E. Y. Townsend.) Edw. T. Stotesbury, Jan. 21, 1896 Charles S. Price, Jan. 19, 1897 Effingham B. Morris, Feb. 20, 1901 (Vice J. M. Bacon.) George F. Baer, Mar. 20, 1901 (Vice R. F. Kennedy.) Edward L. Welsh, Sept.21, 1904 (J. L. Welsh.) Consulting Directors: D. J. Morrell, Jan. 24, 1884 James McMillen, Jan. 20, 1885 Nov. 3, 1896. Deceased ___________ Officers Prior to the Merging: President: John Lowber Welsh, Nov. 18, 1898 Nov. 18, 1898. Resigned. Powell Stackhouse, Nov. 18, 1898 Aug. 14, 1901. Vice-President: John W. Townsend, Nov. 18, 1898 Aug. 14, 1901. Second Vice-president: John Lowber Welsh, Nov. 18, 1898 Aug. 14, 1901. Treasurer: William S. Robinson, Nov. 18, 1898 Aug. 14, 1901. 442 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. Assistant Treasurer: Alex P. Robinson, Nov. 18, 1898 Aug. 14, 1901. Assistant Treasurer at Works: David J. Jones, Nov. 18, 1898 Aug. 14, 1901. Secretary: Robert F. Kennedy, Nov. 18, 1898 Resigned. William S. Robinson Nov. 18, 1898 Aug. 14, 1901. Assistant Secretary: Alex P. Robinson. Nov. 18, 1898 Aug. 14, 1901. General Manager: C. S. Price, Nov. 18, 1898 Aug. 14, 1901. Solicitor and General Agent: Cyrus Elder, Nov. 18, 1898 Jan. 15, 1901. Resigned. H. S. Endsley, Jan. 15, 1901 Aug. 14, 1901. Directors: Josiah M. Bacon, Nov. 18, 1898 Feb. 10, 1901. Deceased. David Reeves, Nov. 18, 1898 Aug. 14, 1901. Robert F. Kennedy, Nov. 18, 1898 Feb. 22, 1901. Deceased. Powell Stackhouse, Nov. 18, 1898 Aug. 14, 1901. R. Francis Wood, Nov. 18, 1898 Aug. 14, 1901. Charles S. Price, Nov. 18, 1898 Aug. 14, 1901. John Lowber Welsh, Nov. 18, 1898 Aug. 14, 1901. Edw. T. Stotesbury, Nov. 18, 1898 Aug. 14, 1901. John W. Townsend, Nov. 18, 1898 Aug. 14, 1901. Effingham B. Morris, Feb. 20, 1901 Aug. 14, 1901. (Vice J. M. Bacon.) George F. Baer, Mar. 20, 1901 Aug. 14, 1901. (Vice R. F. Kennedy.) Executive Committee: John Lowber Welsh, Nov. 18, 1898 Aug. 14, 1901. Josiah M. Bacon, Nov. 18, 1898 Feb. 10, 1901. Deceased. Robert F. Kennedy, Nov. 18, 1898 Feb. 22, 1901. Deceased. Effingham B. Morris, Feb. 20, 1901 Aug. 14, 1901. (Vice J. M. Bacon.) Auditing Committee: Josiah M. Bacon, Nov. 18, 1898 Feb. 10, 1901. Deceased. Robert F. Kennedy, Nov. 18, 1898 Feb. 20, 1901. R. Francis Wood, Nov. 18. 1898 Feb. 20, 1901. This committee was discontinued on Feb. 20, 1901. ____________ Officers After the Merging: President: Powell Stackhouse, Aug. 15, 1901 Vice President: John W. Townsend, Aug. 15, 1901 Apr. 16, 1907. Resigned. Charles S. Price, Apr. 16, 1907 Second Vice President: John Lowber Welsh, Aug. 15, 1901 Oct. 16, 1901. Resigned. Alex P. Robinson, Apl. 16, 1907 Treasurers: W. S. Robinson, Aug. 15, 1901 Mar. 11, 1903. Resigned. Alex P. Robinson, Mar. 17, 1903 Apl. 16, 1907. Resigned. Edward T. Stuart, Apl. 16, 1907 Asst. Treasurers: Alex P. Robinson, Aug. 15, 1901 Mar. 17, 1903. Edward T. Stuart, Mar. 17, 1903 Apr. 16, 1907. Resigned. L. T. Crouse, April 16, 1907 Asst. Treasurer at Works: D. J. Jones, Aug. 15, 1901 Secretaries: W. S. Robinson, Aug. 15, 1901 Mar. 1, 1904. Resigned. D. Brewer Gehly, Mar. 16, 1904 Asst. Secretary: Alex P. Robinson, Aug. 15, 1901 General Manager: Charles S. Price, Aug. 15, 1901 General Manager of Sales: Fred Krebs, Apl. 16, 1907 Solicitor and General Agent: H. S. Endsley, Aug. 15, 1901 443 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. Directors: Theodore N. Ely, Aug. 15, 1901 Effingham B. Morris, Aug. 15, 1901 Frank J. Firth, Aug. 15, 1901 Leonard C. Hanna, Aug. 15, 1901 John Lowber Welsh, Aug. 15, 1901 Oct. 16, 1901. Resigned. George Baer, Aug. 15, 1901 Edward T. Stotesbury, Aug. 15, 1901 John W. Townsend, Aug. 15, 1901 April 16, 1907. Resigned. Powell Stackhouse, Aug. 15, 1901 R. Francis Wood, Jan. 15. 1902 Charles S. Price, Apl. 16. 1907 Executive Committee: John Lowber Welsh, Aug. 15, 1901 Oct. 16, 1901. Resigned. Effingham B. Morris, Aug. 15, 1901 Theodore N. Ely, Sept.18, 1901 Frank J. Firth, Oct. 16, 1901 Leonard C. Hanna, Nov. 20, 1901 DIRECTORY OF THE WORKS, MARCH 1, 1907. Cambria Steel Company, P. 0. drawer 1573, Central Post Office, Philadelphia; general offices, Arcade Building, southeast cor- ner Fifteenth and Market streets, Philadelphia. Sales Offices: Arcade Building, Philadelphia; 71 Broadway, New York; Paddock Building, Boston; Ellicott Square, Buf- falo; 403 Center st., Baltimore; Park Building, Pittsburg; Cit- izens Building, Cleveland; Union Trust Building, Cincinnati; Century Building, Atlanta; Hennen Building, New Orleans; Western Union Building, Chicago; Chemical Building, St. Louis; 140 Kansas st., San Francisco; and 1501 Pacific ave;, Tacoma, Washington. Capital stock. $50,000,000; par value, $50 per share; issued and full paid, 900,000 shares, aggregating $45,000,000. The Cam- bria, Steel Company operates the following works, which were leased from the Cambria Iron Company in 1898: BLAST FURNACES--7 COMPLETED AND 1 BUILDING. Cambria Steel Company, Johnstown, Pa. Cambria Plant, six completed stacks at Johnstown; Franklin Plant, one com- pleted and one building stack at Franklin, a suburb of Johns- town. Cambria Plant: Six completed stacks: Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4 were built in 1853 and 1854; No. 1, 97 x 171/2., was rebuilt in 1883, 1895, 1899, and 1901; No. 2, 98 x 21, was rebuilt in 1883, 1891, 1896, and 1901; No. 3, 953/4 x 201/2, was rebuilt in 1886, 1894, and 1900; No. 4, 97 x 18, was rebuilt in 1886, 1892, and 1902; No. 5, 96 x 21, was built in 1873-6, blown in December 22, 1876, and rebuilt in 1890, 1896-7, and 1902; and No. 6, 87 x 22, was first blown in July 20, 1879, and rebuilt in 1893, 1896, 1900, and 1903; total annual capacity, 650,000 tons. The furnaces are equipped with twenty-four Cowper-Kennedy stoves and with 3 pig-iron casting machines.--All active in 1906. Franklin Plant: One completed stack and one stack building: Completed stack, known as No. 7, 85 x 22, built in 1903-6 and 444 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. blown in January 17, 1906; four Kennedy stoves, each 24 x 100; annual capacity, 150,000 tons. Equipped with 2 pig-iron casting machines. The stack will be known as No. 8 and will have an annual capacity of about 150,000 tons.--No. 7 active in, 1906.Fuel, Connellsville and Otto-Hoffmann coke; ores, Lake Super- ior hematite and native and foreign manganiferous; product. Bessemer and basic open-hearth pig iron and spiegeleisen and ferromanganese; total annual capacity of the completed fur- naces. 800,000 tons; of the building furnace, 150,000 tons; to- tal, 950,000 tons. Cambria Steel Company, Johnstown. Three plants: Cambria Plant at Johnstown, Gautier Plant at Johnstown, and Frank- lin Plant at Franklin, a suburb of Johnstown. Cambria Plant: Built as an iron rail mill in 1853; since greatly enlarged; first iron rail rolled July 27, 1854, and first steel rail rolled in 1871; now equipped with 7 Siemens ingot and 7 Sie- mens heating furnaces, 5 continuous furnaces, 19 reverbera- tory furnaces, and 11 trains of rolls (one 2-high 48-inch bloom- ing mill, one set; one 2-high 40-inch blooming mill, one set; one 3-high 30-inch billet, slab, and shape mill, four sets; one 3-high 28-inch rail mill; three 3-high 22-inch mills; one 2-high 22-inch mill; one 2-high 16-inch mill; one 3-high 13-inch mill; and one 3-high 9-inch mill.) Cambria Plant: Bessemer Steel Works; Completed in 1871; first blow made July 10, 1871; rebuilt and enlarged in 1889 and 1891 and remodeled in 1900; four 121/2-gross-ton converters; annual capacity, 700,000 tons of ingots. Cambria Plant: Open Hearth Plant No. 1; built originally in 1878-9; now contains two 20-gross-ton furnaces, (one acid and one basic,) one built in 1895 and one in 1896, and two 20-gross- ton basic Wellman furnaces built in 1897; annual capacity, 11,000 tons of acid ingots and 34,000 tons of basic ingots. Gautier Plant: Built in 1878; 4 continuous heating furnaces, (3 recuperative and one reverberatory,) 10 reverberatory fur- naces, 8 trains of hot rolls, (one 3-high 8-inch, one 3-high 9- inch, one 3-high 10-inch, one 3-high 12-inch, one 3-high 14-inch, one 2-high 20-inch, one 2-high 24-inch, and one 3-high 24-inch universal,) and one train of cold rolls. The universal mill was added in 1906 and can roll universal plates from 8 to 24 inches wide. By removing the vertical rolls plates 50 inches wide can be rolled. A cold-drawing plant, with full equipment of fur- naces, shears, hammers, and special machinery, is connected with the plant. Franklin Plant: Open Hearth Plant No. 2; built in 1900-1; fif- teen 50-gross-ton stationary furnaces (14 basic and one acid); first open hearth steel made April 20, 1901; one 2-high 40-inch blooming mill, one set, and one 2-high 34-inch slabbing mill, one set, added in 1901-2, and one 134-inch plate mill added in 445 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. 1902; annual capacity, 470,000 tons of basic and 30,000 tons of acid ingots. Products, steel T rails from 8 pounds to 100 pounds per yard, angles and plain splice bars, standard and special track bolts and nuts; also beams, girders, columns, roof trusses and other fitted structural work, including finished steel work for build- ing's; steel axles for passenger and freight cars, street and mine cars, tender trucks, engine trucks, etc.; crank pins and piston rods; machine bolts, nuts, rivets, and pipe or tank bands with rolled threads; car and other steel forgings of carbon steel or nickel steel; tire, toe-calk, carriage spring, and other bar steel; finger bars, knife backs, rake teeth, spring harrow teeth, and other agricultural steel and shape's; bar and slab plow steel, flat and finished plow shapes, etc.; rounds, squares, hexagons, flats, shafting, and other cold-rolled steel; steel discs with rolled bevel from 10 inches to 20 inches in diameter for harrows, drills, cultivators, etc., and steel discs with rolled bevel from 23 inches to 2814 inches in diameter for plows; pressed steel seats for agricultural implements; and all kinds of steel freight cars. Fuel used in all departments, coal and producer gas. Total annual capacity of the 3 rolling mills and steel works: 700,000 gross tons of Bessemer steel ingots, 545,000 tons of open-hearth steel ingots, 300,000 tons of steel rails, and 500,- 000 tons of structural shapes, universal and other plates, twisted and other bars for concrete work, plow steel, and steel for tire, spring, toe-calk, machinery, harrow discs, rake teeth, etc. CAB-AXLES AND OTHER FORGINGS. Cambria Plant: Car Axle Department. Product, forged open- hearth steel car and locomotive axles, crank pins, piston rods, and miscellaneous forgings toughened by the Coffin process or oil tempered and annealed; annual capacity, about 30,000 tons. STEEL CARBUILDING AND BOLT, NUT AND RIVET WORKS. Franklin Plant: Steel Carbuilding Department. Product, gon- dola, hopper gondola, hopper, flat and other steel freight cars; also composite cars with steel underframes; annual capacity, 9,000 cars. All cars are built, of rolled shapes. This depart- ment is equipped with a 1,000-ton hydraulic press, with all the latest improvements. The entire product of the press is used by the car shops of the company. Franklin Plant: Bolt, Nut and Rivet Department. Product, iron and steel bolts, nuts and rivets; annual capacity 9,000 tons. COLD-ROLLED AND COLD-DRAWN SHAFTING. Gautier Plant: Cold Rolling and Cold Drawing Departments. Product, cold-rolled, drawn and turned steel shafting, piston rods and car axles; cold-rolled and drawn screw rods, hexa- 446 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. gone, key steel, flats and squares; also finger bars, knife backs, angles, zees, tees and other special shapes. Sizes: rounds, 3/16 of an inch to 7 inches: squares, 3/8 of an inch to 3 inches; flats, all sizes of merchant bars; and hexagons, 1/4 of an inch to 2 inches. Annual capacity, 18,000 tons. Does not cold- roll or cold-draw iron shapes. COAL LANDS, COKE OVENS, IRON-ORE MINES, ETC. The Cambria Steel Company operates extensive coal mines in Cambria county; also 260 Otto-Hoffmann coke ovens at its Franklin Plant. In addition it is building 112 new Otto- Hoffmann coke ovens at its Franklin Plant, which will be completed and ready for operations in 1907. It also owns all the stock of the Penn Iron Mining Company, operating iron-ore mines in the Menominee Range in Michi- gan; over 99 per cent of the stock of the Republic Iron Com- pany, which operates the Republic mine, at Republic, Michi- gan; and one-half the stock of the Mahoning Ore and Steel Company, which operates the Mahoning mine in the Mesabi Range in Minnesota. It also owns a controlling interest in the Juniata Limestone Company, Limited, which operates limestone quarries at Car- lin, Blair county, Pa., and owns and operates the Naginey limestone quarries in Mifflin county, Pa. The company has over eighteen thousand employes, of whom 16,500 are in Johnstown, one thousand in the ore fields in Michigan and Minnesota, and five hundred at the coke ovens and limestone quarries. There are several who have been in the service for more than fifty years. The oldest employe is Joseph Masters, who began in August, 1852, under Shoenberger and King. Evan G. Lewis, Isaac Jones, Peter Beemish, Irwin Horrell, John Herdman and Thomas Potts entered the service in 1853; George Banfield, John D. Murphy, Michael Ryan, Henry Brown, Henry Block and John Colbert in 1854; Daniel Beemish, Casper Hertzberger, William Hoover, Isaac Berringer and Thomas Leadbeater in 1855; Powell Stackhouse and John Leadbeater in 1856; James H. Geer, Fidell Knobelspeice, John Stork, and John James in 1857; James White, Bernard C. Riley, John H. Hamilton, William Tremellon, Patrick Fardy, Manges Hipp and John W. Price in 1858. During the year 1906 the works consumed about 1,600,000 tons of coal, and 1,237,724 tons of ore, and used a daily average of 71,000,000 gallons of water. Its net profit was $4,964,003.15. The average price for charcoal pig metal between 1840 and 1849 inclusive, was $29.22 per ton of 2,240 pounds. The 447 HISTORY OF CAMBRIA COUNTY. highest, was in 1840 at $32.75. It. was not made for general use after '49. Foundry pig metal was on the market in 1850 for the first time at $20.88. The average price for that decade was $26.47. Its highest value was in 1854 at $36.88. From 1860 to 1870 it was $37.83; its highest was in 1864, when it sold at $59.25. In 1880 it was $28.50; in 1890, $18.40; in 1900, it was $19.98, and in March, 1907, $26. Iron rails were first on the market in 1847 at $69.00; in 1848, $62.25. and in 1849 at $53.38. In the decade beginning 1850 the average was $59.01, the highest being in 1854, at $80.13. The next decade was $75.96, with the highest, price in 1864, at $126.00. In 1870 it was $72.25; in 1880, $49.25; and in 1882, $45.50. This is the last year iron rails are quoted, those of steel having taken their place. Steel rails were sold in 1867 at $166; in 1868 at $158.50, and 1869 at $132.25. In 1870 they were $106.75; in 1875 sold at $68.75; in 1880, at $67.50; in 1882, the year they supplanted iron, at $48.50; in 1885 at $28.50; in 1890 at $31.75; in 1895 at $24.33; in 1900 at $32.29; in March, 1907, at $28.