Military: Civil War: Part II: History of the FIRST REGIMENT PENNSYLVANIA RESERVE CAVALRY. Contributed for use in the USGenWeb archives by Judy Banja jbanja@email.msn.com USGENWEB NOTICE: Printing this file within by non-commercial individuals and libraries is encouraged, as long as all notices and submitter information are included. Any other use, including copying files to other sites, requires permission from the submitters PRIOR to uploading to any other sites. We encourage links to the state and county table of contents. ____________________________________________________________ HISTORY OF THE First Reg't Pennsylvania Reserve Cavalry, FROM ITS ORGANIZATION, AUGUST, 1861, TO SEPTEMBER, 1861, WITH LIST OF NAMES OF ALL OFFICERS AND ENLISTED MEN WHO HAVE EVER BELONGED TO THE REGIMENT, AND REMARKS ATTACHED TO EACH NAME, NOTING CHANGE, &c. COLONELS: GENERAL GEORGE D. BAYARD, From August, 1861, to May, 1862. HON. OWEN JONES, From May, 1862, to January, 1863. COL. JOHN P. TAYLOR, Since January, 1863 PHILADELPHIA: KING & BAIRD, PRINTERS, No. 607 SANSOM STREET. 1864. [74] HISTORY OF THE FIRST REGIMENT But as often as he rallied and made a stand, the First Pennsylvania Reserve Cavalry charged his defences, carrying them by storm, and forcing him back to new positions. Following this action, the regiment was engaged in skirmishing every day until the enemy was driven beyond the Rapidann, on the 17th; and then, after a respite of twelve hours, was again on the skirmish line along the river, where it remained for twenty-four consecutive hours, all the time exposed to a harassing fire from the enemy's sharpshooters in rifle-pits on the opposite bank. Returned to Culpepper on the 18th. Again at the Rapidann on the 22d, on picket duty. Relieved on the evening of the 24th, and reached Culpepper on the 25th. On the morning of the 26th again on the march, northward, crossing the Rappahannock about noon, we reached Catletts at night, and went into camp. Continuing here, guarding the railroad and scouting the country for some miles west of it until October, when we again moved to the Rapabannock and picketed its north bank in the vicinity of United States ford. Crossing at Kelly's ford on the 11th, and encamped at Rappahannock Station. Re-crossed the river and moved to Fayetteville on the morning of the 13th, and in the evening to Auburn. BATTLE OF AUBURN. Here our pickets were attacked early in the morning of the 14th by the enemy in force. Heavy fighting commenced immediately, and although the enemy [75] PENNSYLVANIA RESERVE CAVALRY. pushed with great vigor to break our lines, and reach the wagon trains in our rear; we held him at bay until they passed out of danger. Our regiment being in the extreme rear at this place, we only escaped being entirely surrounded and cut to pieces by a heavy infantry force, which opened fire on both of our flanks simultaneously, and commenced rapidly closing in on all sides of us, by the heroic bravery and cool, determined action of the regiment. When it emerged from the fiery circle, the converging columns of the enemy were scarcely a hundred yards from its flanks, at the point of egress; and although raked from the rear by grape and canister, and saluted on both sides by volleys of musketry, the regiment marched quietly out in "column of fours," as calmly as if passing in review, not a horse moving faster than a walk, nor a man leaving his place, and except those struck down by the hail of death which swept over them from all sides, not a gap was seen in the ranks. A sublime spectacle it was, indeed, and as soon as the regiment had cleared itself from the encompassing dangers, Captain H. C. Weir, A. A. G. of the division, the whole of which had witnessed the thrilling scene, rode forward from the side of General Gregg, and proposed three cheers for the First Pennsylvania Reserve Cavalry. They were given on the spot, and with a will too, that showed no spark of jealousy, but how keenly a soldier appreciated his comrades' bravery, and with an energy that rung as shouts of defiance in the ears of the baffled foe. After the action of the morning, the regiment continued skirmishing, as our army slowly fell back, and [76] HISTORY OF THE FIRST REGIMENT was again hotly engaged in the evening at Bristow Station. Thursday, the 15th, continued skirmishing all day, and until we reached Bull Run. On the 16th, still engaged in skirmishing, crossed and re-crossed Bull Run five times during the day. At Wolf Run shoals, the regiment being relieved for a few hours, the horses were unsaddled, and the men betaking themselves to cooking, washing and the various other little occupations which demand a soldier's attention during the occasional short respites from duty, and brief halts on the march of such vigorous campaigns as this, and soon became dispersed in the neighborhood of the camp. But they were not permitted to enjoy this pleasure long. A party of rebel cavalry, which had been lurking in our rear and remained concealed in the woods, awaiting this moment when we were least prepared for an attack, came sweeping around a point of woods a few hundred yards from camp; but the alarm being immediately given, the bugle sounded "to arms," and in a moment all in camp had snatched up their arms, and were ready to receive the audacious intruders, who not fancying the greeting a hundred carbines were waiting to give them, wheeled their horses before coming in range, and made off again without accomplishing any thing further than giving some of the men a sharp chase to camp, and causing the regiment to "saddle up," without giving it an opportunity to pay them for their trouble. Picketing along Bull Run, and scouting the country beyond, until the 21st, when the regiment moved to Gainesville, and the [77] PENNSYLVANIA RESERVE CAVALRY. next day through Warrenton, to the vicinity of Sulphur Springs, where we established camp. Engaged in picketing here until the 6th of November, on the evening of which we marched for Rappahannock Station, and reaching Bealton next morning, halted until afternoon, then moved toward the river and encamped. Moved to Fayetteville on the 9th and established picket line in direction of Warrenton and Sulphur Springs, and remained until the advance over the Rapidann. On the night of the 17th, Moseby, with one hundred guerrillas, charged the picket reserve of the first battalion, commanded by Captain Davidson, killing one man, wounding one, and capturing three with some horses; but was so roughly handled, that he soon made off with several of his number wounded. The attack was made by about fifty, in charge of Lieutenant Turner, dashing on Captain Davidson's head-quarters, and F Company, from the rear; while Moseby, with as many more, engaged the pickets in front. But the reserve, though dashed on without a moment's previous notice, while lying around their fires, were not to be overcome so easily as the enemy doubtlessly supposed. Seizing their carbines and pistols, and rallying in rear of their camp, immediately opened a fire, which joined by one or two volleys from Captain McNitt's squadron, Companies A and C, which encamped near by, was soon on the ground, sent the modern "Knight-errantry" scampering over the hills in undiscriminate confusion. On the afternoon of the 21st, Moseby again paying us a visit, waylaid some teams near Fayetteville, and carried off a number of mules. Our regiment being [78] HISTORY OF THE FIRST REGIMENT ordered in pursuit, struck his trail about a mile east of Warrenton, and pushed forward at a gallop, to overtake him if possible, before reaching the mountains. Following him in this manner, scarcely half an hour in his rear, to Thoroughfare Gap, the night came on, and no longer able to trace his course, we were compelled to abandon the pursuit. We, however, captured one of his party and several horses which lagged behind, and in a house near the gap found the equipments, arms, and overcoats of three others who had left so hastily as not to be able to take them along; arrived at camp at two, A.M.; having ridden a distance of thirty miles through a drenching storm of rain. ADVANCE OVER THE RAPIDANN RIVER. On the morning of the 23d, our line of pickets was withdrawn, camp broken up, and by four, P.M., we were on the road with the brigade, moving toward Rappahannock Station, reaching Bealton at ten at night, we bivouacked a short distance beyond the railroad. Marching the next morning we joined the Second Brigade at Morrisville, where we halted to be supplied with rations and forage. Next morning, the 24th, our brigade following the second, the whole division moved toward the Rappahannock, which we crossed about noon, at Ellis' Ford, and halted some four miles beyond, picketing toward the Rapidann. Here, a rain storm setting in, we remained the next day and the day following, delayed, as we supposed, by the inclement weather. Resumed the march on the 26th, the Second Bri- [79] PENNSYLVANIA RESERVE CAVALRY. gade still leading the advance, we pushed forward toward the Rapidann. Meeting but little opposition, crossed the river at Ely's Ford, and moved forward toward the Frederickburg and Germania pike; halted until night, then continuing the march eastward in the direction of Spottsylvania Court House, crossed the Fredericksburg and Culpepper and the Fredericksburg and Orange Court House plank roads, advanced some ten miles further, and halted at eleven P.M. BATTLE OF NEW HOPE CHURCH. In the saddle again at daylight, the First Brigade leading the advance, we struck the Fredericksburg and Orange Court House plank road again at Parker's store, a point about fourteen miles from the latter place. Here we were joined by the Pennsylvania Reserves, the advance of the Fifth Corps, and the whole column moved forward toward Orange Court House. Some four miles on, the enemy's advance was met, which our skirmishers pushed slowly back to New Hope Church; about two miles, when they were next met by his main body, consisting of infantry; cavalry and artillery, the advance of Ewell's Corps. Our regiment being ordered to the front immediately after the commencement of the action, moved forward with the view of charging on horseback, but after remaining in position a short time, awaiting to meet a dash, threatened by the enemy on our skirmishers, dismounted, as the dense woods which covered the country prevented any efficient operations on horseback, and prepared to fight on foot. As soon as the order to advance was given, the [80] HISTORY OF THE FIRST REGIMENT whole line, with a shout, dashed forward, broke the enemy's lines and sweeping around on the flank, captured twenty-eight of his infantry with muskets and bayonets in hand, while our only arm was the carbine and pistol. We then established a line and held it against every effort of the enemy to break it, for two hours, and until relieved by the Pennsylvania Reserve Infantry. This was the second time, at Fredericksburg and here, that the regiment was relieved when the press of battle became too heavy for its light lines, by this famed group of regiments, whose brilliant achievements have carved for them a name so high on the scroll of honor, - the family of the Pennsylvania Reserves, in which we claim a sister part. Additional Particulars. - Our line was formed, the right consisting of Companies K, Lieutenant Kennedy, and Company L, Lieutenant Buxton, resting on the plank road; the centre, Company G, and part of H Company, Captain Confer and Lieutenant Reed, and the left, E, Captain Newman and Lieutenants Akers and Herrick; D, Lieutenants Holbrook and Walker, and M, Lieutenant Wright, extending to the railroad. Squadron B and I, Captains Litzenberg and McGregor and Lieutenant Lawsha remaining mounted, were employed as skirmishers on the extreme right, and the portion of Company H not supplied with carbines, left in charge of led horses. After the regiment had been dismounted and thus formed, the order to deploy as skirmishers was given, and although on the open ground and under heavy fire, the movement, "left into single rank" was exe- [81] PENNSYLVANIA RESERVE CAVALRY. cuted as calmly and correctly as on the parade ground. Then in steady, regular line, the advance commenced toward the wood by which the rebel line was covered, but scarcely had ten paces been made, when the enemy, rising from their concealment, with a hideous discord of sickly, screeching yells, so peculiar to them, poured a volley into our line. Without a recoil, or even a halt at this sudden and unexpected attack, the regiment no sooner caught sight of the enemy than some one in the line shouted, "charge," and with one full determined cheer, forward it dashed over ditches, stumps and brush, and through the enemy's first line, completely breaking his formation, capturing the men or compelling them to fling away their arms in the attempts to escape, and forcing the whole line back, fully three hundred yards, and until checked by his reserve infantry. At the same time that the First Pennsylvania Reserve Cavalry started forward on the charge, the First New Jersey Cavalry, (that first of Cavalry regiments,) joining lines, immediately on its right, and fighting side by side, as on many a field before, catching up the shout that rung from our ranks, at once joined in the advance, and on swept the twin regiments, each vieing with the other in deeds of daring, and yet each generously awarding to the other the meed of praise. At dark the regiment was ordered back to Parker's store, and passed a rainy night in a low, marshy wood, and the next day moved some three miles west to the Wilderness tavern, on the Fredericksburg and Culpepper pike to picket. On the afternoon of the 29th, the camps of the Third Pennsylvania and [82] HISTORY OF THE FIRST REGIMENT First Massachusetts Cavalry were attacked by Rampton's Division, and a portion of the Third Pennsylvania forced back to our line. We immediately formed line along the plank road, and awaited the enemy's coming, but he drew off without any further demonstration. On the 30th we again marched back to Parker's store, where another dash of the enemy brought us again into battle line, but it proved to be only a scouting party, and we were soon withdrawn and went to making ourselves comfortable around large fires, as the weather was extremely cold. The evening of the 1st of December again found us at the Wilderness tavern, where we stood to horse all night, awaiting the army, which was now falling back to pass. The last of the infantry having gone by, our regiment being the rear guard, we commenced at nine, A. M., of the 2d, slowly withdrawing, hurrying up the stragglers before us, and skirmishing with the enemy, who was hovering on our rear. In this manner we reached the river at noon, crossed and rested in the woods on the west side. Picketing along the Rapidann until the 6th, and moved to Brandy Station. Remained here until the 10th and then marched for Warrenton. Arrived on the 12th and went into winter quarters, encamping just east of the town, in a beautiful and healthful situation, and by the 20th had excellent winter quarters completed. On the 22d the regiment, under command of Captain Davidson, Colonel Taylor being at the time in [83] PENNSYLVANIA RESERVE CAVALRY. command of the division, and Lieutenant-Colonel Gardner in command of the brigade, marched with the Sixth Ohio Cavalry to Amisville, to join a portion of the second brigade in a scout to Luray valley; but not reaching that place until some hours after the second brigade had passed by, the detachment, in pursuance of instructions, returned to camp. On the night of the 25th, Captain Newman, with one hundred men, in conjunction with a similar detachment from the First New Jersey, made a scout to Salem; the party capturing two guerrillas. January the 1st, 1864, the regiment marched with the division in a reconnoissance to the Shenandoah valley, but on arriving at Front Royal, on the evening of the 2d, found the Shenandoah river too high from recent rains to ford, and were unable to proceed further. Bivouacking on the bank of the river for the night, next morning commenced return to camp, reaching it on the afternoon of the 4th. During the four days out, the weather was very severe, and the command suffered much from cold and exposure. Scout on the 8th to Salem. February the 17th, a detachment of one hundred men, Captain McGregor, Lieutenant Kennedy and Lieutenant Kelly, from the regiment, with an equal number from the First New Jersey, and smaller detachments from the First Massachusetts and Third Pennsylvania Cavalry, started under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Kester, (First New Jersey Cavaly,) on a scout to Ashby's Gap, in the vicinity of which they surprised and captured twenty-eight of Moseby's guerrillas, with a number of horses, arms, [84] HISTORY OF THE FIRST REGIMENT and equipments, and destroyed a considerable quantity of stores. The following is an account of the affair, furnished by Captain T. C. McGregor: "At midnight of the 17th we started from the rear of Warrenton, where the detachment had assembled. The night was exceedingly cold, yet by daylight we were thirty miles on our way, and had already begun to bag our prisoners. About ten, A.M., of the 18th inst., Moseby's whole crew rallied and made a desperate attack, evidently for the purpose of recapturing the prisoners. A part of the First Pennsylvania Reserve Cavalry turned upon them, and never did they get so complete a whipping in so short a time as on that frosty morning, near Ashby's Gap. Had it not been that our horses were jaded while their's were fresh, we would have added largely to our number of prisoners. After destroying their head-quarters, hospital stores, a large quantity of whiskey and commissary stores, and capturing a quantity of clothing and a mail, we started on our return, bringing off twenty-eight prisoners and over sixty horses. Once more they attempted the rescue of their comrades at Upperville, but the First New Jersey Cavalry taught them another severe lesson. In this affair, Captain Hart, of the First New Jersey, was slightly wounded, and this was the only casualty on our side. We reached camp the same night, after having marched about sixty-five miles in less than twenty-four hours. Such is cavalry service in winter." Marched February the 27th, seven officers and two [85] PENNSYLVANIA RESERVE CAVALRY. hundred men from the regiment, under command of Captain Davidson, with other detachments from the division, joined General Custar in a raid to Charlotteville, on the left and rear of Lee's army. Were absent five days and marched a distance of one hundred and seventy-eight miles. March the 7th, scout of fifty men, under command of Captain McGregor, sent to New Baltimore. The 8th, another scout of fifty men to Sulphur Springs and Waterloo, under charge of Lieutenant Holbrook. At eleven, P.M., the 9th, one hundred men, Captain Litzenberg, Lieutenants Forsyth and Buxton, with one hundred men from the First New Jersey, made a scout to Salem. 19th. Captain McNitt and Lieutenant Lucas, with one hundred men, made a scout to Salem, charged a party of the enemy, driving them from the town, and capturing one of their number. 21st. Captain Confer, with seventy men, made a scout to Sulphur Springs; another next day, by Captain Litzenberg, Lieutenants Herrick and Buxton, with one hundred men. To sum up, in brief, the duties of the regiment have, during the present winter thus far, been the most constant, exhausting service it has ever performed. An extensive and exposed line to guard by vigilant picketing, constant annoyance from bands of guerrillas, with numerous and fatiguing scouts, have kept the men almost constantly on duty. Of scarcely four hundred men present for duty with the regiment, it has furnished a daily aggregate [86] HISTORY OF THE FIRST REGIMENT of ninety-five men for picket duty, with nearly an equal number for scouts, guards, and other details. This severe service, with the exposure incident to a cavalryman's duties in winter, has told heavily in reducing the effective strength of the regiment. But spring is here again. Another winter's storms have been met and borne on the tented field, and the vernal winds with the strengthening beams of an April sun are rapidly preparing the roads for travel. For weeks the work of preparation has been hurrying on to reach its present consummation. Worn out and condemned horses, arms and accoutrements have been supplied by new ones; daily inspections and reviews have detected and sought to correct or rememedy every evil and deficiency in the ranks; all visitors to the army have been sent home, none but soldiers are wanted here now; the haversack is packed, the cartridge-box refilled, the sabre, the musket and the cannon cleansed and burnished, and we stand ready for the field. Day by day we await the notes of bugle from Division Head-quarters, sounding the "general," and at the same time announcing the opening of the spring campaign of the Army of the Potomac for 1864. The ranks that were thinned by disease and battle during the last year, have been more than filled by recruits. Another directing spirit has been assigned the control of our giant war machine, the laurelled Chieftain of the West, and the army will go forth as buoyant with hope, as determined in resolve, and stronger in numbers, more efficient in discipline, and schooled by experience and hardship - in nerve and [87] PENNSYLVANIA RESERVE CAVALRY. sinew more potent in its operations, and more reliable in its endurance than ever before. Here we pause in this imperfect summary of the operations of the regiment for thirty-two months of its life. Four more months still remain, and it will have fulfilled the period of its organization. What events remain to be chronicled in this brief, but doubtlessly active period, before its history closes, or the old organization merges into a new one, stamped with the honored name of Veterans, are yet hidden in the future. THE CAVALRY, ITS ARMS, ETC. During the first fifteen months of the war, much of the cavalry being scattered through the army, attached to divisions and corps, and employed as escorts, guard and advance pickets, &c., and little of it being so organized as to be prepared to act independently, (though its duties were as severe as they have ever been since,) its opertions were so diffused as to afford it little opportunity of showing what might be done if its services were properly applied. And as a natural consequence, it began to be looked upon as an almost useless appendage to the army. But the collecting and organizing of the cavalry of this army, at least, during the winter and spring of 1863, into brigades, divisions, and a separate corps, with horse artillery attached, have enabled it, by the services of the past year, to earn for itself an honorable position beside the other arms of the service, and to establish a rank in efficiency and in importance second to none in the army. Though the [88] HISTORY OF THE FIRST REGIMENT peculiarities of the country in which we operate have compelled the change of our light armed troops to dragoons or heavy cavalry; yet, wherever they have been privileged to meet the enemy as cavalry proper, in the charge and with the sabre, they have shown themselves superior to him in every respect, as Brandy Station, Aldie, Gettysburg, and various other fields will attest. The experience, however, of the last campaigns have clearly established the supremacy of the carbine as the cavalryman's most effective weapon - compelled, as he is, in this country of forests, thickets, fences, ditches and stone walls, to fight, much of the time, on foot - the pistol being seldom used, and generally only in close contest, when the sabre or carbine are lost or fail; and it is scarcely decided whether its effectiveness overbalances its cost to the Government and the inconvenience of carrying it. CAMPAIGNING OF 1864 AGAINST RICHMOND. Services of the regiment during the last five months of its term, viz.: April, May, June, July and August, 1864. The month of April, up to the 21st, was chiefly spent in drilling, reviews, &c. Early this morning, however, the long expected order to break camp was received, and soon all were engaged in the hurry and bustle of preparation. By eleven, A.M., our winter habitations had disappeared, and in an hour more the division was on its way toward Warrenton Junction. Halting three miles from the Junction, we found fine camping-ground, and the division was soon disposed [89] PENNSYLVANIA RESERVE CAVALRY. along Turkey Run, a small stream which afforded facilities for watering. Here we remained until the 24th, when the regiment was detailed for picket duty, and marched at 5 A.M. for Morrisville, eighteen miles southeast, and near the Rappahannock river. Establishing a picket headquarters at this place, and connecting with the Tenth New York Cavalry at Grove Church, four miles further down the river, and picketing the various roads leading to the river, and also back into the country, we remained until the advance across the Rapidann. While engaged in this duty, the command was greatly annoyed by guerrillas and dismounted cavalrymen, who crossed the river for the purpose of procuring horses, and concealing themselves in the woods and thickets, watched their opportunity to fall on and capture pickets and small scouting parties. On the night of the 28th, Major R. J. Falls, with seventy-five men, made a scout to Falmouth, twenty-five miles distant; and on the 2d of May, Captain Davidson, with one hundred men, paid that place another visit; but neither party found any force of the enemy this side of the river, and consequently met with no incident worthy of note. May 3d, withdrew our pickets at eight A. M. Crossed the Rappahannock at Kelly's Ford, and rejoined the division at Richardsville, near the Rapidann. In the saddle again at one o'clock next morning, moved slowly forward toward the Rapidann, which we reached at four, and crossing at Ely's Ford, halted until after daylight. Contrary to expectation we met but a small force of the enemy here, merely a [90] HISTORY OF THE FIRST REGIMENT picket-guard, which was scattered by a few shots, and our crossing left unopposed. Resuming our march at sunrise, we halted for an hour or two at Chancellorsville, and then pushed forward some six miles, and encamped for the night near Pine Creek Church. The Second Brigade, which led the advance from Chancellorsville had some slight skirmishing toward evening. FIGHT AT TODD'S TAVERN. Next morning, the 5th, moved slowly forward toward Spottsylvania Court House, forming repeatedly and feeling for the enemy. At two P.M., we received orders to move rapidly forward and take possession of Todd's tavern, some three miles in advance of our present position. Arriving at that point we found a brigade of our infantry in battle line, and the Third Cavalry Division, commanded by General Wilson, moving back in haste and confusion, hotly pushed by the enemy. Our brigade was immediately thrown forward to cover the rear of the Third Division, and meeting the enemy in a charge, at once became sharply engaged, but soon succeeded in checking his lines, and hurrying him back faster than he had advanced. Following him up with charge after charge, and though obstinately contesting the ground he was at length compelled to fall back across the Po river, some three miles distant. In this engagement, Colonel Taylor, with seven companies, acted in conjunction with the brigade, while Lieutenant-Colonel Gardner, who, just previous to the opening of the action had been sent with the [91] PENNSYLVANIA RESERVE CAVALRY. other five companies down the Spottsylvania Court House road, with instructions to push forward to that place. This, however, he soon found himself unable to do, as he was met by a heavy force of the enemy, when scarcely two miles out, and his own party with a battalion of the First Massachusetts Cavalry sent to his support heavily pressed for some two hours, and until relieved by the Second Brigade. At dark the regiment was placed on the skirmish line, where it remained until four, P.M., next day, being engaged in occasional skirmishing during the whole time. Retired some three miles on the evening of the 6th, and at noon of the 7th again moved forward to our former position at Todd's tavern. SECOND FIGHT AT TODD'S TAVERN. The First Division being in order of battle, immediately commenced the attack, and our brigade moving forward, took position on its left. Shortly after arriving on the ground, the regiment was ordered out to meet an advance the enemy were making on our extreme left. Dismounting two battalions, and joining the Sixth Ohio, which connected with the left of the First Division, we pushed forward on the Spottsylvania Court House road. A charge was immediately commenced along our whole line of battle, and the enemy, although stubbornly resisting the movement for a time, was at length compelled to give way, retiring in such haste as to leave all his dead and wounded on the field, and a number of prisoners in our hands. Encamped on the battle-field at night. [92] HISTORY OF THE FIRST REGIMENT Next day, the 8th, recrossed Pine creek, and at night moved back to the Fredericksburg plank road, where the Cavalry Corps was concentrating. The regiment on picket in the direction of Chancellorsville. THE RICHMOND RAID May the 9th, marched with the Cavalry Corps on a grand raid, in the direction of Richmond. Crossed, during the day's march, the Massaponax, Ny, Po and Ta rivers. FIGHT AT CHILDSBURG. When about ten miles out, the First Division, which led the advance, met a party of the enemy, who continued harassing our advance and right flank during the entire day, growing more bold and persistent as evening came on. About five, P.M., the rear, which was guarded by our brigade, became heavily pressed, and a charge on the Sixth Ohio, which constituted the extreme rear guard, forced them back on our regiment, which formed its support. Some little confusion was at first occasioned by the sudden attack, but our line was soon formed, and a sharp fight commenced, which lasted until dark, when we withdrew our skirmishers and continued the march. Halted at midnight on the north bank of the North Anna; and brought into the saddle again at three o'clock in the morning, by a shower of the enemy's shells. Crossing the North Anna at daylight, marched to Beaverdam Station, which the First Division had destroyed, and crossing South Anna river at Ground Squirrel [93] PENNSYLVANIA RESERVE CAVALRY. Bridge, about four, P.M., encamped a few miles beyond. Heavy skirmishing in front and on the right flank during the day. Wednesday, 11th, fighting, but moving steadily forward. Our brigade detached and sent to Ashland, some eight miles distant, destroyed the station, and after a severe skirmish, in which the First Massachusetts Cavalry lost heavily, rejoined the division at one P.M. The First Division and Second Brigade of our Division were heavily engaged at Hungary Station and Yellow Tavern during the entire afternoon, but handsomely repulsed the enemy at every point. General Custer's Brigade capturing two pieces of artillery and a number of prisoners. Our brigade, being held in reserve, was not engaged. BATTLE OF MEADOW BRIDGE, OR RICHMOND HEIGHTS. Marching all night, passing down the Brock road to within two and a half miles of Richmond, and daylight of the 12th found us, with the First Division, crossing the Chickahominy river, at Meadow Bridge, the Third Division following next in order, and our division drawn up between Richmond and the river to guard the crossing. The First Division became hotly engaged as soon as it reached the north side of the Chickahominy, and the Second, our Division, was assailed on three sides as soon as it was sufficiently light to make the attack. Every effort was made by the enemy to break the lines of our division and push us back into the river and swamp. But as often as he came up, he was driven back with heavy loss. The fighting continued thus, the enemy [94] HISTORY OF THE FIRST REGIMENT charging, time after time, only to be hurled back, until about eleven A.M., when, apparently completely disheartened by his repeated repulses, he withdrew, and we quietly crossed over the bridge, reaching the north side of the Chickahominy about three P.M. Continuing the march, the corps passed through Mechanicsville, and encamped beyond Gaines' Mills. Friday 13th, marched ten miles and encamped at Bottoms Bridge. Crossed Bottoms Bridge on the 14th, and reached James river at Haxall's Landing. Our regiment, having the advance of the corps, was sent forward to open communication with the gunboats. Mistaking us for rebel pickets, they opened on us, and gave us several shells before we could make ourselves known, but fortunately the shells did us no harm. Remained here during the 15th, 16th and 17th, but moved out at seven P.M. of the 17th, and marched all night. Crossed Jones' Bridge on the 18th and encamped at Baltimore Cross roads. Left Baltimore Cross roads at five A.M., the 20th, and marched to Cold Harbor. Marched to the White House on the 22d. Crossed the Pamunky river on the 23d, on the railroad bridge, and marched via Brandywine to Ayletts. On the 24th marched to White Chimneys, and on the 25th rejoined the army at Chesterfield Station, and encamped three miles to the rear, having been absent about seventeen days. Moved again at two P.M. of the 26th, marching all night, and crossing the Pamunky on pontoons, at Hanovertown, at daylight of the 27th. [95] PENNSYLVANIA RESERVE CAVALRY. BATTLE OF HAWS' SHOP, OR ENON CHURCH. Marched at eight, A.M., of the 28th, to Haws' shop. The regiment being ordered out on a scout, met the enemy in less than half a mile from the brigade, and at once engaged him. Having attacked a squadron of the Tenth New York Cavalry, which was on picket, he was hurrying it down the road, when his charge was met by the head of our column. The first battalion Companies A, C. G and H, commanded by Major R. J. Falls, moving off the road; the third battalion, Companies B, K, D and M, commanded by Captain Litzenberg, charged, clearing it and hurrying the enemy back half a mile, to his support. Our line was then formed, the third battalion holding the road, the second battalion on the right and the first on the left of it, and the whole regiment immediately dismounting under a heavy fire, advanced to the attack. The division now also coming up, the action soon became general, and the fighting at once assumed the most desperate character. At point blank range the contending parties fought for seven hours, neither able to carry the other's position, but each determined to hold its own. So rapid and constant was the firing, that during this time the regiment, though scarcely two hundred of it being engaged, expended upward of eighteen thousand rounds of ammunition. Many of our carbines, also, became so heated as to render them for a time entirely useless; and so the fighting continued until half past four, P.M., when the division, being rein- [96] HISTORY OF THE FIRST REGIMENT forced by General Custar's brigade of the first division, our whole line dashed forward in one of the most gallant charges of the war, carrying everything before it, driving the enemy for three miles and strewing the track of his routed columns with hundreds of his dead and wounded. Too much cannot be said in commendation of the steadiness and gallantry of the regiment in this, one of the fiercest and most obstinate actions in which the cavalry has been engaged. Occupying the centre of the line, and holding the road where the heaviest of the fighting occurred, our loss was, consequently, very severe. Withdrew from the field at midnight and encamped near the river. At four, P.M., of the 29th, marched to near New Castle and encamped. At two, P.M., 30th, marched to the front. The regiment set out at dark to picket at Bethesda Church, on the flank of the army. Relieved at two, P.M., of the 31st; in camp two hours and then ordered to the front again, standing to horse all night. Wednesday, June the 1st, the brigade moved to the support of the first division at Cold Harbor, and by heavy skirmishing, held the enemy until relieved by the infantry, when we moved some four miles to the left and rear, and encamped. FIGHT AT BARKER'S MILLS. On the 2d moved around on the left flank of the army and engaged the enemy's infantry at Barker's Mills. The regiment was ordered from the rear of the column to the front and extreme right to charge [97] PENNSYLVANIA RESERVE CAVALRY. a battery, but after making the attack the battery was found to be protected by a swamp in front, and supported by a heavy force of infantry, sheltered by earthworks. The regiment, however, moved forward under a raking fire of artillery and infantry, and took up a position in close range of the enemy's works, and held it until our heavy lines of infantry came up. We here lost heavily in both men and horses. Marched in the evening to Bottom Bridge and encamped. Remained in camp during the 3d, and received supplies. Shelled the enemy on the opposite side of the Chickahominy this evening, and on the 4th our camp was shelled by the enemy in return; one man wounded and several horses killed in the regiment, Our camp shelled again on the 6th, but no damage done. THE TREVILLIAN RAID. Marched at seven, P.M., toward the Pamunky river, crossed on pontoons, near New Castle, at midnight. Received supplies on the 7th, and continued marching at nine, A.M., and encamped near Ayletts. Marched at five, A.M., of the 8th, and encamped near Pole Cat Station. On the 9th, crossed the railroad at Pole Cat Station, passed through Childsburg and New Market, South of Spottsylvania Court House, and encamped at N. E. Creek. On the 10th, continued our march toward Gordonsville, and encamped on the North Ann river. Crossed the North Ann on the 11th, the first division and part of the second heavily engaged along the railroad [98] HISTORY OF THE FIRST REGIMENT from Louisa Court House to Trevillian Station, and succeeded in forcing the enemy back seven miles, and capturing four hundred and eighty prisoners. The regiment being the extreme rear guard, was engaged in picketing and protecting the trains. Relieved from picket on the 12th, and joined the brigade at Trevillian Station. Was ordered to the front at three, P.M., to report to General Torbert, commanding the first division, and placed in support of a battery, was exposed to heavy shelling, but not otherwise engaged. At dark ordered to the extreme right under a heavy fire of artillery, but not being needed, was returned and sent back to our brigade. The corps, after accomplishing the destruction of the railroad for several miles, commenced withdrawing at nine, P.M, and marched all night. Crossed the North Anna at nine, A.M., 13th, and encamped between Plentiful river and Horseforemost river. Resumed the march at five, A.M., of the 14th, and encamped at Catharpen river, on the Fredericksburg road. On the 15th marched by Spottsylvania Court House to within three miles of Guinea Station. On the 16th crossed the Ta and Mattapony rivers, passed through Bowling Green and encamped twelve miles beyond, near Mattacocy creek. Marched through Newtown and Clarkesville on the 17th, and encamped on Roy's creek. On the 18th passed through Walkertown and King and Queen Court House, crossing Anseaman, Tide, and Court House creeks, and encamped near Corbin's Mill, on the river road leading to West Point. On the 19th, countermarched via King and Queen Court House, Walkertown and Clarkesville, and [99] PENNSYLVANIA RESERVE CAVALRY. encamped at Dunkirk, on the Mattapony. Crossed the Mattapony on pontoons, on the 20th, and marched via Ayletts and King William Court House to White House Landing. The regiment being the advance o the corps, encamped on the river bank near the railroad bridge. ENGAGEMENT AT WHITE HOUSE. The enemy having appeared in force on the opposite side of the river, commenced an attack early this morning on the defences of the place, shelling the corps train which was parked here awaiting our return, and compelling its removal to the north bank of the river, so that when we arrived here, instead of the short respite we had anticipated after the long and exhausting services of this memorable raid, we found the enemy again in our front, whose force must be met, forced back and held at bay until our trains could be moved to the south side of the James river, where the army had gone a week before. Accordingly, at two, A.M., of the 21st, we were aroused from our half finished slumbers, and hastily equipping ourselves for a fight on foot, left our horses in charge of a guard, and crossed the river with the division to repel an attack expected at daylight; but after awaiting several hours, it was found that the enemy had withdrawn and taken up a position on the elevated ground some two miles back from the landing. Our brigade at once returned to camp on the other side; mounted and re-crossing the river, moved forward to the support of the second brigade, which had advanced on foot to feel the enemy's position. [100] HISTORY OF THE FIRST REGIMENT. The first division having crossed the river during the morning, formed on the left of the second, continuing a line which encircled the landing a mile or two from the fortifications. Though the enemy were seen to manoeuvre large bodies of troops in our immediate front, no attack was made, and every thing remained quiet, except some slight skirmishing along the line of the second brigade, until four, P.M. The regiment, which, with the brigade, had been lying in reserve up to this time, was now dismounted and marched a mile across the country to make an attack on the flank of the enemy, and capture or compel the removal of a gun which was annoying our skirmishers. Arriving at the point designated, our line was formed and supported by a single mounted squadron of the First New Jersey Cavalry, the advance commenced along a narrow strip of cleared land, skirted on all sides by dense woods, Pursuant to orders, but contrary to the judgment of the officers of the regiment, it was pushed rapidly forward without the protection of skirmishers on either flank, until it had reached the wood at the farther end, fully half a mile distant. The result was, that scarcely had the attack commenced in front, when the enemy advanced from the woods on both flanks and opened a galling fire on our rear. To retrace our steps, and precipitately too, was the only course left. The whole regiment was fairly entrapped, and though three officers and thirty-five men were left killed, wounded or prisoners in the hands of the enemy, it only saved itself from total destruction by that steady coolness which has won it honors on so many fields. Fighting furiously as it withdrew, the enemy's [101] PENNSYLVANIA RESERVE CAVALRY. flanking columns were kept back until clear of his encircling fire, when a new line was formed and his advance permanently checked. This brief but unfortunate affair, one of those inexplicable occurrences incident to the chances of war, and for which no one is responsible, being the first that has fallen to the lot of the regiment, a fact which reflects the highest credit upon the efficiency and military abilities of its officers, caused much regret, especially as so many of our brave comrades were sacrificed without any material advantage having been gained, Instead, however, of any censure being attached to either the officers or men, as the former led the latter only where they were ordered to go, the action of the regiment was highly complimented by General Gregg, division commander, and it was congratulated by the entire brigade on its comparatively fortunate escape. The earnest and candid manner, too, in which the men exculpated Colonel Taylor, Lieutenant-Colonel Gardner, and all the officers of the regiment from any blame in the matter, with the unswerving confidence the regiment has always awarded to the efficiency and ability of its officers, and which was, here increased rather than diminished, was only equalled by the proud satisfaction with which the officers, in return, expressed their admiration of the gallantry and coolness of the men. At dark the regiment was withdrawn from the battle-field, and Captain Davidson, with his battalion, placed on picket, while the balance of the regiment bivouacked a short distance to the rear. [102] HISTORY OF THE FIRST REGIMENT. Marched at noon of the 22d, to Baltimore Cross roads, and took up a position, holding the roads for the protection of the wagon train, on its passage to the James river. Crossed the Chickahominy at Jones' Bridge, an the 23d, and encamped at Charles City. The regiment on picket at Hopewell Church. BATTLE OF ST. MARY'S CHURCH. The First Division, with the trains, passed on in our rear, toward the James river during the night and morning, while our division, this morning (the 24th) continued it advance on a road at right angles with the Charles City Court House road, and running parallel with the Chickahominy river, and some four miles from it. The Second Brigade, being in front, met the enemy's pickets about three miles out, and pushing them back a short distance, came on his main body in strong position, near St. Mary's Church. The Second Brigade at once formed its lines in an open field, the right extending across the road, and the left forming a semi-circle, until joined by the First Brigade, part of which was formed so as to extend the line parallel with the road a half a mile to the rear, and thus protect that flank, while the balance of the brigade, formed in column of regiment, composed the reserve. The day, until half-past four, passed with slight skirmishing by the Second Brigade, and occasionally a sharp encounter for a few moments, when the enemy would throw a force forward to feel our lines, which he did at various points during the day. Suddenly, at this hour, however, apparently fully advised of our [103] PENNSYLVANIA RESERVE CAVALRY. 1 position and strength, he advanced, making a vigorous and simultaneous attack on our whole line. To meet this, the portion of our brigade in reserve was at once sent forward, and in less than twenty minutes after the attack had been made, the whole division was hotly engaged. It soon became evident that the enemy far out-numbered us; but the division, with its accustomed steadiness, fought him for fully two hours, and until overwhelming numbers, pouring in upon it from three sides, compelled its lines to give way and move hurriedly back. But although assailed, as we afterwards learned, by the whole Rebel Cavalry Corps, supported by fifteen hundred dismounted men, yet such was the persistent courage displayed by the command, and the skill with which our retreat was managed, that in falling back six miles, the enemy failed to capture a single cannon, caisson, wagon or ambulance, and made prisoners of but few of our men. When the last general onset was made by the enemy, the regiment, which had been in support of our battery during the day, was immediately dismounted and sent to take a position on a commanding eminence, which enabled, it, at the same time, to protect the battery and support the left of our line. The enemy having discovered the importance of the position, was hurrying forward at the same time to occupy it, but our boys, by hard running, reached it a few moments in advance, and by a volley or two pushed his columns back again to the shelter of the woods, where a constant and well-directed fire kept him, until our forces had passed by on the right, and all withdrawn from the field. The [104] HIST0RY OF THE FIRST REGIMENT enemy coming down with a mounted force on our right and rear, just as the regiment commenced moving back, cut it off from the line of our retreating column; but by making a detour through the woods on our left, we soon succeeded in joining its rear, with which we continued until the enemy discontinued the pursuit, when we withdrew to Charles City Court House, reaching that place at eleven P.M. In this action, as in the three preceding ones, our loss was heavy as will appear by the appended list of casualties. The regiment stood to horse during the night of the 24th, and shortly after daylight, moved with the division a short distance forward, and formed on the right of the First Division, which held the road leading to the battle-field of the day before. Ascertaining, however, that the enemy had withdrawn, the division marched at eleven A.M., toward the river, and established camp near Wyandott's Landing. Here closed General Sheridan's second grand raid, the corps having been absent from the army nineteen days, and engaged in either marching or fighting the entire period, without a single day's respite. Crossed the James river on transports on the night of the 27th, and encamped three miles south of the river. Marched again at sundown of the 29th, and arrived at daylight at Prince George Court House. Resting an hour or two, moved forward to Blackwater creek and encamped. The regiment sent forward to picket the Petersburg and Jerusalem Plank road. July the 1st, rejoined the brigade at Templeton. Returned on the 2d, via Prince George Court House, and encamped [105] PENNSYLVANIA RESERVE CAVALRY. near the City Point and Petersburg roads. Marched on the 4th, toward the James river and established camp near Light House Point. Here we enjoyed the first pause of more than two days' length from the unremitting labors of the march and the battle-field since we crossed the Rapidann, on the 4th of May. Of the sixty-one days which had elapsed since the commencement of Grant's grand campaign against Richmond, fifty-four had been spent by the cavalry in either marching, scouting, picketing, or fighting. Being much of the time also in the immediate presence of the enemy, we were subject to that unceasing vigilance which exerts every energy to its utmost tension, and wears away the spirits and the strength more rapidly than the heavy toils of steady and constant labor; such as the slow, cautious and wearisome march, now halting, now marching again, now forming, dismounting and standing to horse, then remounting, changing position and forming again; aroused at night and hurried into line, to spend the drowsy hours until morning, in the saddle, hungry and jaded, a whole day without an opportunity of "cooking coffee," and then, when a moment's leisure is had and the tempting and grateful beverage is almost prepared, hurried away from the untasted meal to hours more of the fatiguing duty, - so that grateful indeed were these days of respite after two months thus spent. ENGAGEMENT AT REAM'S STATION. Broke camp again on the evening of the 11th of July, and marching all night, arrived at Prince [106] HISTORY OF THE FIRST REGIMENT George Court House, at daylight. After an hour's halt to breakfast; continued the march, crossing the Petersburg and Suffolk Railroad and moving along the Jerusalem plank road toward Warwick swamp. When two miles from the swamp, the division halted, and our brigade taking a right hand road, moved off in the direction of Ream's Station. The regiment having the advance of the brigade, was ordered to deploy skirmishers and push rapidly forward to the station, some three miles distant. Our line was accordingly formed, Companies E and F deployed as skirmishers, and I and D, forming the advance guard. Advancing a few hundred yards through the woods, we met the enemy's pickets, when a brisk skirmish commenced, the enemy falling gradually back, first to his main reserve, and then to his battle line, which was established in a strong and commanding position, beyond a deep and almost impassable ravine. Forcing our way across the ravine and gaining the high ground beyond, two battalions were immediately dismounted and engaged the enemy. The First New Jersey Cavalry, and one piece of artillery, coming up soon after, our line was advanced, and the enemy forced back to his second line of defence; but it not being the object on our part to bring on a general engagement, no more of the brigade was brought forward; and after several hours' hard skirmishing, by which the strength and position of the enemy were fully ascertained, we were withdrawn. Rejoining the brigade again at five, P.M., at the point we had left in the morning, we were ordered to the support of the Second Brigade, which had become engaged on [107] PENNSYLVANIA RESERVE CAVALRY. the plank road, near Warwick swamp, but on reporting, our services not being required, we returned to the brigade and encamped for the night. Next morning, the 13th, removed three miles to the left of the plank road and encamped. On the l4th the regiment was sent back to the plank road to picket, and during the night following was considerably annoyed by the enemy, the outposts being several times attacked and driven in. Relieved at noon of the 15th we returned to camp, and on the 16th marched with the division back to Light House Point, and established camp near our former ground. (Notes furnished by Assistant-Surgeon L. E. Atkinson.) BATTLES OF MALVERN HILL AND LEE'S MILLS. "After remaining in camp here ten days, engaged in light picket duty, the cavalry corps, on the afternoon of July 26th, received marching orders, and the First Pennsylvania left its camp at five, P.M., two hundred and twenty men strong, under command of Lieutenant-Colonel D. Gardner, Colonel Taylor having received a sick leave for twenty days. The sick were left in camp together with all dismounted men. By dark the regiment was fairly started on the march, and with the exception of a halt on the banks of the Appomattox at midnight, marched constantly all night. The Appomattox was crossed on a pontoon bridge, near Point of Rocks, and the column was headed toward the James, reaching that river about four miles above Bermuda Hundred at three, A.M. "The Second Corps had preceded the cavalry, and [108] HISTORY OF THE FIRST REGIMENT was now Crossing the river on a pontoon bridge. By seven, A.M., it had all crossed, and the advance was already engaged with the enemy. The cavalry immediately followed, and after crossing, formed on the right of the Second Corps, with artillery in position, and every thing indicating that a battle was anticipated and prepared for. About noon General Grant rode along the lines. The entire day was spent in position, the enemy apparently indisposed to make an attack, and our lines not advancing. In the evening orders came to make ourselves comfortable for the night. At three, A.M., on the 28th, camp was aroused and breakfast cooked, and at daylight we advanced on the Richmond side of Malvern Hill. Our brigade had the advance of the corps. About nine, A.M., we encountered the enemy's infantry advancing, and a battle at once ensued. The First Pennsylvania was quickly dismounted and advanced in battle line across a wide field to a forest on the other side. They had no sooner gained the forest than they were furiously attacked by a division of rebel infantry, and after a sharp action of about thirty minutes, and being entirely unsupported, were reluctantly compelled to retire. In this action three officers were wounded, three men killed, and fifteen men wounded. "The rebels, after at first gaining an advantage, quickly retired, leaving their dead and severely wounded on the field; of the latter there was a very large number, more than equaling our entire loss. "The cavalry having been relieved by the Second Corps, retired to the river, and our brigade having [109] PENNSYLVANIA RESERVE CAVALRY. remained until night, re-crossed the river and left the horses on the south side. At nine, A.M., on the 29th, the regiment again crossed to the north side of the James, and threw up rifle pits in front of the brigade, our line now being a prolongation of the line of the Second Corps, we occupying nearly the same position held by us on the 27th. "We remained in this until about twelve, P.M., when we returned to the south side of the James, and mounting, immediately took up the line of march for our old position in front of Petersburg. We reached the Appomattox about daybreak, and the men here, had time to cook breakfast. "The river was then re-crossed on a pontoon bridge at Point of Rocks, as before, and the head of the column took the direction of the Petersburg and Weldon Railroad, and by two, P.M., had gone several miles to the left of the main army, in front of Petersburg. At this time the advance of our brigade had encountered the enemy's cavalry, strongly posted at Lee's Mills. After a sharp fight the enemy was dislodged, and precipitately retreated. The First Pennsylvania was in support of the battery and sustained no loss. Captain Williams' battalion was placed on picket in the front, in the evening, and remained until one, A.M., when it was relieved by a portion of the first division, and the regiment marched back about four miles toward James river and encamped. "Between the period of leaving Light House Point and of going into camp at this place, the regiment marched five consecutive nights, and was engaged in the most arduous duty during the whole time. Con- [110] HISTORY OF THE FIRST REGIMENT tinued picketing here until the 9th, when we returned to camp at Light House Point. Again on picket on the 11th." (Notes furnished by Chaplain J. H. Beale.) AGAIN NORTH OF TIDE JAMES AND BACK TO REAM'S STATION. "Saturday morning at six o'clock, the regiment, after a night in the saddle, came in from picket to camp, at Prince George Court House, with orders to be "ready to move at four o'clock, P.M." The day was spent in busy preparation for the morn. Many were the speculations as to the destiny of the expedition, as "each breeze that swept from the north brought to our ears the clash of resounding arms." Many entertained the agreeable idea that we were about to be shipped to Washington. However, at five, P.M., the column moved off on the road leading toward the river. Colonel Taylor being absent on sick leave, and Lieutenant-colonel Gardner being unwell, the regiment was commanded by Captain Newman, and took its position for the day second in 'order of march.' As the column left the main road and wended its way across the "Appomattox," we well understood what was before us. A week's hard service of picketing, scouting, and the engagement of Gravel Hill, July 28, 1864, told us plainly what was before us. Consoling ourselves with the idea that what had been endured once could be borne again, we travelled on, and four A.M., on Sunday morning, found us on the north side of the James river about three miles below Deep [111] PENNSYLVANIA RESERVE CAVALRY. Bottom, where the Tenth Corps was already engaging the enemy, after a night's march as disagreeable as any in the history of the regiment, occasioned by intense heat and dust, which in the absence of any breeze, settled in almost impenetrable density along the entire line of march." Sunday, August 14th, eight, A.M., General Gregg's division of cavalry took position on the right wing of the Second Corps. The First Pennsylvania Reserve Cavalry took the advance of the division on the road leading to 'Gravel Hill,' twin-sister to 'Malvern Hill,' overlooking an extensive and fertile plain between it and 'the James.' Our advance guard drove in the enemy's vedettes half a mile before we reached the Hill. Rushing on rapidly, the advance battalion, companies (A, C, G and H) commanded by Captain Confer, charged the height, where the enemy were strongly intrenched. But the charge was so rapid and determined that the enemy were completely routed, thus we gained their first line of works before a regiment of infantry, which they lead in reserve, could come to their assistance. We continued to drive them half a mile further, when other regiments of the brigade came up, and, taking the advance, continued to drive them still further, when night put an end to fighting. In this engagement we had five (5) men wounded. At night the Second Brigade came up, and relieved the First Brigade, which lay in reserve during the night." "Monday morning, the Second Brigade advanced and pressed the enemy back through a dense wood, while the First Pennsylvania supported the battery. [112] HISTORY OF THE FIRST REGIMENT (There being but one battery to the division.) Tuesday morning, the First Brigade moved out about two miles, on the Charles City Court House road, and took position on the right of the Second Brigade. Here the regiment remained on the out-post dismounted behind a strong line of works the enemy had thrown up when Grant made his passage across the James, until near night, when the Second Brigade was forced back, and we were compelled to contract our line, whereupon the Second Brigade had a severe fight; and the First Brigade relieved them at sunset, and re-established the same line held during the morning. The regiment remained saddled during the night. At two A.M., Wednesday morning, all hands must 'stand to horse,' in anticipation of a morning attack. Wednesday was spent in the same position, every man on duty until six P.M. The enemy by a flank movement compelled us again to abandon our position. But not until the regiment barely escaped being cut off, saved only by the length of the regiment in 'column of route.' The encircling flank of the enemy switching the rear of our regiment as it passed. Another night and the regiment again 'stands to horse' all night, and so remained until two P.M., we unsaddled for the first time since Tuesday morning. But we had scarcely obeyed orders to 'go into camp' when another order came, 'Be ready to move at five P. M.' Just as night was settling upon us a foaming rain doing the same, we recrossed the James with orders to report to army headquarters. Another all night of it. Thus passed the week of hard duty, in which we added to our roll of honor 'Gravel Hill,' No. 2, August 14, 1864." [113] PENNSYLVANIA RESERVE CAVALRY. SKIRMISHING NEAR REAM'S STATION. At daylight on the 20th, the division left army headquarters, and moved forward to the Gurley House, drew up in battle-line, and remained in that position until dark, when a portion of the command was placed on picket, and the balance permitted to go into camp. Sunday 21st, the command in the saddle at early dawn, and advancing toward the Weldon Railroad. Reaching the road, the enemy were found in force a short distance beyond it, and heavy skirmishing immediately commenced and kept up during the entire day. The 22d and 23d were spent by the brigade in picketing beyond the railroad, with occasionally a slight skirmish. At dark, however, of the 23d, our brigade was relieved by infantry, and sent to the support of the second brigade, which was stationed along the Dinwiddie Court House road, and was then being heavily pressed by the enemy. Reinforced by our brigade, the division, after a sharp fight of an hour, succeeded in driving the enemy and retaining possession of the road. The 24th and 25th, until four P.M., passed without any hostile demonstrations by the enemy. But at this time he made another general assault, a last desperate effort to retake the road. Assailed in front and at the same time heavily attacked on the flank our infantry was at first compelled to retire, and suffered considerable loss, but, rallying, prevented the enemy from gaining any permanent advantage. The cavalry being stationed on the flanks was also hotly engaged. The First Brigade occupied a position on the right of the Second Corps [114] HISTORY OF THE FIRST REGIMENT and between it and the Fifth Corps, and the Second Brigade on the left of the Second Corps. The cavalry fought dismounted, as the marshy nature of the ground prevented the use of horses, and nobly sustained its enviable reputation. The regiment, although stationed on one of the most exposed portions of the line, fortunately escaped with but slight loss. Withdrew on the 26th, some two miles to the rear, and were engaged in changing position from place to place along the railroad until the 29th when we established camp on the Jerusalem Plank road, near the left of the army. On the 30th, the long and anxiously looked for order to report in the State of Pennsylvania to be mustered out was received. The 31st was spent in mustering for pay, and organizing the veterans and recruits, four hundred and one in number, into companies. They were formed into four companies, D, officered by Captain H. A. McDonald, Lieutenants H. Platt and J. W. Nelson; F by Captain J. H. Williams and Lieutenants Holbrook and Forsyth; L by Captain T. C. McGregor and Lieutenants Lebo and McDonald, and M by Captain H. S. Thomas, Lieutenants Morgan and Herrick. The whole composing the First Pennsylvania Veteran Cavalry Battalion and commanded by Major R. J. Falls. Thursday, September 1st, the old members of the regiment, whose times had expired, took a farewell leave of the battalion remaining, and quitting the front, marched to City Point. After a necessary delay of two days employed in turning over quartermaster's and ordnance stores, the regiment was em- [115] PENNSYLVANIA RESERVE CAVALRY. barked on the steamer Claymount, and shipped via Fortress Monroe, Chesapeake and Delaware Canal to Philadelphia, where we landed on Monday the 5th, and were mustered out and discharged on Friday the 9th. SYNOPSIS OF OPERATIONS IN THE CAMPAIGN OF 1864. The brilliant operations of the cavalry in the campaign of 1864, against Richmond, will form a page in the chronicles of this great rebellion, not unworthy of a place side by side with the gallant achievements of the infantry and artillery, and the pen of the historian will record alike, in the same glowing characters, the heroic deeds of each arm of the service, as well as of the divisions, batteries and squadrons whose honor it is to share the fame of the grand old Army of the Potomac. The efficiency given to the cavalry by collecting, organizing and forming it into a separate and independent body during the winter and spring of 1863, was fully attested by its operations in the campaign of the following summer and fall. At Kelly's Ford, in March of 1863, the enemy first learned the concentrated prowess of the Yankee sabre, and again in June following at Brandy Station and Aldie, and in July at Hanover Junction, Gettysburg, and Shepherdstown. The reverses he met with in every instance where his cavalry was pitted in battle against our gallant squadrons, taught him that his boasted legions of chivalrous cavaliers could no longer cope with the dashing valor of the Yankee horse; and from this time until winter closed the [116] HISTORY OF THE FIRST REGIMENT. operations of the year, he risked no more engagements singly and alone; but, as at Culpepper, Rapidann, Auburn, and New Hope Church, only fought when heavily supported by infantry. So that when the work of the year was finished and we returned to winter quarters, it was with the satisfaction that so far as the cavalry arm of the enemy's power was concerned in sustaining the rebellion, it was completely broken and demoralized. During the winter, however, reports reached us that every effort was being made to recruit and strengthen his shattered battalions, and with such success too, as to promise a force of cavalry at the commencement of hostilities in the spring, equal if not superior to our own. But the victories which have crowned the arms of Sheridan's Cavalry Corps in every instance where numbers placed the contending parties on even an approximate equality, during the four months of brilliant and continuous service since the crossing of the Rapidann, have again fully demonstrated our superiority, and even at this period of the season, when the year's operations are scarcely half finished have so broken his battalions and demoralized his troopers, that he dares not now meet us unaided by his infantry. The unfavorable circumstances under which the operations of the regiment since the commencement of the present campaign have been sketched, being almost constantly on the march, have compelled the greatest brevity to be exercised, yet its services have been, if possible, more arduous, and its fighting, as [117] PENNSYLVANIA RESERVE CAVALRY. the list of casualties will show, more desperate than during any previous period of its history. The Cavalry Corps, headed by that gallant and dashing leader, Major-General P. H. Seridan, crossed the Rapidann as the advance-guard of the army, pushed forward through the Wilderness, and traced the lines along which our massed corps of infantry deployed their columns and fought that series of terrible battles which first taught vaunting rebeldom that the fastnesses of the Rapidann could be flanked, that the Army of Northern Virginia could be defeated on its own ground, and its commander outgeneraled by his own tactics. Meeting and defeating in two general engagements at Todd's Tavern, the enemy's whole cavalry force, our corps then took up its march around the flank and rear of the rebel army and moved straight forward toward his capital. Fighting the enemy in front, on both flanks and in rear at the same time, yet moving steadily on, its columns penetrated the outer defences of Richmond, and for half a day our cannon thundered their hoarse notes in the ears of her citizens, then coolly marching around her northern border encamped on the James river. Two days rest, and then returning to the army, headed the grand flank movement which brought our army from the front of Lee's frowning entrenchments at Hanover Court House to his flank and rear at Cold Harbor; and by the successes of Haws' Shop, Cold Harbor, and Barker's Mills, traced again for the army its battle-lines until they reached the Chickahominy. [118] HISTORY OF THE FIRST REGIMENT Quitting the army again as soon as our services were not further needed, our columns were headed for the heart of Virginia; and at Trevillian, after a week's exhausting marches, we again met the enemy in two days' battle. Accomplishing our object here, and then returning by a winding and circuitous route, met the enemy at White House and St. Mary's Church on the 21st and 24th of the same month. Crossing the James river, and after a fortnight of hard service, fought a severe engagement at Ream's Station, then back across the James, were heavily engaged again at Malvern Hill on the 28th, and returning on the 31st, closed the month with a fight at Lee's Mill, on the extreme left of the army. Ten days of August were also spent north of the James with the Second Corps, and then back again to the Weldon Railroad, ended the month and the term of service of the regiment, with a series of severe skirmishes in that vicinity. FAREWELL ORDER. Headquarters, First Pennsylvania Reserve Cavalry, NEAR WELDON RAILROAD, August 31st, 1864. (General Order, No. 18. ) OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS OF THE FIRST PENNSYLVANIA RESERVE CAVALRY: - You have now experienced three years of terrible, devastating war; you are familiar with its toils, its hardships and its scenes of bloodshed. During this time there has been no toil that your manly efforts have not overcome; no hardships that you have not courted for your country's sake; no field of strife too terrible to prevent [119] PENNSYLVANIA RESERVE CAVALRY. you flaunting your banner in the face of your traitorous foes, and in every instance have you borne it off in triumph. Many have been the fields upon which you have distinguished yourselves by your personal valor. From your first victorious blood spilt at Drainesville down to that more green in your memory, such as Todd's Tavern, Childsburg, Haws' Shop, Barker's Mill, White House, St. Mary's Church, and last, but not least, upon the bloody summit of Malvern Hill, are still sounding in your ears and eternally engraven upon your, hearts. But you have now reached the goal of your worthy ambition; you have won for yourselves, your regiment, and your State, an invidious reputation. Officers and soldiers of the First Pennsylvania Reserve Cavalry, allow me, on this the eve of our separation, to express to you my heartfelt thanks for your implicit confidence and ready compliance with every order and unflinching bravery upon every field I have had the honor to lead you. Your military career has been a brave and clear record, in which you have acquitted yourselves like men. But the war is not ended yet. There are more battles yet to be fought, and more lives to be offered up on the altar of liberty. For this end some of you remain and many more of you will soon be back to battle in this your just and holy cause. But whenever you may answer to the "bugle's call," and upon whatever field you may strike the black shield of rebeldom, let the memory of your fallen comrades strengthen your arms and encourage your hearts, ever mindful that you were once members of the [120] HISTORY OF THE FIRST REGIMENT First Pennsylvania Reserve Cavalry. May the God of battles and of mercy be your shield and protection. By order of J. P. TAYLOR, Colonel Commanding Regiment. W. P. LLOYD, Adjutant First Penna. Reserve Cavalry. ADDRESS OF COLONEL J. P. TAYLOR. After the above order was read to the regiment, which had been formed by Lieutenant-colonel Gardner, Colonel Taylor made the following remarks: - MY BRAVE COMRADES: We stand to-day upon the threshold of an event, which, when we left our homes three years, ago, the most prophetic heart scarcely dared anticipate the scenes then rife in our midst. Such as the memory of an insulted flag upon Fort Sumter, which cast a gloom of shame over every true American heart, and the blood of brothers spilt in the streets of Baltimore, as it were, sprinkled over every loyal heart in the North. The rushing of men to arms, and our souls inspired by the spirit of our fathers, nerved us to action, and from homes of comfort, luxury and ease we rallied in defence of our country. Another turn of the kaleidescope found us marshalled beneath the proud ensign of our glorious Republic. No longer separate and distinct in thought and action, but the firm resolve of the farmer, the willing hand of the laborer and mechanic, the shrewd energy of the merchant, the potent influence of the student, [121] PENNSYLVANIA RESERVE CAVALRY. all suddenly converted into the trained and disciplined soldier, with hearts that beat as one. What you were then, and what you have since proven yourselves, you owe to the mighty impulses of your fist great and noble commander Colonel George D. Bayard; imbued with the influence of his mighty genius, you saw the star of his glory rising and shining brighter and brighter in the military sphere, and alas, too, to set before it had reached its zenith. Following in his wake, ever ready to stand by you in the hour of danger, to share with you your toils and hardships, to cheer you on in the hour of conflict, following strictly in the footsteps of his illustrious predecessor, the champion of your rights and reputation came your second Colonel - Owen Jones. Officers and Soldiers - through your esteem I had the honor to be your next commander, and as such I deem it an high honor to-day to stand before the shattered remnant of what was once a large regiment. To thank you for your esteem and the willingness with which you have acceded to my every request, and complied with my every command, and for the manner you have so nobly and faithfully discharged your duties as soldiers. I believe I am the only officer now left of those who were assembled at the call of the Governor, and witnessed the organization of the regiment in the presence of his staff, and heard it christened the First Pennsylvania Reserve Cavalry; and it gives me pleasure to-day, to think we can return to our native State, those colors entrusted to our care, tattered and torn though they be, without a tarnish or a stain upon the reputation of the regiment. [122] HISTORY Or THE FIRST REGIMENT Officers and Soldiers of the First Pennsylvania Reserve Cavalry, you are the veterans of more than thirty engagements, your banner has proudly floated over almost every field on which this historic army has been engaged; the graves of your comrades are strewn from Gettysburg to the river James; your war-path may be traced by the blood of your fallen heroes; but by the strength of justice and the might of mercy you have plumed your arms with honor and victory. Enlisted veterans: - When you were re-enlisting my lips were sealed from encouraging you, because circumstances unavoidable, rendered my remaining with you impossible; let not our leaving discourage you, but go on to greater deeds of valor; be faithful, be obedient, be prompt and cheerful in duty as you always have been, a hopeful country awaits to crown you; and we shall not forget you; we shall continue to breathe the desired hope and Christian prayer that you may soon be permitted to return to your homes, when the red-handed monster, war - whose pestiferous breath blasts with withering death every thing lovely on earth - may be banished from our distracted land, and peace, sweet peace again returning, shed evermore her Heaven-born blessings on our fair Columbia's soil. [123] PENNSYLVANIA RESERVE CAVALRY. LETTER FROM BRIGADIER-GENERAL GREGG, ON THE DEPARTURE OF THE REGIMENT FROM THE DIVISION FOR HOME. Headquarters, Second Division Cavalry Corps, A. 0. P., Sept. 1st, 1884. COLONEL J. P. TAYLOR, First Penna. Res. Cavalry. MY DEAR COLONEL: - The order discharging from the United States' service the First Pennsylvania Cavalry, has been received at these Headquarters. As you will accompany your regiment to Pennsylvania, there to be discharged with it, I cannot permit your departure without expressing to you how much I feel the separation of yourself and command from the Second Division. For nearly two years the First Pennsylvania Reserve Cavalry has been under my command, and now, at the end of its term of service, I can proudly say its record is without a blemish. The excellence of your regiment resulted from the proper application of discipline by its officers. In the many engagements of this division, in which your regiment has participated, many officers and enlisted men have fallen. They met death facing the foe, let them be properly remembered by those who survive. To you, Colonel, my thanks are due, for the efficient manner in which you have always performed your duty, whether as a regimental or brigade commander. You return to your home well satisfied that you have failed not in your duty, bearing with you the sincere friendship of myself and all your companions in arms. [124] HISTORY OF THE FIRST REGIMENT. With the very best wishes for your health, happiness and success in the fixture. I am very truly yours, D. McM. GREGG, Brig.-Gen. Comd'g Second Cav. Div. [125] RECORD OF BATTLES, IN WHICH THE REGIMENT HAS BEEN ENGAGED. DRAINESVILLE, VA., December 20, 1861, advance skirmishers and supporting batteries. HARRISONBURG, June 6, 1862, supporting Bucktails. CROSS KEYS, June 8, 1862, rear guard and supporting batteries. CEDAR MOUNTAIN, August 9, 1862, supporting battery and skirmishing-grand charge of first battalion, one hundred and sixteen men against a division of the enemy. GAINESVILLE, August 28, 1862, flanking and skirmishing to the front. BULL RUN, first day, August 29, 1862, advance skirmishing and flanking. BULL RUN, second day, August 30, 1862, flanking. FREDERICKSBURG, December 13, 1862, advance skirmishing to left grand division. BRANDY STATION, June 9, 1863, engaged with Stuart's Cavalry Corps. ALDIE, June 21 and 22, 1863, Stuart's Cavalry. GETTYSBURG, PA., July 2 and 3, 1863, stationed in rear of the left centre. [126] HISTORY Or THE FIRST REGIMENT. SHEPHERDSTOWN, VA., July 16, 1863 - a force of the enemy's infantry, cavalry and artillery. CULPEPPER, September 13, 1863 - enemy's cavalry. AUBURN, October 14, 1863 - advance of Lee's army, infantry, cavalry and artillery. NEW HOPE CHURCH, December 27, 1863 - advance of Ewell's Corps, infantry, cavalry and artillery. TODD'S TAVERN, May 5 and 6, 1864 - against the enemy's cavalry corps. CHILDSBURG, May 9, 1864 - enemy's cavalry. RICHMOND HEIGHTS and MEADOW BRIDGE, May 12, 1864 - artillery, infantry and cavalry. HAWS' SHOP, May 28, 1864 - rebel cavalry corps and mounted infantry. COLD HARBOR, June 1, 1864, but slightly engaged. BARKER'S MILL, June 2, 1864 - enemy's artillery and infantry. TREVILLIAN STATION, June 12, 1864 - cavalry, infantry and artillery. WHITE HOUSE June 21, 1864 - cavalry and artillery. ST. MARY'S CHURCH, June 24, 1864 - enemy's cavalry corps. MALVERN HILL, July 28, 1864 - division of rebel infantry. LEE'S MILLS, July 31, 1864 - Butler's rebel cavalry. GRAVEL HILL, August 14, 1864 - cavalry, infantry and artillery. REAM'S STATION, August 25,1864 - Hill's rebel corps. [127] LIST OF SKIRMISHES, IN WHICH THE REGIMENT HAS BEEN ENGAGED. Drainesville, November 27, 1861 - guerrillas. Falmouth, April 17 and 18, 1862 - infantry and cavalry Gray's Farm, May 10, 1862 - infantry pickets along the Rappahannock. Strasburg, June 1; Woodstock, June 2; Edinburg, June 3. Mt. Jackson, June 4; New Market, June 5, 1862 - engaged with Jackson's rear guard, infantry, cavalry and artillery. Rapidann River, August 3 and 4, 1862 - infantry and cavalry. Robinson River, August 8, 1862 - advance of Jackson's army, infantry, cavalry and artillery. Rappahannock Station, August 20, 1862 - Stuart's cavalry. At the several Fords along the Rappahannoek, from the 20th to the 26th, 1862 - repulsing the enemy in attempting to cross - infantry, cavalry and artillery. Centreville, September 1, 1862 - flank of Longstreet's army. Fairfax Court house, September 2, 1862 - flank of Longstreet's army. Middleburg, October 30; Aldie, October 31, 1862 - infantry, cavalry and artillery. [128] HISTORY OF THE FIRST REGIMENT. Salem, November 4, 1862 - cavalry. Warrenton, November 6 - cavalry and artillery. Rappahannock Bridge, November, 7, 1862 - cavalry and artillery. Fredericksburg, December 12, 1862 - left wing of Jackson's army. Below Port Conway, April 22, 1863, Colonel Taylor and escort fired on by guerrillas, and three men killed. Companies A and B, as advance for Sixth Corps, from Gettysburg to Hagerstown, five successive days. Near Hazel River, August 4, 1863 - cavalry. Muddy River, August 6, 1863 - cavalry. Carter's Creek, September 6, 1863 - picket reserve attacked by guerrillas. Lieutenant Lyon and Corporal Barre killed. Along the Rappahannock, with little intermission, from September 14 to 20, 1863. Sulphur Springs, October 12, 1863 - cavalry and artillery. Near Warrenton, November 17, 1863 - picket reserve attacked. Culpepper Ford, December 2, 1863. Ashby's Gap, February 17, 1864 - Moseby's guerrillas. Charlotteville - while on a raid with General Custar. Salem, March 19, 1864 - Moseby's guerrillas. Gravel Hill, August 16 and 17 - enemy's cavalry. Beam's Station, August 21, 22 and 23 - cavalry and infantry. [129] RECORD OF MARCHES AND SCOUTS, WITH APPROXIMATE DISTANCES TRAVELED. August and September, 1861 - in camp, near Washington, D. C. October 10, 1861, moved to Langley, Va., a distance of eight miles. 19, 20 and 21, toward Leesburg, with advance of McCall's Division, the Pennsylvania Reserve Corps, and return, thirty-two miles. Total for October, 40 miles. November 27, scout to Drainesville and beyond, thirty-six miles. Total for November, 36 miles. December 20, to Drainesville, twenty-eight miles. Total, for December, 28 miles. January, 1862, two scouts beyond Difficult creek, twenty miles each. Total for January, 40 miles. February, a scout of twenty-five miles. March, 10, marched to Hunter's Mills, fourteen miles. 13, extensive scout toward Leesburg, forty eight miles. 13 and 14, to near Alexandria, twenty-five miles. 15, to Falls Church, six miles. Total for March, 94 miles. April 9, To Fairfax Court House, ten miles. [130] HISTORY OF ME FIRST REGIMENT April 10, to Manassas Junction, twenty miles. 11, to Catletts Station, twelve miles. 13 and 14, a scout to Hackett's Mills, near Safford Court House, twenty- five miles. 17 and 18 to Falmouth, thirty-five miles. 18 and 19, Companies G and H scout to Aquia Landing, thirty miles. 24 and 25, regiment sent to King George Court House, forty miles. march, to camp, below Falmouth, six miles. Total for April, 178 miles. May 25, 1862, from six miles below Falmouth - beyond the Pamunkey river, toward Richmond. 28, return to Fredericksburg, about one hundred miles. 29, by way of Catletts Station to Strasburg, sixty miles. Total for May, 160 miles. June 1, Strasburg up the Shenandoah Valley, reaching Port Republic on the 9th, sixty miles. 9, back to Mt. Jackson, to Strasburg, reaching Manassas on the 23d. Total for June, 155 miles. July 4, marched to Warrenton Junction and famous scouts to the Rappahannock by portions of the regiment, ninety miles. 16, to Culpepper, twenty-five miles. 17, to Ragged Mountain fifteen miles, and scouting while there, forty-five miles. 22, returned to Culpepper, fifteen miles. Total for July, 175 miles. [131] PENNSYLVANIA RESERVE CAVALRY. August 1, marched to Rapidann, fourteen miles. Scouting by detachments for six days, one hundred miles. 8, to Cedar Mountain, eight miles. 20, to Rappahannock Station, twenty miles. 21, by a circuitous route, with numerous countermarches to Centreville, seventy miles. Total for August, 212 miles. September 1, to Alexandria, twenty-five miles. 3, to Bailey's Cross Roads, six miles. 26, detachment of five companies to Centreville, employed for four weeks in scouting Manassas plains, two hundred and fifty miles. Total for September, 281 miles. October 10, scout to Bealton Station and return, one hundred miles. 27 and 28, to Chantilly, twenty miles. 30, to Aldie, thirty miles. Total for October, 150 miles. November 1, return to Chantilly, twenty-five miles. 3, 4 and 5, to Upperville, thirty-seven miles. 6, by a circuitous route to Warrenton, twenty-five miles. 7, to Rappahannock Bridge, twelve miles. 20, 21 and 22, to Brook's Station, thirty-eight miles. Total for November, 167 miles. December 10, marched to Falmouth, ten miles. 14, to Lamb's Creek Church, ten miles. 28, to Bell Plain Landing, fourteen miles. Total for December, 34 miles. [132] HISTORY OF THE FIRST REGIMENT January 2, 1863, to picket at Lamb's Creek Church, ten miles. 5, return to Bell Plain Landing, ten miles. 8, to picket and return, twenty miles. 17, to picket and return, twenty miles. 21 to 23, Burnside's advance, twelve miles. 27, to picket and return, twenty miles. Total for January, 92 miles. February 2, to picket and return the 5th, twenty miles. 14, to picket and return the 17th, twenty miles. 27, to picket for ten days, ten miles. Total for February, 50 miles. March 5, relieved from picket and return to camp, ten miles. 19, to picket and return on the 19th, twenty miles; and scout at night to the neck below, forty miles. 21, another scout by detachment, forty miles. Total for March, 110 miles. April 12, to King George Court House, sixteen miles; scouts while on picket, seventy miles. Total for April, 86 miles. May 9, march to Potomac Creek Bridge, thirty miles. 18, to United States Ford, nine miles. 28, to Warrenton Junction, Morrisville and Bealton Station, thirty-five miles. Total for May, 74 miles. June, 1863, moved to Morrisville, fourteen miles. 9, to Brandy Station and returned to Rappahannock Station, eighteen miles. 10, to Warrenton Junction, twelve miles. 13, to Warrenton, nine miles. [133] PENNSYLVANIA RESERVE CAVALRY. June 15, to Manasas Junction, twenty miles. 16 and 17, to Aldie, twenty miles. 18, to Thoroughfare Gap, eight miles. 21 and 22, to Aldie and Upperville and return, thirty-two miles. 26, to Leesburg, nine miles. 27, crossed Edwards' Ferry and marched all night, reaching Frederick city next day. 29, to Middleburg, marching all night. 30, to Taneytown, total from the 27th, sixty miles. Total for June, 202 miles. July 1, to battle-field of Gettysburg, twelve miles. 5, to Creagarstown, twenty-five miles. 7, via Frederick city to Middleburg and South Mountain, twenty-two miles. 9, to Boonsboro', ten miles. 11, to Antietam Creek, five miles. 12, back to Boonsboro', five miles. 14, to Harper's Ferry, twenty-seven miles. 15, to Shepherdstown, Va., and return the night of the 16th to Harper's Ferry, eighteen miles. 19, crossed the Shenandoah river east, six miles. 20, to Perryville, ten miles. 21, to Hillsboro', four miles. 23, to Ashby's Gap, twenty miles. 26, move through Upperville to Middleburg, fourteen miles. 27, through White Plains to Warrenton, twenty miles. [134] HISTORY OF THE FIRST REGIMENT July 28, to Warrenton Junction, nine miles. 29, to Warrenton, nine miles. 30, to Amisville, south of Rappahannock, fifteen miles. Total for July, 232 miles. August 4, scout toward Culpepper, sixteen miles. 5, scout toward Culpepper, sixteen miles. 8, return to Sulphur Springs and on picket, eight miles. 15, to Warrenton, six miles, 18, scout by detachment to Salem and returned, eighteen miles. 19, scout to Gainesville and return, forty miles. 24, crossed the Rappahannock to Jefferson on, picket and returned on 27th, eighteen miles. Total for August, 112 miles. September 4, on picket at Carter's Creek, eight miles. 7, return to camp, eight miles. 10 and 11, scout to Middleburg and return, fifty miles. 12, to Jefferson, eight miles. 13, through Culpepper to Cedar Mountain, twenty-seven miles. 14, to the Rapidann, five miles. 18, return to Culpepper, eleven miles. 22, to the Rapidann, eight miles. 25, to Culpepper, eight miles. 26, moved back to Catletts Station, seventeen miles; scouting while here, 50 miles. Total for September, 205 miles. October 3, to United States Ford, a circuitous route, forty miles. [135] PENNSYLVANIA RESERVE CAVALRY. October 11, to Rappahannock Station, twenty-five miles. 13, to Auburn, ten miles. 14, to Brentsville, ten miles. 15, crossed and re-crossed Bull Run, twenty miles; picket and scout along Bull Run, twenty miles. 21, move to Gainesville, twelve miles. 22, to Warrenton, twelve miles. Total for October, 149 miles. November 6, move to Bealton Station, twelve miles. 9, to Fayetteville, nine miles. 21, pursuit of Moseby, thirty miles. 23, marched to Bealton Station, nine miles. 24, beyond the Rappahannock, eighteen miles. 26, cross the Rapidann and in the direction of Orange Court House, twenty-five miles. 27, to battle-field of New Hope Church and return to Parker's Store, twenty-five miles. 28, to Wilderness Tavern and return to Parker's Store on 30th, fifteen miles. Total for November, 143 miles. December 1, to Wilderness Tavern, seven miles. 2, re-crossed the Rapidann, fourteen miles. 6, to Brandy Station, twelve miles. 10 and 11, to Warrenton for winter quarters, twenty-two miles. 25, scout by detachment to Salem and return, eighteen miles. Total for December, 73 miles. January 1, 1864, to Front Royal and return on the 4th, seventy miles. [136] HISTORY OF THE FIRST REGIMENT January 8, to Salem and return, eighteen miles. Total for January, 88 miles. February 17, scout to Ashby's Gap and return, sixty miles. 27, to Charlotteville and return, seventy-eight miles. Total for February, 138 miles. March, 7, to New Baltimore and return, ten miles. 8, to Sulphur Springs and return, ten miles; various scouts during the month, one hundred and thirty miles. Total for March, 150 miles. April 21, to Turkey Run, six miles. 24, to Morrisville, eighteen miles. Total for April 24 miles. May 3, to Richardsville, eighteen miles. 4, to Pine Creek, ten miles. 5 to 8, marching and counter-marching, thirty miles. 9 to 14, marched via Fredericksburg, Childsburg, North Anna, Beaverdam Station, South Anna, at Ground Squirrel bridge, Hungary Station, Brock road, Meadow bridge, Bottom bridge to James river, at Haxall's Landing, ninety miles. 17 to 25, via Jordon's bridge, Baltimore Cross Roads, Cold Harbor, White House, Ayletts, White Chimneys t6 Chesterfield Station, one hundred and ten miles. 26 to June 3, via Pamunky, at Hanovertown, Maws' Shop, Cold Harbor, marching and counter-marching to Bottom bridge, sixty miles. [137] PENNSYLVANIA RESERVE CAVALRY. June 6 to 25, from Bottom bridge via New Castle, crossing the Pamunky at that place, Ayletts, Pole Cat Station, crossed North East river and North Anna River to Trevillian Station, and returned via the Catharpen road, Spottsylvania Court House, Guinea Station, Bowling Green, Newtown, Clarksville, Walkertown, King and Queen Court House, and returned to Clarksville, crossed Matapony river at Dunkirk, and again via Ayletts, King William Court House to White House, and then to James river at Wyandott's Landing, one hundred and eighty-three miles. 27 of June to 4th of July, 20 miles. July 11 to 16, to Jerusalem Plank road, Reams Station and return, forty-eight miles. 25 to August 8, crossing the James river to Malvern Hill and return via Reams Station to Light House Point, fifty-eight miles. 11 to 13, to Jerusalem Plank road and return, thirty miles. From night of 13th to September 1, across the James river, back to army headquarters, to Weldon Railroad and return to City Point, sixty-five miles. Total from May to September, 672 miles. Total for 1861, 112 miles. Total for 1862, 1631 miles. Total for 1863, 1528 miles. Total for 1864, 1068 miles. Sum total for three years 4339 miles.