Area History: Warner-Beers' History of Franklin County, PA, 1887--Part I: Chapters I-IV

Contributed for use in the USGenWeb Archives by Joyce Moore 

USGENWEB ARCHIVES NOTICE:  Printing this file by non-commerical individuals
and libraries is encouraged, as long as all notices and submitter information
is included.  Any other use, including copying files to other sites require
permission from the submitters PRIOR to uploading to any other sites.  We
encourage links to the state and county table of contents.
            __________________________________________________

               HISTORY OF FRANKLIN COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA

                             ILLUSTRATED

                               CHICAGO:
                      WARNER, BEERS & CO., 1887


                               Chicago:
                    JOHN MORRIS COMPANY, PRINTERS
                      118 and 120 Monroe Street.
            __________________________________________________


PART I -- HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA

Chapter I.

Introductory - Cornelis Jacobson Mey, 1624-25 - William Van Hulst, 1625-26 - 
Peter Minuit, 1626-33 - David Petersen De Vries, 1632-33 - 
Wouter Van Twiller, 1633-38.

     In the early colonization upon the American continent, two motives were
principally operative.  One was the desire of amassing sudden wealth
without great labor, which tempted adventurous spirits to go in search of 
gold, to trade valueless trinkets to the simple natives for rich furs and skins,
and even to seek, amidst the wilds of a tropical forest, for the fountain 
whose healing waters could restore to man perpetual youth.  The other was
the cherished purpose of escaping the unjust restrictions of Government, and
the hated ban of society against the worship of the Supreme Being according
to the honest dictates of conscience, which incited the humble devotees of
Christianity to forego the comforts of home, in the midst of the best civiliza-
tion of the age, and make for themselves a habitation on the shores of a new
world, where they might erect altars and do homage to their God in such
habiliments as they preferred, and utter praises in such note as seemed to them
good.  This purpose was also incited by a certain romantic temper, common to 
the race, especially noticeable in youth, that invites to some uninhabited spot,
and Rasselas and Robinson Crusoe-like to begin life anew.

     WILLIAM PENN, the founder of Pennsylvania, had felt the heavy hand of 
persecution for religious opinion's sake.  As a gentleman commoner at Oxford,
he had been fined, and finally expelled from that venerable seat of learning
for non-conformity to the established worship.  At home, he was whipped 
and turned out of doors by a father who thought to reclaim the son to the
more certain path of advancement at a licentious court.  He was sent to prison
by the Mayor of Cork.  For seven months he languished in the tower of London,
and finally, to complete his disgrace, he was cast into Newgate with common
felons.  Upon the accession of James II to the thrown of England, over fourteen
hundred persons of the Quaker faith were immured in prisons for a conscientious
adherence to their religious convictions.  To escape this harassing persecution,
and find peace and quietude from this sore proscription, was the moving cause 
which led Penn and his followers to emigrate to America.

     Of all those who have been founders of States in near or distant ages, none
have manifested so sincere and disinterested a spirit, nor have been so fair
exemplars of the golden rule, and of the Redeemer's sermon on the mount,
as William Penn.  In his preface to the frame of government of his colony, he
says, "The end of government is first to terrify evil-doers; secondly, to cher-
ish those who do well, which gives government a life beyond corruption, and
makes it as durable in the world, as good men shall be.  So that government 
seems to be a part of religion itself, a thing sacred in its institution and end.
For, if it does not directly remove the cause, it crushes the effects of evil, and
is an emanation of the same Divine power, that is both author and object of
pure religion, the difference lying here, that the one is more free and mental, 
the other more corporal and compulsive in its operations; but that is only to
evil-doers, government itself being otherwise as capable of kindness, goodness
and charity, as a more private society.  They weakly err, who think there is no
other use of government that correction, which is the coarsest part of it.
Daily experience tells us that the care and regulation of many other affairs
more soft, and daily necessary, make up much the greatest part of government.
Governments, like clocks, go from the motion men give them, and as govern-
ments are made and moved by men, so by them are they ruined, too.  Wherefore,
governments rather depend upon men, than men upon governments.  Let men
be good, and the government cannot be bad.  If it be ill, they will cure it.  
But if men be bad, let the government be never so good, they will endeavor
to warp and spoil to their turn.  * * *  That, therefore, which makes a good
constitution, must keep it, men of wisdom and virtue, qualities, that because
they descend not with worldly inheritances, must be carefully propagated by a
virtuous education of youth, for which, after ages will owe more to the care 
and prudence of founders and the successive magistracy, than to their parents
for their private patrimonies.  * * *  We have, therefore, with reverence to God,
and good conscience to men, to the best of our skill, contrived and composed the
Frame and Laws of this government, viz.:  To support power in reverence
with the people, and to secure the people from the abuse of power, that they
may be free by their just obedience, and the magistrates honorable for their
just administration.  For liberty without obedience is confusion, and obedience
without liberty is slavery." 

     Though born amidst the seductive arts of the great city, Penn's tastes were
rural.  He hated the manners of the corrupt court, and delighted in the homely
labors and innocent employments of the farm.  "The country," he said, "is
]the philosopher's garden and library, in which he reads and contemplates the
power, wisdom, and goodness of God.  It is his food as well as study, and gives
him life as well as learning."  And to his wife he said upon taking leave of 
her in their parting interview:  "let my children be husbandmen, and housewives.
It is industrious, healthy, honest, and of good report.  This leads to consider
the works of God, and diverts the mind from being taken up with vain arts and
inventions of a luxurious world.  Of cities and towns of concourse, beware.
The world is apt to stick close to those who have lived and got wealth there.
A country life and estate I love best for my children."

     Having thus given some account at the onset of the spirit and purposes of
the founder, and the motive which drew him to these shores, it will be in
place, before proceeding with the details of the acquisition of territory, and 
the coming of emigrants for the actual settlement under the name of
Pennsylvania, to say something of the aborigines who were found in 
possession of the soil when first visited by Europeans, of the condition of
the surface of the country, and of the previous attempts at settlements
before the coming of Penn.

       The surface of what is now known as Pennsylvania was, at the time of the
coming of the white men, one vast forest of hemlock, and pine, and beech,
and oak, unbroken, except by an occasional rocky barren upon the precipitous
mountain side, or by a few patches of prairie, which had been reclaimed by
annual burnings, and was used by the indolent and simple-minded natives for
the culture of a little maize and a few vegetables.  The soil, by the annual
accumulations of leaves and abundant growths of forest vegetation, was luxu-
rious, and the trees stood close, and of gigantic size.  The streams swarmed
with fish, and the forest abounded with game.  Where now are cities and
hamlets filled with busy populations intent upon the accumulation of wealth,
the mastery of knowledge, the pursuits of pleasure, the deer browsed and
sipped at the water's edge, and the pheasant drummed his monotonous note.  
Where now is the glowing furnace from which day and night tongues of flame
are bursting, and the busy water wheel sends the shuttle flashing through the
loom, half-naked, dusky warriors fashioned their spears with rude implements
of stone, and made themselves hooks out of the bones of animals for alluring
the finny tribe.  Where now are fertile fields, upon which the thrifty farmer
turns his furrow, which his neighbor takes up and runs on until it reaches
from one end of the broad State to the other, and where are flocks and herds,
rejoicing in rich meadows, gladdened by abundant fountains, or reposing at the
heated noontide beneath ample shade, not a blow had been struck against the
giants of the forest, the soil rested in virgin purity, the streams glided on in
majesty, unvexed by wheel and unchoked by device of man.

     Where now the long train rushes on with the speed of the wind over
plain and mead, across streams and under mountains, awakening the echoes of
the hills the long day through, and at the midnight hour screaming out its
shrill whistle in fiery defiance, the wild native, with a fox skin wrapped about 
his loins and a few feathers stuck in his hair, issuing from his rude hut, trotted
on in his forest path, followed by his squaw with her infant peering forth
from the rough sling at her back, pointed his canoe, fashioned from the barks 
of the trees, across the deep river, knowing the progress of time only by the
rising and setting sun, troubled by no meridians for its index, starting on his
way when his nap was ended, and stopping for rest when a spot was reached
that pleased his fancy.  Where now a swarthy population toils ceaselessly deep
down in the bowels of the earth, shut out from the light of day in cutting out
the material that feeds the fire upon the forge, and gives genial warmth to the
lovers as they chat merrily in the luxurious drawing room, not a mine had
been opened, and the vast beds of the black diamond rested unsunned beneath
the superincumbent mountains, where they had been fashioned by the Creator's
hand.  Rivers of oil seethed through the impatient and uneasy gases and vast
pools and lakes of this pungent, parti-colored fluid, hidden away from the
coveting eye of man, guarded well their own secrets.  Not a derrick protruded
its well-balanced form in the air.  Not a drill, with its eager eating tooth 
descended into the flinty rock.  No pipe line diverted the oily tide in a silent
ceaseless current to the ocean's brink.  The cities of iron tanks, filled to burst-
ing, had no place amidst the forest solitudes.  Oil exchanges, with their vexing
puts and calls, shorts and longs, bulls and bears, had not yet come to disturb
the equanimity of the red man, as he smoked the pipe of peace at the council
fire.  Had he once seen the smoke and soot of the new Birmingham of the
West, or snuffed the odors of an oil refinery, he would willingly have forfeited
his goodly heritage by the forest stream or the deep flowing river, and sought
for himself new hunting grounds in less favored regions.

     It was an unfortunate circumstance that at the coming of Europeans the
territory now known as Pennsylvania was occupied by some of the most bloody
and revengeful of the savage tribes.  They were known as the Lenni Lenapes,
and held sway from the Hudson to the Potomac.  A tradition was preserved
among them, that in a remote age their ancestors had emigrated eastward from
beyond the Mississippi, exterminating as they came the more civilized and
peaceful peoples, the Mound-Builders of Ohio and adjacent States, and who
were held among the tribes by whom they were surrounded as the progenitors,
the grandfathers or oldest people.  They came to be known as Europeans as
the Delawares, after the name of the river and its numerous branches along
which they principally dwelt.  The Monseys or Wolves, another tribe of the 
Lenapes, dwelt upon the Susquehanna and its tributaries, and, by their war-
like disposition, won the credit of being the fiercest of their nation, and the
guardians of the door of their council house from the north.

     Occupying the greater part of the territory now known as New York, were
the five nations - the Senacas, the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Cayugas, and 
the Onondagas, which, from their hearty union, acquired great strength and
came to exercise a commanding influence.  Obtaining firearms of the Dutch
at Albany, they repelled the advances of the French from Canada, and by
their superiority in numbers and organization, had overcome the Lenapes,
and held them for awhile in vassalage.  The Tuscaroras, a tribe which had
been expelled from their home in North Carolina, were adopted by the Five
Nations in 1712, and from this time forward these tribes were known to the
English as the Six Nations, called by the Lenapes, Mingoes, and by the French,
Iroquois.  There was, therefore, properly a United States before the thirteen
colonies achieved their independence.  The person and character of these tribes
were marked.  They were above the ordinary stature, erect, bold, and command-
ing, of great decorum in council, and when aroused showing native eloquence.
In warfare, they exhibited all the bloodthirsty, revengeful, cruel instincts of the
savage, and for the attainment of their purposes were treacherous and crafty.

     The Indian character, as developed by intercourse with Europeans, exhibits
some traits that are peculiar.  While coveting what they saw that pleased
them, and thievish to the last degree, they were nevertheless generous.  This
may be accounted for by their habits.  "They held that the game of the forest,
the fish of the rivers, and the grass of the field were a common heritage, and
free to all who would take the trouble to gather them, and ridiculed the idea 
of fencing in a meadow."  BANCROFT says: "The hospitality of the Indian
has rarely been questioned.  The stranger enters his cabin, by day or by 
night, without asking leave, and is entertained as freely as a thrush or a
blackbird, that regales himself on the luxuries of the fruitful grove.  He
will take his own rest abroad, that he may give up his own skin or mat of 
sedge to his guest.  Nor is the traveler questioned as to the purpose of his
visit.  He chooses his own time freely to deliver his message."  Penn, who,
from frequent intercourse came to know them well, in his letter to the society
of Free Traders, says of them: "In liberality they excel; nothing is too good
for their friend.  Give them a fine gun, coat or other thing, it may pass
twenty hands before it sticks; light of heart, strong affections, but soon spent.
The most merry creatures that live; feast and dance perpetually.  They never
have much nor want much.  Wealth circulateth like the blood.  All parts 
partake; and though none shall want what another hath, yet exact observers
of property.  Some Kings have sold, others presented me with several parcels
of land.  The pay or presents I made them, were not hoarded by the particular
owners, but the neighboring Kings and clans being present when the goods
were brought out, the parties chiefly concerned consulted what and to
whom they should give them.  To every King, then, by the hands of a person
for that work appointed is a proportion sent, so sorted and folded, and
with that gravity that is admirable.  Then that King subdivideth it in like
manner among his dependents, they hardly leaving themselves an equal
share with one of their subjects, and be it on such occasions as festivals, or at
their common meals, the Kings distribute, and to themselves last.  They care
for little because they want but little, and the reason is a little contents them.  
In this they are sufficiently revenged on us.  They are also free from our pains.
They are not disquited with bills of lading and exchange, nor perplexed
with chancery suits and exchequer reckonings.  We sweat and toil to live;
their pleasure feeds them; I mean their hunting, fishing, and fowling, and
this table is spread everywhere.  They eat twice a day, morning and evening.
Their seats and table are the ground.  Since the Europeans came into these
parts they are grown great lovers of strong liquors, rum especially, and for it 
exchange the richest of their skins and furs.  If they are heated with liquors,
they are restless till they have enough to sleep.  That is their cry, "Some
more and I will go to sleep;" but when drunk one of the most wretched
spectacles in the world."

     On the 28th of August, 1609, a little more than a century from the time of 
the first discovery of the New World by Columbus, HENDRICK HUDSON, an
English navigator, then in the employ of the Dutch East India Company, having
been sent out in search of a northwestern passage to the Indies, discovered
the mouth of a great bay, since known as Delaware Bay, which he entered and
partially explored.  But finding the waters shallow, and being satisfied that
this was only an arm of the sea which received the waters of a great river,
and not a passage to the western ocean, he retired, and, turning the prow of
his little craft northward, on the 2nd of September, he discovered the river 
which bears his name, the Hudson, and gave several days to its examination.
Not finding a passage to the West, which was the object of his search, he 
returned to Holland, bearing the evidences of his adventures, and made a full
report of his discoveries in which he says, "Of all lands on which I ever set
my foot, this is the best for tillage."

     A proposition had been made in the States General of Holland to form a
West India Company with purposes similar to those of the East Indian Com-
pany; but the conservative element in the Dutch Congress prevailed, and while
the Government was unwilling to undertake the risks of an enterprise for   
which it would be responsible, it was not unwilling to foster private enterprise,
and on the 27th of March, 1614, an edict was passed, granting the 
privileges of trade, in any of its possessions in the New World, during four
voyages, founding its right to the territory drained by the Delaware and
Hudson upon the discoveries by Hudson.  Five vessels were accordingly
fitted by a company composed of enterprising merchants of the cities of
Amsterdam and Hoorn, which made speedy and prosperous voyages under
command of Cornelis Jacobson Mey, bringing back with them fine furs and rich
woods, which so excited cupidity that the States General was induced on the
14th of October, 1614, to authorize exclusive trade, for four voyages, extending
through three years, in the newly acquired possessions, the edict designating
them as New Netherlands.

     One of the party of this first enterprise, Cornelis Hendrickson, was left
behind with a vessel called the Unrest, which had been built to supply the
place of one accidentally burned, in which he proceeded to explore more fully
the bay and river Delaware, of which he made report that was read before the
States General on the 19th of August, 1616.  This report is curious as dis-
closing the opinions of the first actual explorer in an official capacity:  "He
hath discovered for his aforesaid masters and directors certain lands, a bay,
and three rivers, situate between thirty-eight and forty degrees, and did their
trade with the inhabitants, said trade consisting of sables, furs, robes, and
other skins. He hath found the said country full of trees, to wit, oaks, hickory,
and pines, which trees were, in some places, covered with vines.  He hath
seen in said country bucks and does, turkeys and partridges.  He hath found
the climate of said country very temperate, judging it to be as temperate as
this country, Holland.  He also traded for and bought from the inhabitants,
the Minquas, three persons, being people belonging to this company, which
three persons were employed in the service of the Mohawks and Machicans,
giving for them kettles, beads, and merchandise."

     This second charter of privileges expired in January, 1618, and during its
continuance the knowledge acquired of the country and its resources promised
so much of success that the States General was ready to grant broader privi-
leges, and on the 3rd of June, 1621, the Dutch West India Company was 
incorporated, to extend for a period of twenty-four years, with the right of
renewal, the capital stock to be open to subscription by all nations, and
"privileged to trade and plant colonies in Africa, from the tropic of Cancer
to the Cape of Good Hope, and in America from the Straits of Magellan to the
remotest north."  The past glories of Holland, though occupying but an
insignificant patch of Europe, emboldened its Government to pass edicts for the
colonizing and carrying on an exclusive trade with a full half of the entire
world, an example of the biting off of more than could be well chewed.  But
the light of this enterprising people was beginning to pale before the rising
glories of the stern race in their sea girt isle across the channel.  Dissensions
were arising among the able statesmen who had heretofore guided its affairs,
and before the periods promised in the original charter of this colonizing
company had expired, its supremacy of the sea was successfully resisted, and its
exclusive rights and privileges in the New World had to be relinquished.

     The principal object in establishing this West India Company was to
secure a good dividend upon the capital stock, which was subscribed to by the 
rich old burgonmasters.  The fine furs and products of the forests, which had 
been taken back to Holland, had proved profitable.  But it was seen that if
this trade was to be permanently secured, in face of the active competition of
other nations, and these commodities steadily depended upon, permanent 
settlements must be provided for.  Accordingly, in 1623, a colony of about
forty families, embracing a party of Walloons, protestant fugitives from
Belgium, sailed for the new province, under the leadership of CORNELIS
JACOBSON MEY and JORIZ TIENPONT.  Soon after their arrival, Mey,
who had been invested with the power of Director General of all the
territory claimed by the Dutch, seeing, no doubt, the evidences of some
permanence on the Hudson, determined to take these honest minded and
devoted Walloons to the South River, or Delaware, that he might also gain
for his country a foothold there.  The testimony of one of the women, 
CATALINA TRICHO, who was of the party, is curious and sheds some light
upon this point.  "That she came to this provience either in the year 1623 or
1624, and that four women came along with her in the same ship, in which
GOV. ARIEN JORISSEN came also over, which four women were married
at sea, and that they and their husbands stayed about three weeks at this place
(Manhattan) and then they with eight seamen more, went in a vessel by orders
of the Dutch Governor to the Delaware River, and there settled.  Ascending
the Delaware some fifty miles, Mey landed on the eastern shore near where
now is the town of Gloucester, and built a fort which he called Nassau.  
Having duly installed his little colony, he returned to Manhattan; but beyond
the building of the fort, which served as a trading post, this attempt to plant
a colony was futile; for these religious zealots, tiring of the solitude in 
which they were left, after a few months, abandoned it, and returned to 
their associates whom they had left upon the Hudson.  Though not successful
in establishing a permanent colony upon the Delaware, ships plied regularly
between the fort and Manhattan, and this became the rallying point for the
Indians, who brought thither their commodities for trade.  At about this time,
1626, the island of Manhattan estimated to contain 22,000 acres, on which 
now stands the city of New York with  its busy population, surrounded by
its forests of masts, was bought for the insignificant sum of sixty guilders,
about $24, what would now pay for scarcely a square inch of some of that 
very soil.  As an evidence of the thrift which had begun to mark the progress
of the colony, it may be stated that the good ship "The Arms of Amsterdam,"
which bore the intelligence of this fortunate purchase to the assembly of the
XIX in Holland, bore also in the language of O'CALAGHAN, the historian
of New Netherland, the "information that the colony was in a most prosperous
state, and that the women and the soil were both fruitful.  To prove the latter
fact, samples of the recent harvest, consisting of wheat, rye, barley, oats, 
buckwheat, canary seed, were sent forward, together with 8,130 beaver skins,
valued at over 45,000 guilders, or nearly $19,000."  It is accorded by another
historian that this same ship bore also "853 ‡ otter skins, eighty-one mink
skins, thirty-six wildcat skins and thirty-four rat skins, with a quantity of 
oak and hickory timber."  From this it may be seen what the commodities 
were which formed the subjects of trade.  Doubtless of wharf rats Holland
had enough at home, but the oak, and hickory timber came at a time when
there was sore need of it.

     Finding that the charter of privileges, enacted in 1621, did not give
sufficient encouragement and promise of security to actual settlers,
further concessions were made in 1629, whereby "all such persons as
shall appear and desire the same from the company, shall be acknowledged
as Patroons [a sort of feudal lord] of New Netherland, who shall, within
the space of four years next after they have given notice to any of the
chambers of the company here, or to the Commander or Council there,
undertake to plant a colony there of fifty souls, upwards of fifteen years
old, one-fourth part within one year, and within three years after sending
the first, making together four years, the remainder, to the full number of
fifty persons, to be shipped from hence, on pain, in case of willful neglect,
of being deprived of the privileges obtained." * *  "The Patroons, by
virtue of their power, shall be permitted, at such places as they shall
settle their colonies, to extend their limits four miles along the shore, or
two miles on each side of the river, and so far into the country as the
situation of the occupiers will permit."

     Stimulated by these flattering promises, GOODYN and BLOEMMAERT,
two wealthy and influential citizens, through their agents - HEYSER and
COSTER - secured the purchase from the Indians a tract of and on the 
western shore, at the mouth of the Delaware, sixteen miles in length along
the bay front, and extending sixteen miles back into the country, giving a 
square of 256 miles.  GOODYN immediately gave notice to the company of
their intention to plant a colony of their newly acquired territory as patroons.
They were joined by an experienced navigator, DE VRIES, and on the 12th
of December, 1630, a vessel, the Walrus, under command of DE VRIES, was
dispatched with a company of settlers and a stock of cattle and farm implements
which arrived safely in the Delaware.  DeVries landed about three leagues 
within the capes, "near the entrance of a fine navigable stream, called the 
Hoarkill," where he proceeded to build a house, well surrounded with cedar 
palisades, which served the purpose of fort, lodging house, and trading post. 
The little settlement, which consisted of about thirty persons, was christened
by the high sounding title of Zwanedal - Valley of Swans.  In the spring they
prepared their fields and planted them, and De Vries returned to Holland, to 
make report of his proceedings.

     But a sad fate awaited the little colony at Zwanendal.  In accordance with 
the custom of European nations, the commandant, on taking possession of the
new purchase, erected a post, and affixed thereto a piece of tin on which was
traced the arms of Holland and a legend of occupancy.  An Indian chieftain,
passing that way, attracted by the shining metal, and not understanding the
object of the inscription, and not having the fear of their high mightinesses,
the States General of Holland before his eyes, tore it down and proceeded to
make for himself a tobacco pipe, considering it valuable both by way of 
ornament and use.  When this act of trespass was discovered, it was regarded
by the doughty Dutchman as a direct insult to the great State of Holland, and
so great an ado was raised over it that the simple minded natives became
frightened, believing that their chief had committed a mortal offense, and in
the strength and sincerity of their friendship immediately proceeded to 
dispatch the offending chieftain, and brought the bloody emblems of their
deed to the head of the colony.  This act excited the anger of the relatives of
the murdered man, and in accordance with Indian law, they awaited the chance
to take revenge.  O'Calaghan gives the following account of this bloody 
massacre which ensued:  "The colony of Zwanendal consisted at this time of
thirty-four persons.  Of these, thirty-two were one day at work in the fields,
while COMMISSARY HOSSET remained in charge of the house, where
another of the settlers lay sick abed.  A large bull dog was chained out of
doors.  On pretence of selling some furs, three savages entered the house 
and murdered Hosset and the sick man.  They found it not so easy to dispatch
the mastiff.  It was not until they had pierced him with at least twenty-five
arrows that he was destroyed.  The men in the fields were then set on, in an
equally treacherous manner, under the guise of friendship, and every man 
of them slain."  Thus was a worthless bit of tin the cause of the cutting off and
utter extermination of the infant colony.

     DeVries was upon the point of returning to Zwanendal when he received
intimation of disaster to the settlers.  With a large vessel and a yacht, he set
sail on the 24th of May, 1632, to carry succor, provided with the means of
prosecuting the whale fishery which he had been led to believe might be made
very profitable, and of pushing the production of grain and tobacco.  On
arriving in the Delaware, he fired a signal gun to give notice of his approach.
The report echoed through the forest, but, alas! the ears which would have 
been gladened with the sound were heavy, and no answering salute came from
the shore.  On landing, he found his house destroyed, the palisades burned,
and the skulls and bones of his murdered countrymen bestrewing the earth,
sad relics of the little settlement, which had promised so fairly, and warning
tokens of the barbarism of the natives.

     In place of finding his colony with plenty of provisions for the immediate 
needs of his party, he could get nothing, and began to be in want.  He accord-
ingly sailed up the river in quest of food.  The natives were ready with 
their furs to barter, but they had no supplies of food with which they wished
to part.  Game, however, was plenty, and wild turkeys were brought in 
weighing over thirty pounds.  One morning after a frosty night, while the
little craft was up the stream, the party was astonished to find the waters
frozen over, and their ship fast in the ice.  Judging by the mild climate of
their own country, Holland, they did not suppose this possible.  For several
weeks they were held fast without the power to move their floating home.
Being in need of a better variety of food than he found it possible to obtain,
De Vries sailed away with a part of his followers to Virginia, where he was
hospitably entertained by the Governor, who sent a present of goats as a 
token of friendship to the Dutch Governor at Manhattan.  Upon his return
to the Delaware, DeVries found that the party he had left behind to prosecute
the whale fishery had only taken a few small ones, and these so poor that the
amount of oil obtained was insignificant.  He had been induced to embark
in the enterprise of a settlement here by the glittering prospect of prosecuting
the whale fishery along the shore at a great profit.  Judging by this experience
that the hope of great gains from this source was groundless, and doubtless
haunted by a superstitious dread of making their homes amid the relics of the
settlers of the previous year, and of plowing fields enriched by their blood
who had been so utterly cut off, and a horror of dwelling amongst a people
so revengeful and savage, DeVries gathered all together, and taking his
entire party with him, sailed away to Manhattan and thence home to Holland
abandoning utterly the settlement.

     The Dutch still, however, sought to maintain a foothold upon the 
Delaware, and a fierce contention having sprung up between the powerful
patroons and the Director General, and they having agreed to settle
differences by the company authorizing the purchase of the claims of
the patroons, those upon the Delaware were sold for 15,600 guilders.  
Fort Nassau was accordingly re-occupied and manned with a small
military fource, and when a party from Connecticut Colony came, under 
one HOLMES to make a settlement upon the Delaware, the Dutch at
Nassau were found too strong to be subdued, and Holmes and his party
were compelled to surrender, and were sent as prisoners of war to
Manhattan.



CHAPTER II.

   Sir William Keift, 1638-47--Peter Minuit, 1638-41--
   Peter Hollandaer, 1641-43--John Printz, 1643-53--
   Peter Stuyvesant, 1647-64--John Pappagoya, 1653-54--
   John Claude Rysingh, 1654-55

     At this period, the throne of Sweden was occupied by GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS,
a monarch of the most enlightened views and heroic valor.  Seeing the activity
of surrounding nations in sending out colonies, he proposed to his people
to found a commonwealth in the New World, not for the mere purpose of gain
by trade, but to set up a refuge for the oppressed, a place of religious
liberty and happy homes that should prove of advantage to "all oppressed
Christendom."  Accordingly, a company with ample privileges was incorporated
by the Swedish Government, to which the King himself pledged $400,000 of the
royal treasure, and men of every rank and nationality were invited to join in
the enterprise.  Gustavus desired not that his colony should depend upon
serfs or slaves to do the rough work.  "Slaves cost a great deal, labor with
reluctance, and soon perish from hard usage.  The Swedish nation is laborious
and intelligent, and surely we shall gain more by a free people with wives
and children."

     In the meantime, the fruits of the reformation in Germany were menaced,
and the Swedish monarch determined to unsheath his sword and lead his people
to the aid of Protestant faith in the land where its standard had been
successfully raised.  At the battle of Lutzen, where for the cause which he
had espoused, a signal victory was gained, the illustrious monarch, in the
flower of life, received a mortal wound.  Previous to the battle, and while
engaged in active preparations for the great struggle, he remembered the
interests of his contemplated colony in America, and in a most ernest manner
commended the enterprise to the people of Germany.

     OXENSTIERN, the minister of Gustavus, upon whom the weight of government
devolved during the minority of the young daughter, CHRISTIANA, declared
that he was but the executor of the will of the fallen King, and exerted him-
self to further the interests of a colony which he believed would be favorable
to "all Christendom, to Europe, to the whole world."  Four years however
elapsed before the project was brought to a successful issue.  PETER MINUIT,
who had for a time been Governor of New Netherlands, having been displaced,
sought employment in the Swedish company, and was given the command of the
first colony.  Two vessels, the Key of Calmar and the Griffin, early in the
year 1638, with a company of Swedes and Fins, made their way across the
stormy Atlantic and arrived safely in the Delaware.  They purchased of the
Indians the lands from the ocean to the falls of Trenton, and at the mouth of
Christina Creek erected a fort which they called Christina, after the name of
the youthful Queen of Sweden.  The soil was fruitful, the climate mild, and
the scenery picturesque.  Compared with many parts of Finland and Sweden,
it was a Paradise, a name which had been given the point at the entrance of
the bay.  As tidings of the satisfaction of the first emigrants were borne
back to the fatherland, the desire to seek a home in the new country spread
rapidly, and the ships sailing were unable to take the many families seeking
passage.

     The Dutch were in actual possession of Fort Nassau when the Swedes
first arrived, and though they continued to hold it and to seek the trade of
the Indians, yet the artful Minuit was more than a match for them in Indian
barter.  WILLIAM KEIFT, the Governor of New Netherland, entered a vigorous
protest against the encroachments of the Swedes upon Dutch territory, in
which he said "this has been our property for many years, occupied with forts
and sealed by our blood, which also was done when thou wast in the service
of New Netherland and is therefore well known to thee."  But Minuit pushed
forward the work upon his fort, regardless of protest, trusting to the respect
which the flag of Sweden has inspired in the hands of BANNER and TORSTENSEN.
For more than a year no tidings were had from Sweden, and no supplies from
any source were obtained; and while the fruits of their labors were abundant
there were many articles of diet, medicines and apparel, the lack of which
they began to sorely feel.  So pressing had the want become, that application
had been made to the authorities at Manhattan for permission to remove thither
with all their effects.  But on the very day before that on which they were
to embark, a ship from Sweden richly laden with provisions, cattle, seeds and
merchandise for barter with the natives came joyfully to their relief, and
this, the first permanent settlement on soil where now are the States of
Delaware and Pennsylvania, was spared.  The success and prosperity of the
colony during the first few years of its existence was largely due to the
skill and policy of Minuit, who preserved the friendship of the natives,
avoided an open conflict with the Dutch, and so prosecuted trade that the
Dutch Governor reported to his government that trade had fallen off 30,000
beavers.  Minuit was at the head of the colony for about three years, and
died in the midst of the people whom he had led.

     Minuit was succeeded in the government by PETER HOLLANDAER, who had
previously gone in charge of a company of emigrants, and who was now, in
1641, commissioned.  The goodly lands upon the Delaware were a constant
attraction to the eye of the adventurer; a party from Connecticut, under the
leadership of ROBERT COGSWELL, came and squatted without authority upon the
site of the present town of Salem, N.J.  Another company had proceeded up
the river, and, entering the Schuylkill, had planted themselves upon its
banks.  The settlement of the Swedes, backed as it was by one of the most
powerful nations of Europe, the Governor of New Netherland was not disposed
to molest; but when these irresponsible wandering adventurers came sailing
past their forts and boldly planted themselves upon the most eligible sites
and fertile lands in their territory, the Dutch determined to assume a hostile
front, and to drive them away.  Accordingly, GEN. JAN JANSEN VAN ILPENDAM--
his very name was enough to frighten away the emigrants--was sent with two
vessels and a military force, who routed the party upon the Schuylkill,
destroying their fort and giving them a taste of the punishment that was
likely to be meted out to them, if this experiment of trespass was repeated.
The Swedes joined the Dutch in breaking up the settlement at Salem and
driving away the New England intruders.

     In 1642, Hollandaer was succeeded in the government of the Swedish
Colony by JOHN PRINTZ, whose instructions for the management of affairs were
drawn with much care by the officers of the company in Stockholm.  "He was,
first of all, to maintain friendly relations with the Indians, and by the
advantage of low prices hold their trade.  His next care was to cultivate
enough grain for the wants of the colonists, and when this was insured, turn
his attention to the culture of tobacco, the raising of cattle and sheep of
a good species, the culture of the grape, and the raising of silk worms.  The
manufacture of salt by evaporation, and the search for metals and minerals
were to be prosecuted, and inquiry into the establishment of fisheries, with
a view to profite, especially the whale fishery, was to be made."  It will be
seen from these instructions that the far-sighted Swedish statesmen had
formed an exalted conception of the resources of the new country, and had
figured to themselves great possibilities from its future development.
Visions of rich silk products, of precious metals and gems from its mines,
flocks upon a thousand hills that should rival in the softness of their downy
fleeces the best products of the Indian looms, and the luscious clusters of
the vine that could make glad the palate of the epicure filled their
imaginations.

     With two vessels, the Stoork and Renown, Printz set sail, and arrived at
Fort Christiana on the 15th of February, 1643.  He was bred to the profession
of arms, and was doubtless selected with an eye to his ability to holding
possession of the land against the conflict that was likely to arise.  He had
been a Lieutenant of cavalry, and was withal a man of prodigious proportions,
"who weighed," according to DeVries, "upward of 400 pounds, and drank three
drinks at every meal."  He entertained exalted notions of his dignity as
Governor of the colony, and prepared to establish himself in his new dominions
with some degree of magnificence.  He brought with him from Sweden the bricks
to be used for the construction of his royal dwelling.  Upon an inspection of
the settlement, he detected the inherent weakness of the location of Fort
Christina for commanding the navigation of the river, and selected the island
of Tinacum for the site of a new fort, called New Gottenburg, which was
speedily erected and made strong with huge hemlock logs.  In the midst of
the island, he built his royal residence, which was surrounded with trees and
shrubbery.  He erected another fort near the mouth of Salem Creek, called
Elsinborg, which he mounted with eight brass twelve-pounders, and garrisoned.
Here all ships ascending the river were brought to, and required to await a
permit from the Governor before proceeding to their destination.  GEN. VAN
ILPENDAM, who had been sent to drive away the intruders from New England, had
remained after executing his commission as commandant at Fort Nassau; but
having incurred the displeasure of Director Keift, he had been displaced,
and was succeeded by ANDREAS HUDDE, a crafty and politic agent of the Dutch
Governor, who had no sooner arrived and become settled in his place than a
conflict of authority sprang up between himself and the Swedish Governor.
Dutch settlers secured a grant of land on the west bank of Delaware, and
obtained possession by purchase from the Indians.  This procedure kindled
the wrath of Printz, who tore down the ensign of the company which had been
erected in token of the power of Holland, and declared that he would have
pulled down the colors of their High Mightinesses had they been erected on
this the Swedish soil.  That there might be no mistake about his claim to
authority, the testy Governor issued a manifesto to his rival on the opposite
bank, in which were these explicit declarations:
   "Andreas Huddle!  I remind you again, by this written warning, to
   discontinue the injuries of which you have been guilty against the
   Royal Majesty of Sweden, my most gracious Queen; against Her Royal
   Majesty's rights, pretensions, soil and land, without showing the
   least respect to the Royal Majesty's magnificence, reputation and
   dignity; and to do so no more, considering how little it would be
   becoming Her Royal Majesty to bear such gross violence, and what
   great disasters might originate from it, yea, might be expected.
   * * * All this I can freely bring forward in my own defense, to
   exculpate me from all future calamities, of which we give you a
   warning, and place it at your account.  Dated New Gothenburg,
   3d September, stil, veteri 1646."

     It will be noted from the repetition of the high sounding epithets
applied to the Queen, that Printz had a very exalted idea of his own
position as the Vicegerent of the Swedish monarch.  Hudde responded, saying
in reply: "The place we possess we hold in just deed, perhaps before the
name of South River was heard of in Sweden."  This paper, upon its presen-
tation, Printz flung to the ground in contempt, and when the messenger who
bore it, demanded an answer, Printz unceremoniously threw him out doors, and
seizing a gun would have dispatched the Dutchman had he not bee arrested;
and whenever any of Hudde's men visited Tinicum they were sure to be abused,
and frequently came back "bloody and bruised."  Hudde urged rights acquired
by prior possession, but Printz answered: "The devil was the oldest possessor
in hell, yet he, notwithstanding, would sometimes admit a younger one."  A
vessel which had come to the Delaware from Manhattan with goods to barter to
the Indians, was brought to, and ordered away.  In vain did Hudde plead the
rights acquired by previous possession, and finally treaty obligations
existing between the two nations. Printz was inexorable, and peremptorily
ordered the skipper away, and as his ship was not provided with the means of
fighting its way up past the frowning battlements of Fort Elsinborg, his only
alternative was to return to Manhattan and report the result to his employers.

     PETER STUYVESANT, a man of a good share of native talent and force of
character, succeeded to the chief authority over New Netherland in May, 1647.
The affairs of his colony were not in an encouraging condition.  The New
England colonies were crowding upon him from the north and east, and the
Swedes upon the South River were occupying the territory which the Dutch
for many years previous to the coming of Christina's colony had claimed.
Amid the thickening complications, Stuyvesant had need of all his power of
argument and executive skill.  He entered into negotiations with the New
England colonies for a peaceful settlement of their difficulties, getting the
very best terms he could, without resorting to force; for, said his superiors,
the officers of the company in Holland, who had an eye to dividends, "War
cannot be for our advantage; the New England people are too powerful for us."
A pacific policy was also preserved toward the Swedes.  Hudde was retained at
the head of Dutch affairs upon the Delaware, and he was required to make full
reports of everything that was transpiring there in order that a clear insight
might be gained of the policy likely to be pursued.  Stuyvesant was entirely
too shrewd a politician for the choleric Printz.  He recommended to the
company to plant a Dutch colony on the site of Zwanendal at the mount of the
river, another on the opposite bank, which, if effectually done, would
command its navigation; and a third on the upper waters at Beversreede, which
would intercept the intercourse of the native populations.  By this course of
active colonizing, Stuyvesant rightly calculated that the Swedish power would
be circumscribed, and finally, upon a favorable occasion, be crushed out.

     Stuyvesant, that he might ascertain the nature and extent of the Swedish
claims to the country, and examine into the complaints that were pouring in
upon him of wrongs and indignities suffered by the Dutch at the hands of the
Swedish power, in 1651 determined to visit the Delaware in his official
capacity.  He evidently went in some state, and Printz, who was doubtless
impressed with the condecension of the Governor of all New Netherland in thus
coming, was put upon his good behavior.  Stuyvesant, by his address, got
completely on the blind side of the Swedish chief, maintaining the garb of
friendship and brotherly good-will, and insisting that the discussion of
rights should be carried on in a peaceful and friendly manner, for we are
informed that they mutually promised "not to commit any hostile or vexatious
acts against one another, but to maintain together all neighborly friendship
and correspondence, as good friends and allies are bound to do."  Printz was
thus, by this agreement, entirely disarmed and placed at a disadvantage; for
the Dutch Governor took advantage of the armistice to acquire lands below
Fort Christina, where he proceeded to erect a fort only five miles away, which
he named Fort Casimir.  This gave the Dutch a foothold upon the south bank,
and in nearer proximity to the ocean than Fort Christina.  Fort Nassau was
dismantled and destroyed, as being no longer of use.  In a conference with
the Swedish Governor, Stuyvesant demanded to see documental proof of his
right to exercise authority upon the Delaware, and the compass of the lands
to which the Swedish Government laid claim.  Printz prepared a statement in
which he set out the "Swedish limits wide enough."  But Stuyvesant demanded
the documents, under the seal of the company, and characterized this writing
as a "subterfuge," maintaining by documentary evidence, on his part, the
Dutch West India Company's right to the soil.

     Printz was great as a blusterer, and preserver of authority when
personal abuse and kicks and cuffs could be resorted to without the fear of
retaliation; but no match in statecraft for the wily Stuyvesant.  To the plea
of pre-occupancy he had nothing to answer more than he had already done to
Hudde's messenger respecting the government of Hades, and herein was the
cause of the Swedes inherently weak. In numbers, too, the Swedes were feeble
compared with the Dutch, who had ten times the population.  But in diplomacy
he had been entirely overreached.  Fort Casimir, by its location, rendered
the rival Fort Elsinborg powerless, and under plea that the mosquitoes had
become troublesome there, it was abandoned.  Discovering, doubtless, that a
cloud of complications was thickening over him, which he would be unable with
the forces at his command to successfully withstand, he asked to be relieved,
and, without awaiting an answer to his application, departed for Sweden,
leaving his son-in-law, JOHN PAPPENGOYA, who had previously received marks of
the royal favor, and been invested with the dignity of Lieutenant Governor,
in supreme authority.

     The Swedish company had by this time, no doubt, discovered that forcible
opposition to the Swedish occupancy of the soil upon Delaware was destined
soon to come, and accordingly, as a precautionary measure, in November, 1653,
the College of Commerce sent JOHN AMUNDSON BESCH, with the commission of
Captain in the Navy, to superintend the construction of vessels.  Upon his
arrival, he acquired lands suitable for the purpose of ship-building, and set
about laying his keels. He was to have supreme authority over the naval force,
and was to act in conjunction with the Governor in protecting the interests of
the colony, but in such a manner that neither should decide anything without
consulting the other.

     On receiving the application of Printz to be relieved, the company
appointed JOHN CLAUDE RYSINGH, then Secretary of the Chamber of Commerce,
as Vice Director of New Sweden.  He was instructed to fortify and extend
the Swedish possessions, but without interrupting the friendship existing
with the English or Dutch. He was to use his power of persuasion in inducing
the latter to give up Fort Casimir, which was regarded as an intrusion upon
Swedish possessions, but without resorting to hostilities, as it was better
to allow the Dutch to occupy it than to have it fall into the hands of the
English, "who are the more powerful, and, of course, the most dangerous in
that country."  Thus early was the prowess of England foreshadowed.  Gov.
Rysingh arrived in the Delaware, on the last day of May, 1654, and immediately
demanded the surrender of Fort Casimir.  ADRIAEN VAN TIENHOVEN, an aide-de-
camp of the staff of the Dutch commandant of the fort, was sent on board
the vessel to demand of Gov. Rysingh by what right he claimed to dispossess
the rightful occupants; but the Governor was not disposed to discuss the
matter, and immediately landed a party and took possession without more
opposition than wordy protests, the Dutch Governor saying, when called on to
make defense, "What can I do?  There is no powder."  Rysingh, however, in
justification of his course, stated to Teinhoven, after he had gained
possession of the fort, that he was acting under orders from the crown of
Sweden, whose ambassador at the Dutch Court, when remonstrating against the
action of Gov. Stuyvesant in erecting and manning Fort Casimir had been
assured, by the State's General and the offices of the West India Company,
that they had not authorized the erection of this fort on Swedish soil,
saying, "if our people are in your Excellency's way, drive them off."
"Thereupon the Swedish Governor slapped Van Teinhoven on the breast, and said,
'Go! tell your Governor that.'"  As the capture was made on Trinity Sunday,
the name was changed from Fort Casimir to Fort Trinity.

     Thus were the instructions of the new Governor, not to resort to force,
but to secure possession of the fort by negotiation, complied with, but by a
forced interpretation.  For, although he had not actually come to battle, for
the very good reason that the Dutch had no powder, and were not disposed to
use their fists against fire arms, which the Swedes brandished freely, yet,
in making his demand for the fort, he had put on the stern aspect of war.

     Stuyvesant, on learning of the loss of Fort Casimir, sent a messenger to
the Delaware to invite Gov. Rysingh to come to Manhattan to hold friendly
conference upon the subject of their difficulties.  This Rysingh refused to
do, and the Dutch Governor, probably desiring instructions from the home
Government before proceeding to extremities, made a voyage to the West Indies
for the purpose of arranging favorable regulations of trade with the colonies,
though without the instructions, or even the knowledge of the States General.
CROMWELL, who was now at the head of the English nation, by the policy of his
agents, rendered this embassy of Stuyvesant abortive.

     As soon as information of the conduct of Rysingh at Zwanendal was known
in Holland, the company lost no time in disclaiming the representations
which he made of its willingness to have the fort turned over to the Swedes,
and immediately took measure for restoring it and wholly dispossessing the
Swedes of lands upon the Delaware.  On the 16 of November 1655, the company
ordered Stuyvesant "to exert every nerve to avenge the insult, by not only
replacing matters on the Delaware in their former position, but by driving
the Swedes from every side of the river," though they subsequently modified
this order in such manner as to allow the Swedes, after Fort Casimir had been
taken, "to hold the land on which Fort Christina is built," with a garden to
cultivate tobacco, because it appears that they had made the purchase with
the previous knowledge of the company, thus manifesting a disinclination to
involve Holland in a war with Sweden.  "Two armed ships were forthwith
commissioned; 'the drum was beaten daily for volunteers' in the streets of
Amsterdam; authority was sent out to arm and equip, and if necessary to press
into the company's service a sufficient number of ships for the expedition."
In the meantime, Gov. Rysingh, who had inaugurated his reign by so bold a
stroke of policy, determined to ingratiate himself into the favor of the
Indians, who had been soured in disposition by the arbitrary conduct of the
passionate Printz.  He accordingly sent out on all sides an invitation to the
native tribes to assemble on a certain day, by their chiefs and principal men,
at the seat of government on Tinicum Island, to brighten the chain of friend-
ship and renew their pledges of faith and good neighborhood.

     On the morning of the appointed day, ten grand sachems with their
attendants came and with the formality characteristic of these native tribes,
the council opened.  Many and bitter were the complaints made against the
Swedes for wrongs suffered at their hands, "chief among which was that many
of their number had died, plainly pointing, though not explicitly saying it,
to the giving of spirituous liquors as the cause."  The new Governor had no
answer to make to these complaints, being convinced, probably, that they were
but too true.  Without attempting to excuse or extenuate the past, Rysingh
brought forward the numerous presents which he had taken with him from
Sweden for the purpose.  The sight of the piled up goods produced a profound
impression upon the minds of the native chieftains.  They sat apart for
conference before making any expression of their feelings,  NAAMAN, the fast
friend of the white man, and the most consequential of the warriors,
according to Campanius, spoke:  "Look," said he, "and see what they have
brought to us."  So saying, he stroked himself three times down the arm,
which among the Indians was a token of friendship; afterward he thanked the
Swedes on behalf of his people for the presents they had received, and said
that friendship should be observed more strictly between them than ever
before; that the Swedes and the Indians in Gov. Printz's time were as one
body and one heart, striking his breast as he spoke, and that thenceforward
they should be as one head; in token of which he took hold of his head with
both hands, and made a motion as if he were tying a knot, and then he made
this comparison:  "That, as the calabash was round, without any crack, so
they should be a compact body without any fissure; and that if any should
attempt to do any harm to the Indians, the Swedes should immediately inform
them of it; and, on the other hand, the Indians would give immediate notice
to the Christians, even if it were in the middle of the night."  On this
they were answered that that would be indeed a true and lasting friendship,
if everyone would agree to it; on which they gave a general shout in token
of consent.  Immediately on this the great guns were fired, which pleased
them extremely, and they said, "poo, hoo, hoo; mokerick picon," that is to
say "Hear and believe; the great guns are fired."  Rysingh then produced
all the treaties which had ever been concluded between them and the Swedes,
which were again solemnly confirmed.  "When those who had signed the deeds
heard their names, they appeared to rejoice but, when the names were read of
those who were dead, they hung their heads in sorrow."

     After the first ebulition of feeling had subsided on the part of the
Dutch Company at Amsterdam, the winter passed without anything further being
done than issuing the order to Stuyvesant to proceed against the Swedes.  In
the spring, however, a thirty-six-gun brig was obtained from the burgonmasters
of Amsterdam, which, with four other crafts of varying sizes, was prepared
for duty, and the little fleet set sail for New Netherland.  Orders were
given for immediate action, though Director General Stuyvesant had not
returned from the West Indies.  Upon the arrival of the vessels at Manhattan,
it was announced that "if any lovers of the prosperity and security of the
province of New Netherland were inclined to volunteer, or to serve for
reasonable wages, they should come forward," and whoever should lose a limb,
or be maimed, was assured of a decent compensation.  The merchantmen were
ordered to furnish two of their crews, and the river boatmen were to be
impressed.  At this juncture a grave question arose:  "Shall the Jews be
enlisted?"  It was decided in the negative; but in lieu of service, adult
male Jews were taxed sixty-five stivers a head per month, to be levied by
execution in case of refusal.

     Stuyvesant had now arrived from his commercial trip, and made ready for
opening the campaign in earnest.  A day of prayer and thanksgiving was held
to beseech the favor of Heaven upon the enterprise, and on the 5th of
September, 1655, with a fleet of seven vessels and some 600 men, Stuyvesant
hoisted sail and steered for the Delaware.  Arrived before Fort Trinity
(Casimir), the Director sent CAPT. SMITH and a drummer to summon the fort,
and ordered a flank movement by a party of fifty picked men to cut off
communication with Fort Christina and the headquarters of Gov. Rysingh.  SWEN
SCHUTE, the commandant of the garrison, asked permission to communicate with
Rysingh, which was denied, and he was called on to prevent bloodshed.  An
interview in the valley midway between the fort and the Dutch batteries was
held, when Schute asked to send an open letter to Rysingh.  This was denied,
and for a third time the fort was summoned.  Impatient of delay, and in no
temper for parley, the great guns were landed and the Dutch force ordered to
advance.  Schute again asked for a delay until morning, which was granted, as
the day was now well spent and the Dutch would be unable to make the necessary
preparations to open before morning.  Early on the following day, Schute went
on board the Dutch flag-ship, the Balance, and agreed to terms of surrender
very honorable to his flag.  He was permitted to send to Sweden, by the first
opportunity, the cannon, nine in number, belonging to the crown of Sweden,
to march out of the fort with twelve men, as his body guard, fully accoutered
and colors flying; the common soldiers to wear their side arms.  The
commandant and other officers were to retain their private property, the
muskets belonging to the crown were to be held until sent for, and finally
the fort was to be surrendered, with all the cannon, ammunition, materials
and other goods belonging to the West India Company.  The Dutch entered the
fort at noon with all the formality and glorious circumstances of war, and
DOMINIE MEGAPOLENSIS, Chaplain of the expedition, preached a sermon of
thanksgiving on the following Sunday in honor of the great triumph.

      While these signal events were transpiring at Casimir, Gov. Rysingh,
at his royal residence on Tinicum, was in utter ignorance that he was being
despoiled of his power. A detachment of nine men had been sent by the
Governor to Casimir to re-enforce the garrison, which came unawares upon the
Dutch lines, and after a brief skirmish all but two were captured.  Upon
learning that the fort was invested, FACTOR ELLSWYCK was sent with a flag to
inquire of the invaders the purpose of their coming.  The answer was returned,
"To recover and retain our property."  Rysingh then communicated the hope
that they would, therewith rest content, and not encroach further upon Swedish
territory, having, doubtless, ascertained by this time that the Dutch were
too strong for him to make any effectual resistance.  Stuyvesant returned an
evasive answer, but made ready to march upon Fort Christina.  It will be
remembered that by the terms of the modified orders given for the reduction
of the Swedes, Fort Christina was not to be disturbed.  But the  Dutch
Governor's blood was now up, and he determined to make clean work while the
means were in his hands.  Discovering that the Dutch were advancing, Rysingh
spent the whole night in strengthening the defenses and putting the garrison
in position to make a stout resistance.  Early on the following day, the
invaders made their appearance on the opposite bank of Christina Creek, where
they threw up defenses and planted their cannon.  Forces were landed above
the fort, and the place was soon invested on all sides, the vessels, in the
meantime, having been brought into the mouth of the creek, their cannon
planted west of the fort and on Timber Island.  Having thus securely shut up
the Governor and his garrison, Stuyvesant summoned him to surrender.  Rysingh
could not in honor tamely submit, and at a council of war it was resolved to
make a defense and "leave the consequence to be redressed by our gracious
superiors.  But their supply of powder barely sufficed for one round, and his
force consisted on only thirty men.  In the meantime, the Dutch soldiery
made free with the property of the Swedes without the fort, killing their
cattle and invading their homes.  "At length the Swedish garrison itself
showed symptoms of mutiny.  The men were harassed with constant watching,
provisions began to fail, many were sick, several had deserted, and
Stuyvesant threatened, that, if they held out much longer, to give no
quarter."  A conference was held which ended by the return of Rysingh to the
fort more resolute than ever for defense.  Finally Stuyvesant send in his
ultimatum and gave twenty-four hours for a final answer, the generous extent
of time for consideration evincing the humane disposition of the commander
of the invading army, or what is perhaps more probable his own lack of
stomach for carnage.  Before the expiration of the time allowed, the garrison
capitulated, "after a siege of fourteen days, during which, very fortunately,
there was a great deal more talking than cannonading, and no blood shed,
except those of the goats, poultry and swine, which the Dutch troops laid
their hands on.  The twenty to thirty Swedes then marched out with their
arms; colors flying, matches lighted, drums beating, and fifes playing, and
the Dutch took possession of the fort, hauled down the Swedish flag and
hoisted their own.

     By the terms of capitulation, the Swedes, who wished to remain in the
country, were permitted to do so, on taking the oath of allegiance, and
rights of property were to be respected under the sway of Dutch law.  Gov.
Rysingh, and all others who desired to return to Europe, were furnished
passage and by a secret provision, a loan of 300 Flemish pounds was made to
Rysingh, to be refunded on his arrival in Sweden, the cannon and other
property belonging to the crown remaining in the hands of the Dutch until the
loan was paid.  Before withdrawing Stuyvesant offered to deliver over Fort
Christina and the lands immediately about it to Rysingh, but this offer was
declined with dignity, as the matter had now passed for arbitrament to the
courts of the two nations.

     The terms of the capitulation were honorable and liberal enough, but the
Dutch authorities seem to have exercised little care in carrying out its
provisions, or else the discipline in the service must have been very lax.
For Rysingh had no sooner arrived at Manhattan, than he entered most
vigorous protests against the violations of the provisions of the capitulation
to Gov. Stuyvesant.  He asserted that the property belonging to the Swedish
crown had been left without guard or protection from pillage, and that he
himself had not been assigned quarters suited to his dignity.  He accused the
Dutch with having broken open the church, and taken away all the cordage and
sails of a new vessel, with having plundered the villages, Tinnakong, Uplandt,
Finland, Printzdorp and other places.  "In Christina, the women were
violently torn from their houses; whole buildings were destroyed; yea, oxen
cows, hogs, and other creatures were butchered day after day; even the horses
were not spared, but wantonly shot; the plantations destroyed, and the whole
country so desolated that scarce any means were left for the subsistence of
the inhabitants."  "Your men carried off even my own property," said Rysingh,
"with that of my family, and we were left like sheep, doomed to the knife,
without means of defense against the wild barbarians."

     Thus the colony of Swedes and Fins on the South River, which had been
planned by and had been the object of solicitude to the great monarch
himself, and had received the fostering care of the Swedish Government, came
to an end after an existence of a little more than seventeen years --1638-
1655.  But though it no longer existed as a colony under the government of
the crown of Sweden, many of the colonists remained and became the most
intelligent and law-abiding citizens, and constituted a vigorous element in
the future growth of the State.  Some of the best blood of Europe at this
period flowed in the veins of the Swedes.  "A love for Sweden," says BANCROFT,
"their dear mother country, the abiding sentiment of loyalty toward its
sovereign, continued to distinguish the little band.  At Stockholm, they
remained for a century the objects of disinterested and generous regard;
affection united them in the New World; and a part of their descendents still
preserve their alter and their dwellings around the graves of their fathers."

     This campaign of Stuyvesant, for the dispossessing of the Swedes of
territory upon the Delaware, furnishes WASHINGTON IRVING subject for some
of the most inimitable chapters of broad humor, in his Knickerbocker's
New York, to be found in the English language.  And yet, in the midst of his
side-splitting paragraphs, he indulges in a reflection which is worthy of
rememberance.  "He who reads attentively will discover the threads of gold
which run throughout the web of history, and are invisible to the dull eye
of ignorance." * * * By the treacherous surprisal at Fort Casimir, then, did
the crafty Swedes enjoy a transient triumph, but drew upon their heads the
vengence of Peter Stuyvesant, who wrested all New Sweden from their hands.
By the conquest of New Sweden, Peter Stuyvesant aroused the claims of LORD
BALTIMORE, who appealed to the cabinet of Great Britain, who subdued the
whole province of New Netherlands.  By this great achievement, the whole
extent of North America, from Nova Scotia to the Floridas, was rendered one
entire dependency upon the British crown.  But mark the consequence:  The
hitherto scattered colonies being thus consolidated and having no rival
colonies to check or keep them in awe, waxed great and powerful, and finally
becoming too strong for the mother country, were enabled to shake off its
bonds.  But the chain of effects stopped not here; the successful revolution
in America produced the sanguinary revolution in France, which produced the
puissant Bonaparte, who produced the French despotism."

     In March, 1656, the ship "Mercury," with 130 emigrants, arrived, the
government at Stockholm having had no intimation of the Dutch conquest.
An attempt was made to prevent a landing, and the vessel was ordered to
report to Stuyvesant at Manhattan, but the order was disregarded and the
colonists debarked and acquired lands.  The Swedish Government was not
disposed to submit to these high-handed proceedings of the Dutch, and the
ministers of the two courts maintained a heated discussion of their
differences.  Finding the Dutch disposed to hold by force their conquests,
the government of Sweden allowed the claim to rest until 1664.  In that
year, vigorous measures were planned to regain its claims upon the Delaware,
and a fleet bearing a military force was dispatched for the purpose.   But,
having been obliged to put back on account of stress of weather, the
enterprise was abandoned.

CHAPTER III. 
  
John Paul Jacquet, 1655-57--Jacob Alrichs, 1657-59--
Goeran Van Dyck, 1657-58--William Beekman, 1658-63--
Alexander D'Hinoyossa, 1659-64.

     The colonies upon the Delaware being now under exclusive 
control of the Dutch, JOHN PAUL JAQUET was appointed in November, 
1655, as Vice Director, DERCK SMIDT having exercised authority 
after the departure of STUYVESANT.  The expense of fitting out the
expedition for the reduction of the Swedes was sorely felt by the
West India Company, which had been obliged to borrow money for the
purpose of the city of Amsterdam.  In payment of this loan, the
company sold to the city all the lands upon the south bank of the
Delaware, from the ocean to Christina Creek, reaching back to the
lands of the Minquas, which was designated Nieur Amstel.  Again
was there divided authority upon the Delaware.  The government of 
the new possession was vested in a commission of forty residents of
Amsterdam, who appointed JACOB ALRICHS as Director, and sent him 
with a force of forty soldiers and 150 colonists, in three vessels,
to assume the government, whereupon JAQUET relinquished authority
over this portion of his territory.  The company in communicating
with STUYVESANT	upon the subject of his course in dispossessing the
Swedes, after duly considering all the complaints and remonstrances
of the Swedish government, approved his conduct, "though they would
not have been displeased had such a formal capitulation not taken
place," adding as a parenthetical explanation of the word formal 
"what is written is too long preserved, and may be produced when 
not desired, whereas words not recorded are, in the lapse of time,
forgotten, or may be explained away.

     STUYVESANT still remained in supreme control over both the
colony of the city and the colony of the company, to the immediate
governorship of the latter of which, GOERAN VAN DYCK was appointed.
But though settlements in the management of affairs were frequently
made, they would not remain settled.  There was conflict of 
authority between ALRICHS and VAN DYCK.  The companies soon found
that a grievous system of smuggling had sprung up.  After a search-
ing examination into the irregularities by STUYVESANT, who visited
the Delaware for the purpose, he recommended the appointment of one
general agent who should have charge of all the revenues of both
colonies, and WILLIAM BEEKMAN was accordingly appointed.  The
company of the city seems not to have been satisfied with the 
profits of their investment, and accordingly made new regulations 
to govern settlement, by which larger returns would accrue.  This
action created discontent among the settlers, and many who were
meditating the purchase of lands and the acquisition of homes, de-
termined to go over into Maryland where LORD BALTIMORE was offering
far more liberal terms of settlement.  To add to the discomforts of
the settlers, "the miasms which the low alluvial soil and the rank
and decomposed vegetation of a new country engenders," produced
wasting sicknesses.  When the planting was completed, and the new
soil, for ages undisturbed, had been thoroughly stirred, the rains
set in which descended almost continuously, producing fever and 
ague and dysentery.  Scarcely a family escaped the epidemic.  Six
in the family of Director ALRICHS were attacked, and his wife died.
New colonists came without provisions, which only added to the 
distress.  "Scarcity of provisions," says O'CALAGHAN, naturally
followed the failure of the crops; 900 schepels of grain had been
sown in the spring.  They produced scarcely 600 at harvest.  Rye
rose to three guilders the bushel; peas to eight guilders the sack;
salt was twelve guilders the bushel at New Amsterdam; cheese and
butter were not to be had, and when a man journeys he can get
nothing but dry bread, or he must take a pot or kettle along with
him to cook his victuals."  "The place had now got so bad a name
that the whole river could not wash it clean."  The exactions of
the city company upon its colony, not only did not bring increased
revenue, but by dispersing the honest colonists, served to notify
LORD BALTIMORE--who had laid claim to the lands upon Delaware, on
account of original discovery by LORD DE LA WAR, for whom the river
takes its name, and from subsequent charter of the British crown,
covering territory from the 38th to 40th degree of latitude--of the
weakness of the colonies, and persuade him that now was a favorable
opportunity to enforce his claims.  Accordingly, COL. UTIE, with a
number of delegates, was dispatched to demand that the Dutch should
quit the place, or declare themselves subjects of LORD BALTIMORE,
adding, "that if they hesitated, they should be responsible for
whatever innocent blood might be shed."

     Excited discussions ensued between the Dutch authorities and
the agents of the Maryland government, and it was finally agreed
to refer the matter to GOV. STUYVESANT, who immediately sent
Commissioners to the Chesapeake to settle differences, and enter 
into treaty regulations for the mutual return of fugitives, and
dispatched sixty soldiers to the Delaware to assist in preserving
order, and resisting the English, should an attempt be made to 
dispossess the Dutch.

     Upon the death of ALRICHS, which occurred in 1659, ALEXANDER
D'HINOYOSSA was appointed Governor of the city colony.  The new
Governor was a man of good business capacity, and sought to 
administer the affairs of his colony for the best interests of the
settlers, and for increasing the revenues of the company.  To 
further the general prosperity, the company negotiated a new loan
with which to strengthen and improve its resources.  This liberal
policy had the desired effect.  The Swedes, who had settled above
on the river, moved down, and acquired homes on the lands of the
city colony.  The Fins and discontented Dutch, who had gone to 
Maryland, returned and brought with them some of the English
settlers.

     Discouraged by the harassing conflicts of authority which 
seemed interminable, the West India Company transferred all its
interests on the east side of the river to the colony of the city,
and upon the visit of D'HINOYOSSA to Holland in 1663, he secured
for himself the entire and exclusive government of the colonies 
upon the Delaware, being no longer subject to the authority of
STUYVESANT.

     Encouraged by liberal terms of settlement, and there being now
a prospect of stable government, emigrants were attracted thither.
A Mennonite community came in a body.  "Clergymen were not allowed
to join them, nor any 'intractable people such as those in communion
with the Roman See, usurious Jews, English stiff-necked Quakers,
Puritans, foolhardy believers in the millennium, and obstinate
modern pretenders to revelation.'"  They were obliged to take an
oath never to seek for an office;  Magistrates were to receive no
compensation, "not even a stiver."  The soil and climate were
regarded as excellent, and when sufficiently peopled, the country
would be the "finest on the face of the globe."
                                                                     

CHAPTER IV.

Richard Nichols, 1664-67--Robert Needham, 1664-68--
Francis Lovelace, 1667-73--John Carr, 1668-73--
Anthony Colve, 1673-74--Peter Alrichs, 1673-74

     Affairs were scarcely arranged upon the Delaware, and the dawning
of a better day for the colonists ushered in, before new complications
began to threaten the subversion of the whole Dutch power in America.
The English had always claimed the entire Atlantic seaboard.  Under
CROMWELL, the Navigation act was aimed at Dutch interests in the New
World.  CAPTAIN JOHN SCOTT, who had been an officer in the army of
CHARLES I, having obtained some show of authority from the Governor of
Connecticut, had visited the towns upon the west end of Long Island,
where was a mixed population of Dutch and English, and where he claimed
to have purchased large tracts of land, and had persuaded them to
unite under his authority in setting up a government of their own.  He
visited England and "petitioned the King to be invested with the
government of Long Island, or that the people thereof be allowed to
choose yearly a Governor and Assistants."  By his representation, an
inquiry was instituted by the King's council, "as to his majesty's
title to the premises; the intrusions of the Dutch; their deportment;
management of the country; strength, trade and government; and lastly,
of the means necessary to induce or force them to acknowledge the
King, or if necessary, to expel them together from the country."  The
visit of SCOTT, and his prayer to the King for a grant of Long Island,
was the occasion of inaugurating a policy, which resulted in the
overthrow of Dutch rule in America.  But the attention of English
statesmen had for some time been turned to the importance of the
territory which the Dutch colonies had occupied, and a belief that
Dutch trade in the New World was yielding great returns, stimulated
inquiry.  JAMES, Duke of York, brother to the King, who afterward
himself became King, was probably at this time the power behind the
throne that was urging on action looking to the dispossession of the
Dutch.  The motive which seemed to actuate him was the acquisition of
personal wealth and power.  He saw, as he thought, a company of
merchants in Amsterdam accumulating great wealth out of these colonies,
and he meditated the transfer of this wealth to himself.  He was
seconded in this project by the powerful influence of SIR GEORGE
DOWNING, who had been Envoy at the Hague, under CROMWELL, and was now
under CHARLES II.  "Keen, bold, subtle, active, and observant, but
imperious and unscrupulous, disliking and distrusting the Dutch," he
had watched every movement of the company's granted privileges by the
States General, and had reported everything to his superiors at home.
"The whole bent," says O'CALAGHAN," of this man's mind was constantly
to hold up before the eyes of his countrymen the growing power of
Holland and her commercial companies, their immense wealth and
ambition, and the danger to England of permitting these to progress
onward unchecked."

     After giving testimony before the council, SCOTT returned to
America with a letter from the King recommending his interests to the
co-operation and protection of the New England colonies.  On arriving
in Connecticut, he was commissioned by the Governor of that colony to
incorporate Long Island under Connecticut jurisdiction.  But the
Baptists, Quakers and Mennonites, who formed a considerable part of
the population, "dreaded falling into the hands of the Puritans."
In a quaint document commencing, "In the behalfe of sum hundreds of
English here planted on the west end of Long Island wee address,"
etc.," they besought SCOTT to come and settle their difficulties.
On his arrival he acquainted them with the fact, till then unknown,
that King Charles had granted the island to the DUKE OF YORK, who
would soon assert his rights.  Whereupon the towns of Hemstede,
Newwarke, Crafford, Hastings, Folestone and Gravesend, entered into a
"combination" as they termed it, resolved to elect deputies to draw
up laws, choose magistrates, and empowered SCOTT to act as their
President; in short set up the first independent State in America.
SCOTT immediately set out at the head of 150 men, horse and foot, to
subdue the island.

     On the 22d of March, 1664, CHARLES II made a grant of the whole
of Long Island, and all the adjoining country at the time in posses-
sion of the Dutch, to the DUKE OF YORK.  Borrowing four men-of-war
of the king, JAMES sent them in command of COL. RICHARD NICHOLLS, an
old officer, with whom was associated SIR ROBERT CARR, SIR GEORGE
CARTWRIGHT, and SAMUEL MAVERICK, ESQ., and a force of 450 men, to
dispossess the Dutch.  To insure the success of the expedition,
letters were addressed to each of the Governors of the New England
colonies, enjoining upon them to unite in giving aid by men and
material to NICHOLLS.  The fleet sailed directly for Boston, where it
was expected, and whence, through one Lord, the Dutch were notified
of its coming.  The greatest consternation was aroused upon the
receipt of this intelligence, and the most active preparations were
making for defense.  But in the midst of these preparations, notice
was received from the Chambers at Amsterdam, doubtless inspired by
the English, that "no apprehension of any public enemy or danger from
England need be entertained.  That the King was only desirous to
reduce the colonies to uniformity in church and state, and with this
view was dispatching some Commissioners with two or three frigates to
New England to introduce Episcopacy in that quarter."  Thrown completely
off his guard by this announcement, the Director General, STUYVESANT
abandoned all preparations for resistance, and indulged in no
anticipations of a hostile visitation.  Thus were three full weeks
lost in which the colonies might have been put in a very good state
of defense.

     NICHOLLS on arriving in American waters, touched at Boston and
Connecticut, where some aid was received, and then hastened forward
to Manhattan.  STUYVESANT had but a day or two before learned of the
arrival, and of the hostile intent.  Scarcely had he issued orders
for bringing out his forces and for fortifying before NICHOLLS
scattered proclamations through the colony promising to protect all
who submitted to his Brittanic majesty in the undisturbed possession
of their property, and made a formal summons upon Stuyvesant to
surrender the country to the King of Great Britain.  The Director
found that he had an entirely different enemy to treat with from
RYSINGH, and a few half armed Swedes and Fins upon the Delaware.
Wordy war ensued between the Commissioners and the Director, and the
English Governor finding that STUYVESANT not in the temper to yield,
landed a body of his soldiers upon the lower end of the island, and
ordered Hyde, the commander of the fleet, to lay the frigates broad-
side before the city.  It was a critical moment.  STUYVESANT was
standing on one of the points of the fort when he saw the frigates
approaching.  The gunner stood by with burning match, prepared to
fire on the fleet, and STUYVESANT seemed on the point of giving the
order.  But he was restrained, and a further communication was sent
to NICHOLLS, who would listen to nothing short of the full execution
of his mission.  Still STUYVESANT held out.  The inhabitants implored,
but rather than surrender "he would be carried a corpse to his grave."
The town was, however, in no condition to stand a siege.  The powder
at the fort would only suffice for one day of active operations.
Provisions were scarce.  The inhabitants were not disposed to be
sacrificed, and the disaffection among them spread to the soldiers.
They were overheard muttering, "Now we hope to pepper those devilish
traders who have so long salted us; we know where booty is to be
found, and where the young women live who wear gold chains."

     The REV. JANNES MYAPOLEUSES seems to have been active in negotia-
tions and opposed to the shedding of blood.  A remonstrance drawn by
him was finally adopted and signed by the principal men, and presented
to the Director General, in which the utter hopelessness of resistance
was set forth, and STUYVESANT finally consented to capitulate.
Favorable terms were arranged, and NICHOLLS promised that if it should
be finally agreed between the English and Dutch governments that the
province should be given over to Dutch rule, he would peacefully
yield his authority.  Thus without a gun being fired, the English made
conquest of the Manhattoes.

     SIR ROBERT CARR, with two frigates and an ample force, was
dispatched to the Delaware to reduce the settlements there to English
rule.  The planters, whether Dutch or Swedes, were to be insured in
the peaceable possession of their property, and the magistrates were
to be continued in office.

     Sailing past the fort, he disseminated among the settlers the
news of the surrender of STUYVESANT, and the promises of protection
which NICHOLLS had made use of.  But GOV. D'HINOYOSSA was not dis-
posed to heed the demand for surrender without a struggle.  Whereupon
CARR landed his forces and stormed the place.  After a fruitless but
heroic resistance, in which ten were wounded and three were killed,
the Governor was forced to surrender.  Thus was the complete subversion
of the State's General in America consummated, and the name of New
Amsterdam gave place to that of New York, from the name of the English
proprietor, JAMES, DUKE OF YORK.

     The resistance offered by D'HINOYOSSA formed a pretext for
shameless plunder.  CARR, in his report which shows him to have been
a lawless fellow, says, "Ye soldiers never stoping untill they stormed
ye fort, and sae consequently to plundering; the seamen, noe less
given to that sport, were quickly within, and have gotten good store
of booty."  CARR seized the farm of D'HINOYOSSA, his brother, JOHN
CARR, that of SHERIFF SWERINGEN, and ENSIGN STOCK that of PETER
ALRICHS.  The produce of the land for that year was seized, together
with a cargo of goods that was unsold.  "Even the inoffensive
Mennonists, though non-combatant from principle, did not escape the
sack and plunder to which the whole river was subjected by CARR and
his marauders.  A boat was dispatched to their settlement, which was
stripped of everything, to a very naile."

     NICHOLLS, on hearing of the rapacious conduct of his subordinate,
visited the Delaware, removed CARR, and placed ROBERT NEEDHAM in
command.  Previous to dispatching his fleet to America, in June, 1664,
the DUKE OF YORK had granted to JOHN, LORD BERKELEY, Baron of Stratton,
and SIR GEORGE CARTERET, of Saltrum in Devon, the territory of New
Jersey, bounded substantially as the present State, and this, though
but little settled by the Dutch, had been included in the terms of
surrender secured by NICHOLLS.  In many ways, he showed himself a man
of ability and discretion.  He drew up with signal success a body of
laws, embracing most of the provisions which had been in force in the
English colonies, which were designated the Duke's Laws.

     In May, 1667, COL. FRANCIS LOVELACE was appointed Governor in
place of NICHOLLS, and soon after taking charge of affairs, drew up
regulations for the government of the territory upon the Delaware, and
dispatched CAPT. JOHN CARR to act there as his Deputy Governor.  It
was provided that whenever complaint duly sworn to was made, the
Governor was to summon "the schout, HANS BLOCK, ISRAEL HELM, PETER
RAMBO, PETER COCK, and PETER ALRICHS, or any two of them, as counsel-
lors to advise him, and determine by the major vote what is just,
equitable and necessary in the case in question."  It was further
provided that all men should be punished in an exemplary manner though
with moderation; that the laws should be frequently communicated to
the counsellors, and that in cases of difficulty recorse should be had
to the Governor and Council at New York.

     In 1668, two murders were perpetrated by Indians, which caused
considerable disturbance and alarm throughout the settlements.  These
capital crimes appear to have been committed while the guilty parties
were maddened by liquor.  So impressed were the sachems and leading
warriors of the baneful effects of strong drink, that they appeared
before the Council and besought its authority to utterly prohibit the
sale of it to any of their tribes.  These requests were repeated, and
finally, upon the advice of PETER ALRICHS, "the Governor (LOVELACE)
prohibited, on pain of death, the selling of powder, shot and strong
liquors to the Indians, and writ to CARR on the occasion to use the
utmost vigilance and caution."

     The native murderers were not apprehended, as it was difficult to
trace them; but the Indians themselves were determined to ferret them
out.  One was taken and shot to death, who was the chief offender, but
the other escaped and was never after heard of.  The chiefs summoned
their young men, and in presence of the English warned them that such
would be the fate to all offenders.  PROUD justly remarks: "This, at
a time when the Indians were numerous and strong and the Europeans few
and weak, was a memorable act of justice, and a proof of true friend-
ship to the English, greatly alleviating the fear, for which they had
so much reason among savages, in this then wilderness country."

     In 1669, a reputed son of the distinguished Swedish General,
CONNINGSMARKE, commonly called the Long Fin, and another of his
nationality, HENRY COLEMAN, a man of property, and familiar with the
language and habits of the Indians, endeavored to incite an insurrection
to throw off the English rule and establish the Swedish supremacy.
The Long Fin was apprehended, and was condemned to die; but upon re-
consideration his sentence was commuted to whipping and branding with
the letter R.  He was brought in chains to New York, where he was
incarcerated in the Stadt-house for a year, and was then transported
to Barbadoes to be sold.  Improvements in the modes of administering
justice were from time to time introduced.  New Castle was made a
corporation, to be governed by a Bailiff and six associates.  Duties
on importations were laid, and CAPT. MARTIN PRINGER was appointed to
collect and make due returns of them to GOV. LOVELACE.

     In 1673, the French monarch, LOUIS XIV, declared war against the
Netherlands, and with an army of over 200,000 men moved down upon that
devoted country.  In conjunction with the land force, the English,
with a powerful armament, descended upon the Dutch waters.  The aged
DU RUYTER and the youthful VAN TROMP put boldly to sea to meet the
invaders.  Three great naval battles were fought upon the Dutch coast
on the 7th and 14th of June, and the 6th of August, in which the
English forces were finally repulsed and driven from the coast.  In
the meantime, the inhabitants, abandoning their homes, cut the dikes
which held back the sea, and invited inundation.  Deeming this a
favorable opportunity to regain their possessions wrenched from them
in the New World, the Dutch sent a small fleet under COMMODORES
CORNELIUS EVERTSE and JACOBUS BENKES, to New York, to demand the
surrender of all their previous possessions.  GOV. LOVELACE happened
to be absent, and his representative, CAPT. JOHN MANNING, surrendered
with but brief resistance, and the magistrates from Albany, Esopus,
East Jersey and Long Island, on being summoned to New York, swore
fealty to the returning Dutch power.  ANTHONY COVE, as Governor, was
sent to Delaware, where the magistrates hastened to meet him and sub-
mit themselves to his authority.  Property in the English Government
was confiscated; GOV. LOVELACE returned to England, and many of the
soldiers were carried prisoners to Holland.  Before their departure,
COMMODORES EVERTSE and BENKES, who styled themselves, "The honorable
and awful council of war, for their high mightinesses, the State's
General of the United Netherlands, and his Serene Highness, the Prince
of Orange," commissioned ANTHONY COLVE, a Captain of foot, on the 12th
of August, 1673, to be Governor General of "New Netherlands, with all
its appendences," and on the 19th of September following, PETER
ALRICHS, who had manifested his subserviency and his pleasure at the
return of Dutch ascendancy, was appointed by COLVE, Deputy Governor
upon the Delaware.  A body of laws was drawn up for his instruction,
and three courts of justice were established, at New Castle, Chester
and Lewistown.  Capt. Manning on his return to England was charged
with treachery for delivering up the fort at New York without resis-
tance, and was sentenced by court martial "to have his sword broken
over his head in public, before the city hall, and himself rendered
incapable of wearing a sword and of serving his Majesty for the future
in any public trust in the Government.

     But the revolution which had been affected so easily was of short
duration.  On the 9th of February, 1674, peace was concluded between
England and Holland, and in articles of pacification it was provided
"that whatsoever countries, islands, towns, ports, casstles or forts,
have or shall be taken, on both sides, since the time that the late
unhappy war broke out, either in Europe, or elsewhere, shall be
restored to the former lord and proprietor, in the same condition they
shall be in when the peace itself shall be proclaimed, after which
time there shall be no spoil nor plunder of the inhabitants, no demo-
lition of fortifications, nor carrying away of guns, powder, or other
military stores which belonged to any castle or port at the time when
it was taken."  This left no room for controversy about possession.
But that there might be no legal bar or loophole for question of
absolute right to his possessions, the DUKE OF YORK secured from the
King on the 29th of June following, a new patent covering the former
grant, and two days thereafter sent SIR EDMUND ANDROS, to possess and
govern the country.  He arrived at New York and took peaceable
possession on the 31st of October, and two days thereafter it was
resolved in council to reinstate all the officers upon Delaware as
they were at the surrender to the Dutch, except PETER ALRICHS, who
for his forwardness in yielding his power was relieved.  CAPT. EDMUND
CANTWELL and WILLIAM TOM were sent to occupy the fort at New Castle,
in the capacities of Deputy Governor and Secretary.  In May, 1675,
GOV. ANDROS visited the Delaware, and held court at New Castle "in
which orders were made relative to the opening of roads, the regulation
of church property and the support of preaching, the prohibition of
the sale of liquor to the Indians, and the distillation thereof by the
inhabitants."  On the 23d of September, 1676, Cantwell was superseded
by JOHN COLLIER, as Vice Governor, when EPHRAIM HERMANS became
Secretary.

     As was previously observed, Gov. Nicholls, in 1664, made a
complete digest of all the laws and usages in force in the English-
speaking colonies in America, which were known as the Duke's Laws.
That these might now be made the basis of judicature throughout the
Duke's possessions, they were, on the 15th of September, 1676,
formally proclaimed and published by Gov. Lovelace, with a suitable
ordinance introducing them.  It may here be observed that, in the
administration of Gov. Hartranft, by act of the Legislature of June 12,
1878, the Duke's Laws were published in a handsome volume, together
with the Charter and Laws instituted by PENN, and historical notes
covering the early history of the State, under the direction of
JOHN B. LINN, Secretary of the commonwealth, edited by STAUGHTON
GEORGE, BENJAMIN M. NEAD, and THOMAS McCAMANT, from an old copy
preserved among the town records of Hempstead, Long Island, the seat
of the independent State which had been set up there by JOHN SCOTT
before the coming of Nicholls.  The number of taxable male inhabitants
between the ages of sixteen and sixty years, in 1677, for Uplandt and
New Castle, was 443, which by the usual estimate of seven to one would
give the population 2,101 for this district.  GOV. COLLIER having
exceeded his authority by exercising judicial functions, was deposed
by ANDROS, and CAPT. CHRISTOPHER BILLOP was appointed to succeed him.
But the change resulted in little benefit to the colony; for BILLOP
was charged with many irregularities, "taking possession of the fort
and turning it into a stable, and the court room above into a hay and
fodder loft; debarring the court from sitting in its usual place in
the fort, and making use of soldiers for his own private purposes."

     The hand of the English Government bore heavily upon the denomi-
nation of Christians called Friends or Quakers, and the earnest-minded,
conscientious worshipers, uncompromising in their faith, were eager
for homes in a land where they should be absolutely free to worship
the Supreme Being.  BERKELEY and CARTERET, who had bought New Jersey,
were Friends, and the settlements made in their territory were largely
of that faith.  In 1675, LORD BERKELEY sold his undivided half of the
province to JOHN FENWICKE, in trust for EDWARD BYLLINGE, also Quakers,
and FENWICKE sailed in the Griffith, with a company of Friends who
settled at Salem, in West Jersey.  BYLLINGE, having become involved
in debt, made an assignment of his interest for the benefit of his
creditors and WILLIAM PENN was induced to become a trustee jointly
with GOWEN LAWRIE and NICHOLAS LUCAS.  PENN was a devoted Quaker, and
he was of that ernest nature that the interests of his friends and
Christian devotees were like his own personal interests.  Hence he
became zealous in promoting the welfare of the colony.  For its
orderly government, and that settlers might have assurance of stability
in the management of affairs, PENN drew up "Concessions and agreements
of the proprietors, freeholders and inhabitants of West New Jersey in
America" in forty-four chapters.  Foreseeing difficulty from divided
authority, PENN secured a division of the province by "a line of par-
tition from the east side of Little Egg Harbor, straight north, through
the country to the utmost branch of the Delaware River."  PENN's half
was called New West Jersey, along the Delaware side, CARTERET's New
East Jersey along the ocean shore.  PENN's purposes and disposition
toward the settlers, as the founder of a State, are disclosed by a
letter which he wrote at this time to a Friend, RICHARD HARTSHORN,
then in America:  "We lay a foundation for after ages to understand
their liberty, as men and Christians; that they may not be brought
into bondage, but by their own consent; for we put the power in the
people. * * So everyman is capable to choose or to be chosen; no man
to be arrested, condemned, or molested, in his estate, or liberty, but
by twelve men of the neighborhood; no man to lie in prison for debt,
but that his estate satisfy, as far as it will go, and he be set at
liberty to work; no man should be called in question, or molested for
his conscience."  Lest any should be induced to leave home and embark
in the enterprise of settlement unadvisedly, PENN wrote and published
a letter of caution, "That in whomsoever a desire to be concerned in
this intended plantation, such would weigh the thing before the Lord,
and not headily, or rashly, conclude on any such remove, and that they
do not offer violence to the tender love of their near kindred and
relations, but soberly, and conscientiously endeavor to obtain their
good wills; that whether they go or stay, it may be of good savor
before the Lord and good people."