Local History: Chapter V - Part II: The First Swedish Settlement: Bean's 1884 History of Montgomery Co, PA

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                           BEAN'S  HISTORY  OF

                     MONTGOMERY COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

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66 (cont.)

                         CHAPTER V. - PART II

                    THE FIRST SWEDISH SETTLEMENTS

     A change in the director-generalship of the New Netherlands took
place May 27, 1647.  Peter Stuyvesant succeeded William Kieft. 
Meantime, the importance of securing titles to lands became a paramount
object to the most enterprising of the settlers, and trade with the
Indians for peltries a secondary matter.  Stuyvesant employed agents,
who went among the Indians and bartered for large tracts on both sides
of the Delaware, in many instances purchasing the same lands previously
sold by the Indians to the Swedes the natives being willing to repeat
their sales if the "white man would buy," and the Dutch "white man"
buying in some instances what he knew to have been previously sold to
the Swedes, but whose evidence of purchase was not on record or
susceptible of proof.  As the Hollanders always preserved
carefully-prepared evidences of their purchases, and had them duly
recorded at their principal office at Manhattan, it enabled Stuyvesant
to greatly embarrass Printz in disputes arising between them. 
Stuyvesant sent to Printz exemplifications of his records, describing
large tracts of land, and demanded of him an exhibition of his titles. 
"Printz could merely define the limits of his territory, and say that
his papers were on file in the Chancellory of Sweden."  Finding himself
thus embarrassed, Printz sought to make a new contract with the chief
Waspang Zewan.  Stuyvesant [See NOTE 5-?.] became apprised of the secret
negotiation, and personally dealt

[NOTE 5-?.]

    Peter Stuyvesant was appointed Governor of the New Netherlands July
28, 1646, and arrived at the Manhattans (now New York) on the 11th of
May, 1647.  His administration lasted until Sept. 8, 1664, when he
surrendered to the English under Col. Nichols, and the name of New York
was substituted for that of New Amsterdam, and the New Netherlands
disappeared from the New World. --Acrelius.

67

with the Indians, securing a title to lands on both sides of the
Delaware River from Christiana Creek to Bombay Hook; and, to make his
triumph complete over Governor Printz, induced the wily Indians to deny
that they had ever sold any of the lands described to the Swedes.  To
protect this acquisition from possible loss, Stuyvesant located and
constructed Fort Casimir on the Delaware River, at a point at or near
the present town of New Castle.  The rivalry between these officials
continued from 1647 to 1651.



          GOVERNOR PETER STUYVESANT'S PICTURE APPEARS HERE



The increasing interest in their respective colonies led to personal
interviews, induced by the increasing numbers and pretensions of the
English, who were also crowding their way up the Delaware River. 
Finally "they mutually promised to cause no difficulties or hostility to
each other, but to keep neighborly friendship and correspondence together
and act as friends and allies."  Two years of amity followed, when Printz
returned to his native land.

    Before embarking, October, 1653, he committed the government of the
colony to the official care of his son-in-law, John Pappegoya, who ruled
till May, 1654, when he was succeeded by John Claudius Rising.  Of the
advent of this officer and those who accompanied him Acrelius says, "In
the year 1654 the ship 'Eagle' arrived from Sweden.  Upon it came John
Claudius Rising, formerly secretary in the Royal College of Commerce,
but now appointed commissary and Governor's assistant councilor in New
Sweden.  In his company was the engineer, Peter Lindstrom, together with
various officers, officials, and military.  Their clergyman was one named
Peter.  The inhabitants of the country, submitting to the Swedish
government, should enjoy free allodial grants for themselves and their
heirs, have the liberty of trading with the natives at their pleasure,
introduce their goods into New Sweden, export them at two per cent., and
then be free from all duties in Sweden and its subject provinces.  The
special privileges given to certain participants in the tobacco trade in
the year 1653 were also revoked, as they had fallen into disorder, while,
on the other hand, the exclusive privilege of the American Company to the
enjoyment of that trade was renewed.  The inclination to emigrate from
Sweden to America was so strong that when the ship set sail over one
hundred families of good and respectable people, provided with good
passport; and recommendations, were compelled to remain in Gotheborg. 
They had sold house and home and all their goods in the expectation of
becoming Americans, along with their wives and children, but could not
get away for want of room on the ships.  They arrived safely, and
immediately came to Fort Casimir, the fort upon Sandhuk, which they
first saluted with two guns.  They then sent up to the commandant to ask
whether he would surrender the fort, which had been so improperly erected
upon the Swedes' ground and against their protests.  But then the
commandant required rather a long time for deliberation, Commissary
Rising landed about thirty soldiers, against whom the fort was not
strong enough to defend itself, yet the Hollanders did not at that time
purchase any right to the land with their blood.  A correct inventory
was made of everything in the fort, and every one was allowed to carry
off his property, whether belonging to the company or to private
individuals.  The people were left at liberty either to go away, or,
after taking the oath of allegiance to the Swedish crown, to remain and
be protected in all their rights.  This was done upon Trinity Sunday, on
which account the fort was called by the Swedes the Fort of the Holy
Trinity.  It was afterwards, according to the plans and measurements of
the engineer, Peter Lindstrom, as good as built anew, and was at the
same time improved with outworks.

    The Hollanders could not digest the affront put upon them when
Director Rising captured Fort Casimir, and at the same time drove them
out of New Sweden.  From that day they began to collect their forces,
but could not immediately show what they had in their mind.  Meanwhile,
to their great joy, it happened that Mr.  Deswijk, captain and
supercargo of a Swedish ship called "Golden Shark," which was sent to
reinforce the Swedes, as well as to carry goods back again, had the
misfortune [unreadable] anchor close alongside of their coast, while he
regarded the Hollanders as old friends and neighbors, but was
immediately seized by them and considered a good prize.  The following
extracts from the New York records will give the facts of this seizure: 

    "Oct.17-24,1654.  Capt. Deswijk declares that, by an oversight of
the pilot, his ship was compelled to

68

go up into the Raritan River, where the Hollanders forcibly seized them,
and kept him a prisoner in New Amsterdam, whither he came to obtain a
pilot who should conduct him to the South River, or the river of Now
Sweden. 'You now pretend,' says he, 'that Mr. John Rising, the Governor
of New Sweden, had taken Fort Casimir from you, to which you pretend to
have a right, which pretension has no ground nor



               PICTURE OF FORT CASMIR OR TRINITY FORT APPEARS HERE

                        [From Campanius' "New Sweden."]



certainty.  That fortress was built by your general director in the year
1651, rather by force and violence than by right and justice, on the
South River, a soil and country belonging to Her Royal Majesty of
Sweden, my Most Gracious Queen, against which Governor Printz
protested.  Therefore said John Rising has not taken it from you, but
has only taken back property which belongs to her Majesty of Sweden.  It
cannot be proved that he has taken a single penny of any of your
subjects.  But when the free people who lived there, and wished to
remain permanently, had given their oath of allegiance, they were all
protected in their rights.  Further, no man who lives on lands there has
ever been detained, but has always been left at liberty to go where he
pleased, and also to take his goods and chattels with him.  But as
concerns myself you treat me in a very different way," etc.

    To this Governor Stuyvesant and his Council answered as follows: "To
the unfounded protest presented by Mr. Deswijk, factor of the Swedish
Company, it is answered that, although he pretends to have sailed into
this river by the oversight of his pilot, and had sent his people to us
as to good friends and neighbors, the facts do not so appear to us. 
Director Rising's hostile conduct to us is well known when, under an
appearance of friendship, he came before our Fortress Casimir, on the
South River, in the New Netherlands, gave two salutes, and sent thirty
men on shore, who were welcomed by our commandant and official as
friends and neighbors.  But when, they saw the weakness of our garrison
they did not treat our few soldiers as friends and neighbors of the
crown of Sweden, but as declared enemies, though they belonged to the
States-General and the West India Company.  With force and arms they
made themselves masters of Fort Casimir, with all its ammunition,
houses, and other things belonging to the far-famed West India Company,
in direct opposition to all rights and usages of war, and they still
hold the same.  They have also compelled some of our officers, together
with other free people who represented the States-General and the West
India Company, to renounce their oath of allegiance and submit to the
crown of Sweden," etc.  Other supposed injuries and insults were also
recounted, etc.

    What lame pretexts are here urged for that outrage all the world can
see.  What the Hollanders had, on various occasions before this, done to
the English, compelling them to relinquish places which they had
occupied, and allowing the people to depart with their property, or to
remain in the country as their subjects, that they now determined to do
to the Swedes, in conflict with all the laws and usages of nations,
because this best pleased themselves, although it was an entirely
different matter to take possession of one's own land from a foreign
power and its garrison, which sought the injury of the country and its
government, where all had liberty to go their way and take with them
that which belonged to them, and to keep a ship with all its goods and
people, which had of necessity come into their harbor, but was willing
to leave it immediately and without creating the least disturbance. 
Finally their hostilities burst forth in a full flame.  On the 30th of
August, 1655, came the Holland Governor Peter Stuyvesant, with seven
vessels, great and small, and from six hundred to seven hundred men
strong, from the North River and New Amsterdam up into the river of New
Sweden, and fell violently upon the Swedes.  He made his first
night-camp in the abandoned and decayed Fort Elsaborg, where he arrayed
his soldiers, and took some freemen prisoners.  The following day he
sailed past Fort Trinity, and landed upon a point which is now called
Swanevik.  There they began to throw up some entrenchments, and with
threats and arguments demanded the surrender of the fort.  Sven Schute,
the commander there, endeavored partly to dissuade and partly to hold
out against their attack until he could receive reinforcements from
Christina, but all in vain. The road to Christina had already been beset
by the Hollanders, so that no one could either go or come from that
place.  Commander Schute's proceedings were entirely disapproved by
Director Rising, especially as he gave up the fort without the least
resistance.  But the excuse was that necessity knows no law.  The
commander was allowed to march out of the fort with some few

69

men, but the other officers were taken prisoners and kept within the
fort, and the common soldiers were put on shipboard and sent over to New
Amsterdam.

    That was, indeed, said to be done of their own good will, thus to
submit to the power of the Hollanders, but their people's own words
witnessed to the contrary.  As to the rest, all posts were filled with
Holland soldiers.  The Swedish flag was hauled down, and that of Holland
put up in its place.  The following document informs us more fully of
these transactions:

Extracts from Governor Stuyvesant's Journal, dated Sept. 10-17, 1665.

    "This day, eight days since, we came into the bay of the South
River, and were delayed during Sunday by the ebb and flood tide. On
Thursday following we  came before the deserted Fort Elsingborg. And
there held a review, and divided our troops into five companies.

    On Friday morning, the wind and tide being favorable, we passed Fort
Casmir without any hostile demonstration on either side, and cast anchor
a little distance above the fort, put the people on shore, and sent
Capt. Smidt, with a drummer, to the fort to demand the surrender of our
property.

    The commandant desired leave to consult Governor Rising, which was
refused.  In the mean time fifty men occupied the road to Christina, and
the commandant, Sven Schute, sent a messenger to ask a parley with us. 
But we advised him not to wait for a salute from our guns, lest the
shedding of blood should be charged upon him.  He again desired to
confer with us, which was granted, and took place.  In a valley about
halfway between the battery which we were commencing and the fort.  He
insisted that he should send an open letter to the Governor, which was
denied him.

    Then he went away dissatisfied.  Our troops advanced down into the
valley, and our works began to rise up above the bushes.  The last
summons was delivered, and then the commandant desired a delay until the
next day, which was granted him, inasmuch as we could not have our
batteries ready before that time.

    On Saturday morning the commandant come out and capitulated at
discretion.  At noon our troops marched into the fort.  Sunday. -To-day
our first public divine service was held, and an imperfect
thanksgiving.  Yesterday came one Factor Elswyk from Christina, and in a
polite manner, in the name of the Governor, asked for the reason of our
coming, and our superior's instructions.  Our answer was, to take back
that which was our own, and keep it.  He suggested to us to be satisfied
with that which had been taken, and not go any farther, upon which he
insisted with polite representations and arguments, with the threat
finally introduced, hodie mihi, cras tibi.

    "In one or two days our troops shall march hither; but we shall
march slowly, so that our people may not be fatigued, and that we may
have time to receive your orders.  In the mean time we shall advance,
taking counsel with Mr. Sille and Capt. Coningh, according to the best
of our understanding, etc.

                                                 "Peter Stuyvesant.

"P. S. -There are thirty Swedes who have surrendered to us, and desire
to settle in Manhattan, whom you may expect.  It seems that many others
may follow them."
 
    The following is the capitulation (See NOTE 5-?.] made at Fort
Casmir between the commandant, Sven Schute and Director Peter
Stuyvesant: 

70

"1.  The commandant shall have liberty, if he desires it, to take back to
     Sweden by ship, either of the Crown or others, the cannon which
belong 
     to the Crown, both small and great, which, according to said
commandant's
     report consist of four fourteen lis-pounds and five field pieces;
     of these latter, four large one and one small one.

 2.  He shall also march with twelve men fully armed with his lifeguard,
     and with the flags of the Crown, the others with their side-arms
only;
     the musket of the Crown shall stand to the commandant's account,
but shall
     remain in the fort until they take them away or send an order for
them.

 3.  The commandant shall be secure in his person and individual
property, either
     to take it away to let it remain until further orders.  The same
shall
     be the case in regards to the property of all the other officers.

 4.  All this shall be kept inviolate provide said commandant shall
immediately
     surrender into the Director-General's hand Fort Casmir, with all
its piece
     ammunition, materials, and other goods belonging to the aforesaid
West
     India Company.

Given done and signed by the contracting parties, Sept. 16, 1665, on the
ship "Waegh" at Fort Casmir.

                                   Peter STUYVESANT
                                   Sven  SCHUTES Engineer


[NOTE 5-1.]

   The capitulation was made between the brave and noble Director  John
Rising, Governor of New Sweden, on the one side, and the brave and 
noble Director Peter Stuyvesant, governor-general of New Netherlands, 
on the other side."

 1. That all cannon, ammunition, provisions, and supplies, together
with  other things belonging to the Crown of Sweden, which are in and
round the Fort Christina. Shall belong to and be preserved as the
property of the Swedish Crown and the Southern Company, and shall be
under the power of said Governor to take it away or deliver It to
Governor Stuyvesant, with the proviso that it shall be given up upon
order.

 2. Governor John Rising, his superior and inferior officers, his
officials and soldiers, shall march out of the fort with drums and
trumpets playing, flags flying, matches burning, with hand and side
arms, and balls in their mouths. They shall first be conducted to
Tecumseh Island, to which they shall be taken in safety, and placed in
the fort. Which is there until the Governor sets sail upon the ship
Waugh.  Upon which said Governor Rising, his people and property should
be conducted to Sandy Huck situated five Holland miles the other side of
New York, under the safe conduct, within at least fourteen days. Also the
governor and Factor Elswyk shall in the mean time allow them four of five
servants for attending his business.

 3. All writings, letters, instructions, and sets belonging to the Crown
of Sweden, the Southern Company, or private persons, which are found in
Fort Christina, shall remain in the Governor hands, to take away at his
pleasure without being searched or examined.

 4. None of the crown or company's officers, soldiers, officials, or
private persons shall be detained here against their wishes, but shall
be allowed to go, without molestation, along with the Governor if they
so desire.

 5. That all the officers, soldiers, and officials of the crown and of
the Southern Company, and also all private persons, shall retain their
goods unmolested.

 6. It same officials and freemen desire to depart, but are not able to
go with the Governor and the party.  They shall be allowed the time of
one year and six weeks in which to sell their land and goods, provided
that they do not take the oath of allegiance for the period that they
remain.

 7. If any of the Swedes or Finns us not disposed to go away, Governor
Rising way takes measures to induce them to do so.  And if they are so
persuaded, they shall not be forcibly detained.  Those who choose to
remain shall have the liberty of adhering to their own Augsburg
Confession, as also to support a minister for their instruction.

 8. Governor Rising, Factor Elswyk, and other superior and inferior
officers, soldiers, and freemen, with all their property which they wish
to take away, shall be provided by the governor-general with a sound
ship, which shall receive them at Sandy Huck, and convey them to Texel,
and thence immediately by a coaster galliotes, or other suitable vessel
to Gotheborg, without charge; with the proviso that mid coaster,
galliote, or other vessel shall not be detained, for which the said
Governor Rising shall be answerable.

 9. In same, Governor Rising, Factor Elswyk, or any other officials
belonging to the Swedish Crown or the South Company has incurred any
debts on account of the crown or of the company.  They shall not be
detained therefore within the jurisdiction of the governor-general.

10. Governor Rising has full freedom to make himself acquainted with the
conduct of Commandant Schute and that of his officers and soldiers in
regard to the surrender of Sandhuk Fort (Fort Casmir).

11. Governor Rising promises that between the 15th and 25th of September
he will withdraw the people from Fort Christina, and deliver it up to the
governor-general.

    "Done and signed on the 15-25 of September, 1665 on the parade
between Fort Christina and the Governor-General's camp.

                    Peter Stuyvesant.
                     "John Rising, Director of New Sweden."


   It is further capitulated that the captain who is to convey Governor
John Rising and the Factor Henry Elswyk shall be expressly ordered and
commanded to put the aforesaid Governor Rising and the Factor Elswyk on
shore, either in England or in France; and that the Director-General
shall lend to Governor Rising, either in money or in bills of exchange
the sum of three hundred pounds Flemish, which the said Governor Rising
engages to repay to the governor-general on his order, in Amsterdam,
within six months the after the receipt.  In the mean time he leaves as
a pledge and equivalent the property of the crown and Southern Company
now given up.  Hereof we give two copies signed by the contracting
parties.  Concluded September 15-25th, on the parade between Fort
Christina and governor-general Stuyvesant's camp.

                    "Peter Stuyvesant.
                     "John Rising."

[FINIS NOTE 5-?]

    But the matter did not rest here.  The evil undertaking was
continued by a march to Fort Christina.  The road taken was not directly
overland from Sandhuk, which would have been about a Swedish mile, and
would have brought them directly in front of the fort, but they marched
around over the creek, where the Christina bridge now is, which was two
and a half Swedish miles, and they thus attacked the fort in its rear,
placing their camp in the field which fenced off in front of Christina
harbor.  No great trouble was taken in forming the siege.  The time,
which was only a few days, was mostly occupied with negotiations,
without a single shot fired or a single Hollander's blood shed.

    Commentators differ materially in their accounts of Governor
Stuyvesant's administration subsequent to the submission of the
Swedes.  It seems certain that a sense of oppression was feared by some
and experienced by others.  Acrelius says, "The terrible tyranny to
which the Swedes were at that time subjected cannot be fully
described.  The flower of the Swedish male population were at once torn
away and sent over to New Amsterdam, though everything was done as
though it was with their free consent.  The men were taken by force and
placed on shipboard; the women at home in their houses were abused,
their property carried off, and their cattle slaughtered.  Then it was
the right time to send out a proclamation and call the people to take
the oath of allegiance.  Those who withheld themselves were held in
continual disfavor."  If the foregoing be correct, the sturdy and
unwarlike Swedes were truly to be commiserated with.  It is undoubtedly
true that some of their number keenly felt the loss of power from the
military incursion of the Dutch, and refused to take the oath of
allegiance prescribed by the new ruler.  These heroic men left the
shores of the Delaware, moving to Maryland, where many of their
descendants are still living.  It is also quite certain that some of the
incorrigible followers of Printz and Rising, having refused to take the
oath of allegiance, were transported to Manhattan.  It seems probable
that Acrelius, who wrote in 1759, drew largely from the official report
made by Governor Rising on his return home in 1656, in which the Swedish
Governor animadverts with great severity upon the conduct of the Dutch,
and implores his government to send out a force of troops strong enough
to recapture and forever



                 MAP OF NOVA SWEDELAND APPEARS HERE



protect and uphold the New Swedeland on the Delaware and Schuylkill
Rivers.  There are good grounds, however, to question the accuracy of
Acrelius and Rising as to the treatment and experience of the Swedes
under the administration of the Hollanders.  It does not appear that a
single life was lost in the many quarrels and disputes which preceded or
followed the Swedish submission, or that any outrages were committed upon
their settlements by the Indians, but that they were left to follow, in a
general way, their own pursuits and inclinations, and maintain their own
habits and customs as a people.  The following extract from a letter,
signed by thirty persons of their number, dated May 31, 1693, and
forwarded to John Theilin, his Majesty's loyal subject

71

and postmaster at Gottenburg, is suggestive of frugality and
contentment, and what seems significant under the circumstances is, that
the entire letter is without complaint: 

    "We rejoice that his Majesty doth still bear unto us a tender and
a  Christian care.  Therefore do we heartily desire, since it hath
pleased his Majesty graciously to regard our wants, that there way be
sent unto us two Swedish ministers who are well learned in the Holy
Scriptures, and who may be able to defend them and us against all false
opposers, so that we may preserve our true Lutheran faith, which, if
called to suffer for our faith, we are ready to seal with our blood.  We
also request that those ministers may be men of good moral lives and
character, so that they may instruct our youth by their example, and
lead them into a pious and virtuous way of life.

    "Further it is our humble desire that you would be pleased to send
us three books of sermons, twelve Bibles, forty-two psalm-books, one
hundred tracts, with two hundred catechisms and as many primers; for
which, when received, we promise punctual payment at such place as you
may think fit to order.  We do promise also a proper maintenance to the
ministers that may be sent to us, and when this our letter is gone, it
is our intention to buy a piece of land that Shall belong to the church,
and upon which the ministers may live.  As to what concerns our situation
in this country, we are for the most part husbandmen.  We plow and sow
and till the ground; and as to our meat and drink, we live according to
the old Swedish custom.

    "This country is very rich and fruitful, and here grow all sorts of
grain in great plenty, so that we are richly supplied with meat and
drink; and we send out yearly to our neighbors on this continent and the
neighboring islands bread, grain, flour, and oil.  We have here also all
sorts of beasts, fowls, and fishes.  Our wives and daughters employ
themselves in spinning wool and flax and many of them in weaving; so
that we have great reason to thank the Almighty for his manifold mercies
and benefits.  God grant that we may also have good shepherds to feed us
with his holy word and Sacraments.  We live also in peace and friendship
with one another, and the Indians have not molested us for many years.

    "Further, since this country has ceased to be under the government
of Sweden, we are bound to acknowledge and declare for the sake of truth
that we have been well and kindly treated, as well by the Dutch as by his
Majesty the King of England, our gracious sovereign; on the other hand,
we, the Swedes, have been and still are true to him in words and in
deeds.  We have always had over us good and gracious magistrates; and we
live with one another in peace and quietness."

    Pending the closing scenes of these contentions between the
Hollanders and Swedes for supremacy on the upper Delaware and Schuylkill
Rivers, the "Mercury," with a large number of Swedish emigrants on their
way to their friends, anchored near Fort Casimir.  On their arrival,
much to their surprise and chagrin, they were refused permission either
to pass the fort or to land at all."

    Governor Stuyvesant insisted upon their return to their homes, and
was unyielding to all importunities coming from those on shipboard, or
their friends and countrymen among the settlers of New Sweden.  It was
in this emergency that John Pappegoya, the son-in-law of Governor
Printz, went to the rescue of his waiting and discomforted friends
aboard the  "Mercury" at anchor at Fort Casimir.  Engaging a small party
of Indians who were familiar with the channel of the river, they
surreptitiously joined their friends in the vessel, and under cover of
darkness passed the fort unobserved by the Dutch.  Spreading all
possible canvas, they sailed up the river to Tinnecum, and there hastily
landed before Stuyvesant succeeded in concerting measures to compel their
departure or prevent them from landing.  There was great rejoicing among
the Swedes over the success of Pappegoya, who evidently outwitted
Stuyvesant.  He was the hero of the hour, and his wife, Lady Armegot
Printz, daughter of Governor Printz, was assiduous in her efforts to
make the new emigrants comfortable, and in providing for their permanent
welfare among them.

    The period from 1655 to the beginning of the Penn regime in 1682
witnessed many changes in the administration of affairs of the early
settlers, the details of which are too voluminous to be here
particularized.  Governors Paul Jacquet, Alrich, Beckman, and Hinoyosa
all left their impress on the history of the period during which the
identity of both Dutch and Swede was lost in the multitude of English
emigrants and traders who then began the work of settlement on the
Delaware River, hastened and encouraged by the administration of the
Duke of York, who substantially advanced the pretensions of the British
government in claiming the whole line of Atlantic coast from Florida to
Maine upon the discovery of Sebastian Cabot in 1497, and the charters
granted by King Charles I. and Charles II.

72

NOTE.-The following drinks, according to Acrelius, were used in America
during these, early times: " French wine, Frontognac, Pontac, Fort a
Port, Lisbon wine, phial wine, sherry, Madeira wine, which is altogether
the most used. Saugaree, Is made of wine, water, sugar, a dash of nutmeg,
with some leaves of balm put In. Hot wine, warmed wine, to drunk warm,
with sugar, cardamons, and cinnamon in it; sometimes also it has in It
the yolks of eggs beaten up together and grains of allspice, mud then It
Is called mulled wine. Cherry wine: the berries are pressed, the Juice
strained from them; Muscovado or raw sugar is put in; then it ferments,
and after some months becomes Clear. Currant wine, or black raspberry
wine, to made in the same manner. Apple wine (older): apples are ground
up In a wooden will, which Is worked by a horse.

   Then they are placed under a press until the juice runs off, which Is
then put In a barrel, where It ferments, and after some time becomes
clear, When the apples are not of a good sort, decayed, or fallen off
too soon, the cider Is boiled, and a few pounds of ground ginger is put
into It, and it becomes more whole and better for cooking; It keeps,
longer, and does not ferment so soon, but its taste to not so fresh as
when it to unboiled. The fault with cider in that country is that, for
the most part, the good and bad are mixed together. The cider to drunk
too fresh and too soon; thus it has come into great disteem also that
many persons refuse to taste it. The strong acid which contains produces
rust and verdigris, and frightens some from Its use by the fear that it
may have the same effect up the body.

   This liquor to usually unwholesome, causes ague when it is fresh, and
colic when It to too old The common people damask the drink, mix ground
ginger with it, or beat It with a red-hot Iron. Cider royal is so called
when some quarts of brandy are thrown into a barrel of cider, along with
several pounds of Muscovado sugar, whereby it becomes stronger and
tastes better., If It is then left alone for a year or so, or taken over
the sea, then drawn off into bottles, with some raisins put in, it may
deserve the name of apple wine. Cider royal of another kind is that in
which one half Is cider and the other mead, both freshly fermented
together. Mulled cider is warmed, with sugar In it, with yolks of eggs
and grains of allspice; sometimes, also, rum is put in to give it
greater strength. Rum or sugar-brandy: this Is made at the sugar
plantations in the Went India islands. It is in quality like French
brandy, but has no unpleasant odor. It makes up a large part of the
English and French commerce with the West India Islands, The strongest
comes from Jamaica, is called Jamaica spirits, and Is the favorite
article for punch.

   Next in quality to this is the rum from Barbadoes, then that from
Antiquas, Montserrat, Nevis, St. Christopher, etc.  The heaviest
consumption is in harvest-time, when the laborers most frequently take a
sup, and then immediately a drink of water, from which the body performs
its work more easily and performs better than when rye whisky or malt
liquors are used. Raw dram, raw rum, Is a drink of rum unmixed with
anything. Egg dram, egg nog: the yolk of an egg in beaten up, and during
the beating rum and sugar poured in. Cherry bounce is a drink made of the
cherry juice with a quantity of rum in it. Bilberry dram is made in the
game way.

   Punch Is made of fresh spring water, sugar, lemon juice, and Jamacia
spirits. Instead of lemons, a West India fruit called limes, or Its
juice, which to imported in flanks, is used. punch is always drunk cold
but sometimes a slice of bread is toasted and placed in it warm and
moderate the cold in winter-time, or it Is heated with a red-hot Iron.

   Punch is mostly used just before dinner, and is called meridian.
mimms, made of water, sugar, and rum, is the most common drink in the
interior of the country, and has set up many a tavern-keeper.

   Manatham is made of small beer, with rum and sugar. Tiff, or flip, is
made of small beer, rum, and sugar, with a slice of bread toasted and
buttered. Hot rum, warmed with sugar and grains Of allspice, customary
at funerals. Mulled rum, warmed with egg yolks and allspice. Hotch pot
warmed beer with rum In it. Sampson is warmed cider with rum malt. Grog
is water and rum. Sling, or long sup, half water and half rum, with
sugar in It. Mint-water, distilled from mint, mixed in the rum, to make
a drink for strengthening the stomach. Egg punch, of yolks of eggs, rum,
sugar, and warm water. Milk punch, of milk, rum, sugar, and grated nutmeg
over it; it is much used in the summer time, and is considered good for
dysentery and loose bowels. Sillibut is made of lukewarm milk, wine, and
sugar; it is used in summer-time as a cooling beverage. Milk and water is
the common drink of the people. Still liquor, brandy made of peaches or
apples without the addition of any grain, is not regarded as good as rum.

   Whiskey is brandy made of grain; it is used far up in the interior of
the country, where rum is very dew, on account of the transportation.
Beer la brewed in the towns; in brown, thick, and unpalatable; is drunk
by the common people. Small beer. from molasses. When the water is
warmed, the molasses is poured in with a little malt or wheat-bran, and
Is well shaken together; afterwards a lay of hops and yeast to added,
and then It Is put In a keg, where it ferments, and the next day to
clear and ready for use. It to more wholesome, pleasanter to the taste,
and milder to the stomach than any small beer of malt. Spruce beer is a
kind of small beer, which In called in Swedish "lards  tidningarne"
(learned newspapers). The twigs of spruce-pine are boiled in the malt so
as to give It a pleasant taste, and then molasses is used as in the
preceding. The Swedish pine is thought to be serviceable in the same
way. Table beer made of persimmons. The persimmon Is a fruit like our
egg-plum. When theme have been well frosted, they are pounded along with
their seeds, mixed up with wheat-bran, made into largo leaves, and baked
in the oven; then, whenever desired, pieces of this are taken and
moistened, and with these the drink to brewed. Mead Is made of honey and
water boiled together, which ferments of itself in the cask.

   The stronger it is of honey the longer it takes to ferment   Drunk in
this country too soon it causes sickness of the stomach and headache.
Besides these they use the liquors called cordials, such as anise-water,
cinnamon water, apples in-water, and others scarcely to be enumerated as
also drops to pour into wine and brandy almost without end.

   Tea is a drink very commonly used. No one is so high nor anyone so,
low as not to think himself worthy of it. It is not drunk oftener than
twice a day. It is always drunk by the common people with raw sugar
full. Brandy in tea is called less. Coffee comes from Martinica, St.
Domingo, and Surinam ; Is sold in large quantities, and used for
breakfast. Chocolate to in general use for breakfast and supper. It is
drunk with a spoon; sometimes prepared with a little milk, but mostly
only with water.

   In reference to the trees in Pennsylvania, Acrelius continues, "White
oak grows in good soil; light bark, the leaves long, grass green, blunt
pointed; the acorn Is small, long, with a short cup; the wood white; to.
used for ship-timber, planks, staves for hogsheads or wine-pipes for
spirituous liquors, but not for molasses. There is a heavy exportation
of it to Europe, Ireland, France, and the West Indies In the form of
boards and staves. It is also used for posts, with boards and
clap-boards, around fields and gardens. It burns well, and makes good
ambers. White oak growing upon low land and in swamps is considered more
reliable for ship-building than that which is found upon high ground.
Black-oak grows upon any kind of soil; bark dark; leaf dark green, very
blunt-pointed; the acorn large, with short cup; the wood, when split
green, is of a reddish-brown color, when dry, darker.

   It is used for stoves of molasses or barrels for dry goods, such as
wheat flour, sugar, Muscovado, also for piles or palings built In water,
but rots on land within three or four years; does not burn well, but
dissolve* into smoke and poor ashes. The bark to used in tanning.
Spanish oak also grows everywhere; bark gray; leaf small, sharp-pointed,
and light green; the acorn, which are gall-nuts, are serviceable for Ink;
the wood whitish, with like the beech-tree, Is used as black-oak, and is
considered better; the bark is the best for tanning, and yields a,
yellowish color.

   There are several species of Spanish oak, which are distinguished by
their leaves, but are the same for fuel, bark, and use, Red-oak usually
grows upon low land; bark gray; leaf broad, pointed, with saw-like teeth
towards the stalk; the wood, when fresh, reddish, when dry, whitish; Is
used as black and Spanish oak. Black, Spanish, and red-oaks are porous
and loose in structure, so that if one takes, & piece of their wood
three feet long, wets the one end and blows into the other, bubbles come
out. All these species are usually spoken of under the name of block. or
red-oak. Few natives of the country know bow to distinguish them all
correctly. Swamp oak, water oak, peach-leaf oak, live-oak grow in swampy
places; not common; high trees; bark dark gray; leaf long as the fingers,
narrow, with one point; wood gray, but the hardest of all oak; is seldom
used for anything but cog-stocks in eider-mills.

   Walter trees, black-walnut, grows in dry ground; bark dark gray; the
leaf in pairs on a stalk; a high tree; the nuts black large as apples,
rough and sharp on the outside, covered with a thick green skin; the
shell bard enough to break with a hammer, the kernel very oily, fit for
oil for fine paintings; the wood brown, and quite, firm when the tree
grows in free air and good soil, also valuable, but insignificant and of
little value when it is surrounded by thick and close woods.

   It Is used for furniture of houses, tables, chairs, bureaus, etc.
Boards of it are exported in large quantities.

   Hickory grows in a rich soil; the leaves arranged in pairs along the
branches, with teeth serrated at the edges; the nuts white, flat,
pointed, large as the cultivated walnuts; grows within a thick green
hull, which, when ripened in the month of October, opens itself in four
clefts, and pushes out the nut; has a division within, as a walnut, but
Is hard as a bone. The kernel has a pleasant taste, and from it the
Indians, as it Is said, press an oil for winter use. The wood is tough,
white on the outside, brown in

73

the heart; that of young trees is need for hoops, that of old one for
agricultural implements and wagons, but chiefly for fuel, and makes the
best fires, with the finest ashes.  Chestnut-tree grows in dry soil,
high, straight, and thick; the bark ash-gray; the leaf oblong, pointed,
with serrated teeth at the points; the shell double, the outer one large
as an apple, externally like a burdock-burr, internally with a woolly
down; when ripe, naturally opens itself in four clefts and throws out
the nut, of which there are usually two, round upon one side and flat
upon the other.  If three grow together they are mostly poor, and the
middle nut is flat on both sides, the other two of the ordinary shape. 
Sometimes seven nuts are found together, then none of them are good. 
The chestnut-tree, surrounded by thick woods, bears neither large nor
numerous nuts; but where they are found in abundance the swine have an
excellent food.  The wood is ash-gray, is used for posts or rails, but
for nothing else except fuel.  Poplar grows indiscriminately, high,
straight and rich in foliage; bark of a greenish gray, the seed In pods,
the leaf broad, single, scalloped; the wood yellowish, brittle, blot
hard; used in carpenters' work for door and window frames, also for
boards.  It is cut out for canoes, is turned for wooden vessels, such as
pails, dishes, boxes, and the like.  Sassafras grows In rich soil; low
trees and bushes.  The bark is dark-green, smooth, with a yellow Jules;
the leaves unlike, even on the same tree, oblong, with one, two, or
three stumpy points; the wood yellowish, especially the roots which, as
well as the bark, has the small and taste of saffron.  It to used for
planks and gate posts, also for palings on the Susquehanna.  Cedar grows
chiefly in swamps or low, sandy ground; in smell and bark like the
juniper-tree.  Its needle-shaped leaves are long and tender.  Red cedar
is dark red, hard; used for planks and posts, and in New England for
cabinet-work, out the Bermuda Isles for ship-timber.  White-cedar is a
soft wood; used for house-timber,-boards, palings, and shingles.  Maple
grows in dry ground, high and straight; the bark a gray-green; the leaf
small, three-pointed, serrated at the points; the wood whitish, spotted;
used for furniture in house-tables, chairs, etc.; is exported from the
country in the form of boards.  Sweet-gum grows in low lands; the bark
gray, smooth; the leaves five-pointed, with serrated edges; the wood
yellowish, spotted, warps easily when wrought; used for furniture and
cabinet-work.  Sour-gum grows everywhere; the bark dark, sharp; the leaf
oblong, one-point; the wood white, cross-grained, does not admit of any
splitting, and to used for wheel-naves or hubs.  Locust grows in dry,
rich soil as a high tree; the bark greenish; the seed in long pods; the
kernel large, sweet, edible; the leaf upon a long stalk; the leaves
long, one-pointed, in Pairs, like the mountain-ash; the wood bright,
hard, used for pegs in ship-building, for trundles and cogs in mills. 
The streets in New York are planted with locusts.  Dogwood grows in dry
ground, seldom more than four Inches in diameter; the flowers white; the
berries red and smell; the wood yellowish, hard, like boxwood, does not
burn well; it is used for little else than carpenters' tools.  Wild
cherry grows in good land, not high, but thick; the bark and leaf like
those of the cultivated cherry-tree, but the berry smaller, sweater,
with seed and no kernel; the wood reddish, is used for cabinet work. 
Persimmon grows in good, dry ground, scarcely more tban one foot thick;
the bark rough and sharp.; the leaf single, oblong, one-pointed, dark
green; the berry like the wild plum; when frosted it to used for brewing
table beer.  The fruit and its seed are pounded together, kneaded up with
wheat-bran, baked In large leaves In a stove; pieces of it are then taken
at pleasure, and from theme the drink to brewed, which becomes quite
palatable.  The wood is white, hard, and used for carpenters tools.  The
button-tree grows wild, but is planted before the doors of houses; the
bark greenish-gray, smooth; the seed-pods round and large as marbles,
bang upon long sterns, which when ripe, and one strikes them, all at
once separate into small pieces, as if one were to throw a handful of
down into the air; the leaf is quite large, broad, single,
five-cornered, sharp-pointed; the wood Is brittle; its greatest use is
for shading houses from the great heat of the sun.  Spicewood grows in
dry and sandy soil as a bush; the flowers yellow; the berry red, small,
mostly single upon the stalks; the leaves are oblong and one-pointed;
the bark is green, has the taste of cinnamon when it is chewed, would
probably serve as a medicine.  Pine is planted near houses as an
ornament; boards of it are introduced from other places, where it grows
in a poor, sandy soil.  Beech, hazel, and birch are rare.  Alder is
found abundantly in the marshes."

[FINIS NOTE 5-?.]   

    Israel Acrelius and his translator, William M. Reynolds, D.D., have
left a vivid picture of these early pioneers. 

    It is at once quaint, truthful, and life-like, and seems to carry us
back among the rugged farmers who laid the foundations for that frugality
and wealth of agricultural products that has always characterized the
husbandmen of Eastern Pennsylvania.  "The farms which were first
cultivated," Acrelius writes, "have by constant use become impoverished,
so that they are now considered of but little value.  The people cleared
the land, which was new and strong, but did not think of manuring and
clearing meadows until of late of years.  For those who do not keep
their animals in stables have no other manure than this, that they place
a few hay-stacks on a field, on which the animals are fed during the
winter, when they trample as much under their feet as they eat, whereby
the manure becomes alike unequal and insufficient.  That Pennsylvania is
regarded as the best grain country in America, arises more from the
excellence of the climate than the fertility of the soil.  Yet most of
the farms are newly cleared.  Some miles up in the country but few
places are to be seen where the stumps do not still stand thick upon the
ground.  Not one-half of the forests are cleared off as they ought to
be.  The clearing is not made by the destructive burning of trees,
whereby the fertile soil is converted into ashes and carried away by the
winds.  Some stocks or stumps may be thus burned, so a to put them almost
entirely out of the way.  As labor is very high, so sometimes only the
bushes and, undergrowth are removed, but the large trees are still left
standing.  But around these a score is cut, and they thus dry up within
the first year, and thus Soon fall down, so that one may often see the
fields with dry trees and heavy crop of grain growing under them.

    "The implements of agriculture are the plow and the harrow.  The
plow is so made that from the share two pieces ascend with a handle upon
each, about an ell and a half apart from each other.  It is put together
with screws, light and easy to handle.  The plowman holds each handle
with one hand, and throws up the field into high 'lands,' plowing first
on the one side and then on the other side of a 'land,' so that the
earth is thrown up high.  Immediately before the plow a pair of oxen
draw, or a pair of horses, which are guided by some little boy either
leading or riding on them.  The harrow is three-cornered and heavy.  The
traces are fastened to it with a link, which makes a convenience in
turning a pair of horses before the harrow, and a boy on the horse's
back smooths the field into fine and even pieces without any great
trouble.  Sometimes two harrows are fastened together after the same
team.  The beam of the plow does not come forward between the drought
animals.  Under the end of the beam is a strong clam with a link, on
which is fastened a double-tree back of both the animals.  At each end
of this double-tree is another shorter one (single-tree), provided with
a link for each animal.  From these single-trees there go upon both
sides of the draught animals ropes or chains forward to the hames,

74

which are held together by a broad strap above and below.  In place of
ropes or chains, most farmers use straps of raw deerskins twined and
twisted together and so dried, which do not chafe the sides of the
horses.  Out of their also the whole of the harness is made.

    "Flax is sown in the beginning of March.  The ground is plowed for
it some days before, and new or good ground is required.  It is pulled
in July and much used.

    "Oats are sown at the same time, mostly on good ground, which is
plowed some days before; but if the plowing is done in the autumn
before, in November or December, and then again just before the sowing,
the oats themselves pay for it, according to the common saying.  It is
cut in July.  It is used a great deal, but only for horses, and is of
the thin and white kind.  Wheat is the land's chief product.  It is sown
in the beginning of September, after three plowings preceding, the first
in May, then in July, and the last just before the sowing, but always
according to the moisture and quality of the soil.  As the autumn is
long and warm, the sprouts grow so long that all kinds of cattle are fed
on them during the winter.  Strong ground is not required for wheat, the
middling is good enough.  Harvesting is performed in July, in the
hottest season.  Sickles are used, with the edge sharpened like a
file.  The stalk is cut just about half its length, so that the stubble
is quite high.  The sheaves, short and small, are counted in dozens, and
a bushel is expected from each dozen.  Rye is sown in November, mostly
upon some field that has borne a crop during the same summer, and one
plowing is usually regarded as sufficient.  If the shoots only come up
before winter there is hope of a good harvest.  Where the sowing is made
early there is a supply for pasturage during the winter.  It is cut at
the same time and in the same manner as wheat.  Buckwheat is sown at the
end of July.  For this is taken some ground which has just before borne
rye or wheat.  Poor ground and one plowing does very well for it.  It
ripens in October, and is mostly used for horses and swine.  Turnips are
not in general use.  The seed is sown in the beginning of August.  For
this is taken either a piece of newly-cleared land or swamp.  Those who
have neither of these prefer letting it alone.  The leaves are often
exposed to the ravages of small flies, which destroy the whole crop. 

    "Maize is planted at the end of April or the beginning of May.  Four
furrows are placed close to one another, and then five or six steps from
these four other furrows, and so over the whole field.  The plowing is
done in the month of March.  For the planting is used a broad hoe,
wherewith the earth is opened to the depth of three or four inches, into
which are cast five grains of corn, which are then covered with the
hoe.  Sometimes also they add two Turkish beans, which thrive very well
with the maize and run up its stalks.  Each place thus planted is called
a hill.  An equal distance is kept between each hill, so that the rows
may be straight either lengthwise or crosswise.  As soon as the young
plant comes up it is plowed over, and even harrowed, that it may be free
of weeds.  When the plants are half an ell high the ground is hoed up
around them, and again when they are two ells high.

    "In the month of September, when the maize has attained its greatest
growth, although not ripe, the strongest blades are cut off for fodder. 
They then plow between the rows of corn, sow wheat, and harrow it in,
and this, in the next year, gives a full crop.  By the end of October
the ears are ripe, pulled off on the field, and carried home.  The
stocks and roots are torn up during the winter, when the ground is
loose, to make the fields clean.  Maize is the principal food of the
Indians, and it has hence been called 'Indian corn.'

    "Potatoes are quite common, of two kinds, the Irish and the
Maryland.  The Irish are also of two kinds, the first round, knotty,
whitish, mealy, somewhat porous.  They are planted thus: upon a smooth
and hard ground a bed of dung is formed; portions of this are thrown
upon the potatoes, which are then covered with ground of even the
poorest kind.  When the stalks have come up about a fourth of an ell
high they are again hilled up with the same kind of earth, in order to
strengthen the roots, which are thus considerably increased in number. 
The other kind is long, branching, thick, reddish, juicy, and more
porous.  For these a long ditch, the depth of a spade, is dug, the
bottom of which is covered with manure, set with pieces of potatoes, and
covered over with earth.  When the stalks come up they are treated as
those above mentioned.  Maryland potatoes are long, thick, juicy, sweet,
and yellow; they are planted from sprouts in hills or round heaps of good
earth; when the stalks come up they are hoed around.  These are also
wonderfully prolific, so that everywhere around and between the hills
the fruit is dug up. 

    "Cabbage is planted two or three times a year, but seldom thrives
well until towards autumn.  Crisped colewart stands through the whole
winter.  On cabbage stocks which stand through the winter new leaves
come out in the spring, which are used for greens. 

    "Tobacco is planted in almost every garden, but not more than for
domestic use.  It is universal among the Indians.  When the leaves are
ripe they are cut, cured, and twined together like twists of flax, and
are used without any further preparation by the country people for
chewing and smoking.  The trade in tobacco is permitted only for
Maryland and Virginia, although its importation is almost yearly
diminished, as its production is increased in Europe. 

    "Vegetable gardens are kept for almost every house.  There are
generally cultivated beets, parsnips, onions, parsley, radishes, Turkish
beans, large beans, pepper-grass, red peppers, lettuce, head-lettuce,
German lettuce, and scurvy-grass; anything else is regarded as a
rarity.  Common herbs for domestic

75

remedies are wormwood, rue, sage, thyme, chamomile etc.  Peas are also
grown in gardens, as they can be, eaten while still green.  When dry, a
worm grows in them, which comes out a fly in spring.  And although the
pea then seems destroyed, yet it still serves as seed for a new
growth.  That sort is like field peas.

    "Sugar peas are also used, and are free from that evil.  Orchards
may be regarded as among the highest advantages of the country, but the
fruit consists mostly of three sorts, -cherries, peaches, and apples. 
Pears are rare.  Cherry-trees are generally planted here and there
around houses and roads, away from the gardens.  The berries are
generally of the common kind, bright and sour; some black and more
juicy.  The better sorts are rare, and lately introduced.  They bloom in
April and ripen in June.

    "Peach-trees stand within an enclosure by themselves, grow even in
the stoniest places without culture.  The fruit is the most delightful
that the mouth can taste, and is often allowable in fevers.  One kind,
called clingstones, are considered the best; in these the stones are not
loose from the fruit as in the others.  Many have peach-orchards chiefly
for the purpose of feeding their swine, which are not allowed to run at
large.  They first bloom in March, the flowers coming out before the
leaves, and are often injured by the frosts; they are ripe towards the
close of August.  This fruit is regarded as indigenous, like maize and
tobacco, for as far as any Indians have been seen in the interior of the
country these plants are found to extend.  Apple-trees make the finest
orchards, planted in straight rows with intervals of twelve or fifteen
paces.  The best kind is called the Van der Veer, as a Hollander of that
name introduced it; it serves either for cider or apple brandy.  Another
sort is the house-apple, which is good for winter fruit.  For
apple-orchards not less than two or three acres are taken; some have
five or six.  The cultivation consists in grafting and pruning in the
spring, and plowing the ground every five or six years, when either
maize is planted or rye or oats sowed in the orchard."

    In reference to stock-raising, Acrelius continues: "The horses are
real ponies, and are seldom found over sixteen hands high.  He who has a
good riding horse never employs him for draught, which is also the less
necessary, as journeys are for the most part made on horseback.  It must
be the result of this more than of any particular breed in the horses
that the country excels in fast horses, so that horse-races are often
made for very high stakes.

    "A good horse will go more than a Swedish mile (six and
three-quarters English miles) in an hour, and is not to be bought for
less than six hundred dollars copper coinage.  The cattle are also of a
middling sort, but whence they were first introduced no one can well
tell.  Where the pasture is fair a cow does not give less than two
quarts of milk at a time, that is twice a day.  The calf is not taken
from the cow until it is four weeks old that is, as long as she can keep
it fat, -in case it is to be slaughtered, otherwise two or three weeks
are regarded as sufficient; and as animals are not kept in the house
during winter, so it sometimes happens that calves are sometimes caught
in the snow, and are none the worse for it; there is no such thing heard
of here as calves dying.

    "The sheep are of the large English sort.  They are washed whenever
convenient, and then immediately shorn, once a year, towards the end of
April; their wool is regarded as better for stockings than the
English.  The flesh is generally very strong in its taste, especially in
old sheep; some persons are unable to eat it.  When the Christians first
came to the country the grass was up to the flanks of the animals, and
was good for pasture and hay-making, but as soon as the country has been
settled the grass has died out from the roots, so that scarcely anything
but black earth is left in the forests; back in the country, where the
people have not yet settled, the same grass is found, and is called wild
rye.  The pasture in the forests, therefore, consists mostly of leaves,
but also of the grass which grows along water-courses.  Until pasture
comes in the stubble-fields and meadows, the best is in the orchards. 
Early in the spring there springs up a strong grass-leek (wild garlic),
especially on poor ground, which makes the milk and butter unpleasant to
the taste, but afterwards the fields are covered with clover, red and
white, and make excellent pasture.  Some sow clover-seed after they have
harrowed in their wheat, to make the crop stronger.  Back in the country,
where horses and cattle are pastured in the wild woods, they become wild,
and so live in great numbers.

    "The clearing for meadows has advanced very slowly, as there was so
much new land suitable for cultivation.  Upland pastures are scarcely
advantageous unless they are frequently plowed, manured, sown with good
gram-seed along with other seed, and also irrigated.  They conduct the
water from streams and ditches, so far as it is possible to do this with
dams, to irrigate the meadows when the drought increases, which must be
done in the night-time, when the air is cool.  Along the Delaware River
and the streams which fall into it there are large tracts of swamp,
which within the last fifteen years, to the extent of many thousand
acres, have been improved into good meadows, but at a very great
expense.  The mode of procedure is to inclose a certain amount of swamp
with a bank thrown up quite high, so as to keep out the water (the ebb
and the flood) or tides.  The bank commonly rises as high as five feet,
sometimes ten feet.  Also to make a ditch to carry off the water which
comes on it from the land, and at the same time to place drains in the
bank to let the water out; and then, again, by a gate upon the drains,
to prevent it from running.  When dry the earth is plowed, some kind of
grain is sown in it, and then it is afterwards sown with clover and
other English hay-seeds.  When people saw the success of such

76

work, their minds were so taken with it that in the year 1751 the price
of an acre of swamp-meadow advanced to six hundred dollars copper
coin.  But just at the same time it also happened that some high tides
came up from the sea and swept away the embankments.  Numerous muskrats
live in these embankments and make them leaky, also a kind of crabs,
called 'fiddlers,' dig into them, and make the banks like a sieve.  Then
the ditches were found not to be rightly built so as to answer their
purpose.  Thus the grass and grain were destroyed, the land returning
again to its wild nature, and there was no end of patching and
mending.  Then the price of the land fell to half its value, and he
thought himself best off who had none of it.  Again, in 1755, there came
a great drought; no grass nor pasture was to be found, and as no other
plan could be devised, then the price of these lands rose again.  The
conclusion was that swampland as well as high land has its advantages as
well as its disadvantages.  Experience has taught that upland earth
improves the swampland, and swamp land the upland; also that the vermin
flee from the embankments when upland earth is found in them.

    "Stables and cow-houses are seldom seen on a farm.  The first
Swedish inhabitants kept their animals under shelter during winter; but
it was then said that they were then exposed to vermin and other
diseases, which have not been heard of since.  Then people went into
another extreme, that of letting the animals endure the severity of the
winter, which, along with the rain, frost, and snow, is sometimes
intolerable.  A good house keeper has a stable with thin sides for the
horses, and sheds for the cattle and sheep, built near the barn and
standing out in the stableyard, so that they may be protected there when
the weather is severe.  In milder weather all the cattle run out in the
enclosure, and are foddered with hay or straw stacks which are set up
there. They also graze on the land around, which is mostly used for
young cattle.

    "The sheep especially feed themselves on ferns and the young grass
which grows up under the snow in warm weather.  The lambs skip about in
the snow, and stand in danger of being buried under it for want of
proper care.  The man-servant takes care of the foddering of the cattle,
while the housewife and women folks roast themselves by the kitchen-fire,
doubting if any one can do better than that themselves.  Hay alone, even
of the best kind, is not sufficient to keep any horse or cow well; a
considerable amount of grain, such as oats, maize, and buckwheat, is
used for horses and wheat-bran for milch cows.

    "The country is undeniably fruitful, as may be judged from the
following examples: Joseph Cobern, in Chester, twenty years ago had the
blessing to have his wife have twins, his cow two calves, and his ewe
two lambs, all in one night, in the month of March.  All continued to
live.  Olle Tossa (Thoresson), in Brandywine Hundred, in 1742, had a cow
which in the month of March had one calf; at her next calving she had
three; the third time, five; altogether, nine calves within two years. 
Three continued to live, but five died, two males and three heifers. 
Thomas Bird, of the same place, had a ewe that weaned four lambs within
as many days, only one dying.

    "The land is so settled that each one has, his ground separate and,
for the most part, fenced in.  So far as was possible, the people have
taken up their abode by navigable streams, so that the farms stretch
from the water in small strips up into the land.  No country in the
world can be richer in rivers, creeks, rivulets, and good springs.  The
houses are built of bricks, after the English fashion, without coating,
every other brick glazed; or they are of sandstone, granite, etc., as is
mostly the case in the country.  Sometimes, also, they build of oak
planks five inches thick.  To build of wood is not regarded as economy,
after everything is paid for.  The roof is of cedar shingles.  Within
the walls and ceilings are plastered, and whitewashed once a year. 
Straw carpets have lately been introduced in the towns.  But the
inconvenience of this is that they must soon be cleansed from fly-spots
and a multitude of vermin which harbor in such things, and from the
kitchen smoke which is universal.  The windows are large, divided into
two pieces, the upper and lower; the latter is opened by raising and
shut by lowering.  The woodwork is painted or it does not last long. 
The furniture of the house is usually made of the woods of the country,
and consists of a dining-table, tea-table, supper-table, bureaus,
cabinets, and chairs, which are made of walnut, mahogany, maple,
wild-cherry, or sweet-gum.  All these trees are the growth of the
country except mahogany, which is brought from South America.

    "The articles of dress are very little different among city and
country people, except that the former procure them from the merchants'
shops and the latter make them for themselves, and usually of coarser
stuff.   Wool, weaving, and fulling-mills are not used for manufacturing
broadcloth, camelot, and other woolen cloths, which might be finer if
more carefully attended to.  The coloring of certain stuff is very
inferior.  Silks are rare even in the towns.  Plush is general, and
satin is very widely used all over the country.  Calicoes and cottons
are used for women's dresses.  Handsome linen is the finest stuff sought
by men, as the heat is great and of long continuance.

    "By their dress most people are known, whether of Irish or German
birth.  The meals are cleanly, and do not consist of a great variety of
food.  Ham, beef, tongue, roast beef, fowls, with cabbage set round
about make one meal.  Roast mutton or 

77

veal with potatoes or turnips form another.  Another still is formed by
a pastry of chickens, or partridges, or lamb.  Beef-steak, veal-cutlets,
mutton-chops, or turkey, goose, or fowls, with potatoes set around, with
stewed green peas, or Turkish beans, or some other beans, are another
meal.  Pies of apples, peaches, cherries, or cranberries, etc., form
another course.  When cheese and butter are added one has an ordinary
meal.  The breakfast is tea or coffee; along with these is eaten long
and thin slices of bread, with thin slices of smoked beef, in summer. 
In winter, bread roasted, soaked in milk and butter, and called toast,
or pancakes of buckwheat, so light that one can scarcely hold them
between his fingers, are also used.  The afternoon meal ("four-o'clock
piece"), taken at four o'clock, is usually the same.  Suppers are not
much in use.  When one is so invited chocolate is the most reliable. 
Whole pots of it are sometimes made, but little or no milk in it,
chiefly of water.  Of these articles of food more or less is used in the
country according to the ability or luxury of the people.  Tea, coffee,
and chocolate are so general as to be found in the most remote cabins,
if not for daily use yet for visitors, mixed with muscovado or raw sugar.

    "Fresh fish for a meal is found nowhere either with high or low.  Of
soup they think in the same manner.  It serves only for ordinary
household fare.  Salt and dried fish are seldom seen; as few have eaten
them they are almost unknown.  The arrangement of meals among country
people is usually this: for breakfast, in summer, cold milk and bread,
rice, milk-pudding, cheese and butter, cold meat; in winter, mush and
milk and milk porridge, hominy and milk.  The same also serves for
supper if so desired.  For noon, in summer, soup, fresh meat, dried
beef, and bacon, with cabbage, apples, potatoes, Turkish beans, large
beans, all kinds of roots, mashed turnips, pumpkins, cashews, and
squashes.  One or more of these are distributed around the dish; also
boiled or baked pudding, dumplings, bacon and eggs, pies of apples,
cherries, peaches, etc.  In winter hominy soup is cooked with salt beef
and bacon.  Then also pastries of lamb or chicken are used, and can keep
cold a whole week; also pancakes of wheat-flour or of buckwheat-meal. 
Bread is baked once a week or oftener.  It is in large loaves, mostly of
wheat-flour, seldom of rye.  The wheat flour which is used in the towns
for bread or table use is beautiful, like the finest powder.  The flour
in the country is dark and coarse."


      A CONDENSED VIEW OF THE MINISTERS WHO SUCCESSIVELY PRESIDED
              OVER THE SWEDISH CHURCHES IN AMERICA-

1.  Reorus Torkill, accompanied Peter Menewe, who brought over the first
Swedish colony about the year 1636, and died here in 1643, aged
thirty-five years.

2.  John Campanius Holm came over in 1642 with Governor Printz, and
remained here six years.  Campanius was his proper surname, Holm having
been added because of Stockholm having, been his place of residence.  He
translated Luther's Catechism into the language of the Indians.

3.  Laurence Lock came over in the time of Governor Printz.  He preached
at Tinicum and Christina.  He was for many years the only clergyman the
Swedes had.  He died in 1688.

4.  Israel Holg came about the year 1650, but did not remain long.

5.  With Governor Rising, in 1652, a chaplain came over, and returned
after the conquest of the Dutch in 1655.

6.  Another clergyman came over in the ship "Mercury" in the year 1656,
and returned home two years afterwards.

7.  Jacob Fabritius, who had been preaching for the Dutch in New York,
was induced to settle among the Swedes, and preached his first sermon at
Wicaco in 1677.  He officiated as their pastor fourteen years, nine of
which he was blind.  He died about 1692.

    Three clergymen arrived in 1697, from which period we may late the
regular supply of the churches here with Swedish ministers.  These were
Andreas Rudman, Eric Biork, and Jonas Auren.  The first settled at
Wicaco, the second at Christina, and the third at Raccoon and Penn's
Neck.

Wicaco Church-

 1.  Andrew Rudman was the founder of the present church, which was
built in 1700.  In 1702 he went to preach for the Dutch in New York;
afterwards officiated at Oxford Church, near Frankford; then in Christ
Church, Philadelphia, where he died in 1708.

 2.  Andrew Sandel arrived in 1702; returned home in 1719.

 3.  Jonas Lindman, sent over in 1719; recalled in 1730.  The Rev. J.
Eneberg took charge of the church during the vacancy.

 4.  Gabriel Falk, appointed rector in 1733; deposed the same year.

 5.  John Dylander came over in 1737.  He died, honored and beloved, in
1741.

 6.  Gabriel Nesman, appointed rector in 1743; returned home in 1750.

 7.  Olof Parlin arrived in 1750, died in 1757.

 8.  Charles Magnus Wrangel came in 1759; returned in 1768; died 1786.

 9.  Andrew Goeranson, sent over in 1766; became rector 1768; officiated
until the close of 1779; returned home in 1785; died in 1800.

10.  Matthias Hultgren commenced his official duties in 1780; recalled
in 1786.

11.  Nicholas Collin, of Upsal, sent over in 1770; appointed to Wicaco
in 1786; died 1831, close of the Swedish mission.

12.  Rev. J. C. Clay, D.D., elected in December, 1831, entered upon his
duties the January following.

    After the separation of the three churches, in 1843, the Rev. Samuel
C. Brinkle was chosen rector of this church, and continued to officiate
as such until 1850, when he was succeeded by the Rev. J. Brinton Smith. 
The latter resigned in 1856, and was succeeded by Rev. Charles A. Maison.

78

    Upper Merion Church-

    The first rector of this church, after it became separated from the
other, was the Rev. Edward Lightner.  He resigned the parish in 1855,
and was succeeded by the Rev. William H. Rees, D.D., who retained the
charge till 1861.  The following clergymen have officiated at this
church from 1861 to the present time: Revs. Thomas S. Yocum, 1861-70;
Octaves Perinchief, 1870-73; Edward A. Warriner, 1873-76; Octaves
Perinchief, 1876-77; A. A. Marple, 1877 to -.

    Church at Christina.

1.  Eric Biork built a new church at Fort Christina, in 1698, in lieu of
that at Tranbrook.  Returned home, 1714; died in 1740. 

2.  Andreas Hesselius, sent over in 1711; provost, 1719; recalled in
1723; died in 1733.

3.  Samuel Hesselius, brother to the former, sent over in 1729 returned
in 1731; died, 1755.

4.  John Eneberg, pastor, 1733; returned home in 1742. 

5.  Petrus Tranberg took charge of this church in 1742, and died in 1748.

6.  Israel Acrelius, sent over in 1749; returned in 1756; died in 1800,
aged eighty-six.  He was the author of the work on the Swedish
congregations in America.

7.  Eric Unander, sent from Racoon and Penn's Neck to Christina In 1756.

8.  Andreas Borell, sent to preside over the Swedish churches in 1757;
arrived here in 1759; pastor in 1762; received the king's diploma,
constituting him provost over all the Swedish churches here, where be
died in 1768.

9.  The Rev. Laurence Girelius entered upon his duties as assistant
October, 1767; became provost of the churches in the place of the Rev.
Mr. Borell in May, 1770, He continued in charge until 1791, when be
returned to Sweden.  He was the last of the Swedish ministers.

    After the departure of the Rev. Mr. Girelius the church at Christina
became connected with the Protestant Episcopal Church.  For the following
details with regard to the succession of Episcopal clergymen who have
officiated there I am indebted to my friend, the Rev. Charles Breck:
Rev. Joseph Clarkson, 1792-99; Rev. William Pryce, 1800-1.2; Rev. Mr.
Wickes, 1814-17; Rev. L. Bull, D.D., 1818-19; Rev. Richard D. Hall,
1814-22; Rev. Ralph Williston, 1822-26; Rev. Pierce Connelly, 1827-28;
Rev. Mr. Pardee, 1828-35; Rev. Mr. Adams, 1835-38; Rev. Dr. McCullough,
1838-47; Rev. Dr. Van Dusen, 1848-52; Rev. Charles Breck, 1853. 

    Church at Racoon and Penn's Neck.  The first minister was
Polfladius.  He was drowned in the Delaware in 1706, and was succeeded by

1.  Jonas Auren, who came over with Rudman and Biord in 1697; appointed
1706; died in the exercise of his functions, 1713.

2.  Abraham Lidenius, sent over in 1711; pastor, 1714; returned home,
1721; died 1728.

3.  Petrus Tranberg and Andreas Windrufua, sent over in 1726.  They
divided the, churches between them, and so continued until 1728, when
Windrufua died.  Between the time of Tranberg going to Christina and his
death, in 1748, these churches had no pastor.

4.  John Sandin appointed pastor, 1748; died the same year.

5.  Professor Kalm, traveling through North America under authority from
the king of Sweden, supplied the church for a few months.  He married the
widow of Mr. Sandin, and returned to Sweden after a perilous voyage. 

6.  Eric Unander, sent over in 1749, became pastor in 1751.

7.  John Lidenius (son of Abraham above mentioned), appointed pastor in
the place of Unander, 1756; died in Pennsylvania.

8.  John Wicksell, sent over in 1760; arrived, 1762; returned home in
1774; died, 1800.

9.  Nicholas Collin, pastor 1778; appointed to Wicaco in 1786.  (See
above.)

 The following clergymen have been at different times assistant
ministers in the Swedish churches:

    The Rev. Charles Lute was appointed assistant to the Rev. Mr.
Georgesen in 1774.

    While Dr. Collin was rector, he had for his first assistant the Rev.
Joseph Clarkson, who was appointed in 1787, and continued to officiate
until 1792.
    The Rev. Slater Clay was appointed in 1792, and officiated once a
month in Upper Merion, and when there was a fifth Sunday in the month at
Kingsessing.  Only part of his time was given to the Swedes, for whom be
continued to preach until the day of his death, in 1821.

    The Rev. Joseph Turner was appointed also in 1792, and was for in
any years connected with the Swedes as one of their assistant ministers.

    The Rev. J. C. Clay, soon after his ordination, in 1813, was called
to the same churches, and officiated therein as an assistant for one
year, when he was called to the churches at Norristown and Germantown.

    The Rev. James Wiltbank was appointed to the same office in 1816,
and performed its duties for four years, or until 1820.

    The Rev. M. B. Roche, in 1820, became an assistant minister to the
Swedes in which situation he officiated for a period of six months.

    The Rev. J. C. Clay became a second time connected with these
churches in 1822, having been appointed an assistant for Upper Merion
Church, in connection with the Norristown, Perkiomen churches.  He also
officiated, every fifth Sunday, or four times a quarter at
Kingsessing.  He continued to fill this station until called in 1831, to
the rectorship.

    The Rev. Charles M. Dupuy was in 1822, appointed the assistant for
Wicaco and Kingsessing, and was continued as such until The Rev. Pierce
Connelly succeeded Mr. Dupuy and officiated chiefly at Kingsessing,
though part of the time at Wicaco also, till the close of 1831, when he
accepted a call to Natchez, Miss.

79

    The Rev. Raymond A. Henderson was chosen assistant to the Rev. J. C.
Clay in 1832, and continued in the churches until the close of 1834, when
he was called to the French Protestant Church in New Orleans.

    The Rev. John Reynolds was assistant for one year at Upper Merion,
having been appointed about the same time with Mr. Henderson.

    After the last two mentioned, the Rev. William Diehl and the Rev.
Samuel C. Brinckle acted as assistants until the churches were separated.

    -Annals of the Swedes.  Rev. J. C. Clay. 


The following is a list of the Swedish families residing in New Sweden in the 
year 1693, with the number of individuals in each family:

FIRST NAME          LAST NAME         NO. IN FAMILY

Hindrick            Anderson               5
Johann              Anderssen              9
Johann              Andersson              7
Joren               Andersen               5
John                Arain                  6
Joran               Bagman                 3
Anders              Bengston               9
Bengt               Bengston               2
Andre               Bonde                 11
Johan               Bonde                  1
Sven                Bonde                  5
William             Cobb                   6
Jacob               Classen                7
Christian           Classon                6
Jacob               Clemson                1
Eric                Cock                   9
Gabriel             Cock                   7
John                Cock                   7
Lass Capt.          Cock                  11
Moses               Cock                   8
Otto Ernest         Cock                   5
Hindrick            Coliman                1
Conrad              Constantine            6
Johann              Von Culen              5
Otto                Dahblo                 7
Peter               Dahblo                 9
Hindrick            Danielsson             5
Dennis Thomas       Dennis                 6
Andres              Diedrickson            1
Olle                Diedrickson            7
Stephen             Ekhorn                 5
Eric                Ericson                1
Goron               Ericson                1
Matte               Ericson                3
Hindrick            Faske                  5
Casper              Fisk                  10
Mathais             Do Foff                6
Andres              Frende                 4
Nile                Frendes (widow)        7
Eric                Fransson               7
Eric                Gastenburg             7
Nils                Gastenburg             3
Eric                Goransson              2
Brita               Gostafsson             6
Gostaf              Gostafsson             8
Hans                Gostafsson             7
John                Gostafsson             3
Mans                Gostafsson             2
Johen               Grantum                2
Lars                Haling                 3
Moen                Hallston               1
Israel              Helm                   5
Johan               Hindersson Jr.         3
Anders              Hindricksson           4
David               Hindericsson           7
Jacob               Hinderickson           5
John                Hindericksson          6
Johann              Hindericsson           5
Matis               Hollsten               7
Andres              Howman                 9
Andrers             Hoppmann               7
Frederick           Hoppmann               7
Johan               Hoppmann               7
Hindrick            Iwarson                9
Hindrick            Jacob                  1
Mathias             Jacob                  1
Hindrick            Jacobson               4
Peter               Jaccom                 9
Diedrick            Johansson              5
Lars                Johansson              6
Simon               Johansson             10
Anders              Jonson                 4
Jon                 Jonson                 2
Moens               Jonson                 3
Nils                Jonson                 6
Thomas              Jonson                 1
Christiern          Joransson              1
Hans                Joransson             11
Joran               Joransson              1
Stephen             Joransson              5
Lasse               Kempe                  6
Frederick           Konig                  6
Marten              Knutsson               6
Olle                Kuckow                 6
Hans                Kyn's (widow)          5
Jonas               Kyn                    8
Matts               Kyn                    3
Nils                Laican                 5
And. Pearson        Longaker               7
Hindrick            Larsson                6
Lars                Larsson                1
Lars                Larsson                1
Anders              Lock                   1
Moen                Lock                   1
Robert              Longhorn               4
Hans                Lucasson               1
Lucas               Lucasson               1
Peter               Lucasson               1
Johan               Mansson                5
Peter               Mansson                3
Marten              Martensson Jr         10
Maten               Matensson Sr.          3
Mats                Martenson              4
Johan               Mattson               11
Nils                Mattson                3
Christopher         Meyer                  7
Paul                Mink                   5
Eric                Molica                 8
Andres              Nilsson                3
Jonas               Nilsson                4
Michael             Nilsson               11
Hans                Olsson                 5
Johan               Ommerson               5
Lorentz             Ostersson              5
Hindricks           Parchen                4
Bengst              Paulsson               5
Gostaf              Paulsson               6
Olle                Paulsson               9
Peter               Palson                 5
Lars                Pehrsson               1
Olle                Pehrsson               6
Brita               Peterson               8
Carl                Peterson               5
Hans                Peterson               7
Lars                Peterson               1
Paul                Peterson               3
Peter               Peterson               3
Peter               Stake (alias Peterson) 3
Reiner              Peterson               2
Andres              Rambo                  9
Gunnar              Rambo                  6
Johan               Rambo                  6
Peter               Rambo Sr.              2
Peter               Rambo Jr.              6
Mats                Repott                 3
Nils                Repott                 3
Olle                Reese                  5
Andres              Robertson              3
Paul                Sahllunge              3
Isaac               Savory                 7
John                Schrage                6
John                Schute                 6
Anders              Seneca                 4
Johan               Scagg's (widow)        6
Johan               Skirka                 1
Matts               Skirka                 3
Hindrick            Slobey                 2
Carl                Springer               5
Moen                Staake                 1
Christian           Stalcop                3
Johan               Stalcop                6
Peter               Stalcop                6
Israel              Stark                  6
Matts               Stark                  1
Adam                Stedman                3
Asmund              Stedman                8
Benjamin            Stedman                5
Lucas               Stedman                7
Lyoff               Stedman                9
Johan               Stille                 8
Johann              Stillman               5
Jonas               Stillman               4
Olle                Stobey                 3
Gunnar              Svenson                5
Johan               Svenson                9
William             Tally                  7
Elias               Tay                    6
Christian           Thomas (widow)         6
Olle                Thomasson              9
Olle                Thorsson               4
Hindrick            Tossa                  5
Johan               Tossa                  4
Lars                Tossa                  1
Matts               Tossa                  1
Cornelius           Van der Weer           7
Jacob               Van der Weer           7
Jacob               Van der Weer           3
William             Van der Weer           1
Jesper              Wallraven              7
Jonas               Wallraven              1
Anders              Weinom                 4
Anders              Wihler                 4

Names of Taxables not included in above List

NAME                     NUMBER IN FAMILY

Oelen and Sons                 3
Hans Moen                      1
Eric Poulen                    1
Hans Jurian                    1
Michall Fredericks             1
Justa Daniels & servants       2
Henrick Jacobs
     (upon ye island)          1
Andreas Swean & father         2
Oelen & servant                2
Swen Lom                       1
Oelen Stille                   1
Dunck Williams                 1
Tho. Jacobs                    1
Mattias Classen                1
Jan Classsen and 2 sons        3
Frank Walcker                  3
Peter Matson                   1
Jan Boelson                    1
Jan Schoeten                   1
Jans Justa and 2 sons          3
Peter Andreas & son            2
Lace Dalbo                     2
Richard Duckett                1
Mr. Jones ye hatter            1
Harmen Ennis                   1
Pelle Erisssen                 1
Benck Sailing                  1
Andries Saling                 1
Harmen Jansen                  1
Hedrick Holman                 1
Bertell Laersen                1
Hendrick Tade                  1
Andries Bertelsen              1
Jans Cornelissen and son       2
Lace Mortens                   2
Antony Matson                  1
Claes Schram                   1
Robert Waede                   1
Neele Laersen and sons         2
Will Orian                     1
Knoet Mortensen                1
Oelen Coeckoe                  1
Carell Jansen                  1
Rich Fredericx                 1
Jurian Hertveder               1
Juns Justasse                  1
Hans Hofman and 2 sons         3
Poull Corvorn                  1

 List of those still living who were born in Sweden

Peter RAMBO  lived to 54 years in New Sweden
Andreas BOND  lived to 54 years in New Sweden
Anders BENGTSSON
Sven SVENSON
Michael NILSSON
Moen STAARKE
Marten MARTENSSON Sr.
Carl Ctopher SPRINGER
Hindrick JACOBSON
Jacob CLEMSSON
Olof ROSSE
Hidrick ANDERSON
Hindrick IWARSON
Simon JOHASSSEN
Paul MINK
Olof PAULSSON
Olof PETERSSON
Marten MARTENSON Jr.
Eric MOLLICA
Nils MATTSON
Anthony LONG
Israel HELM
Anders HOMAN
Olle DEDRICKSSON
Hans PETERSSON
Hindrick COLLMAN
Jons GOSTAFSSON
Moen HALLTON
Hans OLOFSSON
Anders SENCA
Broom SENCA
Eskil ANDERSON
Matts de VOSS
Johan HINDRICKSSON
Anders WEINOM
Stephen JORANSSON
Olof KINKOVO
Anders DIDRICKSSON
Anders MINK

80

    Dr. George W. Holstien, a lineal descendant of Matts Holstien in his
response to a toast, "The Swedes," at the first annual banquet, of the
Montgomery County Historical Society, held at Norristown on the evening
of Feb. 22, 1882, pays a beautiful tribute to all ancestry who pioneered
in Christian Civilization up the Schuylkill Valley.  The author is a true
type of the Swedes who still dwell upon the heritage of their sturdy and
illustrious fathers:

    "As a lineal descendant of those Swedes who crossed the ocean so
early as 1636, I am deeply conscious of the compliment thus paid to
their memory, and yet I feel that it is justly due, in view of the
results accomplished by them and their influence in moulding, the
destinies of this great country.  

    "Trained at home in a love for the practical teachings of the
'Sermon on the Mount' and the general truths of revealed religion, they
early planted the Cross of Calvary upon these Shore, and in all the
intercourse with the natives and others illustrated the principles
heralded thereby.  

    "By fair and honorable dealings they gained the confidence of the
Indian, and lived among them upon the most amicable terms.  Their
influence over them was remarkable, as was evinced by many of the
natives attaching themselves to the educational and religious
institutions established by them, thus rendering much more easy the
great work accomplished by William Penn, who came here over forty year
later as the representative of the English Crown, supported by all the
vast influence of that powerful nation, commissioned by King Charles II.
to act as Proprietary Governor of the province of Pennsylvania, having
received a grant of land lying north of that occupied by Lord Baltimore,
and west of the river Delaware.  This was in lieu of a claim of sixteen
thousand pounds due him for services rendered by his father, Rear
Admiral Penn, a distinguished officer of the British Navy.  The charter
for this grant still hangs in the office of the Secretary of the
Commonwealth at Harrisburg, dated March 4, 1681 William Penn reached
here in October, 1682.  And now, in this bicentennial year of that
event, when it is proposed to celebrate it with distinguished honors,
while I would not for one moment detract from the glory to which I
believe he is eminently entitled, yet I do not wish the fact to be lost
sight of that the Swedes were among the first to establish friendly
relations with the natives, that the first translation into the Indian
dialect was the Swedish Catechism by Rev. John Campanius, a Swedish
missionary.

    "In 1642, six years after their arrival, Col. John Printz, of the
Swedish army, was sent over as Governor of the colony.  His
instructions, dated Stockholm, Aug. 15, 1642, contain twenty-eight
articles, embracing his duties, first, in relation to the Swedes;
secondly, to the Europeans living in the vicinity; and thirdly, to the
Indians.  With respect to these latter, the Governor was directed to
confirm, immediately after his arrival, the treaty with them, by which
they had conveyed to the Swedes the western shore of Delaware from Cape
Henlope, to the Falls of Sanhickan, since called Trenton, as much as
inland as gradually should be wanted.  Also, to ratify the bargain for
land on the east side, and in these and future purchases to regard them
as the rightful owners of the country.

    "He was to treat all the neighboring tribes in the most equitable
and humane manner, so that no injury, by violence or otherwise, should
be done to them by any of his people.  He had also in charge to
accomplish, as far as practicable, the embracing of Christianity by
them, and their adoption of the manners and customs of civilized life.

    "He was accompanied by Rev. John Campanius as chaplain of the
colony.  In 1653, Governor Printz was succeeded by Governor John
Claudius Rising, who soon after invited ten of the leading Indian chiefs
to a friendly conference.  It was held at Tinicum on the 17th of June,
1654.
 
    "He saluted them in the name of the Swedish queen, with assurances
of her favor, put them in the mind of the purchase of lands already
made, and requested a continuation of their friendship.  He distributed
various presents among them, and gave a good entertainment to them and
their company.  They were much pleased, and assured him of a faithful
affection.  

    "One of the chiefs, Naaman, made a Speech, during which he remarked
that 'the Swedes and the Indians had been as one body and one heart, and
that thenceforward they should be as one head,' at the same time making a
motion as if he were tying, a strong knot, and then made this comparison,
'that as the calabash was round without any crack, so they should be a
compact body without any fissure.'  

    "Campanius represents the Indians as having been frequent visitors
at his grandfather's house in Delaware County, which gave him an
opportunity of studying their language, in which he became quite
proficient.  

    "In the conversations he had there with them he succeeded in
impressing upon their minds the great truths of Christianity and
awakening a deep interest among them, hence his translation of Luther's
Catechism.  

    "They attached great value to this act, as evincing a deeper
interest in their welfare than that indicated by mere lip-service, and
it thenceforward proved a bond of union, binding them in acts of
devotion and fealty to the Swedes.

    "The Swedes gave the great and good Penn a most cordial welcome, and
the benefit of their influence and experience, for which he was truly
grateful, and which he kindly acknowledged in a letter to his friends,
at home in 1683. NOTE: He interceded in their behalf by asking the
Swedish ambassador in London for Swedish books and ministers.

    "This society does itself credit in thus honoring 

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the memory of a people who were among the earliest, to the locate in
this vicinity and who established regulations and usage that have
exercised a refining, and, elevating influence in shaping the morals and
habits of the community around us.  I thank you for the opportunity of
saying, thus much in their behalf."

NOTE.  --The Fatherland had never lost sight of the Swedes in the
Schuylkill Valley.  As late as 1876, during the Centennial period, the
blood royal of the borne government, accompanied by it large number of
distinguished guest and citizens, paid a visit to the "Merion Swedes'
Church."  The event took place Sunday, the second of July of that
year.  The appearance of the royal party, nearly all of whom were
dressed in uniform, seated in the sombre old church, was a novel
sight.  The prince occupied a front pew and was the magnet of
observation.  He was a boyish-looking lad, yet possessing a free and
unassuming manner.  Among his retinue were intelligent-looking faces and
fine specimens of well-developed manhood.  The party consisted of the
following distinguished persons: Prince Oscar, Duke of Gottland, second
son of the King of Sweden; Count Frederick Posse, Royal Swedish
Commissioner for the Machinery Department; Le Comte C. Lewenhaupt, Envoy
Extraordinaire and Minister Plenipotentaire of Sweden and Norway; Baron
M. D. D. Ruuth, Royal Swedish Navy Executive officer H.M.S.
"Norrkoping"; Baron 0. Hermeling, Commissioner for the Fine Art
Department; and many other notables from the Swedish Commission. The
occasion was memorable, and the following extract from the address of
the Rev. 0. Perinchief forms an eventful chapter in the history of the
day:

    "The best thing Europe had in it four or five hundred years ago was
a deep satisfaction, with everything as it was in church or state.  The
best particular thing was the Bible, hidden away, to be sure, but here
and there mighty minds that dared all difficulties to get at it and
other books of thought and learning, not only of the ancient times but
of the outside nations.  A new life began in a whole continent. 
Thousands of men and women felt they were men and women, and went out to
tell it to all tribes in all tongues.  What we call the Reformation
began.  That reformation was in opening sealed books, in independent
thought, in new ideas.  One of these ideas was that of Columbus, who
conceived that over here was another world.  At last he found it, that
simple discovery in itself lent a wonderful impulse to everything in
Europe.  The news set the nations wild.  Italy had furnished the man and
Spain had furnished the means.  A new world was discovered.  Whose, world
was it?  Not Spain's, not Italy's.  God knew it was here.  He had kept it
for the nurture of all things old and new that were already good, and for
the production of all things that were in any way better.  But though a
new continent was discovered a new nation was not born.  the work of
discovery was only begun.  Spain, England, Holland, France, all had
their ships abroad to find, out what the new world was.  As each nation
discovered, so each claimed the territory discovered.  Nearly a century
had passed before any attempt was made to settle the land with
Europeans, in the south, the French in the north, England and Holland in
the middle territories.  At last each of all these became successful,
and, Europe was transplanted in America.  All nations took stock in the
new venture, and from that day to this every American has been more or
less a foreigner, and every foreigner who has been a true man, and in
his nationality seeking the good of the human race, has been more or
less an American.  We all began, and from that day to this we all stand
upon our own and greet each other as brothers.  Vast is our debt to
England, to Germany, to all Europe, but in particular we who are here
today are more directly indebted to Sweden.  In 1631, or from that to
1638, a colony of Swedes landed and settled upon this side of the
Delaware, at or below the place where now stand, the city of
Wilmington.  There is some uncertainty about the date.  The probability
is that attempts had been made, or partial settlements, having for their
object the necessary investigation preparatory a permanent occupation,
which at least did take effect in 1637 or '38.  At any rate we know the
great Gustavus Adolphus had contemplated the enterprise form many
years.  The great struggle, between Romanism and Protestantism was then
at its bitterness and the hope and purpose of founding here a Protestant
colony entered into the enterprise.  But with this was combined the
evangelization of the Indians, and, more than all, the establishment of
the people- good, honest Swedes in comfortable homes, upon the land they
could look at and call their own.  The person who came over in that
colony were of two classes, a small class of government officials to
administer order and, as occasion occurred, watch their own individual
chances, but a large class of sober and industrious people truly seeking
a home.  It sometimes happened that, persons were sent over partly as
banishment and partly in hopes of reform; but the people not only of
this but of the sister colonies sent them back for they were always
worse than useless.  Though bound to hard labor, it was a sort of slave
labor, and the freeman would rather do their own work, because they
could do it better and because they abhorred slavery.  These settlers
bought their lands from the Indians, and in later times erected
substantial homes.  Nearly all the men were husbandmen.  They saw their
wealth in the soil.  Up to 1700 the colony had grown to over a thousand,
though they had been subjected to bitter discouragement and sad
vicissitudes.  But their prosperity had not been accomplished without
great care and generosity on the part of their brethren at home.  At the
very outset the settlers were provided with ministers of the
gospel--pious and learned men--to teach and admonish all the people, and
to preserve the spiritual privileges they had enjoyed in their native
land.  These minister were supported by the funds of the
mother-country.  The colony was supplied with Bibles, catechisms, and
books.  On one single occasion ministers were sent, bearing books in
plentiful supply, and encouraged by a donation of three thousand dollars
from Charles XII.

    "The Swedes were reminded of the Indians around their, and 'Luther's
Catechism' was translated into the Indian dialect at least as soon, and
perhaps sooner, than the corresponding work of Eliot in regions farther
north.  The fault of these Swedes, if it may be permitted to speak of
such a thing to-day, was a want of unity in purpose and harmony in
action.  Their plans lacked breadth and unselfishness.  They looked a
little ahead or not at all.  Before their children they set no
greatness, and made little provision for its creation.  In narrowed
endeavors to save they very frequently lost, and left us, instead of
property and rich advantages, a legacy of sad reflection and bitter
regrets.  In the nature of things the settlement spread on the other
side of the river in New Jersey, and on this side of the Delaware and
along the Schuylkill.  The first settlement in this immediate
neighborhood was in 1702.  At that time the nearest church was at
Wicaco, now Glora Dei, in Philadelphia.  Gradually their numbers
thickened, and in a few years we begin to hear of requests for
occasional services up here.  In 1733 a lot was given and a house built
for the double purpose of school and church.  Upon the very ground
within the present stone walls which enclose our yard a wooden building
was constructed, though we know that prior to 1733 the grounds had been
used as a place of burial.  No stated minister living nearer then
Philadelphia, both religious and educational matters languished until
1759 "when they arrived from Sweden a very remarkable man, whose memory
is still green and deserves to be richly cherished, Dr. Charles M. Van
Mangel.  Under him our church here, this very structure, was built in
1760, was engraved this present its one hundred and sixteenth
anniversary.  The date '1760' was engraved on its walls, and stands
there to-day.  In 1765 a charter was obtained front the Proprietary
government of John Penn, then at the head of affairs.  The churches
lying within the territorial limits of Pennsylvania were incorporated
under the name of the 'United Swedish Lutheran Churches of Wicaco,
Kingsessing and Upper Merion.'   This charter continued until 1787, when
the new state of things consequent upon the American Revolution rendered
it needful to obtain a charter from the State government of
Pennsylvania.  The new charter was substantially the same as that of
1765, except that it gave the people the right to elect their own
minister, and provided for the formal ending of the Swedish mission. 
Thus closed the long interval of nursing care which established us here
as a church, which through many years must have exerted a vast influence
in shaping the destiny of this commonwealth and nation; a  period marked
by noble generosity, by many sacrifices enshrined by many holy and
exemplary lives; a period which left us stewards invested with no slight
responsibility.  The two churches (Kingsessing and Upper Merion)
continued with Wicaco until 1842, when each church obtained for itself a
separate and independent charter.  The other two church passed into
communion with the Protestant Episcopal Church.  We remained, as we
still retain, a separate organization, heir to all the traditions,
invested, too, perhaps is that very fact, with the great responsibility,
a witness still of a faith and kindness which never slumbered, a monument
of labor which blessed our fathers, still blesses us, and which we
believe will go on to bless our children.  For it all we lift up our
hearts and praise God, who made man of one blood.  We greet our brethren
today from that Fatherland, and thank them, and through them the people
to whom they belong and assure then, that of whatever things among us
their ears may hear or their eyes behold, which at the same time their
hearts approve, they have had their part in producing, and that this day
as a people we would not be a selfish people taking credit to

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ourselves, but gratefully acknowledging our debt and praying God to
return the blessing a thousandfold upon their own people, asking in turn
their prayers that we and the whole nation trust, that we have freely
received we may freely give, until all nations, kindreds, tribes, and
tongues be gathered into one grand kingdom, under one king, the common
Redeemer and Saviour of all."