History: Local: Chapters XXVII & XXVIII: Flora and Zoology of Montgomery Co: Bean's 1884 History of Montgomery Co, PA

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                           BEAN'S  HISTORY  OF

                     MONTGOMERY COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

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423 (cont.)

                              CHAPTER XXVII.

                       FLORA OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY.

    IF there has been any attempt to describe and catalogue the plants of
this county, there is no record of the fact, at least as far as the knowledge
of the author extends.  Those pioneer undoubtedly made botanical incursions
within what is now known as the limits of Montgomery County.  in botany who
contributed by their labors and their attainments to make Philadelphia
illustrious as the centre of the American School of Natural Science and
History.  The names of Bartram, Barton, Nuttall, Schweinitz, Mulhenberg,
Collins, and Durlington form a galaxy, of botanical stars equaled by few and
excelled by none in this or any other country in the brilliancy of their
attainments, and of whom every Pennsylvania should feel especially proud,
because they honored this State.  with their residence and gathered the major
part of their scientific knowledge from the plants of her soil.

    John Bartram, born near Philadelphia, founded the first botanical garden
of this country upon the banks of the Schuylkill, and there can be no doubt
that it contained at least a few of the plants found in the beautiful
Schuylkill Valley.  Bartram could never have remained ignorant of the
richness of the flora of the country lying, but a few miles above his
garden, and lie probably made personal visits into the lower townships of
what is now known as Montgomery, but then still embraced in Philadelphia
County.  His zeal was so great and his labors so extensive in investigating
new species of plants, that Linnaeus himself pronounced him the greatest
living botanist.

    Dr. Benjamin Smith Barton, professor of botany and materia medica in the
University of Pennsylvania, was a nephew of David Rittenhouse, the famous
astronomer of this county; and he undoubtedly botanized and collected
specimens from this county while visiting his illustrious uncle at his.
country home, in Norriton township, a few miles north of Norristown.

    It was Dr. Barton who induced Thomas Nuttall, a young English botanist of
great merit and promise, to come to America to study the plants of her varied
soil and climate.  It was likewise through his encouragement that Nuttall
completed the great work of Michaux on the, "Forest Trees of America"; and
nowhere could he have found more abundant material for study than on the
beautiful hills overlooking the Schuylkill and Wissahickon, just above
Philadelphia, in the southern limits of Montgomery, covered as they must have
been with luxuriant forests in all their original richness. It is more than
probable that Montgomery contributed somewhat toward the data of that product
of unwearied thought and labor.

    Lewis David Schweinitz, a Moravian clergyman of Bethlehem, in this State,
who contributed fourteen hundred new species to the flora of Eastern
Pennsylvania, of which twelve hundred were new species of North American
fungi, living as lie did so near the northeastern corner of Montgomery, must
likewise I have explored her forests and ravines in search of Material. 
Fungi in his time had been but little studied, and his labors did much to
advance this particular branch of study.

    Dr. Henry Ernst Muhlenberg, son of the founder of the Lutheran Church in
America, was born at 1he Trappe, and was the first and only botanist of
distinction that Montgomery County produced.  He contributed a large share of
botanical knowledge to the flora of Pennsylvania.  It is probable that his first 

424

taste for botanical research wits developed while roaming over the hills of
the Skippack and Perkiomen in his boyhood.  Upon the approach of the British
in 1777 he fled from Philadelphia, where he was all assistant pastor of one
of the Lutheran Churches, to his quiet country home, and there secluded
himself' because of a reward offered for his capture.  During this season of
seclusion he studied new varieties and new species of plants, and to a number
of these his name has been assigned.  His memory will live in the hearts of
all lovers of plants and flowers, as long as the American dog violet blooms,
or as long as the Drop-Seed grass grows.  Having moved to Lancaster, where he
assumed charge of a Lutheran Church, he continued his study of flowers, not as
labor, but as a source of recreation amid his; ministerial duties.  He
published the "Flora Laricastriensis", the first attempt to catalogue and
describe the flowering plants of Lancaster County, a work that is only
excelled by the classical volume of the late Dr. Darlington, of West Chester,
known as the " Flora Cestrica,"

    The latter eminent and learned botanist, in his great work, erected a
monument to himself as imperishable its the scence he loved so well.  His
descriptions of the flora of Chester County are so exhaustive and his
botanical language so complete that a botanist could scarcely be satisfied in
determining newly-found varieties without first consulting his book while
studying plant-life it, Eastern Pennsylvania, Dr. Darlington botanized within
view of the Schuylkill and there can be but little doubt that he crossed
beyond, its banks in the hope of finding something new on Montgomery soil,
with its rich floral treasures.  And finally a passing notice must be made of
Alan W. Corson, of Whitemarsh, a botanist of more than local reputation. 
Endowed with a strong love of nature, and untaught by others, he mastered the
natural science" of his native county, making extensive collections in botany,
mineralogy and entomology.  His herbarium was one of the finest of his time in
this section of the country.  He made trees a special object if study, and in
his nursery hall many rich and rare specimens, some of which were imported
froin Europe.

    The fertile Chester Valley extends beyond the borders of our neighboring
county into Montgomery, carrying with it similar soils and geological
formations, and consequently growing similar plants and flowers.  Like
climate and underlying strata are the two determining factors in producing,
like vegetation, and hence the author feels warranted in affirming, that
almost every plant and fern described so accurately and minutely by Dr.
Darlington in his ์Flora of Chester County can be found on the soil of
Montgomery.  A description of localities best known to, the author and his
friends may not is amiss.  There is probably no more beautiful ,and
picturesque scenery in Eastern Pennsylvania than which greets the Norristown
to Philadelphia.  Here nature has been especially lavish in dispensing her
floral treasures.

    All along the Schuylkill, froin below West Laurel Hill, in Lower Merion,
to Balligomingo, above West Conshohocken, in Upper Merion, the western bank of
the river is steep and rugged, ofttimes being formed by bold bluffs.
Occasionally it is interrupted by deep ravines, as those at Mill Creek and
Balligoiningo.  In fact, the entire river, border, oil both sides, for the
eastern is but the counterpart of the western form exceedingly interesting
localities to the botanical student.  Excursions are annually made by the
botanical classes in the College of Pharmacy and medical colleges of
Philadelphia, to Lafayette, Spring Mill and Mill Creek, in pursuit of
material for study.

    Near West Conshohocken the purple-flowered raspberry decorates the banks
of the Schuylkill, and greets the dusty traveller as he passes down the river
road.  The beautiful climbing fumitory seek, a more retired shade, and
blossoms, with all its delicate and handsome foliage, in the ravines and
thickets leading off from the river, in the same locality.  Up the ravine,
some two miles from Balligomingo, is the Gulf Rock.  In its immediate
vicinity grow some four or five varieties of violets, the bird's-foot violet,
the Pall, Violet, american violet, named after Muhlenberg, the botanist; and
the wild pansy, or heart-ease, which has yielded so kindly to cultivation and
produced the magnificent specimens grown by Vick and other florists.

    Upon the bosom of Gulf Creek, in the same vicinity, grows in fragrant
beauty the sweet scented Water Lily, admired by all lover, of flowers.  The
Ancient Greeks very appropriately dedicated this flower, because of its
virgin beauty, to the water nymphs, which they believed to people the streams
of their native land.

    This section of Montgomery County too, is rich in ferns, but still
farther down the river, opposite Spring Mill, at Soapstone Quarry on the
banks of Mill Creek, at Black Rock and at Flat Rock Tunnel a still greater
variety and a more luxuriant growth of these interesting botanical specimens
can be found.  The eastern bank of the Schuylkill present but little
variation in floral specimen., from those on the opposite side.  The ravine
near Lafayette, the vicinity of Spring Mill, and whole rocky river- border
from Conshohcken to Norristown, with its intersecting ravine, and thickets,
are prized by local botanists as especially rich in their offerings for
study.  Here and there are found a few exceedingly rare plants, among, which
is the climbing milkweed, known as the Gonolobus hirsutus clinging to the
twigs and branches of some friendly tree.  On one of the bluffs, overlooking
the river, blooms, in modest retirement, the shooting star, known as the
Dodecatheon Mcadia..  Its home, about two-mile, below Norristown is known to
but a few, and is the sole place as far as known.  in this county, where it
blooms in it pristine beauty.  It shrinks form sight upon the approach of
man, and hide itself in some 

425

nook or corner among the, rocks, away from the hoe or plow of the farmer. 
There, in a sheltered and secluded spot of its own choice, it flowers until
the prying eye of the botanist has spied its matchless beauty.

    Above Norristown, in the Schuylkill, is Barbaedoes Island.  Here are
found the Papaw, Spatterdock, Virginia cowslip, and similar plants that seek
a rich alluvium as their home.  Along the Schuylkill, above Norristown, are
to be found the pencil-flower, Vetch, wild-bean and the bracted bindweed. 
The hills of Valley Forge are rich in botanical interest to the student, as
well as in historic memories.  Valley Creek, which divides them, marks the
extreme western limit of botanical exploration in Montgomery.  The eastern
bank of the river, from opposite the Forge to Pottstown, presents little or
nothing different from what has been already described.  A few miles above
Valley Forge the Perkiomen joins the. Schuylkill, and furnishes new and
fertile fields for study.  Along its batiks, and in the wood as near the
copper-mines West of Shannonville, one of the rare lady-slippers has been
found the Cypripedium acaule.  Other districts, remote from the principal
streams coursing through the county, are likewise fruitful localities for the
amateur in botanical science; as, for instance, the thickets and lowlands of
Upper and Lower Merion.  It is to be regretted that so small a portion of the
county has been scientifically explored, and it is due to personal friends and
co-laborers in this delightful pursuit, that the catalogue hereto appended is
as full as it is.

    To Miss Margaret Harvey, of Ardmore, for her labors in classified the
ferns of the county; to Messrs. Aaron F. Baker, Jos. Crawford and John
Overholtzer, of Norristown, especially to the latter gentleman, the thanks of
the author are due for valuable assistance rendered in making and revising
this catalogue.

    To Miss Anna L. Ralston and Dr. E. M. Corson of Norristown,
acknowledgments are likewise due for rare specimen, and information
concerning their locations.  With these friends the author has spent many a
pleasant hour in studying and deciding some unknown species of plant, and in
rambling over hills, and through thickets and ravines, in search of new
specimens.

    In nomenclature and classification Gray has been followed, but
occasionally, where he has failed to mention or describe the plant in
question, Wood is recognized as authority.  The plants analyzed and
catalogued have all been thoroughly tested by these two authors and
subsequently their identity unequivocally fixed by a final reference to
Darlington's "Flora Cestrica."

    As far is the catalogue extends, the aim has been to make it reliable. 
That the grasses and sedges; have not received more attention is to be
regretted, and it is fervently hoped that the list of flowers and ferns
hereto appended may serve as a nucleus around which new addition shall be
made form time to time by those interested in the botany of the county.

    The study of botany in a practical manners affords rich enjoyment, which
is otherwise unattainable; and if the results of the labors of his friends
and himself shall serve as a stimulus to the youth of the county to pursue
this delightful science, the author will feel amply compensated for his
enjoyment to describe and enumerate the plant-life of Montgomery County.

[NOTE: Several of the Latin, Greek or Indian Names in this and this and the
Zoology chapter were difficult to read.  There are some errors and in some 
cases a few were omitted as unreadable.  If you have better data please send 
them along and the page can be updated.]
  
    AN ATTEMPT TO ENUMERATE THE INDIGENOUS AND NATURALIZED PLANTS
                FOUND GROWING IN MONTGOMERY COUNTY.


                SERIES I. -PILENOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS.

                Class I. -Erogenous Plants or Dicotyledonons.

Ranunulaceae.
   Clemitis L
      Virginiana, L (virgin's-bower).
   Anemone, L.
      Virginiana, L. (Virginia anemoue).
      nemorosa, L. (wind-flower).
   Hepatica, Dill.
      triloba, Chaix (liver-leaf).
   Thalictrum, Tourn.
      anemonoides, Michx. (rue-anemane).
      Cornuti, L. (fall meadow rue).
      dioicum, L. (early meadow rue).
   Ranunculus, L. 
      Flammula. L. (spearwart).
      abortivus, L. (small flowered crowfoot).
      sceleratus, L. (cursed crowfoot).
      recurvatus, Pois. (Hooked crowfoot).
      Pennsylvanicus, L. (bristly crowfoot).
      fascularis, Muhl. (early crowfoot), found along Schuylkill 
         River, above Norristown.
      repena, L. (creeping crowfoot).
      bubosus, L. (buttercups).
      acris, L. (tall crowfoot).
   Caltha. L.
      palutris L. (marsh marigold).
   Helleborus, L.
      virilis. L. (green hellebore).
   Aquilegia, Tourn.
      Canadensis, L. (wild columbine).
      vulgaria, L. (garden columbine) naturalized is some places.
   Delphinium, Tourn.
      Consolida, L. (field larkspur).
         var. granditlera (cultivated).
   Hydrastis, L.
      Canadensis, L. (orange root)
   Cimicifuga, L.
      racemosa, Ell. (Black snakeroot).
   Magnliaceae.
      magnolia, L.
         macrophylla, Michx. (great-leaved magnolia).
      Lirlodendron, L.
         Tulipfera, L (tulip tree).
   Amoncerea.
      Asimina, Adatis.
         triloba, Danal (common papaw) found on Barbadoes Island, in Schulykill
            River, above Norristown.

Menispermaceae.
   Menispermun, L.
      Canadense L. [?]

Berberdacae.
   Berberis vulgeris, L. (common barberry).
      Candensis Push. (American Barberry).
      aquafolium.
   Podophyllum, L.
      peltatum, L. (mandrake, May-apple).

Nyuphaeceae.
   Nuphar, Smith.
      advena, Ait. (yellow pond-lily, spatterdock).

426

   Nymphaea. Tourn.
      odorata. Ait. (sweet-scented water-lily), found in Gulf Creek, Lower
         Merion, by Miss Margaret Harvey.

Papaveraceae.
   Papaver, L.
      somnifersum, L. (common poppy).
      dubium, L, cultivated grounds, near Norristown.
   Chelidonium, L.
      majus, L (celandine).
   Sanguninaria, Dill.
      Canadensis, L. (bloodroot).

Fumariaceae.
   Adlumia, Raf.
      cirrhosa, Raf. (climbing fumitory), a handsome climber with delicate
         foliage, rare; found in rich wet woods.
   Dicentra, Bork.
      cucullaria, D. C. (Dutchman's breeches).
      spectabillis (bleeding hearts).
   Corydalis, Vent.
      aurea, Willd. (golden corydalis).
         var. flavula.
   Fumaria, L.
      officinalis, L. (common fumitory).
   Cruciferse.
      Nasturtium, R. Br.
         offcinale, R. Br. (true water-cress), along streams, running wild near
            Norristown.
         sylvestre, R. Br. (yellow cress).
         palustre, D. C. (marsh cress).
         obtusum, Nutt.
         Armoracia, Fries (horse-radish), escaped in many places.
   Dentaria, L.
      diphylla, L. (two-leafed toothwort).
      laciniata, Muhl (common toothwort).
   Cardamine, L.
      rhomboidea, D. C. (spring cress).
      hirsuta, L. (common bitter cress).
      variety sylvatica, Gray.
   Arabia, L.
      lyrata, L. (rock cress).
      hirsuta, Scop. (hairy rock-cress), rare.
      patens, Sulliv.
      Thaliana, L. (Wood).
      Canadensis. L. (sickle-pod).
      laevigata, D. C. (smooth rock-cress).
   Turritis, Dill.
      glabra, L. (tower mustard).
   Barbarea, R Br.
      vulgaris, R. Br. (common winter-cress).
   Erysimum, L.
      cheiranthoides, L. (wormseed mustard).
   Sisymbrium, L.
      officinale, Scop. (hedge mustard).
      Thalianum, Gaud. (mouse-ear cress).
   Sinapis, Tourn.
      nigra, L. (black mustard).
      arvensis, L. (field mustard).
      alba, L. (white mustard).
   Draba, L.
      verna, L. (Whitlow-grass), an early forerunner of spring.
   Camelina, Crantz.
      sativa, Crantz, (false flax).
   Lepidium, L.
      campestre, L. (field peppergrass).
      Virginicum, L. (wild peppergrass).
      sativum, L (cultivated peppergrass).
   Capaella, Vent.
      Bursa, pastoris, Moench. (shepherd's purse).
   Raphanus, L.
      sativus, L. (garden radish, escaped in some places.
   Cleome, L.
      pungens, L. (spider-flower), Wood.

Resedaceae.
   Reseda, L.
      odorata, L. (mignonette).

Violaceae.
   Solea, Ging., D. C.
      concolor, Ging., woods along Schuylkill, near Mill Creek; rare.
   Viola, L.
      blanda, Willd. (sweet white violet).
      encullata, Ait (common blue violet).
         var. paluatata (hand-leaved violet).Gray
      sagittata, Ait. (arrow-leaved violet).
      pedata, L. (bird-foot violet) found on hillside near Gulf Rock. Upper Merion;
         a beautiful violet.
      villosa, Walt. Nutt. (hairy violet), cemetery, Montgomery, near Schuylkill River.
      Striata, Ait. (pale violet) woods, Balligomingo, along Schuylkill.
      pubscens, Ait. (downy-yellow violet).
      Muhlenbergii, Torr. (American dog-violet), shaded wet ground
         named in honor of an eminent botanist of this County Rev. Dr. Henry Ernest Muhlenberg.
      tricolor, L. (pansy, heart's-ease), sandy hillside near Gulf Rock, Upper Merion.

Cistaceae.
   Lochea. L.
      major, Michx. (larger pinweed).
      minor, Lam. (smaller pinweed).
   Helianthemum, Tourn.
      Canadense, Michx. (frostweed).along river-bank.

Droseraceae.
   Dorsea, L.
      rotandifolia, L. (round-leaved sun-dew), boggy meadow near Port Kennedy.

Hypericaceae.
   Hypericum, L.
      perforatum, L. (common St. John's wort).
      corymbosum, Muhl. (corymbed St. John's Wort).
      multilum, L. (small St. John's wort).
      Canadense. L. (Canada St. John's wort.)
      Sarotha, Michx. (orange-grass)

Caryophyllaceae.
   Dianthus, L.
      armeria, L. (Deptford pink, wild pink.)
      caryophyllus (clove pink or carnation pink).
      Barbatus (Sweet William).
   Saponaria, L.
      officinalis, L. (common soapwort or bouncing Bet.)
   Silene, L.
      stellata, Ait. (Starry champion).
      notiflora, L. (night-flowering catch-fly).
      nivea, D C.
   Agrostemma, L.
      Githago, L. (corn-cockle)
   Arenaria, L.
      serpyllifolia, L. (thyme-leaved sandwort).
   Stellaria, L.
      media, Smith (common chick-weed.)
      pubera, Michx. (great chick-weed).
      longifolia, (long-leaved stitchwort).
   Cerastium, L.
      vulgatum, L. (mouse-cared chickweed).
      viscosum, L. (larger mouse-ear chickweed).
      nutans, Raf. (nodding chickweed).
      arvense, L. (field chickweed).
   Mollugo, L.
      verticillata, L. (carpet-weed).

Portulacaceae.
   Portulaca, Tourn.
      oleracea, L. (common purselane).
   Claytonia L.
      Virginica, L. (spring beauty).

Madcaceae.
   Althaca L.
      officinalis, L. (common marsh-mallow).
      posea Cox, (holly-hock).
   Malva, L.
     rotundifolia, L. (common mallow).

427

      sylvestris, L. (high mallow).
      moschata, L. (musk mallow).
   Sida, L.
      spinoea L., along the Schuylkill.
   Abutilon, Tourn.
      Avicenne, Gaertn. (velvet-leaf).
   Hibiscus, L.
      Trionum, L. (bladder ketmia).
      Syriacus, L. (shrubby althaea), escaped from gardens

Tilioceae.
   Tila L.
      Americana, L. (basswood).
      Europaea, L. (lime-tree), cultivated for ornamental purposes.
   Linum, L.
      Virginisnam, L. (wild flax).
      usitatissimum (common flax).

Oxalidaceae.
   Oxlais L.
      violaceae L. (violet-wood sorrel).
      stricta, L. (yellow-wood sorrel).

Geraniaceae.
   Geranium L.
      maculatum L. (wild cranesbill)
      Carolinianum, L. (Caroline cranesbill)
      pusillum, L. (small flowered cranes-bill)

Balsaminaceae.
   Impatines, L.
      pallida, Nutt. (pale touch-me-not).
      fulva, Nutt. (spotted touch-me-not).
      balsamina, L. (lady-slipper).
   Tropaeolum, L.
      majus, L. (garden nasturtium).

Rutaceae.
   Zantboxylum, Colden.
      Americanum, Mill. (prickly ash).
   Ailanthus.
      glandulosus (tree of heaven).
   Ptelea, L.
      trifolia L. (shrubby trefoil, hop-tree), Lower Merion, Miss M. Harvey.

Anaeardiaceae.
   Rhus, L.
      glabra, L. (smooth sumach).
      copallina, L. (dwarf's sumach).
      typhina, L. (stag-horn sumach).
      venenata, D. C. (poison sumach).
      Toxicodendron, L. (poison ivy); var. radicans (climbing poison ivy).
      Catinus.

Vitaceae.
   Vitis, Tourn.
      Labrusca, L. (Northern fox-grape).
      aeativalis, Michx. (summer grape).
      cordfolia, Michx. (winter frost-grape).
   Ampelopsis, Michx.
      quinquefolia, Michx. (Virginia-creeper).

Rhamnaceae.
   Ceanothus, L.
      Americanus, L. (New Jersey tea).

Celastraceae.
   Celaetrus,
      scandens, L. (climbing bittersweet, wax-work), very ornamental in autumn.
   Euonymus, Tourn.
      atropurpureus, Jacq. (burning-bush, Wahoo).
      Americnna, L. (strawberry bush).

Sapindaceae.
   Staphlea L
      trifolia (bladder-nut).
   Aesculus, L.
      hippocastanum, L. (common horse-chestnut).
      glabra, Willd. (Ohio buckeye).
   Acer, Tourn.
      Pennsylvanicum, L. (striped maple).
      saccharinum, Wang (sugar maple).
      dasycarpum, Ehrhart (silver maple).
      rubrum, L. (rod, or swamp maple).
      pseudo-platanus, L. (false sycamore).
   Negundo Moench.
      aceroides, Moench (box elder), along the Schuylkill.

Polygalaceae.
   Polygala, Tourn.
      sanguinea, L. (common purple milkwort).
      senegae, L. (.Seneca snakeroot).
      verticillata, L. (whorled milkwort).
      polygama, Walt.
      ambigua, Nutt. (ambiguous milkwort).

Leguminosae.
   Lupinus, Tourn.
      perennis. L. (wild lumpinus), found along the Perkiomen, near its month. 
         Joe Crawford.
   Crotalaria, L. 
      sagittalis, L. (rattle-box), Montgomery Cemetery woods, above, Norristown.
   Triforium, L.
      arvense, L (rabbit-foot clover).
      pratense L. (red clover).
      medium, L. (zigzag clover).
      reflexum L. (buffalo clover), Professor Moehan, above Norristown.
      repens, L. (white clover).
      agrarium, L. (yellow, or hop-clover).
      procumbens, L.  (low hop-clover).
   Melilotus, Tourn.
      officinale, Wild. (yellow melilot), common in waste grounds along 
         Schuylkill, above Norristown.
      alba, Lam. (white melilot).
   Medicago, L.
      lupulina, L. (black medick-nonesnch) sparingly in waste places.
   Amorpha, L.
      fruticosa, L. (false indigo).
   Robinia,
      Pseudacacia, L. (common locust-tree).
      viscosa, Vent. (clammy locust-tree).
   Wistaria, L.
      frutescens, D.C. (dedicated to late Professor Wistar, of Philadelphia).
   Tephrosia, Pers.
      Virginiana, Pers. (goat's-rue, catgut), sandy soil.
   Desmodium, D.C.
      nodiflorum, D.C. (naked-flowered tick trefoil).
      acuminatum, D.C. (acuminated tick trefoil).
      rotundifolium, D.C (round-leaved tick trefoil).
      canescena, D.C.(whitish tick trefoil).
      pauciflorum, D 0.(few-flowered tick trefoil).
      paniculatum, D.C (panicled tick trefoil).
      Canadense, D.C. (Canada tick trefoil).
      cilare D.C.(ciliated tick trefoil).
      viridiflorum, Beck (green-flowered tick trefoil).
      Maryladicum, Booth (Maryland tick trefoil).
      lineatum, D. C. (slender tick trefull).
      cuspidatum, Torrey & Gray (sharp-pointed trefoil).
   Lespedezea, Michx.
      procumbens, Michx. (procumbent bush-clover).
      hirta, Ell. (hairy bush-clover).
      capitata (capitate bush-clover).
      violacca, Pers., var. divergens (violet bush-clover).
      violacca, Pers., var. soesiliflora (violet bush-clover).
      violacca, Pers., var. angustifulia (violet bush-clover).
   Stylosanthea, Swartz.
      elatior, Shwartz (pencil-flower), in sandy soil on the banks of the 
         Schulykill, above Norristown.
   Vicia, Tourn.
      sativa, L. (common vetch, or tare).

428

      Cracca, L. (rare, near Montgomery Cemetery, above Norristown).
      Carolinum, Walt. (Carolina vetch).
      Americana, Muhl. (American vetch), along the Schuylkill, near Balligomingo.
   Lathyrus, L.
      venoens, Muhl. (vetchling, or everlasting pea).
      odoratus (sweet pea, cultivated).
      latifolius (everlasting pea, cultivated).
      pisum sativum (common pea, cultivated).
      fava vulgaris (horse-bean).
   Phaseolus, L.
      perennis Walt. (wild bean).
      vulgaris (common kidney-bean, cultivated).
      lunatus (Lima bean, cultivated).
      multiflorus (scarlet pole bean, cultivated).
   Apios, Boech.
      tuberosa, Moench. (ground-nut wild bean), found in thickets along Stony 
         Creek; not common.
   Galactin, P. Browne.
      glaoella, Michx. (milk pea).
   Amphicarpaea, Ell.
      monoica, Nutt. (hog pea-nut).
   Baptisia. Vent.
      tinctorla, R. Browne (wild indigo).
   Cercis, L.
      Canadensis, L. (red-bud Judas-tree), along the banks of the Schuylkill, in 
         the ravines leading thereto; a beautiful scene, where a number are 
         clustered together, similar to that of a peach orchard.
   Cassia, L.
      Marylandica, L. (wild senna). The leaves of this plant have been used 
         medicinally as a substitute for the officinal senna.
      Chamsaecrista, L. (partridge pea), along the Schuylkill, in ravines and 
         thickets, both above and below Norristown.
      nictitans, L. (wild sensitive plant), sandy soil, in Montgomery Cemetery.
   Gleditschia, L.
      triacanthos, L. (three-thorned acacias, or honey-locust), along the 
         Schuylkill, near Spring Mill.

Rosaceae.
   Prunus, L.
      Americana, Marsh (wild yellow or red plumb).
      Pennsylvanica, L. (wild red cherry).
      Virginians, L. (choke-cherry).
      serotina, Ehrhart (wild black cherry).
      domestica (cultivated plumb).
      cerasus (common sour cherry).
      avium (ox-heart cherry).
      armeninca (apricot).
   Spiraea, L,.
      salicifolla, L. (common meadow-sweet).
      opulifolia, L. (nine-bark), around Norristown, A. F. Baker.
   Gillenia, Moench.
      trifoliata, moench (Indian physic).
   Agrintonia, Tourn.
      Eupatoria, L. (common agrimony).
      parviflors, Alt. (small-flowered agrimony).
   Sanguisorba, L.
     Canadensis, L. (Canadian burnet).
   Geum, L.
      album, Gmelin (white avens).
      Virginlanum, L. (Virginia avens).
      strictum, Ait. (erect avens).
   Potentilla, L.
      Norvegica, L. (Norwegian cinquefoil).
      Canadense, L. (common cinquefolia).
      fruticosa, L. (shrubby cinquefoil), Miss Harvey, Lower Merion.
   Fragaria, Tourn.
      Virginiana, Ehrhart (wild strawberry).
      vesca (Northern strawberry).
      Indica, Ait. (after Wood), Miss Ralston.
   Rubus, L.
      odoratus, L. (purple flowering raspberry), along River-road, above West 
         Conshohocken.
   Rubus, L.
      villosus, Ait. (blckberry).
      hispidus, L. (swamp blackberry).
      occidentalis, L. (black raspberry).
      Canadensis, L. (dewberry).
      strigosus, Michx. (wild red raspberry).
   Rosa, Tourn.
      Carolina, L. (swamp-rose).
      lucida, Ehrhart (dwarf wild-rose).
      (var. nitida), A. Baker.
      rubiginoea, L. (sweet-briar).
      blanda, Ait. (early wild-rose).
   Crategus, L.
      coccinea, L. (scarlet-fruited thorn).
      tormentosa, L. (black thorn).
      Crus galli, L. (cockspur thorn).
      oxycantha, L. (English hawthorn).
   Pyrus, L.
      communis, L. (common pear).
      malus, L. (common apple).
      arbutifolia, L. (chokeberry).
      coronaria, L. (crab-apple).
      angustifolia, L. (narrow leaved crab-apple).
   Amelanchier, Medic.
      Canadensis, Torrey & Gray (service berry).
      var. botryapium (shad-bush).
   Cydonia, L.
      vulgare, L. (quince).
      Japonica, L. (Japan quince).

Calycanthaceae.
   Calycanthus, L.
      floridus, L. (common shrub).

Melastomaceae.
   Rhexia, L.
      virginica, L. (meadow beauty), along borough-line, Northeast from Norristown.

Lythraceae.
   Cuphea, Jacq.
      viscosissima, Jacq. (clammy cuphea).

0nagraceae.
   Epilobium, L.
      coloratum, Muhl. (common willow herb).
      angustifolium, L. (great willow herb).
   0enothera, L.
      biennis, L. (common evening primrose).
      hombipot la, Nutt. (Miss A. L. Ralston)
         var. grandiflora.
      fruticosa L. (sundrop).
   Gaura, L.
       biennis, L.
   Ludwiga, L.
      alternifolia, L. (seed-box).
      palustris, Ell. (water purslane).
   Ciraea, Tourn.
      lutetiana, L. (enchanter's night-shade).
      Alpina, L. (Alpine enchanter's night-shade), Valley Forge, Mis Anna R. Ralston.
   Myriophyllum, Vaill.
      spicatum, L. (water miefoil).

Grossulaceae.
   Ribes, L.
      floridum, L. (wild black currant)
      rubrum, L. (red currant).
      uva crispa.
      aureum, Pursh. (Missouri currant cultivated for ornament).

Cneurbitaceae.
   Sicyos, L.
      augulatus, L.
   Cucurbita, L.
      pepo, L. (pumpkin, after Wood).
   Citrullus, Neck.
      vulgaris Schrad (watermelon, after Wood).
   Cucumis, L.
      sativiis, L. (cucumber, after Wood).
      melo, L. (muskmelon, after Wood).
      melo-pepo, L. (round squash, after Wood).

429

Crassulanceae.
   Sedum, L.
      acre, L (mossy stone-crop).
      telephium, L. (garden orpine, or live-for-ever).
      telephoides, L. (wild orpine, or live-for-ever).
   Penthorum, Gronov.
      sedoides, L. (ditch stone-crop).

Saxifrageae.
   Saxifraga
      Virginiesis, Michx. (early saxifrage).
      Pennsylvanica, L. (swamp saxifrage).
   Heuchera, L.
      Americana, L. (common alum-root).
   Mitella, L.
      diphylla, L. (bishop's cap).
   Chrysoplenum, Tourn.
      Americanum, Schwein. (golden saxifrage).
   Hydrangea, Gronov.
      arborescena, L. (wild hydrangea).
   Philadelphus, L.
      corosiarius, L. (mock orange).

Hamamelaceae.
   Hanumelis, L.
      Virginica, L. (witch-hazel).
   Liquidamber, L.
      styraciflua, L. (sweet-gum).

Umbelliferae.
   Hydrocoyle, Tourn.
      Americana, L. (water pennywort).
   Sanicula, Tourn.
      Marylandica, L. (Maryland sanicle, or black snakeroot).
      Canadensis, L. (Canada sanicle).
   Daucus, Tourn.
      caruta, L. (common carrot).
   Heracleum, L.
      lanatum, Michx. (cow parsnip).
   Pastinaca, Tourn.
      sativa, L. (common parsnip).
   Archemtora, D. C.
      rigida, D. C. (cow-bane).
   Archangelica, Hoffm.
      hisuta, Torrey and Gray (hairy archangelica).
   AEthusa, L.
      Cynapium, L. (fool's parsley).
   Thaspium, Nutt.
      barbinode, Nutt. (bearded meadow parsnip).
      trifoliatum, Gray (trifoliate meadow parsnip), rare; ravine below 
         Norristown leading into the Schuylkill
         var. Atropurpureum, Torrey and Gray.
   Zizia, D. C
      integerrima, D. C. (zizia), abundant on the hills along the Schuylkill.
   Cieuta, L.
      maculata, L. (water hemlock).
   Cryptottenia, D. C.
      Canadensis, P, C. (bonewort).
   Charophylluin, L.
      procumbens, Lane. (chervil).
   0zmorrhiza, Raf.
      longistylis, D. C. (smoother sweet cicily).
      brevistylis, D. C. (hairy sweet cicily).
   Conium, L.
      maculatum, L. (poison hemlock), not common along the river banks and margins 
         of ravines.
   Apium, L.
      graveolena (celery).
      petroselinum (parsley).

Araliaceae.
   Aralia, Tourn.
      racemosa, L. (spikenard), on rocky hills.
      nudicaulis, L. (wild sarsaparilla).
      quinquefolia, L. (ginseng), found near King of Prussia, Upper Merion.
      trifoliata, Gray (dwarf ginseng).

Cornaceae.
       like araliaceae.
   Cornus, Tourn.
       florida, L. (dogwood), common throughout.
       circinata, L'ller. (round-leaved cornel).
       sericea, L. (silky cornel).
       paniculata, L'Iler. (pauicled cornel).
       alternifolia, L. (alternate-leaved cournel)
   Nysea, L.
       multiflotra, Wang. (sour gum).

Caprifoliaceae.
   Symphoricarpus, Dill.
      racemosus, Michx. (snowberry).
   Louicera, L.
      ciliata (fly-honeysuckle), Miss Anna L. Ralston.
      sempervirens, Ait. (trumpet-honeysuckle), Lower and Upper Merion.
      grata, Ait. (American woodbine).
      parviflora, Lam (small honeysuckle).common in. woods and thickets.
      tartarica, L. (tartaric honeysuckle, cultivated).
      flava, Sims (yellow honeysuckle).
   Diervilla, Tourn.
      trifida, Moench (bush honeysuckle), abundant in surrounding districts. 
   Triosteum, L.
      perfoliatum, L. (horse-gentain).
      augitstifolium, L. (narrow leaved horse-getian, ravine near Gulf Rocks, 
         Upper Merion.
   Sambucus, Tourn.
      Canadensis, L. (common-elder).
   Viburnium, L.
      prunifolium, L. (black haw).
      dentatum, L. (arrow wood).
      Lentago, L. (sweet viburnum).
      obovatum, Walt.
      acerifolium, L. (maple-leaved arrowhead-wood).
      Opulus, L. (cranberry tree), Jos. Crawford.

Rubiaceae.
   Gallium, L.
      aparine, L. (bedstraw).
      asprellum, Michx. (rough bedstraw).
      circaesaus, Michx. (wild liquorice).
      pilosum, Ait. (hairy bedstraw).
      triflorum, Michx. (sweet scented bedstraw).
      concinnum (Torrey & Gray), John E. Overholtzer.
      trifidum, L. (small bedstraw)
      boreale, L. (Northern bedstraw).
   Cephalauthus, L.
      occidentalis, L (button bush).
   Mitchella, L.
      repens, L. (partridge berry).
   Honistonia, L.
      caerulea, L. (bluets).

Valerianaceae.
   Fedia, Gaertn.
      olitorea, Vahl. (corn salad),
      radiata, Michx. (royal corn salad), not common; John E. Overholtzer.
      patellaria, Sulliv.

Dipsaceae.
   Dipsacus, Tourn.
      sylvestris, Mill. (wild teasel).

Compositae.
   Vernonia, Schreb.
      Noveboracensis, Wild. (wild iron-wood).
   Eupatorium, Tourn.
      purpureum, L. (joe-pye-weed).
      perfoliatitum, L. (boneset).
      agertoides, L. (white snakeroot),
      aromaticum, L. (aromatic thoroughwort).
   Mikania, Wild.
     scandens, L. (climbing hemp-weed).
   Conoclinfium, D. C.
      coelestinum, D. C. (mist-flower).
   Sericocarpus, Nees.
      conyzoides, Ness. (white-topped aster).
   Aster, L.
      corymbosus, Ait. (corymbed aster).

430

   Aster, L.
      cordifolius, L. (cordate-leaved aster).
      sagittfolius, Willd. (arrow-leaved aster).
      patens, Ait. (spreading aster).
      puniceus, L.(redish aster).
      ercoides, L. (heath-like aster).
      udulatus, L. (wavy aster). Miss Anna L. Ralston.
      Novaen Angliae, L. (New England aster), Miss Anna L. Ralston.
      carneus, Nees.
      Tradescanti, L.
      miser, L. Ait. (wretched aster).
      Novi-Belgii, L.
   Erigeron, L.
      Canadense, L. (butter-weed).
      annuum, Pers. (daisy fleabane).
      bellidifolium, Muhl. (robins plantain).
      strigosum, Mithl. (meagre daisy fleabane).
      Philadelphicum, L. (common fleabane).
   Diplopappua, Cass.
      linarifolius, Hook. (linear-leaved, double-bristed aster).
      umbellatus, Torrey and Gray (umbellated double-bristed aster).
   Solidago, L.
      bicolor, L. (two-colored golden-rod).
      latifolia., L. (broad-leaved golden-rod).
      caesia, L. (blush-gray golden-rod).
      odora, Ait. (sweet golden-rod).
      nemoralis, Ait. (old field golden-rod).
      gigantea, Ait. (giant golden-rod).
      altiodints, L. (tallest golden-rod).
      lanceolata, L. (lanceolate goldenrod).
      Canadensis, L. (Canada goldenrod).
   Inula, L.
      Helenlum, L. (elecampane).
   Ambrosia, Tourn.
      trifida, L. (great ragweed).
      artemisiaerfolia, L. (Roman wormwood, hog-wood).
   Xanthium, Tourn.
      strumarium, L. (cocklebur).
   Eclipta, L.
      procumbens Michx. (eclipta), around Norristown and along the Schuylkill.
   Heliopsis, Pers.
      laevis, Pers. (ox-eye).
   Rudbeckia, L.
      lacinlata, L. (cut-toothed cone-flower).
      hirta, L. (rough cone-flower).
   Helianthus, L.
      annuus, L. (common sunflower), escaped in some places.
      tuberosus. L. (artichoke), escaped in some places.
      giganteus, L. (giant sunflower).
   Coreopsis, L.
      Drummondii, L. (Drummond tick-seed, after Wood).
   Bidens, L.
      cernua, L. (bur marigold).
      frondosa, L. (common beggar tick).
      chrysanthenmoides, Michx. (bur marigold).
      bipinnata L. (Spanish needles).
      connata, Muhl. (swamp beggar-ticks).
   Helenium, L.
      autumnale, L. (sneeze-weed).
   Galinsoga, Ruiz & Pav.
      parviflora, Cav.(galinsoga).
   Anthemia, L.
      nobilis, L. (official chamomile), escaped in some places.
   Achillea, L.
      Millefolium, L. (yarrow, or milfoil).
   Leucanthemum, Tourn.
      vulgare, Lam. (ox-eye, or white daisy).
   Tanacetum, L.
      vulgare. L. (common tansy).
   Artemsia, L.
      absinthium, (common wormwood).
   Gnaphalium, L.
      polycephalum, Michx. (common everlasting).
   Antennaria, Gaertn.
      margaritacea, R. Browne (pearly everlasting).
      plantaginfloia, Hook (plantain-leaved everlasting).
   Erechihites, Raf.
      hieracifolia, Raf. (fireweed).
   Senecio, L.
      aureus, L. golden ragwort).
         var. obovatus, Gray.
         var. balsamitae, Gray.
   Cirsium, Tourn.
      lanceolatum, Scop. (common thistle).
      arvenae, Scop. (Canada thistle).
   Lappa, Tourn.
      major, Gaertn. (common burdock).
   Cichorium, Tourn.
      Intybus (cichory).
   Leontodon, L. Juss.
      autumnale, L. (fall dandellion).
   Cynthia, Don.
      virginica, Don. (cynthia).
   Ilieracium, Tourn.
      Canadense, Michx. (Canada hawkweed).
      Gronovli L. (hairy hawkweed).
      paniculator. L. (panicle hawkweed).
      scabrum, Michx. (rough hawkweed).
   Nabalus, Cass.
      albus, Hook.(rattlesnake-root).
      altissimus, Hook. (tall rattlesnake-root).
   Tarexacum, Haller.
      dens leonis, Desf. (common dandellion).
   Lactuca, Tourn.
      elonlgata, Muhl. (wild lettuce).
   Mulgedium, Cass.
      leucophaum, D. C. (tall false lettuce).
   Sonchus, L.
      asper, Vill.(spiny-leaved, sow-thistle).
      arvensis, L. (corn sow-thistle).
      oleraceus, L. (common sow-thistle).

Lobeliaceae.
   Lobelia, L.
      cardinalis, (cardinal flower).
      symphilitica, L. (great lobelia).
      inflata, L, (Indian tobacco).
      spicata, Lam. (spiked lobelia).

Campanulaceae.
   Campauula, Tourn.
      Americana, L. (tall bell-flower).
      rotundifolia, L. (harebell).
      aparinoides, Pursh. (marsh bell-flower).
   Specularia, Heist.
      perfoliata, A., D. C. (Venus looking-glass).

Ericaceae.
   Gaylusseacia, H. B. K.
      resinosa, Torr & Gr. (huckleberry).
   Vaccinium, L.
      stamineum, L. (squaw huckleberry).
      vacillans, Solander (low blueberry).
      corymbosum, L. (swamp blueberry).
   Epigaea, L.
      respens, L. (trailing arbutus).
   Gaultheria, Kalm.
      procumbens, L. (wintergreen).
   Andromeda, L.
      floribunda, Pursh.
   Kalmia, L.
      latiflora, L .(calico-bush, mountain laurel).
      angustifolia, L. (sheep-laurel).
   Azalea, L.
      viscosa L. (clammy Azalea) John E. Oberholtzer.
      nuediflora, L. (purple Azalea).
      arborescens, Pursh. (smooth Azalea).
   Rhododendron, L., rare, only found along the Schuylkill.
      maximum, L. (great laurel).
   Pyrola, L.
      elliptica, Nutt. (shin-leaf), found around Norristown; A. F. Baker.
      rotundifolia, L. (round-leaved pyrola).
      chlorantha, Swartz (small pyrola).

431

   Chimaphila, Pursh.
      umbellata, Nutt. (pipsissewa).
      maculata, Pursh. (spotted winter-green).
   Monotropa, L.
      uniflora, L. (Indian-pipe, corpse-plant).
      Hypopitys, L. (pinesap, false beech-drop)

Aquifoliaceae.
   Ilex, L.
      verticillata, Gray (black alder).

Ebenaceae.
   Diospyros, L.
   Virginiana, L. (persimmon).

Plantaginceae.
   Plantago.
      major, L. (common plantain).
      lanceolata, L. (rib-grass).
      Virginica, L. (Virginian plantain).

Primulaceae.
   Dodecatheon, L. (American cowslip or shooting-star).
      meadia, L., very rare; found on cliff overlooking the Schuylkill, two 
         miles below Norristown, near Potts Landing, by Dr. E. M. Corson. 
         This plant is a beauty, and though shy in its wild state, it yields 
         cheerfully to cultivation, and, like the pansy, at once becomes 
         handsome and brilliant.
   Lysimachia, L.
      stricta, Ait. (erect loosestrife).
      quadrifolia, L. (four-leaved loosestrife).
      ciliata, L. (fringed loosestrife).
      longifolia, Pursh. (long-leaved loosestrife).
      nummularia, L. (money wort), after Wood; escaped in some places.
   Anagallis, Tourn.
      arvensia, L. (poor man's weather-glass, pimpernel), found near Oakland 
         Institute; Miss A. L. Ralston; rare.

Lentibulariaceae.
   Utricularia, L.
      vulgaris, L. (greater bladder-wort).

Bignonianceae.
   Tecoma, Juss.
      radicus, Juss. (trumpet-creeper).
   Catalpa, Scop., Walt.
      Bignonoides, Walt. (catalpa, Indian-bean).
   Martynia, L.
      proboscidea, Glox. (unicorn plant).

Orobanchanceae.
   Epiphegus, Nutt.
      Virginica Bart. (beech-drops).
   Aphyllon, Mitchell.
      uniflorum, Torr.& Gr. (one flowered cancer-root), sparingly throughout. 

Scrophulariacae.
   Verbascum, L.
      Thapsus, L. (common mullein).
      Blattaria, L. (moth-mullein, a noxious weed).
   Linaria, Tourn.
      vulgaris, Mill. (food-flax).
      Elatine, Mill. (prostrate linaria) along Perkiomen; Jos. Crawford.
   Scrophularia, Tourn.
      nodosa, L. (figwort).
   Chelone, Tourn.
      glabra, L. turtle-head).
   Pentstemon, Mitchell.
      pubescena, Solander (beard-tongue).
      Digitalis, Nutt.
   Mimulus, L.
      ringens, L. (monkey-flower).
      alatus, Ait. (winged monkey-flower).
   Gratiola, L.
      Virginiana, L. (hedge-hyssop).
      aurea, Muhl. (golden hedge-hyssop).
   Veronica, L
      officinalis, L. (common speedwell).
      Anagallis, L. (water speedwell).
      serpyllifolia, L. (thyme-leaved speedwell).
      arvensis, L. (corn speedwell).
      Virginica, L. (Culver's physic).
      Americana, Schweinitz (American brooklime), not common.
      scutellata, L. (marsh speedwell).
   Gerardia, L.
      tenuifolia, Vahl. (slender gerardia).
      pedicularia, L. (lousewort, false foxglove).
      quercifolia, Pursh. (smooth false foxglove).
      flava, L. (downy false foxglove).
   Castilleia, Mutis.
      coccinea, Spreng. (scarlet-painted cup).
   Pedicularis, Tourn.
      Canadensis, L. (common lousewort).
   Melampyrum, Tourn.
      Americanum, Michx. (cow-wheat).

Verbenceae.
   Verbena, L.
      hastata, L. (blue vervain).
      urticifolia, L. (white vervain).
      officinalis, L. (common vervain)
   Phyrma, L.
     Leptostachya, L. (lopseed).

Labiatae.
   Teucrium, L.
      Canadense, L. (American germander), frequent.
   Trichostema, L.
      dichotomum, L. (blue curls).
   Isauthus, Michx.
      caerulens, Michx. (false pennyroyal), along the Schuylkill.
      viride, L. (spearmint).
      piperita, L. (peppermint).
      arvensis, L. (cornmint).
      Canadensis, L. (wild mint).
   Lycopus, L.
      Virginicus, L. (bugle-weed).
      Europseus, L. (European bugle-weed)
         var. sinuatus, Gray.
   Cunila L.
      Mariana, L. (common dittany).
   Pycanthemum, Michx.
      muticum, Pers. (not frequent), John E. Overholtzer.
      lanceolatum, Pursh. (lanceolate mountain-mint).
      linifolium, Pursh. (flax-leaved mountain-mint).
      clinopodioides, Torr. & Gray.
   Origanum, L.
      vulgare, L.(wild marjoram), sparingly throughout;
         dry banks below Norristown.
   Thymus, L.
      serphyllum, L. (creeping thyme).
   Calamintha, Moench.
      chiropudium, Benth. (basil).
   Melissa, L.
      officinalis, L. (common balm).
   Hedeoma, Pers.
      pulegioldes, Pers. (American pennyroyal).
   Collinsonia, L.
      Canadensis, L. (stone-root).
   Salvia L.
      lyrata, L. (lyre-leaved sage).
   Monadra, L.
      didyma L (Oswego tea).
      punctata, L. (horse-mint).
      fistulosa, L. (wild bergamot).
   Lopanthus, Benth.
      nepotoides, Benth.
      scrophulariaefolius, Benth.
   Nepeta, L.
      cataria, L. (catnip).
      glechoma, Benth. (ground Ivy).
   Brunella, Tourn.
      vulgaris, L. (heal-all).
   Scutellaria, L.
      pilosa, Michx. (hairy skull-cap).
      lateriflora, L. (mad-dog skull-cap).
      integrifolia, L. (entire leaved skull-cap).
      versicolor, Nutt.
   Marubium, L.
      vulgare, L. (common horehound).
   Leonurus, L.
     cardiaca, L. (common motherwort).
 
432

   Stachys, L.
      palustris, L, (hedge-nettle).
         var. cordata, Gray.
   Lamium, L.
      amplexicaule, L. (dead nettle).

Borraginaceae.
   Echium, Tourn.
      vulgare, L. (viper's bluegloss).
   Lycopsis, L.
      arveneis, L. (small bluegloss).
   Symphytum, Tourn.
      offilcinale. L. (common comfrey).
   Onosmodinin, Michx.
      Virginianum, D. C. (false gromwell), along the Schuylkill, below Norristown.
   Lithospermum, Tourn.
      arvense, L. (corn gromwell).
   Mertensia, Roth.
      Virginica, D. C. (Virginian cowslip), found on Barbadoes Island, in the 
         Schuylkill, above Norristown.
   Myosotis, L.
      palustris, With. (true forget-me-not).
         var. laxa, Lehm.
      verna, Nutt., not common; Jos. Crawford.
   Echinospermum, Swartz.
      lappula. Lehm; Jos. Crawford.
   Cynoglosseum, Tourn.
      officinale, L. (hound's tongue).
      Virginicum, L. (wild comfrey).
      Morisoni, D. C. (beggar's lice).

Hydrophyllaceae.
   Hydrophyllum, L.
      Virginicum, L. (water-leaf).
   Phacelia, Juss.
      bipinnatifida, Michx.

Polemoniaceae.
   Polemonium, Tourn.
      reptana, L. (Greek valerian).
   Phlox, L.
      paniculata, L. (panicled Phlox).
      maculata, L. (wild sweet William).
      sublata, (moss pink), frequent throughout; along the banks of the Schuylkill.

Convolvulaceae.
   Quamoclit, Tourn.
      coccinea, Moench. (cypress vine), along the river-banks of the Schuylkill.
   Ipomora, L.
      purpurea, Lam. (common morning-glory), escaped from gardens;
         apparently naturalized.
      pandurata, Meyer (man-of-the-earth).
   Convolvulus, L.
      arvensus, L. (bindweed), along Stony Creek; along Schuylkill.
   Calystegia, R. Br.
      sepium, R. Br., along streams around Norristown; Dr. E. M. Corson.
      spithamaea (Pursh), along Schuylkill, above Indian Creek; John E. Overholtzer.
   Cuscuta, Tourn.
      Gronovii, Willd. (common dodder).
      compacta, Juss. (close dodder).

Solanaceae.
   Solanum, L.
      Dulcamara, L. (bittersweet).
      nigrum, L. (common night-shade).
      Carolinense, L. (horse-nettle).
      tuberosum, L. (common potatoes).
   Physalis, L.
      angulata, L. (ground cherry).
         var. Philadelphica, Lam.
      pubescens, L. (common ground-cherry).
      viscosa, L. (clammy ground-cherry).
   Nicaudra, Adans.
      Physaloides, Gaertn. (apple of Peru).
   Datura, L.
      stramonium, L. (common stramonium).
         var. Tatula (purple thorn apple).
   Nictiana, L.
      rustica, L. (wild tobacco).
      tabacum, L. (common tobacco).

Gentianaceae.
   Sabbatia, Adans.
      angularis, Pursh. (American century).
   Gentiana, L.
      Andrewsii. Griseb. (closed gentian).
      crinita, Froel. (fringed gentian).
   Obolaria, L.
      Virginica, L. (obolaria).

Apocynaceae.
   Apocynum, Tourn.
      androsaemifolium, L. (spreading dogbane).
      cannalinum[?], L. (Indian hemp).
         var. vulca (after Wood).

Asclepiadaceae.
   Asclepias, L.
      Cornuti, Decaisne (common milkweed).
      phytolarcoides, Pursh. (poke milkweed).
      purpurascens, L. (purple milkweed).
      variegata, L. (variegated milkweed).
      incarnata, L. (swamp milkweed).
      tuberosa, L. (pleurisy-root).
      quadrifolia, Jacq. (four-leaved milkweed).
      obtusifolia, Michx. (obtuse-leaved milkweed).
   Gonolobus, Michx.
      hirsutus, Michx., rare; found along the river-banks below Norristown,
         near Pott's Landing; Dr. E. M. Corson.

Oleaceae.
   Chionanthus, L.
      Virginicia, L. (cultivated for ornament).
   Ligustrum, Tourn.
      vulgare, L. (common privet).
   Fraxinus, Tourn.
      Americana, L. (white ash).
      sambucifolia, Lam. (black ash).
      pubescens, Lam. (red ash).
   Syringa.
      vulgaris (after Wood).
      Persica, (after Wood).

Aristolochiaceae. 
    Asarum, Tourn.
       Canadense. L. (wild ginger).
    Aristolochia, Tourn.
       Serbentaria, L. (Virginia snakeroot).
       sipho, L'Her. (Dutchman's pipe), near Henderson's quarries;
          John E. Oberholtzer.

Phytolaccaceae.
   Phytolacca, Tourn.
      decandra, L. (common poke).

Chenopodiaceae.
   Chenopodium, L.
      album, L. (lamb's quarter, pig weed).
      botrys, L. (Jerusalem oak).
      ambrosoides, L. (Mexican tea), John E. Overholtzer.

Amarantaceae.
   Amarantus, Tourn.
      paniculatus, L. (panicle amaranth).
      retroflexus, L. (pigweed).
      albus, L.
      spinosus, L. (thorn amaranth.)
      hypochondriacus, L. (garden amaranth).

Polygonaceae.
   Polygonum, L.
      Orientale, L (prince's feather).
      hydropiper, L. (smart weed).
      hyropiperoides, Michx. (mild water-pepper).
      aviculare, L. (door-weed).
      Careyi, Olney
      Pennsylvanicum, L. (Pennsylvania knot-weed).
      nodosum, Pers.; var incarnatum.
      Virginianum, L. (Virginian knot-weed).
      Convolvulus, L. (wild buckwheat).
      arifolium, L. (halberd-leaved tear-thumb).

433

   Polygonum, L.
      sagittatum L (tear-thumb).
      Persicaria L (lady's thumb).
   Fagopyrum Tourn.
      esclentum, Moench. (buckwheat).
   Rumex. L.
      crispus, L. (curled dock).
      sanguineus, L. (bloody-veined dock).
      acetosella, L. (sheep sorrell).

Lauraceae.
   Sassafras, Nees.
      officinale, Nees. (sassafras).
   Benzoin, Nees.
      odoriferum, Nees. (spice-brush).

Santalaceae.
   Comandra, Nutt.
      umbellata, Nutt. (bastard food-flax).

Saururaceae.
   Saururus, L.
      cernuus, L, (lizard's-tail).

Euphorbiaeae.
   Euphorbia, L.
      maculata, L. (spoted spurge).
      Cyparissias, L. (border spurge).
      hypericifolia, L. (St. John's-wort spurge).
      corollata, L. (flowering spurge).
   Acalypha, L.
      Virginica, L. (three-seeded mercury).

Urticaceae.
   Ulmus, L.
      fulva, Michx. (slippery elm).
      Americana, L. Willd. (American elm).
   Morus, Tourn.
      rubra, L. (red mulberry).
      alba, L. (white mulberry).
   Urtica, Tourn.
      gracilia, Ait. (tall wild nettle).
      dioica, L. (common nettle).
   Boehmeria, Jacq.
      cylindrica (wild false-nettle).
   Cannabis, Tourn.
      sativa, L. (hemp).
   Humulus, L.
      Lupulus, L. (common hop; along river-courses).

Platancese.
   Platanus, L.
      ocidentalis, (American plane or sycamore).

Juglandaceae.
   Juglans,
      nigra, L. (black walnut).
      cluerea, L. (butternut).
   Carya, Nutt.
      alba, Nutt. (shell-bark).
      microcarpa, Nutt. (small-fruited hickory).
      glabin, Torr. (pig-nut).
      amara, Nutt. (bitter-nut).

Cupuliferae.
   Quercus, L.
      Macrocarpa Michm (barr oak mossy cup white oak).
      alba, L. (white oak).
      Prinus, L. (swamp chestnut oak).
      coccinea, Wang. (scarlet oak).
      rubra, L. (red oak).
      palustrus, Du Roi (pin oak).
      nigra, L. (black-jack).
      tinctoria, Bartram (black oak).
   Castanea, Tourn.
      vesca, L. (chestnut).
   Fagus, Tourn.
      ferruginea, Ait. (American beech).
   Corylus, Tourn.
      Americana, Walt. (hazlenut).
   Carpinus, L.
      Americana, Michx. (hornbeam).

Myricaceae.
   Comptonia, Solander.
      asplenifloria, Ait. (sweet fern).

Betulaceae.
   Betula, Tourn.
      alba, Spach. (American white birch).
      papyracca, Ait. (paper birch).
   Alnus, Tourn.
      serrulata, Ait. (alder).
      incana, Willd. (speckled or hoary alder).

Solicaceae.
   Salix, Tourn.
      viminalis, L. (bucket osier).
      humilis, Marshall (low brush-willow).
      lucida, Muhl. (shilling willow).
      alba, L. (white willow).
      fragilis, L. (brittle willow).
      Babylonica, Tourn. (weeping willow).
   Populus, Tourn.
      tremuloides, Michx. (American aspen).
      balsamifera, L. (balsom poplar).

Coniferae.
   Pinus, Tourn.
      rigida, Miller (pitch pine).
      strobus, L. (white pine).
   Abies, Tourn.
      Canadensis, Michx. (hemlock spruce).
   Larix, Tourn.
      Americana, Michx. (American or black larch).
   Juniperus, L.
      communis, L. (common juniper.
      Virginiana, L. (red cedar savin).
   Taxus, Tourn.
      baccata, L. (American yew).


Class II. -Monocolyledonous or Eudogenous Plants.

Araceae.
   Arisaema, Martins.
      triphyllum, Torr. (Italian turnip).
   Symplocarpus, Salisb.
      faetidus, Salisb. (skunk-cabbage).
   Aeorus, L.
      calamus, L. (sweet-flag, calamus).


Typhaceae.
   Typha, Tourn.
      latifolia, L. (common cat-tail).
      augustifolia, L. (narrow-leaved, or small cat-tail).
   Spargranium, Tourn.
      eurycarpum, Engelm. (large bur-reed).
      simplex, Hudson, around Norristown; A. F. Baker.

Lemnaceae.
   Lemna, L.
      minor, L. (lesser duckweed), ponds near rivers, swampy lands.

Alisotaceae.
   Alisma, L.
      plantago, L.; var. Americanum, gray.
   Sagittaria, L.
      variabilis, Engelm.(arrow-head).
      simplex, Pursh. (common arrow-head).

Orchidaceae.
   Orchis, L.
      spectilibis, L. (showy orchis), sparingly throughout;
         in rich, moist thickets.
   Plantanthera, Richard.
      lacera, Gray (rugged orhcis).
   Goodyera, R. Brown.
      pubescens, R. Brown (rattlesnake plantain).
   Spiranthes, Richard.
      cernua, Richard (nodding ladies' tresses).
      gracilis Bigelow (slender ladies' tresses).
   Microstylis, Nutt.
      ophioglossoides, Nutt. (adder's mouth); rare; John E. Oberholtzer.
   Liparis, Richard.
      liliifolia, Richard (tway-blade), not frequent.
   Coralborhiza, Haller.
      odontorhiza, Nutt. (coral-root).
      innata, R. Brown. rare; moist woods.
      multiflora, Nutt. (many flowered coral), rich woods, thickets; 
         rare in these parts.

434

   Aplectrum, Nutt.
      hyemale, Nutt. (Adam and Eve), rare; found in rich woods where 
         there is plenty of mould.
   Cypripedium, L.
      pubescens, Willd. (larger yellow lady's-slipper), sparingly 
         along the Perkiomen.
      acaule, Alt. (stemless lady's-slipper), rare; found near cooper-mines 
         along the Perkiomen; Jos. Crawford.

Amaryllidaceae.
   Nariccus, L.
      pseudo-narcissus, L. (daffodil), escaped in some places.
   Hypoxla, L.
      erecta, L (star-grass), common in open woods.

Iridaceae.
   Iris, L.
      versicolor, L. (larger blue-flag).
      Virginica, L. (slender blue-flag), sparingly in surrounding townships.
   Pardanthus Ker.
      Chineusis, Ker. (blackberry-lily).
   Sisyrinchium, L.
      Bermudiana, L. (blue-eyed grass).

Dioscreaceae.[?]
   Dioscorea, Plumier.
      villosa, L. (wild yam-root).

dmilaceae.
   Smilax, Tourn.
      rotundifolia, L. (green-brier).
      tamnoides, L. (cat-brier).
      herbacea, L. (carrion-flower).
      glauca, Walt. (smooth smilax).
   Trillium, L.
      cernum, L. (nodding trillium).
   Medeola, Gronov.
      Virginica, L. (Indian cucumber-root).

Liliaceae.
   Asparagus, L.
      officinale, L. (garden-asparagus), sparingly escaped from gardens.
   Polygonatum, Tourn.
      biflorum, Ell. (smaller Solomon's-seal).
      giganteum, Dietrich (great Solomon's-seal).
   Smilacina, Desf.
      racemosa ,Desf. (false spikesnard).
      bifolia, Ker.(two-leaved Solomon's-seal).
   Convallaria, L.
      majalis, L. (lily-of-the-valley).
   Ornithogalum, Tourn.
      umbellatum, L. (Star of Bethelehem).
   Allum, L.
      Canadense, Kalm. (wild meadow-garlic).
      tricoccum, Ait. (wild leek).
      vineale, L. (field-garlic).
   Hemerocallia, L.
      fulva, L (common day-lily), escaped from garden.
   Lilium, L.
      Canadenes,L. (wild yellow lily).
      superbum, L. (Turk's-cap lily).
   Erythronium, L.
      Americanum, Smith (dog's-tooth violet).
   Muscari, Tourn.
      racemosa, L (grape hyacinth), after Wood.

Melanthaceae.
   Uvularia, L.
      perfoliata, L. (smaller bellwort).
      sessifoliata, L. (sesile-leaved bellwort).
   Veratrum, Tourn.
      viride Ait. (American white hellebore).

Pontederiacase.
   Pontederia, L.
      cordata, L (pickerel-weed).

Commelynaceae.
   Commelyna, Dill.
      Virginica, L. (day-flower).
   Tradescantia, L.
      Virginicia, L. (common spiderwort).

Graminea.
   Phleum, L.
      pratense, L. (timothy).
   Agrostis, L.
      vulgaris, With. (red-top).
   Muhlenbergii, Schreber.
      Mexicana, Trin.
      diffusa, Schreber (drop-seed).
   Eleusine, Gaertn.
      Indica, Gaertn. (wire-grass).
   Tricuspia, Beauv.
      scaleriodes, Torr. (tall red-top).
   Dactlyis, L.
      glomerata, L. (orchard-grass).
   Poa, L.
      annua, L. (low spear-grass).
   Eragrostia, Beauv.
      pocoides, Beauv.
      var. megastachya.
   Bromus, L.
      secalinus, L. (cheat or che??).
   Triticum, L.
      repens, L. (couch-grass)
   Hordeum, L.
      diatichum, L. (two-rowed barley).
   Secule, L.
      cereale, L. (rye).
   Avena, L.
      sativa, L (common oats).
   Aira, L.
      caespitosa, L. (common hair-grass).
   Anthoxanthum, L.
      odoratum, L. (sweet-scented vernal grass).
   Phalaria, D.
      arundinacea, L. (red carnary-grass).
   Panicum, L.
      sanguinale, L. (common crab-grass).
      capillare, L. (old witch-grass).
      clandestinum, L.
      depauperatum, Mulhl.
      cruss-galli, L. (barnyard-grass).
   Setari, Beauv.
      glauca, Beauv. (fox-tail).
      Italica, Kunth. (Bengal grass).
   Sorghum, Pers.
      mutans, Gray (Indian grass).
   Zea, L.
      mays, L. (Indian corn).


SERIES II. -CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS.
               Class III. -Aerogons.

Equisocaceae.
   Equisetum, L.
      arvense, L. (common horse-tail).
      limosum, L.
      hyemale, L. (scouring rush).

Filices.
   Polypodium, L.
      vulgare, L. (polypody).
   Pteris, L.
      aquilina, L. (common brake).
   Adiantum, L.
      pedatum, L. (maiden-hair).
      ebeneum, Ait. (ebony fern, or ebony spleenwort).
      ruta muraria, L. (wall-rue fern).
      augustifolium, Michx. (narrow-leaved spleenwort).
      thelypteroides. Michx. (spleenwort).
      felix faemina, R. Brown (lady-fern).
   Camptosorus, Link.
      rhizophyllus, Link. (walking leaf).
   Phegopteris, Fee.
      hexagonoptera, Fee. (beech-fern).
   Aspidium, Swartz.
      marginale, Swartz (wood-fern).
      aerostichoides, Swartz (Christmas or evergreen-fern).

435

   Aspidium, Swartz.
      Thelypteris, Swartz (swamp shield-fern).
      Novaboracense, Willd. (New York fern).
      spinulosum, Swartz (spiny-shield fern).
      cristatum, Swartz (crested fern).
      Goldianum, Hood (shield-fern).
   Cystopteris, Bernh.
      fragilis, Bernh. (bladder-fern).
   Onoclea, L.
      sensibilis, L. (sensitive fern).
   Woodsia, R. Brown.
      Ilvensis, R. Brown (Woodsia).
   Dicksonia, L'Her
      punctilobula, Hook. (Dicksonia).
   Osmunda, L.
      regalia, L. (flowering, or royal fern).
      Claytoniana, L. (Clayton's fern).
      cinnantonea, L. (cinnamon fern).
   Botrychium, Swartz.
      Virginicium, Swartz (rattlesnake fern).
      lunariodes, Swartz (moonwort).
         var. obliquum (oblique-leaved moonwort).
         var. dissectum (cut-leaved moonwort).

Lycopodiaceae.
   Lycopodium, L.
      dendroideum, Michx. (ground-pine).
      clavatum, L. (club-moss).

                              ___________________


                                CHAPTER XXVIII.

                        ZOOLOGY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY.

    VERY little attention has yet been given in our county histories to the
habitation and distribution of our existing animals.  Botany, in this
respect, has not been neglected; the exact localities of many of our native
trees, shrubs and plants, when not too common, have been especially pointed
out or noticed, and thus serve as a valuable guide to the practical
student.  It is our purpose now to treat on this more fully than has probably
hitherto been done.  Certain errors that originated in our natural history
nearly half a century ago, are still mentioned, we regret to say, even in
quite recent works.  For instance, that quadrupeds and birds are nearly all
decreasing, and some are rare that are actually numerous, or vice versa. 
This shows that the writers thereof have studied nature more in books at
their desks than abroad in the fields.  Another matter is becoming too
serious to be longer overlooked, the names of the most common and familiar
objects being overburthened with technical nomenclature.  Hence, we need not
wonder that our bluebird, which cannot be mistaken, is called by Swainson
"Scialia Wilsonii," by Bonaparte "Saxicola Sialis," by Wilson "Sylvia
Sialis," and lately by another "Sialia Sialis."  As this examination has been
superficial, how many more technical names have been given we are consequently
unable to say.  Our common partridge has no less than eight, the pewee four,
the snowbird, the kingbird, and house-wren an equal number.  As may be seen
in Audobon's "Quadrupeds of America," though published a third of a century
ago the ground squirrel and mink have each been furnished with five, the
marmot with four, the wildcat seven, and even our common American rabbit with
no less than three.  Now, as similar names are being made and applied more or
less through all animated nature, who is to decide as to which is the proper
one, or when and where the number is to end?  Hence, to help to stay this
evil, we shall treat all alike, by dispensing with such cumbersome and
useless labors.  However, as more important in a historical work, we have
concluded to give in this connection, its far as we could ascertain them, the
names of the several animals, birds, fishes and reptiles in the Delaware
Indian language, with our several authorities therefor.  C will stand for
Campanius; Z for Zeisberger; P, Pyrlaeus; S, Schmick: H, Heckewelder; Str.,
William Strachey; and W for Roger Williams.  This result has only been
accomplished through many years' diligent labor.  As a first attempt, we will
state that three-fourths of the number have been derived from original
manuscripts.  The spelling is retained as found in the Swedish, German and
English sources; only nine names being derived from the first and three from
the latter, which otherwise could not have been thus supplied.  In the
arrangement of the catalogues we have closely followed Professor S. F. Biard,
as the most Simplified for this purpose.

    QUADRUPEDS.  -The existing native mammalia within the present limits of
Montgomery County, it is very probable, do not exceed at the utmost thirty-
five species.  The bats have been variously estimated at from five to eight
distinct kinds.  The latter number may be too high, and accidental varieties
may have been mistaken for distinct species.  The common mole is now much
more numerous than formerly; this may, in part, be accounted for by their
having less enemies.  The star-nosed mole is not as rare as is supposed.  In
high, early spring freshets, along our rich low, grounds, they are driven
from out their haunts, and frequently found drowned, thus proving that they
are more numerous than is commonly supposed.  We must confess it is difficult
otherwise to procure specimens.

    The wild-cat or lynx may, possibly exist.  One was shot in February,
1860, in Rockhill township, Bucks Co., within a couple of miles of the line
of Marlborough and Upper Salford, where they could yet find secure retreats,
from the rocky character of the hills, still covered with native forests.  We
think it can be safely stated that the gray fox no longer exists in this or
the adjoining counties.  The red fox is still found on the hills of Upper
Merion, Douglas, New Hanover, Marlborough, Upper Salford and Upper Hanover. 
A fox was killed in Moreland Township in 1847, and since then none have been
known anywhere in that section.  An otter was captured on the East branch in
Perkiomen Township, about 1858. 

436

We have been unable to ascertain of any other having since been, seen in
the county.  The raccoon abounds in the townships of Limerick, New Hanover,
Marlborough, Upper Salford and Perkiomen, but is diminishing.  The flying
squirrel though seemingly scarce is more common than is generally supposed.  A
friend residing in Limerick a few years ago had a favorite shellback tree on
his farm that appeared to yield quantities of nuts, but somehow they would
disappear.  Taking a lantern one night to the place, he was amazed at the
sight of numerous flying squirrels, scampering off in various directions.  He
had not previously known of their existence in the vicinity.  By similar means
we have ascertained that the several kinds of shrews and mice are more
numerous than is generally supposed.  The interesting grounds squirrel at
this time does not appear nearly as frequent as thirty years ago.  The
jumping mouse resorts in the vicinity of thickets or copses, and is difficult
to capture.  The white-footed mouse, which has been stated as rare, is found
almost everywhere, and cannot readily be mistaken.  It has been repeatedly
published that the marmot or groundhog is a common and well-known animal in
Eastern Pennsylvania.  Our observations, made for many years, do not confirm
this.  There is something about it that is remarkable, and applies as well to
Bucks as to Montgomery County.  After the most extensive inquiries among the
descendants of our earliest families, we cannot ascertain that it was ever
known or found in Horsham, Moreland, Abington, Cheltenham or Upper Dublin. 
Near Flourtown, in Springfield township, one was discovered about 1868 and
regarded with great curiosity.  In Lower Salford they disappeared a quarter of
a century ago.  A few are still found in Upper Hanover and Upper and Lower
Providence; but, strange to say, they are common around Red Hill and
Eastburn's Hill, in Upper Merion, the latter elevation being only about a
mile from the borough of Bridgeport.  The muskrat, like the mole is
increasing.  In Moreland, with its numerous small, lasting streams, it is no
unusual circumstance for a person in high, early spring freshets, to shoot
twenty or thirty of these animals in less than half a day.  In this township,
by the Pennypack, in the winter of 1861 and the following year, Tyson
Michener caught in a box-trap twenty minks, which were all males, showing the
sagacity of the other sex.  The people of the vicinity were justly surprised at
this number being caught there.  The disappearance of former animals will be
noticed in local history.


              CATALOGUE.

     1    The gray bat, common. 
     2    Brown bat, common. 
     3    Red bat, occasionally seen. 
     4    Large gray bat, rare. 
     5    Carolina bat, occasionally seen. 
     6    Little brown bat, rare. 
     7    Blunt-nosed bat, occasionally seen. 
     8    The large shrew, common. 
     9    Small shrew, rare. 
    10    Gray shrew, occasionally seen. 
    11    Common mole, abundant. 
    12    Star-nosed mole, occasionally seen. 
    13    Wild-cat or lynx (Liagicees, C.). 
    14    Red fox (Wodcus, Z.,  Mishquashim, P.), in some parts of the county. 
    15    Weasel, not common. 
    16    Mink (Hwijuingus, C., Wisimingus Z.), not common. 
    17    Otter (Huauekijk, C.), very rare. 
    18    Skunk (Cutteunmoiribeau, L.), common. 
    19    Raccoon (Arahkone, Str., Nachemun, and Espenu, Z.) in some 
            parts of the county. 
    20    Opossum (Woapink, Z.), occasionally seen. 
    21    Cat or fox-squirrel, rare. 
    22    Gray squirrel, common at places. 
    23    Red squirrel or chickaree (Curanick or Pimingus, Z.), occasionally seen. 
    24    Striped or ground squirrel, common at places. 
    25    Flying squirrel (Blacnik, Z.), common at places. 
    26    Marmot or ground-hog (Moraehyea, Z.), found in few townships. 
    27    Muskrat (Damaskus, C.), abundant. 
    28    Jumping mouse, occasional seen. 
    29    Common or Norway rat, abundant; introduced. 
    30    Common mouse, abundant; introduced. 
    31    Field-mouse (Achpodus, Z.), common. 
    32    Native black rat, rare. 
    33    Meadow-mouse, common. 
    34    White-footed mouse, common; partial to dry, sheltered retreats. 
    35    Hare or rabbit (Syaeris, C.) common. 

    BIRDS.  -While perhaps one-third of our various species of birds has diminished,
we do not doubt but in this county the balance are increasing.  In the lower
townships, the planting of groves and numerous evergreens trees in and around
lawns, and by lanes and roadsides, had greatly tended to promote their
augmentation by affording them additional shelter and security.  The turkey
buzzard strange to say has become more numerous.  In October 1881, in Horsham
township the writer saw three flying together, and was informed that it was no
unusual circumstance in that vicinity.  The Hon. I. F. Yost, of New Hanover,
stated that he had recently seen is many as forty or more at one time in that
township.  It is doubtful whether the hawk tribe has diminished.  Both the
golden and bald eagle are repeatedly shot over the county.  We have kept a
partial record of those that have been shot or captured within a distance of
three miles of the Willow Grove during the last thirty-five years, and the
number is above twenty; nearly one-third being of the former species.  They
are mentioned in books as being rare and seen in Pennsylvania during the
winter.  From our record we find that nearly all were secured in the month of
May.  That eagles sometimes breed in Montgomery County is very probable.  In
the spring of 1852 a pair were seen daily around the summit of the high hill
to the cast Willow Grove for above a month.  The male bird was shot the last
of May by William Thomas, after which the female disappeared.  The
supposition is strong that they had a nest somewhere in the woods of that
vicinity.  The fish hawk still abounds and rears its young along the
Perkiomen below Schwenksville, to the Schuylkill.  A great horned owl was
captured a mile from Jenkintown within the past three years.  The common
redheaded woodpecker is now almost an entire stranger in the lower half of
the county.   Wild pigeons are still occasionally

437

found on the hills of New Hanover, Upper Hanover, Upper Salford and
Marlborough, and no doubt still breed there.  The pheasant or ruffed grouse
still abounds on the hills of the aforesaid townships, and Upper Merion.  It
has only recently disappeared in Upper Merion, and is now becoming scarce
along Edge Hill, in Moreland and Abington, where it was common forty years
ago.  The loon or great northern diver is still occasionally shot along the
Schuylkill and Perkiomen during the winter.  A pelican was shot on the
Schuylkill, within a mile of Pottstown, in 1880.  A pair of summer or wood
ducks attempted to breed near a dam in Moreland township, about thirty years
ago, but, unfortunately, were both shot by a young man in the neighborhood,
thus indicating that they may even yet rear broods here.  The crow is still
abundant and very destructive to the young and the eggs of our most useful
birds.  Bounties for their heads, as well as for the heads of the hawk tribe,
should be continued, as the laws thereon have not been repealed.  The English
sparrow, introduced since 1860, has multiplied rapidly and spread over the
county, keeping chiefly in flocks in our larger towns and villages.  It has
to some extent driven away from their usual haunts some of our more useful
birds, as the wren, bluebird, and even the robin.

            
                            CATALOGUE.

       1        Turkey buzzard (Amalschipuis, Z.), not common.
       2        Duck-hawk, occasionally seen along Schuylkill.
       3        Pigeon hawk occasionally; more frequent in winter.
       4        Sparrow hawk, common.
       5        Goshawk, occasionally in winter; from the north.
       6        Cooper's hawk, common.
       7        Sharp-shinned hawk, common.
       8        Red-tailed hawk, common.
       9        Red-shouldered hawk, common.
      10        Broad-winged hawk, frequent in fall and winter.
      11        Rough-legged hawk, common in winter.
      12        Black hawk, occasionally seen.
      13        Marsh hawk, common along the Schuylkill and Perkiomen.
      14        Golden eagle, occasionally; most common in May.
      15        Bald eagle, (Woapalenue, Z.), most common.
      16        Fish hawk (Nimenees, Z.), along Schuylkill and Perkiomen.
      17        Barn, or white owl, occasionally seen.
      18        Great horned owl (Gookhoos, Z.) not uncommon and resident.
      19        Screech owl, common at places.
      20        Long-eared owl, occasionally; chiefly in winter.
      21        Short-eared owl, frequent in winter along streams.
      22        Gray, or barred owl, common in winter.
      23        Little owl, occasionally in winter.
      24        Snow owl, occasionally, only in winter; a visitor from the far North.
      25        Yellow-billed cuckoo, common; building in orchards.
      26        Black-billed cuckoo, common.
      27        Hairy woodpecker, occasionally seen.
      28        Downy woodpecker, or sapsucker, common.
      29        Red-cockaded woodpecker, rare.
      30        Yellow-billed woodpecker, occasionally seen.
      31        Great black woodpecker or leg-cock, rare; only in a few of the upper township.
      32        Red-belly woodpecker, occasionally seen.
      33        Red-headed woodpecker (Mentakocheus, Z.), common in some of the upper townships.
      34        Flicker or golden-winged woodpecker, common.
      35        Humming-bird, common; during the summer.
      36        Chimney swallow, abundant.
      37        Barn swallow, common.
      38        Cliff sallow, common at places ;building under the caves.
      39        White-bellied swallow, common.
      40        Bank swallow, occassionally along Schuylkill.
      41        Rough-winged swallow occionally seen.
      42        Purple martin, abundant at places building in house.
      43        Whip poor-will (Wecoolis, Z.), common at places.
      44        Night hawk (Pischk, Z.), common.
      45        Kingfisher (Tiskemannis Z.), frequent along streams.
      46        King bird (Sachem or Sagamore, W.), common.
      47        Great-creasted flycatcher, common.
      48        Peewee, a common and favorite bird.
      49        Wood peewee, common.
      50        Olive flycatcher, rare.
      51        Traill's flycatcher, ocasionally seen.
      52        Small flycatcher, common.
      53        Green-crested flycatcher, frequent.
      54        Robin (Tschisgochus, Z.) abundant; sometimes remaining over winter .
      55        Wood thrush, common; a favorite species.
      56        Wilson's thrush.
      57        Hermit's thrush, common.
      58        Olive-backed thrush, occasionally seen.
      59        Blue-bird (Tschimualus, Z.), a common favorite.
      60        Ruby-crowned wren, common in spring and autumn.
      61        Golden-crested wren, common in spring and autumn.
      62        Titlark or pipit, frequent in winter.
      63        Black-and-white creeper, common.
      64        Blue yellow-backed warbler, common.
      65        Maryland yellow-throat, common.
      66        Connecticut warbler, occasionally seen.
      67        Morning warbler, occasionally seen.
      68        Kentucky warbler, rare.
      69        Yellow-chested chat, occsionally seen.
      70        Worm-eating warbler, common in spring and fall.
      71        Blue-winged yellow warbler, common.
      72        Golden-winged warbler, occasionally seen.
      73        Nashville warbler, occasionally in spring and fall.
      74        Tennessee warbler, rare.
      75        Golden-crowned thrush, common; building on the ground in woods.
      76        Water thrush, common.
      77        Large-billed water thrush; rare.
      78        Black-throated green warbler, occasionally seen in spring and autumn.
      79        Black-throated blue warbler, common in spring and autumn.
      80        Yellow-rumped warbler, common in spring and autumn.
      81        Blackburn warbler, common in spring and autumn.
      82        Bay-breasted warbler, occcasionally seen in spring and autumn.
      83        Pine-creeping warbler; common in spring and autumn.
      84        Chestnut-sided warbler, frequent in spring and autumn.
      85        Blue warbler, frequent in spring and autumn.
      86        Black-polled warbler, frequent in spring and autumn.
      87        Summer yellow bird, common; building in orchards.
      88        Black and yellow warbler, common in spring and autumn.
      89        Cape May Warbler, occasionally.
      90        Red-poll warbler, common in spring and autumn.
      91        Yellow-throated warbler, occasionally seen in spring and autumn.
      92        Praire warbler, rare; only in spring and autumn.
      93        Hooded warbler, occasionally seen in spring and autumn.
      94        Black-cap flycatcher, frequent in spring and autumn.
      95        Canada flycatcher, frequent in spring and autum.
      96        Redstart, common in spring.
      97        Scarlet tanager, common; partial to woods.
      98        Cedar-bird, common; building in orchards.
      99        Wax-wing, rare.
     100        Great shrike or butcher-bird, occasionally seen.
     101        Red-eyed flycatcher, common.
     102        Warbling flycatcher, common.
     103        White flycatcher, common.
     104        Blue-headed flycatcher, common.
     105        Yellow-throated flycatcher, common.
     106        Catbird, common; partial to low grounds.
     107        Brown thrush, or thrasher, common; frequents thickets.
     108        Great Carolina wren, occasionally seen.
     109        Bewick's wren, rare.
     110        Long-billed Marsh wren, common along Schuylkill.
     111        House wren, common.
     112        Wood wren, rare.
     113        Winter wren, common in winter; frequents out-buildings.
     114        Gray creeper, frequent in winter.

438

     115        White-bellied nuthatch or sapsucker, frequent in winter.
     116        Red-bellied nuthatch, frequent in winter.
     117        Blue-gray flycatcher, occasionally seen.
     118        Tufted-titmouse, common.
     119        Black-cap titmouse (chickadee), frequent in winter.
     120        Summer red-bird, occasionally seen.
     121        Shore lark (skylark), frequent in winter.
     122        Pine grossbeak, occasionally seen in winter.
     123        Purple finch, frequent during spring; migratory.
     124        Yellow bird, thistle, or salad bird; common; frequent in flocks.
     125        Siskin or pine finch, rare.
     126        Red crossbill, in small flocks every winter.
     127        White-winged crossbill, rare; only in winter.
     128        Red-poll linnet, seen occasionally in early spring.
     129        Snow bunting, occasionally seen in winter only.
     130        Lepland, long-spur, rare only in winter.
     131        Savannah sparrow, common.
     132        Grass sparrow, abundant.
     133        Yellow-winged sparrow, frequent.
     134        White-throated sparrow, common in winter.
     135        White-crowned sparrow, occasionally.
     136        Snow bird, common in winter; migrating north in spring.
     137        Tree sparrow, frequent in winter.
     138        Field sparrow, common.
     139        Chipping sparrow, abundant in summer.
     140        Song sparrow, abundant; generally remaining through the year.
     141        Swamp sparrow, common along streams.
     142        Lincoln's finch, rare; sometimes in autumn.
     143        Fox-colored sparrow, common in winter.
     144        Black-throated bunting, occasionally seen.
     145        Rose breasted grossbeak, in small flocks every spring and autumn.
     146        Blue grossbeak, an occasional visitor.
     147        Indigo bird, common builds in orchards.
     148        Red-bird, cardinal grossbeak (Mehocquimau, Z.); common in 
                   woodlands by streams.
     149        Ground robin or cheewink, abundant.
     150        Reed-bird or bobolink, common in spring.
     151        Cow-bird, common in pastures; builds no nest.
     152        Red-winged blackbird (Tschoquoli, Z.) common.
     153        Meadow lark, common.
     154        Orchard oriole, common; builds a hanging nest.
     155        Baltimore oriole, common; builds a hanging nest.
     156        Rusty blackbird, common.
     157        Crow blackbird or purple grackle; abundant.
     158        Crow (Haas Z.), abundant.
     159        Fish crow, occasionally seen along Schuylkill.
     160        Blue jay, common; builds sometimes in orchards.
     161        Wild pigeon (Ameui Z., Auima, H.) some seasons abundant 
                   in spring and autumn.
     162        Turtledove (Mesmedhakamo, Z.), common.
     163        Ruffled grouse or pheasant, (Rabhacku), abound in a few townships.
     164        Partridge, quail or Bob White, (Pupocua, Z.), common.
     165        Great blue heron or crane (Turecka C., Taleka Z.), occasionally seen.
     166        White heron, occasionally in autumn on the Schuylkill.
     167        Snow heron, occasionally found in autumn on the Schuylkill.
     168        Louisiana heron, rare.
     169        Blue heron, occasionally along the Schuylkill.
     170        Green heron (fly-up-the creek), common.
     171        Night heron, rare.
     172        Small bittern, common.
     173        Bittern, or snake-driver, common.
     174        Golden plover, occasionally seen in autumn.
     175        Killdeer, common at places.
     176        Black-bellied plover, occasionally seen.
     177        Piping plover, occasionally seen during summer.
     178        Turnstone, occasionally seen along the Schuylkill.
     179        Northern phalarope, rare; only along the Schuylkill.
     180        American woodcock, common at places.
     181        English or Wilson's snipe (Schrouerihillen, Z.), common in the spring.
     182        Gray snipe (Memeu), occasionally seen.
     183        Red-backed sandpiper, occasionally seen along the Schuylkill.
     184        Purple sandpiper, occasionally along the Schuylkill.
     185        Jack snipe (Piscolis), occasionally along the Schuylkill.
     186        Little sandpiper, occasionally along the Schuylkill.
     187        Littlesnipe, occasionally along the Schuylkill.
     188        Sanderling, occasionally seen along Schuylkill.
     189        Semipalmated sandpiper, occasionally along the Schuylkill.
     190        Tell-tale or stone snipe, occasionally along the Schuylkill.
     191        Spotted sandpiper, occasionally along the Schuylkill.
     192        Yellow-legged snipe, found along streams.
     193        Solitary sandpiper, common.
     194        Field plover, common, at places all summer.
     195        Spotted goodwit, occasionally along the Schuylkill.
     196        Marsh hen, or large rail, occasionally along the Schuylkill.
     197        Clapper rail, occasionally along the Schuylkill.
     198        Virginia rail, occasionally along the Schuylkill.
     199        Common rail, occasionally in spring.
     200        Yellow rail, occasionally seen.
     201        Coot or mud hen, occasionally seen.
     202        Florida gallinule, occasionally seen.
     203        American Swan (Turr, C.), very rarely on the Schuylkill.
     204        Canada goose, (Houck, W.), occasionally seen in flocks.
     205        Brant, occasionally on Schuylkill.
     206        Mallard, or green headed, occasionally seen.
     207        Black duck, occasionally seen on the larger streams.
     208        Pintail, occasionally on the Schuylkill.
     209        Green-winged teal, sometimes seen in spring and autumn.
     210        Blue-winged teal, occasionally on the Schuylkill.
     211        Spoonbill or shoveller, occasionally on the Schuylkill.
     212        Summer, or wood duck (Quipuingus, H.), occasionally along streams.
     213        Widgeon, occasionally along the larger streams.
     214        Black-head or scaup duck, occasionally in spring and autumn 
                   on the Schuylkill.
     215        Little black-head or blue bill, occasionally seen.
     216        Ring-necked duck, occasionally seen.
     217        Red-head, occasionally seen.
     218        Dipper, or buffit head, occasionally seen.
     219        Whistle-winged, occasionally seen.
     220        Harlequin duck, occasionally seen.
     221        Long-tail, occasionally seen.
     222        Ruddy duck, occasionally seen.
     223        Sheldrake or fish duck, common on ponds and streams.
     224        Red-breasted merganser, occasionally seen on Schuylkill.
     225        Loon, or great northern diver, occasionally during winter.
     226        Pelican, very rarely on the Schuylkill.
     227        Black-backed gull, (Coiahpeas, S.) on the Schuylkill in winter.
     228        Herring gull, on the Schuylkill.
     229        Black-headed gull, on the Schuylkill in winter.
     230        Crested grebe, on the Schuylkill in winter.
     231        Horned grebe, on the Schuylkill in winter.
     232        Red-necked grebe, on the Schuylkill in winter.

    REPTILES.  -The removal of trees and trees and stones in the cultivation
of the soil, and increased, attention paid to drainage, has had considerable
to do, with diminishing our larger reptiles, which are becoming scarcer.  In
the rocky hills of Upper Hanover, strange to say, the rattlesnake is still
found, and to a very limited extent, in Marlborough and New Hanover.  There
may probably be in the county about a dozen species of snakes, of which the
garter and water snake are the most common.  Our turtles may not exceed
eight species, the frogs may number seven or eight, the lizards two and the
salamanders probably from four to six kinds.

                            CATALOGUE.

       1        Rattlesnake, (Wischalance Z.), rare; at few places.
       2        House snake, occasionally seen.
       3        Green or grass snake (Angakuchyook, Z.), very rare, on bushes.
       4        Blacksnake (Sukuchyook), not common.
       5        Ribbon snake, common.
       6        Garter snake (Mamodachyook Z.), not common.
       7        Yellow-bellied snake, rare small.
       8        Worm snake, rare and small.
       9        Ring snake, rare and small.
      10        Water snake (Mbiachyook Z.), common.
      11        Spotted or blowing viper [Unreadable. Z.], rare.

439

      12        Copperhead (Mehneachyook, Z.), rare.
      13        Land tortoise (Tachquoch, Z.), common.
      14        Snapping-turtle (Tulpe, Z.), almost common.
      15        Mud turtle, common.
      16        Musk turtle, common.
      17        Painted turtle, common.
      18        Three-clawed turtle, occasionally seen.
      19        Muhlenberg turtle, occasionally seen.
      20        Spotted turtle, (Greeucoles, S.), common.
      21        Toad, abundant and useful.
      22        Tree frog, common; probably two species.
      23        Bull frog, (Audhauni, Z.), common.
      24        Herring frog, occasionally seen.
      25        Green frog (Tsquall, Z.), common.
      26        Spotted, field, or garden frog, common and useful.
      27        Wood, or marsh frog, occasionally seen.
      28        Fence lizard, not common; partial to old fences.
      29        Striped lizard, rare; about decayed wood.
      30        Blotched, or marbled salamander, occasionally seen.
      31        Spotted salamander, common.
      32        Red salamander, common on moist grounds.
      33        Black salamander, occasionally seen.
  

    GENERAL REMARKS.  -In the last forty years various estimates have been
made as to the number of species existing in the zoology of Pennsylvania. 
Some have made the number tell thousand and others nearly twenty-six thousand
species.  We are inclined to believe that the species in nearly all
departments are made too numerous; that in the desire to announce new
discoveries, and for naturalists to bestow each other's names on them, lie
some of the main causes that are continually changing and swelling, our
catalogues.  In all the divisions of nature we become frequently perplexed at
the varieties offered, which are only too often mistaken for species.  We
cannot believe, for instance, from their close resemblance to each other that
there are as many species of sparrows or warblers as have been given in the
catalogue and hence the great difficulty that attaches itself to this study
in a proper discrimination from mere varieties.  Sex also often makes a
remarkable difference, as has often come to our knowledge, particularly in
regard to birds, serpents and insects.  As near as we can well arrive at it
now, we would estimate the various species in the zoology of Montgomery
County as follows: Mammals 35; birds 234; reptiles 33; fishes 40; insects
7,000; spiders, etc., 100; crustaceans or shelly tribe, 60; worms, etc., 100;
and animalcules, 120, -making over seven hundred species, without the insects:
thus showing that even within our restricted limits the animal kingdom is
pretty well represented, without including those that have become extinct or
have been naturalized from abroad.