Northampton County PA Archives History - Books .....The German Pioneers 1920
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  Book Title: History Of Northampton County
  
  CHAPTER V
  THE GERMAN PIONEERS 
  By Rev. JOHN HAER STOUDT
  
      It is not my purpose to take the part of a eulogist, an apologist or a
  satirist, in the discussion of this subject. A plain unvarnished tale of their
  character, conflicts and achievements is the best vindication of a people. Of
  the Germans in Pennsylvania, Hildreth, the historian, has said: "The result of
  their labors is eulogy enough; their best apology is to tell their story exactly
  at it was."
  
      To define the character of the German pioneers and their relation to the
  State of Pennsylvania, and the county of Northampton as a part of the
  Commonwealth, we shall briefly answer three questions, viz: Why did they come?
  What did they bring? What have they done?
  
      We are told that colonies are planted by the uneasy. In a general way
  poverty and financial reverses, political changes and religious troubles, a
  thirst for novelty and a love for adventure, all these combined, are the causes
  for the great migrations in history. The motives in individuals and groups vary
  according to circumstances. Now the dominant cause may be religious
  persecutions, again political tyranny, and then economic distress. The general
  unrest and discontent in Germany were the cumulative product of centuries. Since
  the Reformation, Europe was in a state of religious, political, and social
  ferment. The Protestant was arrayed against the Catholic, the Lutheran against
  the Calvinist, Protestant and Catholic against the Anabaptist, the Humanist
  against the Reformer, and the peasant against the noble. The reason for it all
  was that the principles of Protestantism, which had been discerned in a German
  monastery and practiced in a Swiss pastorate, had to be fought on fields of
  blood before they could become the common possession of mankind.
  
      In the name of religion, though for anything but for the good of religion,
  Germany was the seat of devastating wars. For thirty years hostile armies, some
  foreign and some native, ravaged the provinces, turned the Rhinelands into a
  desert, and decimated the population. At the close of that inhuman struggle
  two-thirds of the German nation had perished. The Palatinate was reduced from
  500,000 citizens to 50,000. University halls became army barracks. Fields
  ripening for harvest, blossoming orchards, vineclad hills, towering castles,
  happy hamlets and busy cities, fell before the ruthless invaders. It is said
  that "the Elector Palatine beheld from his castle at Manheim six cities and
  twenty-five towns in flames where lust and rapine walked hand in hand with fire
  and sword." The treaty of Westphalia, in 1648, was only a temporary respite from
  the desolation of armies. Scarcely had the industrious peasants and burghers of
  the Rhine healed some of the wounds of a generation of war and recovered some of
  the former glory of their country, when the armies of Louis XIV began their work
  of destruction. He said to his marshal, Melac, "Ravage the Palatinate!" In
  obedience to orders, 1,200 towns and villages went up in smoke and fell in
  ashes. The former scenes of horror and crime were re-enacted, and with an
  occasional intermission they continued through the war of the Spanish
  succession, ending with the peace of Utrecht in 1713.
  
      The effect of these disasters was not only to impoverish the resources of
  the Rhine country, but also manhood. Peasants in their desperation became
  robbers, murderers, cannibals. "Freemen became serfs; rich burghers became
  narrow-minded shop-keepers; noblemen, servile courtiers; princes, shameless
  oppressors." The provinces were full of misgovernment and of sectarianism,
  filled with tiny principalities, old religious foundations, secularized or still
  remaining, free cities of the moribund empire, and even free villages; courts,
  princes and lords of all kinds, who caricatured Louis XIV, sometimes by the
  dozen to the square mile, and kept the fruitful land in an artificial condition
  of perpetual exhaustion."
  
      The general conditions were at hand for the operation of specific causes
  which brought about a German exodus into America. To understand the immediate
  reasons for early German immigration, it is necessary to study the history of
  the several groups which composed it. For our purpose the popular division into
  sects and church people is most satisfactory. We might add a third class and
  call it the nondescripts. In each of these groups there was a dominant motive,
  not, however, to the exclusion of the other motives mentioned above.
  
      The sects who came to Pennsylvania were the Mennonites, the Tunkers, the
  Schwenkfelders, and a number of lesser bodies, such as the solitaries at
  Ephrata, and the Woman in the Wilderness on the banks of the Wissahickon, and
  the Labadists.
  
      Their relation to the Church and the State in Europe was one of dissent.
  They were the oppressed people of Christ. By the provisions of the people of
  Westphalia, 1648, Roman Catholics, Lutherans, and Reformed were given legal
  recognition. They were known as the churches by law established. Rut the
  Anabaptistic and Quietistic were equally obnoxious to Catholics and Protestants.
  Princes and bishops, priests and preachers, united in destroying these supposed
  children of perdition. They were accordingly driven from one country to another,
  finding a temporary asylum here and there until they had to flee elsewhere from
  the wrath of a capricious prince. A company of Mennonites had settled in peace
  in Crefeld, Germany, where they were employed as linen-weavers. They welcomed
  the offer of an asylum beyond the seas, where they might worship God without
  further molestation. On the ship Concord, October 6, 1683, came thirteen
  Mennonite families who became the founders not only of Germantown, but of German
  colonization in Pennsylvania. Until 1710 the German immigrants came as
  individuals or in small groups; "partly for conscience sake and partly for
  temporal interests."
  
      The second period of German immigration began with the arrival of the
  Lutherans and the Reformed, who were accompanied by a third class, the
  nondescripts. The chief reason for their discontent at home was the economic
  distress resulting from continuous wars, from a desolating winter, and financial
  reverses. The first company of Palatines came by way of London, whither they
  went in large multitudes. They reached Pennsylvania after sore hardships and
  cruel treatment by way of the Schoharie Valley in New York. In an address to the
  English people in 1710, the Palatines pleaded their own case. They say: "We, the
  poor, distressed Palatines, whose utter ruin was occasioned by the merciless
  cruelty of a bloody enemy, whose prevailing power, some years past, like a
  torrent, rushed into our country and overwhelmed us at once; and being not
  content with money and food necessary for their occasions, not only dispossessed
  us of all support, but inhumanly burnt our houses to the ground, whereby being
  deprived of all shelter, we were turned into open fields, there with our
  families to seek what shelter we could find, were obliged to make the earth our
  repository for rest and the clouds the canopy for covering." These were the
  conditions not only of the Palatines who came to London, but doubtless of a
  large proportion of those who went directly to Pennsylvania. The winter of
  1708-09 was so severe throughout Europe that hundreds died of cold and
  starvation. Birds froze in mid-air, beasts in their lairs, and men fell dead on
  their way. Of their financial troubles, an eye-witness wrote: "Nobody could pay
  any more because nobody was paid. The people of the country, in consequence of
  exactions, had to become insolvent. Commerce dried up and brought no returns.
  Good faith and confidence were abolished."
  
      Thus gradually the ties of home, country and society were loosened, and the
  newly established colony of Penn became a refuge for the distressed Germans,
  Swiss, Alsatians, French Huguenots and Hollanders, and were all called,
  regardless of their provincial origin, Palatines.
  
      Historians differ widely respecting the number of Germans in Pennsylvania at
  different stages of the eighteenth century. So far as figures are concerned, we
  can do no better than to accept the careful estimates of Diefenderfer. He
  concludes that in 1727 there were about 15,000 Germans in the province; in 1750,
  47,000; and in 1776, 90,000. If Dr. Franklin was not exact in his figures he was
  probably correct in the proportions which he assigned to the Germans. In 1776 he
  claimed that there were 160,000 colonists, of whom one-third were Germans,
  one-third Quakers, and the rest of other nationalities.
  
      In the study of peoples' influence, so far as numbers are concerned, the
  relative proportion is of more value than exact figures. There is a remarkable
  unanimity in the conclusion of the authorities that the proportion of Germans
  was one-third of the whole number.
  
      The habitations of the German pioneers were determined largely by their
  occupations. They were in the main farmers and mechanics. Therefore we may cite
  the statement of Dr. Rush concerning the Germans in Pennsylvania: "The principal
  part of them were farmers, but there were many mechanics, who brought with them
  a knowledge of those arts which are necessary and useful in all countries. These
  mechanics were chiefly weavers, tailors, tanners, shoemakers, combmakers, smiths
  of all kinds, butchers, papermakers, watchmakers, sugarbakers." Probably no
  better material crossed the Atlantic to break the virgin soil, to build hamlets,
  to begin commerce and to practice religious and social virtues, than these
  German pioneers. Differing in language from the Quakers, they built up
  communities of their kind in fertile valleys along the banks of the Perkiomen,
  Delaware, Lehigh, Schuylkill, Conestoga and Susquehanna. In course of time they
  became the virtual possessors of the now prosperous counties of Bucks,
  Montgomery, Lancaster, York, Lebanon, Berks, Lehigh and Northampton. If one were
  to draw three semi-circles with Philadelphia as center, the Quakers resided in
  the space of the shortest radius, the Germans in the licit beyond, and the
  Scotch-Irish in the frontiers. In each of these districts, however, there were
  small groups of the other classes.
  
      We may group them also according to their religious predilections. The
  Mennonites settled first in Gcrmantown and spread over the contiguous territory,
  now Montgomery, Bucks, Berks and Lehigh counties, and a group settled in Allen
  township, Northampton county. Later another group of this faith became the
  pioneers in Lancaster county, when a little colony of eight families built homes
  on the Pequea creek. The Tunkers, arriving in 1719, scattered among the Germans
  along the Schuylkill, in Falkner's Swamp, Oley and Lancaster. Some of them came
  under the influence of Conrad Beissel, who was the leader of a cloister at
  Ephrata. The Schwenktelders in 1735 settled along the Perkiomen in Montgomery
  county, where their descendants still reside. The Lutherans and Reformed
  occupied the counties named above, and became the most aggressive of the German
  element. The Moravians, coming by way of Georgia, located at Nazareth.
  Bethlehem. Emaus and Lititz.
  
      When we come to take an estimate of the contributions of the Germans to the
  Commonwealth, we shall have to consider their means and their men; these
  together were the capital which they brought from abroad. A citizen of a state
  becomes valuable to it by what he adds to the wealth of the community, for his
  obedience to the law, for his fidelity to family, for his educational zeal and
  religious practices. In the light of these contributions a people's worth to a
  nation must be determined.
  
      A general survey of a century's immigration shows a diversified condition
  among the immigrants both in regard to material resources and intellectual and
  moral conditions. Considering the cause tor their departure from the homeland,
  we may safely presume they came without wealth and with a higher degree of
  social culture. As a rule, they were poor peasants or humble burghers. Yet there
  were degrees of poverty among them. The colonists who came from 1683 to i/i"
  were well-to-do. They had the means to pay their passage down the Rhine and
  across the Atlantic. They had money left to buy lands and to pay for them in
  part or all together. Locher says: ""Prior to 1727 most of the Germans
  commigrated and were persons of means." Many of the Palatines, however, were so
  poor that they consumed their scant means in the journey across the ocean.
  Numbers of them, who had converted their property into money, were robbed on
  shipboard by the ship-owners, captains and Newlanders. The only resort of such
  unfortunates upon their arrival at Philadelphia was to sell themselves and their
  children into servitude to pay their passage money. Another class, who had not
  enough money to leave their homes and to purchase a passage on the vessels, sold
  themselves before they embarked, as redemptioners for a certain number of years
  to the ship-owners, who conducted a traffic of souls between the Old World and
  the New. The Rcdemptioners came in large numbers from 1728 to 1751. They
  naturally were poor, and for years were at the mercy of their masters. "Yet,"
  says Gordon, "from this class have sprung some of the most reputable and wealthy
  inhabitants of the province."
  
      We need not sing the praises of the German farmer and mechanic. Their
  pre-eminence was recognized in colonial times and their fame is world-wide now.
  In 1774 Governor Thomas wrote to England of the Germans: "They have by their
  industry been the principal instruments of raising the State to its flourishing
  condition, beyond any of his Majesty's colonies in North America." The exports
  from the colony in 1751 exceeded one million dollars, due largely to the thrift
  of the Germans. Wherever they located in the rural districts they rapidly
  supplanted the farmers of other nationalities, notably the Scotch-Irish. This is
  especially illustrated in the case of the Irish Settlement on Allen township.
  Proud thus contrasts these two races: "The Germans seem more adapted to
  agriculture and improvement of a wilderness, and the Irish for trade. The
  Germans soon get estates in the country, where industry and economy are the
  chief requisites to procure them." If "agriculture may be regarded as the breast
  from which the State derived its supports and nourishments," the German farmer
  will always hold a high place in the development and support of our commonwealth.
  
      When men cultivate the soil they cultivate all the domestic virtues. These,
  of course, belong to all nations; yet the German from time immemorial has
  attracted special attention of annalist and eulogist in regard to his home life.
  These virtues were not only prominent in colonial pioneers but may be traced in
  our generation. Pennsylvania-German hospitality has its crudities and
  informalities which may grate upon the urbane guest, but it is the outflow of a
  deeply social nature. If I should seek for a single passage which describes the
  subtle and indefinable contributions of the German to the growth of our State
  and at the same time throws light on the life in his home, it is the one in
  which Dr. Rush grows more eloquent: "The favorable influence of agriculture as
  conducted by the Germans in extending human happiness is manifested by the joy
  they express upon the birth of a child. No dread of poverty nor distrust of
  Providence from an increasing family depresses the spirits of these industrious
  and frugal people. . . . Happy state of human society! What blessings can
  civilization confer that can atone for the extinction of the ancient and
  patriarchal pleasure of raising up a numerous and healthy family of children, to
  labor for their parents, for themselves and for their country, and finally to
  partake of the knowledge and happiness which are annexed to existence! The joy
  of parents upon the birth of a child is the grateful echo of creating goodness.
  May the mountains of Pennsylvania be forever vocal with songs of joy upon these
  occasions! They will be the infallible signs of innocence, industry, wealth and
  happiness in the State."
  
      One of the most serious charges brought against the German pioneers was
  their ignorance and want of interest in education. A citation of views expressed
  by our historians will show a wide difference of opinions. Mrs. Lamb writes:
  "These earlier German settlers were mostly hewers of wood and drawers of water,
  differing materially from the class of Germans who have since come among us, and
  bearing about the same relation to the English, Dutch and French settlers of
  their time as the Chinese of today bear to the American population on the
  Pacific coast." Parkman calls them "dull and ignorant boors, which character
  their descendants for the most part retain."
  
      Historians equally as great haye taken directly opposite positions. Macaulay
  calls the same people "honest, laborious men, who have once been thriving
  burghers of Mannheim and Heidelberg, or who had cultivated the vine on the banks
  of the Neckar and the Rhine. Their ingenuity and their diligence could not fail
  to enrich any land which should afford them asylum." These diverse conclusions
  are due to several reasons. It was not prejudice in the historians, but want of
  knowledge of the conditions which led them to make such unwarranted statements.
  It is only latterly that men of Pennsylvania have written up their own history
  and that the various elements in the Commonwealth have received their due.
  
      It may be freely admitted that the culture and education of the German
  colonists were not of a high order; but of what colonists may this not be said?
  The missionaries who came from Germany bore testimony to the ignorance and
  boorishness of the people. Yet, on the other hand, there are undeniable facts
  which show that there was a proportion of German citizens of more than average
  culture, and at times of great learning.
  
      The German educational spirit was mainly found in the Lutherans, Reformed
  and Moravians. Though among the members of these churches there were many who
  had grown indifferent to culture in their separation from the fatherland and in
  their struggle with the wilderness, they built a church and a schoolhouse. They
  brought with them their Bibles, catechisms, hymnbooks and devotional literature.
  Many of the immigrants were accompanied by preachers and teachers, who began
  their ministry upon their arrival. Probably at no time since was the education
  of the ministers of the German churches in Pennsylvania of a higher grade than
  during the colonial period. Muhlenberg, Schlatter and Zinzendorf were university
  men and were ardent supporters of higher education. In the Reformed Coetus from
  1747 to 1793 there were sixty-four ministers; of these, twenty-nine were
  educated in Pennsylvania, and thirty-five in the universities of Germany and
  Switzerland. Dr. Weiser says that between 1745 and 1770, in the space of
  twenty-five years, no less than fifty graduates of German universities labored
  in the Lutheran and Reformed churches. The students of Harvard University were
  astonished at their fluency in foreign tongues. Some of them were called to
  chairs of ancient languages. A Latin letter from the Reformed clergy to Governor
  Morris in 1754 not only is proof of their ability to use the language of
  scholarship, but of their culture and dignity in addressing an officer of the
  State.
  
      The founding of Franklin College in Lancaster, 1787, bears testimony to the
  educational enthusiasm of Drs. Weyberg and Hendel of the Reformed church, Drs.
  Helmuth and Muhlenberg of the Lutheran church. The provision that a certain
  number of trustees were to be chosen "from any other society of Christians"
  besides that of the Lutheran and Reformed, is proof that the institution was-to
  serve the German element in general. The colleges and seminaries which have
  since been built by the German churches in the eastern and western parts of the
  State are an additional evidence of the regard in which the truly representative
  Germans held higher learning. The Moravians became pioneers of education for
  young women in this country. Nazareth Hall, the Moravian seminary for ladies,
  and Linden Hall, count among their alumni members of the most prominent families
  of New England and the South.
  
      In every department of knowledge German scholars in our colony became noted.
  Dr. Rush wrote about the faculty of Franklin College in 1787: "A cluster of more
  learned or better qualified masters I believe have not met in any university."
  
      In times of war the German was no less patriotic than in times of peace.
  Bancroft pays them a high tribute when he says: "The Germans, who composed a
  large part of the inhabitants of the province of Pennsylvania, were all on the
  side of liberty." Many of them for conscience sake, were non-combatants, but
  none the less loyal. Historian and poet have given due credit to the simple
  petition against slavery, signed by the Op Den Graefts, Hendricks and Pastorius
  of Germantown. Their protest was only a voice in the wilderness, but its echo
  never died away. "A little rill there started which further on became an immense
  torrent, and whenever hereafter men traced the causes which led to Shiloh,
  Gettysburg and Appomattox, they begin with the tender consciences of the linen
  weavers and the husbandmen of Germantown."
  
      The more aggressive Lutherans and Reformed won for themselves an honorable
  place in the Revolution. The Moravian missionaries kept powerful Indian tribes
  neutral, notably the Delawares. The silken banner of Count Pulaski's regiment
  was made by the Moravian Sisters of Nazareth and Bethlehem. German names arc
  found on all the committees and in the conventions which preceded or organized
  for the conflict. They became members of the militia, raised rifle corps, and
  subscribed money. Of the nine Pennsylvania companies, four had German captains.
  Captain Hendricks led the Cumberland county company in the siege of Quebec. He
  fell mortally wounded in an assault, and his body lies buried by the side of
  General Montgomery. The pulpit and press of the Germans joined in inculcating
  the spirit of patriotism. Pastor Gobrceht was one of many who preached farewell
  sermons to the soldiers leaving home for the field of battle. Helfenstein
  incurred the enmity of the Hessians when he announced his text in their
  presence: "Ye have sold yourselves for naught; and ye shall be redeemed without
  money." Weyberg was cast into prison, and Schlatter's house was plundered. The
  sons of the patriarch Muhlenberg had to flee from their congregations-Frederick
  from New York, Ernst from Philadelphia. Nor should we fail to mention the
  dramatic incident in the life of their brother, Peter Muhlenberg, then in
  Virginia. He ended his sermon by saying: "In the language of holy writ there is
  a time for all things-a time to pray and a time to preach-but those times have
  passed away; there is a time to fight, and the time to fight is here." He threw
  off his gown, buckled his sword, ordered the drums to beat at the church-door,
  and marched at the head of three hundred Germans, who became a part of his
  regiment in the army.
  
      There were no traitors and Tories among the Germans. They gave a Herkimer
  and a Kichlein, a Rittenhouse and a Ludwig, a Hillegass and a Hambright, and a
  host of greater and lesser lights to the cause of American independence. Nor
  does their record end with the Revolution. The Germans of Pennsylvania were
  represented in the War of 1812. Two regiments fought in the Mexican War; and at
  least eighty-five monuments stand on the field of Gettysburg to commemorate
  their heroes, and in this recent war to defeat German autocracy and firmly
  establish that freedom for which they came to Pennsylvania, they furnished us
  with the two great leaders, Generals John J. Pershing and Hunter Liggett.
  
      Their mission, according to the dispensation of history, was not that of the
  Puritan or of the Cavalier. Pennsylvania could not become the mother of
  Presidents nor the founder of an Athens in America. The excellency of the men in
  Virginia and Massachusetts, the glory of their achievements and their
  institutions, no one admires more than the intelligent German of Pennsylvania.
  He has a glory of his own. He, too, is a scion of a noble race. Pie is the
  disseminator of the principles of a Luther and a Melanchthon, of a Zwingli and a
  Calvin. Martyr blood flows in his veins. His greatness in America is in the
  performance of the work which Providence, working mysteriously in ages past, has
  assigned him. Though he came comparatively late into the New World, his numbers
  small, and influence limited by a strange language and a foreign government, he
  has reared for himself an indestructible monument in the Keystone of the States
  which he has helped to hew into shape.
  
      In the history of the Germans in Pennsylvania we find three distinct
  periods. The first was that of the German in Pennsylvania; the second, that of
  the Pennsylvania-German; the third, that of the American. In the last period he
  attained the summit of his influence. In the colonial German there was an
  originality and freshness which gave him color and character. He spoke the
  language of his fatherland, read its literature, sang its songs, and worshipped
  in its spirit. He was rough and impetuous at times, but always real. He brought
  with him a certain dignity and culture to the farm, the pulpit, and the offices
  of the State, which bespoke an older race. The glory of the Rhine beamed beneath
  his rugged brows.
  
      The generations which followed brought forth men of another type. After the
  Revolution the influx of fresh blood from Germany ceased. They were cut off from
  the fellowship of the fatherland. They no longer had preachers or teachers who
  spoke the mother tongue. They ceased to read German books. Nor did they enter
  the larger life of America. They were hemmed in by a strange language, social
  customs and racial prejudices. By a gradual transformation the German in
  Pennsylvania became the Pennsylvania-German, and cut all the ties that bound him
  to the fatherland. In the rural districts the latter was almost as much
  estranged from the former as from the Irish or the English. They degenerated
  into a clan. That was the dark age of the Pennsylvania-German. He opposed
  education, became stagnant in religion, and kept aloof from social movements. We
  cannot glory in his weakness, nor do we believe that his tribe should be
  perpetuated.
  
      But the Pennsylvania-German recovered himself and proved himself worthy of
  his noble ancestry when he passed into the American stage of his history. He
  broke the bonds of provincialism. He built schools, educated his sons and
  daughters, enlarged the scope of his church life, and entered American society.
  He became conversant with its literature and shared in the industrial affairs of
  the country.
  
      In the professions they have won distinction. In law, whether on the bench
  or at the bar, the array of talent is so brilliant that it is hard to specify
  individuals. Many of the famous judges of the Supreme Court of the State and of
  the county courts have been sons of German parents.
  
      In medicine the German is no less prominent. The names of Wistar and Gross,
  Leidy and Pepper, will be forever associated with the history of that science in
  this country.
  
      In education he has made for himself an enviable reputation. Massachusetts
  sent us a Higbee, whose educational work has won for him a permanent place in
  our history. Put 1 heard it said by a Boston lecturer at an institute of
  teachers that they never had an educational revival in Massachusetts like that
  which followed the lectures of the present Superintendent of Public Instruction,
  in Pennsylvania.
  
      A mere allusion to the distinguished educators of the Reformed, Lutheran and
  Moravian institutions will suffice. Among the dead stand out prominently a
  Krauth and a Schmucker, a Rauch and a Harbaugh, a Schaff and an Apple. Among the
  living there arc men whose theological, scientific and philosophical works have
  given them not only a national, but even an international reputation.
  
      The Pennsylvania-German is rapidly passing into the broader life of America.
  His mission will be accomplished when he and his German kinsmen unite with the
  English stock. Then each will contribute his own unique life-social,
  intellectual and religious-toward the making, not of a New England nor of a New
  Germany, but of a New Nation, whose members find their chief pride in being
  American citizens.
  
  
  Additional Comments:
  
  Extracted from:
  
  History of Northampton County
  [PENNSYLVANIA]
  and
  The Grand Valley of the Lehigh
  Under Supervision and Revision of 
  WILLIAM J. HELLER
  
  Assisted by AN ADVISORY BOARD OF EDITORS
  VOLUME I
  1920 
  THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL SOCIETY
  HOSTON    NEW YORK     CHICAGO
  
  
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