Philadelphia County PA Archives History - Books .....History Of The Jefferson Medical College Of Philadelphia 1917
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Book Title: General Alumni Catalogue Of Jefferson Medical College

THE JEFFERSON MEDICAL COLLEGE OF PHILADELPHIA.
BY J. W. HOLLAND, A. M., M. D.

IN the first quarter of the last century certain physicians, ambitious to teach
medicine, made unsuccessful attempts to secure from the Legislature a charter
for a second medical school in Philadelphia. So much reproach was cast upon any
graduate of the existing school who would endeavor to set up a rival to his alma
mater that few had the audacity to try it.

    Social influence proved strong enough either to nip such enterprises in the
bud or to blight them before the Legislature. Dr. George McClellan, a man of
restless energy, fertile in expedients, determined if possible to organize a
medical school under the authority of some literary college already chartered by
the State.

    On June 2, 1824, in company with Drs. John Eberle, Joseph Klapp and Jacob
Green, he sent a communication to the Trustees of Jefferson College, an
institution founded in 1802 and situated at Canonsburg, Washington County,
Pennsylvania, proposing a plan for a medical department at Philadelphia, in
which these four should be part of the faculty.

    The Trustees adopted the suggestion and established a medical faculty of six
chairs in the city of Philadelphia, as a constituent part of Jefferson College,
under the name of the "Jefferson Medical College." In the winter of 1825-26 an
enlargement of their charter was obtained, which authorized them to appoint ten
additional Trustees in the city of Philadelphia. Rev. Ashbel Green, D. D., who
was possessed both of influence and learning, wise in council, and of great
decision of character, at one time President of Princeton College, was appointed
Chairman of the additional Trustees, and held office until his death in May,
1848. In 1826, an Act of the Legislature enlarged the charter, giving the right
to grant the medical degree. Two years after, the Philadelphia Board was
authorized to have almost entire management of the affairs of the Medical
College, the parent Board retaining the right to reverse the proceedings when in
their judgment the interests of the College required this action. This
relationship survived until the winter of 1837-38, when it terminated by the
Medical College obtaining a separate charter.

  . In organizing the first faculty Dr. Joseph Klapp resigned, and, in 1825, the
chairs were filled as follows: John Eberle, M. D., Theory and Practice of
Medicine; B. Rush Rhees, M. D., Materia Medica and Institutes; Jacob Green,
Chemistry: Nathan R. Smith, M. D., Anatomy; Francis S. Beattie, M. D.,
Midwifery; George McClellan, M. D., Surgery. Having no endowment wherewith to
build, they rented the old "Tivoli Theatre," now 518 Locust Street, altered its
interior to suit their purpose and announced a course of lectures for the winter
of 1825-26. The first class numbered one hundred and seven, and the degree was
conferred upon twenty in May by a writ of mandamus obtained from court, as the
charter of the College at Canonsburg had not yet been amended so as to enable it
to confer the medical degree.

    In the summer of 1826 Dr. W. P. C. Barton was appointed to a new chair of
Materia Medica. Litigation and discord between two of the Professors affected
unfavorably the class of 1826-27. The old theatre building proving entirely
inadequate, a member of the Board of Trustees, Rev. Ezra Styles Ely, D. D.,
offered to advance the money to erect a suitable building, the College to take a
lease upon it for five years.

    This building was constructed upon a lot situated on Tenth Street, between
what are now called Sansom and Moravian Streets. By August, 1828, it was ready
for the tenant, which as renter or owner has been in continuous possession ever
since.

    The Chair of Midwifery having been declared vacant, Dr. John Barnes was
appointed lecturer pro tempore for one session, and in April, 1827, he was
elected Professor. At the opening of the session of 1827-28, Dr. N. R. Smith
resigned the chair of Anatomy. The juncture was critical, but Dr. George
McClellan undertook the course on anatomy as well as his own on surgery. The
Trustees being dissatisfied with the teaching in midwifery, on June 19, 1828,
all the chairs were vacated, and on the 26th of the same month the Faculty was
reconstructed as follows: Surgery, George McClellan, M. D.; Medicine, John
Eberle, M. D.; Materia Medica, W. P. C. Barton, M. D.; Institutes, B. Rush
Rhees, M. D.; Chemistry, Jacob Green, M. D. As the chairs of Midwifery and
Anatomy were vacant, Dr. Eberle took the extra work in midwifery, and anatomy
was taught by Dr. George McClellan, assisted by the Demonstrator, Dr. Samuel
McClellan.

    In January, 1830, Dr. George McClellan was relieved of anatomical teaching
by the appointment of his brother, Dr. Samuel McClellan, to the chair. In the
hope of securing a more satisfactory assignment of labors in 1830, Dr. Barton
having resigned, Dr. Eberle was transferred to the chair of Materia Medica,
while undertaking to teach midwifery, and Dr. Daniel Drake, of Cincinnati, was
appointed to the chair of Practice of Medicine. The session of 1830-31 opened
with every professorship occupied by a man of proved ability as a writer and
teacher. At the end of the session a disaster was experienced in the resignation
of two of the most eminent professors, Daniel Drake and John Eberle. This loss
and other changes made in the personnel from various causes had an unfortunate
influence upon the prosperity of the institution. For the session of 1831-32 Dr.
Usher Parsons, of Providence, R. I., held the chair of midwifery; Dr. Granville
Sharp Pattison, of Anatomy, vice Dr. Samuel McClellan resigned. At the end of
the session Dr. Parsons resigned and Dr. Samuel McClellan was appointed
Professor of Midwifery, Medical Jurisprudence and Diseases of Women and
Children. By 1834, Dr. John Revere had been appointed Professor of Medicine and
a mutually acceptable organization was effected, which persisted for six
prosperous years. The teaching corps was much strengthened by the election of
Dr. Robley Dunglison to the chair of Institutes in June, 1836.

    In 1838, the larger classes called for more commodious quarters, and it was
decided that the old building must be altered and enlarged. To do this it was
desirable that the title to the property, hitherto vested in Rev. E. S. Ely,
should be transferred to the Board of Trustees. As these Trustees in
Philadelphia were subordinate to the parent Board and could hold property in
their name only, a necessity arose for a distinct charter, which would enable
the Philadelphia Trustees to hold and modify the Medical College property as a
separate institution.

    At the session of the Legislature held in the spring of 1838, a charter was
obtained creating "The Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia," an
independent corporation "with the same powers and restrictions as the University
of Pennsylvania," and the Trustees then holding office were reappointed with
"power to increase their number to fifteen," and to be self-elective. At the
meeting which accepted the new charter the Board of Trustees closed the old
connection very gracefully by passing unanimously the following resolution:

    "Resolved, That the President be directed to communicate to the mother Board
at Canonsburg, that in accepting the charter which separates them from the
Jefferson College at Canonsburg, the additional Trustees are influenced by the
conviction that such a separation is for the mutual benefit and convenience of
both bodies, and desired it for no other reason; and that this Board will retain
a grateful sense of the kind and fostering care ever exhibited towards them by
the parent institution, and will in their new capacity be always ready to
acknowledge their past obligations and to exchange, in every way in their power,
kind offices with Jefferson College at Canonsburg."

    The Trustees executed a lease on the College premises for twenty years,
which gave them the privilege of paying off the principal at any time before the
lease expired. In time they came into full ownership of the property, having
made from time to time the alterations called for by the growth of the school.
The happy outlook was soon beclouded by the personal difficulties of the Faculty.

    These dissensions became so urgent that on the tenth of June, 1839, the
Trustees dissolved the Faculty, and organized another out of the more congenial
members of the previous body, with some new appointments. The name of Dr. George
McClellan does not appear in the reorganized faculty. In his place was Dr.
Joseph Pancoast, and Dr. R. M. Huston replaced Dr. Samuel McClellan.

   Dr. George McClellan is conceded to have been the master spirit in founding
the school. He had shown a marked aptitude for surgery before he studied
medicine. In ten years after beginning practice he was among the foremost
surgeons of the world, showing in his operations consummate skill joined to an
alertness of mind which made him ready for the most trying emergency. His
lectures evinced enthusiasm, clearness and thoroughness. His methods were
characterized by brilliancy and dash rather than by cool calculation. It was
very hard for him to submit to authority or to control the impulses of his
ardent temperament.

    In 1841, new difficulties came to a crisis, and on the Second of April, all
the chairs were again vacated, and the Faculty reconstituted as follows: Robley
Dunglison, M. D., Institutes; J. K. Mitchell, M. D., Practice of Medicine;
Joseph Pancoast, M. D., Anatomy; R. M. Hutson, M. D., Materia Medica; T. D.
Mutter, M. D., Surgery; Charles D. Meigs, M. D., Obstetrics; Franklin Bache, M.
D., Chemistry, succeeding to the chair on the death of Dr. Jacob Green. At last
was brought together a group of teachers of approved merit who would work in
harmony. Under their regime the College throve apace. During the first seventeen
years there had been many disagreements ending in withdrawals, some of them
involuntary. In that time there had been eight incumbents to the chair of
Midwifery. At different times vacancies had been filled for short periods by men
of unusual ability. Their stay was so short as to prefigure the early decline
which seemed to be the fate of an institution whose history was marked by such
extraordinary vicissitudes, due in the main to internal discords. Having lived
through bitter opposition, poverty and domestic contention, like a child that
has been delivered painfully and survived dentition, the eruptive fevers and the
dangers of puberty, the school had reached the maturity of its powers. With the
Faculty of 1841 came the reign of peace, order, and good fortune. There were no
changes in the Faculty for fifteen years. The confidence of the public and of
the profession was given in full measure to the friendly body of talented men,
and as a result the school was prosperous to a degree surpassing any other
medical school of its time.

    Prominent among the features contributing to its usefulness and popularity,
must be ranked its clinic. The virtual founder of the College, Dr. McClellan,
whose name is intimately associated with every phase of its early history, was
also the chief agent in creating its clinic. Having cultivated a charity
practice at his office, he easily supplied the infirmary at the College
building, and on May 9, 1825, before the first session, he performed the first
operation in its amphitheatre. When the new building was erected in 1828, a
small room in front, with an entrance under the staircase, was used by him as a
dispensary for his patients. He would draw upon these for illustrating his
lectures. From such small beginnings the clinic grew, under the new faculty, to
such dimensions that in a single year, 1856, no less than 802 medical and 813
surgical cases were treated, and capital operations of the rarest kind were
performed before the class by such adroit operators as Pancoast and Muetter. The
accommodations at the College had been so poor that as late as 1841 even those
who had undergone serious operations were sent to their homes in carriages.

    In 1844, two rooms were rented over a shop at the southwest corner of Tenth
and Sansom Streets, and grave cases were treated here after operations. The
anaesthetic power of ether was first exhibited in Philadelphia by Dr. Muetter at
the clinic, December 23, 1846. About 1849, the surgical clinic used two floors
of a building adjoining the College on the north. Later this was remodeled to
accommodate fifteen patients. In these narrow quarters the clinic was maintained
until the Hospital was built in 1877.

    To accommodate the larger classes, in 1846 more ground on the north side was
purchased for a new entrance and stairway, the lecture rooms were enlarged and
the old gable front altered by the erection of a classic portico and pediment.

    On the death of the President, Rev. Ashbel Green, in 1848, the Rev. C. C.
Cuyler served for one year and then was succeeded by Hon. Edward King, LL. D.,
who officiated until 1873.

    The failing health of Professor Muetter in 1856 caused him to resign. He was
elected professor emeritus. He had been assistant to Dupuytren in the Paris
hospitals, and while abroad had worked for months under other surgeons of equal
celebrity. He has the credit of having been the first to introduce into this
country the Edinburgh "quizzing" system. He was elected Professor of Surgery at
twenty-nine years of age, and at once displayed extraordinary talent as a
teacher, eloquent, polished and much beloved by his classes. He was equally
successful as a clinical lecturer and operator. The surgical clinic, by the
associated zeal and efficiency of Muetter and Pancoast, became so famous that
the amphitheatre was crowded with practitioners from all parts of the country.
Always lacking in physical vigor, though abounding in nervous energy, Dr.
Muetter was forced by increasing infirmities to bring his labors to a close. His
death ensued within a year at the early age of forty-eight The extensive Muetter
Museum and its liberal endowment under the administration of the College of
Physicians, serve to keep his name in the grateful minds of the new generations.

    His place was taken by S. D. Gross, M. D., recently Professor in the
University of Louisville, a graduate of the Jefferson Medical College of the
class of 1828, who had made a great reputation as a surgeon, writer and lecturer.

    The following year Dr. Huston resigned, was made professor emeritus, and was
succeeded by T. D. Mitchell, M. D., Professor in the Medical School of
Transylvania University, Lexington, Ky.

    In 1858, the Faculty was bereft of one of its most valued members by the
death, in harness, of Dr. J. K. Mitchell. Beginning his scientific career as
Professor of Chemistry in the Franklin Institute, he published original
researches on osmosis, the solvents for india rubber and the tests for arsenic.
Later he was the author of important papers on medical topics, such as the
spinal origin of rheumatism. His most notable contribution was his persistent
advocacy of the view then entirely new, but which is now universally accepted,
that malarial fevers, yellow fever and cholera are.produced by the presence of
low vegetable organisms in the body. On his death the professorship of Practice
of Medicine was conferred on Samuel H. Dickson, M.D., recently of the University
of South Carolina. When the Civil War broke out, as two-fifths of the class
usually came from the Southern States, it is not surprising that in two years
the roll of students shrank from 630 (the largest class which up to that time
had attended any medical college in this country) to only 275.

    The last course of lectures delivered by Dr. C. D. Meigs was in the session
of 1861-62. As professor emeritus for that year he took the place of the new
appointee, Professor Keating, whose health would not permit him to take the
chair. In the following year the chair of Obstetrics was permanently filled by
Dr. Ellerslie Wallace, some time Demonstrator of Anatomy. For twenty years Dr.
Meigs had been eminent among the associates who had given so much lustre to the
history of the College. Famous as a scholar, eloquent lecturer and writer on
obstetrical subjects, he was at home in the arts of painting and modeling, which
he used with great dexterity to illustrate his lectures. At his resignation the
Faculty made a minute which said, in part, that they "parted from him with
intense and enduring regret. Never could anyone have more closely applied
himself to the execution of the responsible duties that have devolved upon him."

    In 1864, the Chair of Chemistry lost its occupant, Dr. Franklin Bache, the
great-grandson of Benjamin Franklin, best known as one of the authors of Wood
and Bache's "United States Dispensatory." His eulogist, Dr. George B. Wood,
considered him an extraordinary man, who worked diligently and thus did much for
the public good—"presenting to the young men an example of all that is morally
excellent, lovely and of good report in mankind." He was succeeded by B. Howard
Rand, M.D., a practiced lecturer on chemistry in different medical institutions.

   After eight years of his connection with the College Dr. Thomas D. Mitchell
died in 1865. In his endeavors for the well-being and the instruction of the
students he acted conscientiously and harmoniously with his colleagues, who held
him in high esteem. His successor in the chair of Materia Medica was John B.
Biddle, M.D., an accomplished lecturer, who had won popularity as professor of
that branch in the Pennsylvania Medical College.

    In the session of 1866-67 the clinical opportunities were much enlarged by
the establishment of a daily clinic, the medical cases being allotted to the
skilful consideration of Dr. J. M. Da Costa as lecturer on clinical medicine. In
the same year more extended facilities for learning the specialties of medicine
and surgery were provided in a "summer course." The work of the faculty was
supplemented by Drs. W. H. Pancoast, S. W. Gross, J. Aitken Meigs, R. J. Levis
and F. F. Maury. In the following year this list was augmented by the names of
Drs. J. H. Brinton and W. W. Keen.

   After filling for twenty-five years the chair of Institutes of Medicine and
for fourteen the office of Dean, in 1868, Dr. Robley Dunglison was compelled to
resign by the ill health which in the next year caused his death. The Trustees
accepted his resignation with expressions of regret and elected him emeritus
professor. In him was a rare combination of varied culture and vast erudition,
made useful by an industry which produced the best medical dictionary of its
day, copious contributions to journalism and text-books on physiology, hygiene,
materia medica and the practice of medicine. The honors awarded him at home and
abroad gave him a prestige that lent impressiveness to the easy flow and grace
of his discourses. In his thirty years of medical teaching this "Father of
American Physiology" signed his name to at least five thousand medical diplomas.
The chair of Institutes was next occupied by J. Aitken Meigs, M.D., a physician
and anthropologist of repute.

    In 1870, the alumni formed an association to promote the interests of the
College and medical education.

    In 1872, Hon. J. R. Burden became President and Dr. J. M. Da Costa received
the appointment of Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine, made vacant by
the demise of Dr. Samuel Henry Dickson. During the fourteen years of Dr.
Dickson's connection with the College his courtesy and refinement had made him
agreeable to all, while his students reaped the advantage of his wisdom and ripe
experience. At this time the Hospital and Dispensary of the College were
treating annually about six thousand free patients, with one thousand surgical
operations, in quarters wholly inadequate.

    At the session of the Legislature of Pennsylvania in 1873, April 9, an act
was passed for the endowment of a new college hospital, by which the sum of one
hundred thousand dollars was appropriated to the Trustees of the Jefferson
Medical College. To the same purpose large private subscriptions were made by
the alumni and others. There was much anxious deliberation on the proposition of
removal to a more roomy neighborhood. The present central location was
considered most convenient to the patients who were the material for the
clinics. A spacious lot near by was purchased for the new hospital. At the same
time measures were taken to enlarge and improve the college buildings, to add a
new front and to equip new laboratories. The Hospital was formally opened
September 17, 1877.

    It was found that more money was needed from the State, and after petition,
an act appropriating an additional one hundred thousand dollars was passed and
approved by the Governor, June 17, 1878. To encourage contributions to the
endowment fund, the Trustees offered to establish and support one free bed on
the donation of five thousand dollars, or the annual payment of three hundred
dollars. By this authority a perpetual charity became the memorial of various
donors, such as I. V. Williamson, Henry C. Lea, Thomas A. Scott, Asa Packer, A.
Whitney and A. J. Drexel.

    On the 27th of November, 1878, provision was made for the creation of a
pathological museum in connection with the Hospital. A collection of wet
preparations, casts and wax models was soon made and arranged under the
direction of the curator, Dr. Morris Longstreth.

   After a service of more than a third of century, full of years and honors, in
1874, Dr. Joseph Pancoast resigned the chair of anatomy and was made professor
emeritus. The vacant appointment was given to his son, Dr. William Pancoast, who
as his demonstrator and adjunct had enjoyed his tutelage, acted as his
substitute and carried the prestige of his name. Dr. Joseph Pancoast's greatest
distinction was won as surgical clinician. His anatomical lectures were made
rich in practical information by his faculties of looking at the dry bones and
other anatomical details as things highly interesting to the surgeon, from their
relation to various surgical maladies. Among the great surgeons who played their
parts in the history of the institution he had been a most conspicuous figure.

    On the death of President J. R. Burden, in 1877, the Board of Trustees
elected E. B. Gardette as his successor.

    The failing health of Dr. Rand (who was a man of marked character though not
brilliant) having necessitated his resignation, Dr. Robert E. Rogers, the new
appointee, brought to the vacant chair an accession of strength by his
twenty-five years of experience and reputation as Professor of Chemistry in the
University of Pennsylvania.

    In this year the new Hospital was completed and in operation. Fronting on
Sansom Street, it was bounded on three sides by streets and on the fourth side
by a wide passageway. It was 107 feet square, five stories in height and could
easily accommodate 125 patients. Much valuable material for clinical instruction
was obtained from the outdoor department. The amphitheatre, provided for
operations and lectures, seated more than 600 spectators. The most approved
appliances for heating and ventilation were provided, and in fact the
construction represented the1 best knowledge of the time. The clinical lectures
were delivered daily, in the fall and winter by the faculty, in the summer by
the hospital staff.

    As the successor of the suave and sagacious Biddle, whose lectures were
refined to the last degree, but whose personality was even finer than his work
and who died in 1878, begins the connection of Roberts Bartholow, M. D.,
Professor of Materia Medica and General Therapeutics. He was widely known as a
medical author and in the Ohio Medical College had made his mark as a forcible
and popular teacher. In the session of 1879-80, Dr. J. Aitken Meigs being in his
last illness, Dr. H. C. Chapman was called upon as Demonstrator of Physiology to
deliver the course of lectures in that branch. In the following summer Dr.
Chapman, equally successful as investigator and teacher, was promoted to the
chair vacated by the death of Dr. Meigs. The lectures of Dr. Meigs had been
notable for their learning and literary finish, resembling in these qualities
the style of his predecessor, Dunglison. As a method of teaching physiology it
has given place to the superior-course of experiment with instruments of precision.

    The new laboratory building adjoining the medical hall was opened this same
session. It provided a room for section teaching in operative and minor surgery
and spacious laboratories for practical chemistry, microscopy and physiology.
The equipment for the uses of the student was thought at the time to be
adequate, but year by year new and better apparatus was added until in the
physiological laboratory the liberal expenditures of Professor Chapman provided
a most extensive outfit for study and research. In this year Dr. Morris
Longstreth was appointed Demonstrator of Pathological Anatomy. He obtained
material from the autopsies of the Pennsylvania and the Jefferson Hospitals and
gave instruction in pathological anatomy and histology. The laboratory of
materia medica and pharmacy in the medical hall was equipped in the following
year. Besides the necessary appliances for a practical course in pharmacy, a
room was fitted up with instruments for special researches in the physiological
action of remedies. These laboratories were put in charge of demonstrators under
the supervision of the professors of each branch. The lectureship on
ophthalmology held by Dr. William Thomson was made a professorship without seat
in the Faculty.

    At this time the statutes of Pennsylvania, like those of most American
States, contained laws against the desecration of cemeteries, which if enforced
would have made dissections next to impossible. Those in authority recognized
that an educated physician must know his anatomy well or run the risk of
liability to the law for malpractice, and this knowledge could be acquired only
by dissection of the human body. But at intervals a person connected with a
medical college would be caught in some overt act by officers sharing the vulgar
prejudice and the law would be invoked to punish him. At the instance of Dr. W.
S. Forbes, in 1866, a law had been enacted which partially obviated this by
allowing dissections upon the unclaimed bodies in Philadelphia County. In 1882,
urged on by the clamor of the sensational newspapers, a trial for desecration
was, brought against Dr. Forbes, while demonstrator of anatomy in the Jefferson
Medical College. He was triumphantly vindicated, but not without a publicity
which was intensely annoying and for a time injurious to his professional
practice. It was some compensation for this disagreeable experience that his
prosecution brought him the sympathy of his professional brethren and excited an
agitation in the ranks of the medical profession, which was communicated to
other enlightened citizens and thus Dr. Forbes became the instrument which
caused the enactment of a perfected anatomical bill, not only legalizing
dissections but providing for the compulsory distribution to the medical
colleges of all unclaimed dead bodies in the interest of the science which
devotes itself to prolonging human life.

    A desire to take repose after a lifetime of ceaseless mental toil caused
Professor Gross, in 1882, to resign the chair of Surgery, which he had made
illustrious for twenty-six years. He received the honor of being named professor
emeritus. After two years of retirement he died in his seventy-ninth year.

    Samuel D. Gross, M. D., LL. D. Edin., D. C. L. Oxon., LL.D. Cantab., was
born near Easton, Pa. At the age of twenty-three he was graduated doctor of
medicine in the third class that went forth from Jefferson Medical College.
After five years of practice he became Demonstrator of Anatomy in the Medical
College of Ohio, and with this office began his career of medical teacher, which
lasted for forty-nine years. After seven years of hard work, in which he
produced a treatise on the "Bones and Joints," and another on "Pathological
Anatomy," he was elected Professor of Surgery in the University of Louisville.
He held this position for sixteen years, in the meantime growing to be the chief
surgeon of the Southwest and helping to make the school the leading medical
center west of the Alleghenies. In 1856, he succeeded Muetter in the faculty of
his alma mater, dedicating to her the remainder of his life. In the years of his
connection with Jefferson Medical College he delivered twenty-six annual courses
of lectures, published his great "System of Surgery," edited for some years the
"North American Medico-Chirurgical Review," wrote many articles for the journals
and addresses notable for eloquence and lucidity. He was a skilful operator,
careful in diagnosis and profoundly versed in pathology. His lectures were made
acceptable in a high degree by his imposing presence, animated gestures,
sonorous voice and earnest manner. Consecrated to a work in which he excelled,
he was honored in life and in death is destined to a lasting fame.

    In their endeavor to make good the loss entailed by the withdrawal of Dr.
Gross, the Trustees provided that surgical instruction should be given by two
professors, and elected his son, S. W. Gross, M. D., Professor of the Principles
of Surgery and Clinical Surgery, and J. H. Brinton, M. D., Professor of Practice
of Surgery and Clinical Surgery, the last named a teacher of many years'
experience, who had achieved distinction as a surgeon in the late war. The
declining health of Dr. Wallace compelled him in 1883 to resign the chair of
Obstetrics, which he had adorned for many years. His was a strong personality,
shown in his power of impressing permanently upon the minds of his pupils his
clean-cut ideas. The vacancy was filled by the election of Theophilus Parvin, M.
D., LL. D., of Indianapolis, widely known as a writer and as a professor in
several medical colleges.

    The long and distinguished service of Dr. R. E. Rogers as teacher of
chemistry came to a close by his decease in 1885. Excelling in the art of
illustration by striking experiments, the exposition of his difficult science
lacked nothing for clearness of speech, while his delivery was always agreeable.
For the session of 1884-5 the lectures were delivered by Professor J. W. Mallet,
M. D., LL. D., F. R. S., who at the end of the session returned to his former
position in the University of Virginia. The chair was filled by the appointment
of J. W. Holland, M. D., who had thirteen years' experience as professor in the
University of Louisville.

    In the ensuing session a maternity department was organized in the Hospital,
and practical instruction was given to members of the graduating class in the
use of the laryngoscope and the ophthalmoscope.

    By the resignation of Dr. W. H. Pancoast in 1886 a vacancy was made in the
chair of Anatomy, which was filled by the promotion of Dr. W. S. Forbes, who for
seven years had performed satisfactorily the duties of demonstrator.

    Dr. Bartholow laid aside the cares of the deanship in 1887-88 and the
faculty chose Dr. Holland for this duty.

    In the next year provision was made for a better use of the hospital
facilities by the creation of five clinical lectureships, which were first
administered as follows: Orthopaedic Surgery, O. H. Allis, M.D.; Laryngology, C.
E. Sajous, M.D.; Children's Diseases. O. P. Rex, M.D.; Dermatology, A. Van
Harlingen, M.D.; Renal Diseases, J. C. Wilson, M.D.

    The death of President Gardette was followed by the election of Hon. James
Campbell in the year 1889. The untimely death of Dr. S. W. Gross occurred in the
spring of that year. Profoundly versed in surgical pathology, he was a warm
advocate of the antiseptic system in surgery, just then coming into vogue, and
did much to establish it as the ruling method at the Hospital. In his lectures
he was clear and emphatic, his discourse sweeping on in a river of words all
bearing directly towards his definite aim. In his stead was appointed W. W.
Keen, M. D., who had made a name equally distinguished in medical letters,
medical teaching and as an operator.

    With the session of 1890-91 a chair known as the Honorary Professorship of
Laryngology was created for Dr. J. Solis-Cohen, whose standing in this
department was of the highest. The rules now required that all matriculates who
could not show a certificate from an academy or college of a suitable
preliminary education should pass an entrance examination in English and in
Elementary Physics. A graded curriculum extending over three years was also
required.

   At the close of the session 1890-91, Dr. J. M. Da Costa, having taught
clinical medicine and practice of medicine to loving and admiring classes for
twenty-four years in this institution, resigned his chair, accepting the title
of professor emeritus. His successor, J. C. Wilson, M.D., had made his mark in
medical letters and medical teaching while engrossed with the cares of a large
professional practice.

   Owing to the poor health of Professor Bartholow in this session the course on
Materia Medica and Therapeutics was conducted partly by Professor Holland and
partly by Dr. A. P. Brubaker. In place of Dr. Bartholow, made professor
emeritus, who was a forcible teacher, with a rare gift of clear and succinct
statement, the Trustees elected Hobart A. Hare, M.D., who had made a name by his
researches in physiological therapeutics and as a lecturer on the diseases of
children. Dr. Morris Longstreth was promoted from the lectureship to the
professorship of General Pathology and Pathological Anatomy.

    In 1892, Hon. Joseph Allison, LL.D., was elected president and E. E.
Montgomery, M. D., recently professor in the Medico-Chirurgical College, was
appointed Professor of Clinical Gynecology with a seat in the faculty. The next
five years form a period of active evolution, with many additions to the
teaching corps. The faculty chair of Ophthalmology, the first incumbent of which
was Dr. William Thomson, after his resignation was occupied by George E. de
Schweinitz, M. D., late professor in the Polyclinic College, while W. M. L.
Coplin, M. D., recently professor in Vanderbilt University, became the successor
of Dr. Longstreth in the chair of Pathology and Bacteriology. The three-years'
course was now in operation and successful to a surprising degree, the
matriculation list reaching 711 in the session of 1894-95. The additional time
gave opportunity for the introduction into the curriculum of various special
branches of practice as required studies. A body of "clinical professors" was
instituted and the appointees chosen were men of recognized ability and
experience. Though without a voice at the Faculty meetings, each was put at the
head of a clinic with a staff of assistants serving as instructors to the
third-year class, which for this work was divided into sections of convenient
size. The list of newly appointed clinical professors was as follows:

    Henry W. Stelwagon, M. D., Dermatology; H. Augustus Wilson, M. D.,
Orthopaedic Surgery; Edwin E. Graham, M. D., Diseases of Children; F. X. Dercum,
M. D., Diseases of the Nervous System; Orville Horwitz, M. D., Genito-Urinary
Diseases; Edward P. Davis, M. D., Obstetrics; S. MacCuen Smith, M. D., Otology;
W. Joseph Hearn, M. D., Surgery; Howard F. Hansell, M. D., Ophthalmology; Wm. S.
Jones, M. D., Laryngology; D. Braden Kyle, M. D., Laryngology; J. Chalmers Da
Costa, M. D., Surgery; J. M. Barton, M. D., Surgery.

    A great many changes were made in the curriculum which, though small in
themselves, in the aggregate transformed the course, making it more varied, more
thorough and more practical. Although the course had been extended to three
years and each term lengthened six weeks, the demands of a rapidly growing
science created a need for more time. A compulsory four-years' course was
announced to go into effect June 1, 1895. As this step was taken antecedent to a
like action on the part of rival colleges, it was in full view of the fact that
it would entail for a few years diminished revenues, to balance which no
guarantee fund had been raised. The wisdom of this step has been shown by the
fact that the graduating class of 1898, made up of students who had taken the
four-year's graded course, was much larger than was expected. This was a long
stride in advance; how long may be best appreciated by a retrospect.

    The science, which five years before had been represented by seven chairs,
now called for twenty chairs, didactic and clinical, each standing for a
distinct branch of medical teaching. To direct the students' work it required
nine demonstrators, twenty assistants and ten instructors. In the olden time
there was but one laboratory— the dissecting-room. Now not only had suitable
buildings been provided for the new laboratories, but these were furnished with
expensive apparatus to which yearly additions were made. Where once there had
been no clinical instruction except in the two general clinics on medicine and
surgery, there were now not only these lectures, but instruction was given to
each student at the side of the patient in twelve separate clinical rooms and
wards. The ten clinical professors had thirteen chief assistants and fifty-six
subordinates, making a total of one hundred and thirty-seven members of the
teaching corps in the College and Hospital combined.

    When attempting to raise endowments to carry out the expensive improvements
they had projected, the Trustees and Faculty often encountered the objection
that as the receipts in excess of expenditures were divided among the Faculty,
they were practically asking for money to be given to the Faculty, and not to
the cause of medical education or suffering humanity. In order to end this
system, complete reorganization was effected by the Trustees, which was
cheerfully accepted by the Faculty. By their act of February 1, 1895, entire
control of the College and Hospital was assumed by the Trustees, the Faculty
receiving salaries in lieu of a proportion of the net receipts. The College was
put under the supervision of a standing committee of seven Trustees elected
annually. Another committee of like character had charge of the Hospital. Hon
Edwin H. Fitler had succeeded Judge Allison as President in 1893. After holding
office for two years, he had retired, and at the time of the re-organization
Hon. Joseph B. Townsend, LL. D., was President. His death in 1896 left a
vacancy, which was filled by the election of Hon. William Potter. President
Potter, unlike his venerable predecessors, was in the prime of life. In carrying
out his College and Hospital enterprises he had need for all his native energy
and tenacity of purpose. These qualities were supplemented by knowledge of
affairs and tact gained, by his experience in the world of affairs and diplomacy.

    Since the opening of the Hospital in 1877, which event has been previously
referred to, it had been a great factor in medical teaching as well as in the
cure of disease. Primarily intended as a hospital for teaching medical students,
this feature had been found to redound to the advantage of the patients. It had
at command without cost the professional services of leading practitioners of
medicine, surgery and the specialties, chosen for eminent ability. The surgical
and other treatment had been done openly under the eye of curious critics, quick
to detect inefficiency and to condemn neglect. A bright light of publicity beat
upon the clinician which inspired him to do his best for the case in hand. The
percentage of baffling and difficult cases had been unusually large. From the
city and all parts of this and neighboring States patients suffering from
complicated disorders were sent to this clinic for diagnosis and treatment.
Those calling for greater skill in surgery than the ordinary practitioner can
acquire were far from rare. To meet the call for the latest appliances a costly
"Roentgen Ray" apparatus was put in, and proved its value at once by wonderful
results. The building was commonly overcrowded, especially for the hours between
eleven and two. Not only was all the suitable room in the building occupied, but
the side corridors and dark closet-like places under the amphitheatre were daily
thronged with patients.

    The accident work of the hospital grew to great proportions. Its central
location was well adapted for the care of such patients who were quickly brought
to its doors by an active ambulance service. The disproportion between the
facilities afforded and the actual needs of the institution became so marked
that in 1892 the maternity ward was removed from its cramped and unsuitable
quarters in the Hospital to a rented building, No. 327 Pine Street. The
increased expenses entailed were met partly by the Trustees and partly by
private subscriptions raised by a Board of Lady Managers in charge of this
department. The success of this branch was mainly due to the personal efforts of
the ladies whose chairman was Mrs. E. D. Gillespie. By affiliation with other
charities, the devoted managers were able to care for the homeless children, and
exert an elevating moral influence upon those who came to them for help. The
nurses of the Training School and the students of the College received special
instruction at the Maternity from its medical director, Prof. E. P. Davis, M. D.
It was soon found that this building was overtaxed, and accordingly a more
commodious house, 224 South Seventh Street, was taken in the autumn of 1894.

    In 1891, a Training School for Nurses was established in connection with the
Hospital, by which a great improvement was obtained in the character of the
nursing. A well qualified Directress had charge of the School, who was assisted
in the teaching by lecturers who gave annual courses to the nurses on subjects
related to their employment.

    To maintain the Hospital in its beneficent work appeal was made to the
Legislature. The appeal was not in vain. Annually for six years or more the
deficit in running expenses was reduced by the $5,000 a year donated by the
State. In 1892 the sum of $100,000 was appropriated to aid in the construction
of a new building better suited to the demands of the time than the
twenty-year-old structure, found inadequate in many ways. To obtain this sum,
the Trustees were required to raise a large amount outside and begin work within
two years. The business depression of 1893 arrested all progress in this
direction and the appropriation became inoperative. In 1894 the Legislature
confirmed the action of their predecessors, and with this donation a six-storied
building was purchased, situated at the corner of Tenth and Moravian Streets,
adjacent to the Hospital. In the two lower floors of this building, called the
"Hospital Annex," temporary quarters were arranged for certain special clinics
by constructing partitions and hallways.

    A receiving and an examining room were provided for each of the following
outpatient departments: Diseases of Children, of the Eye, of the Throat and
Nose, of the Ear, of the Nervous System and of the Skin. In the main building
were still housed the dispensaries for Genito-Urinary Diseases and Diseases of
Women, besides those for General Medicine and Surgery.

    In 1896, the alumni having contributed $10,000 to purchase laboratory
appliances, which were of the most recent and improved pattern, and necessarily
very expensive, the Trustees set apart three upper floors for the elaborate
study of diseases, required by the advanced science of the day. It was at the
time considered the most complete hospital laboratory in this country. The
entire floors were renovated from top to bottom, with new plumbing, electric
lights and steam heat Abundant light shone in through large windows on three
sides. On the fourth floor was the laboratory for studying the normal conditions
of the tissues and fluids of the body. Each investigator was furnished with a
locked desk of substantial make for holding the apparatus needed in his study.
Other cases were placed about the room for holding reagents, chemical apparatus,
microtomes, blood measures and forty microscopes. Opening into the laboratory
was a record room for keeping the reports and archives. On the fifth floor was
the laboratory for studying diseased conditions of the tissues and fluids.

    The furniture was much the same as that on the fourth floor; the instruments
were adapted to taking observations of morbid changes in the blood in tumors and
inflamed structures. The microscopes belonging to this laboratory were of high
magnifying power and with very delicate means of adjustment. Connecting with it
was a photographic dark-room with appliances for developing the X-ray pictures
taken from the Hospital cases. On the sixth floor was the laboratory for
investigating the causes of disease. The bacterial germs of infection were here
studied with reference to their detection and destruction. Here the means, of
disinfection could be tested, adulterations of food proven and reports made upon
sewage pollution and the effects of filtration upon drinking water. The
direction of these hospital laboratories was given to Professor Coplin and to H.
F. Harris, M. D., who was made Associate Professor of Pathology and
Bacteriology, assisted by Dr. Randle C. Rosenberger as demonstrator, all of them
trained experts in this new field of study. In order to extend the benefits of
these laboratories to the many physicians whose college education did not
include this advanced culture, the Trustees instituted a. system of summer work
for post-graduates of medicine, in no way interfering with the regular
under-graduate winter instruction.

    Having established laboratories and some of the clinics in this building, it
was soon found that, although the Hospital congestion had been relieved
somewhat, every inch of floor space was occupied and more room demanded. The
urgency of this need developed a more far-reaching plan, which should provide
for the needs of this great charity through a long period of time. A great
modern hospital was projected, the ground for that purpose being the site of the
old college building, extending from Tenth to Juvenal Street, and from Sansom to
Moravian Street.

    In the winter of 1897-98 occurred the death of Professor Theophilus Parvin.
For many years he had enjoyed an international reputation as an authority in
obstetrics. To this he joined accuracy in scholarship, a graceful literary style
and a fervid eloquence peculiarly suited to public occasions. The vacant chair
was filled by giving to the clinical professor, E. P. Davis, the title of
Professor of Obstetrics and the didactic as well as clinical lectures with a
seat in the Faculty. To the professor of clinical gynecology, E. E. Montgomery,
was assigned the title Professor of Gynecology, his work to be both didactic and
clinical.

    In 1897, Professor Dercum was given a seat in the Faculty with the title of
Professor of Neurology and Mental Diseases. At the same time Professor J.
Chalmers Da Costa was elected to share in the didactic work with duties as a
member of the faculty. His title was Professor of the Principles of Surgery and
Clinical Surgery.

    The fidelity and enthusiasm of the group of clinical Professors suggested
the propriety of further recognition, and in May, 1904, they were admitted to
full faculty chairs, the qualifying title of "Clinical" Professor being omitted.

   At the same time, the business of the faculty was entrusted to the
"Administration Committee," which was made up of the former Faculty and in
addition two representatives elected annually by the remaining members of the
new Faculty.

    As this arrangement did not prove satisfactory it gave place, in May, 1908,
to the present organization of twenty-two professors of equal rank and
responsibility. To facilitate business the Faculty has been divided into nine
standing committees, which report to the general Faculty at the bi-monthly
meetings. The details of instruction, examination and discipline are delegated
to the Faculty, subject to the approval of the Board of Trustees.

    On December 17, 1905, occurred the death of Professor Forbes, at the age of
seventy-four years. The course of lectures in anatomy for the remainder of the
session was delivered by Dr. Addinell Hewson, who as Assistant Professor, had
for several years taken much of the burden from the shoulders of Professor
Forbes. After much consideration it was concluded to divide the work of this
important department under two full professors.

    Dr. Edward A. Spitzka, who had made his mark as writer and teacher while on
the staff of Columbia University, New York, was made Professor of General
Anatomy, teaching the students of the first and second year. Dr. George
McClellan, a grandson of the founder of that name, widely and favorably known as
Professor of Anatomy at the Academy of Fine Arts and author of several books on
the subject, was elected Professor of Applied Anatomy and assigned to the task
of instructing the third year students. Upon the death of Professor Brinton, at
seventy-three years of age, which occurred March 18, 1909, Dr. John Gibbon was
elected his successor. Dr. Brinton had graduated at the College fifty-seven
years before, and through all that time was connected with its teaching corps,
with the exception of the Civil War period, when he served as Surgeon and
Medical Director in the Federal Army. Dr. Gibbon had served on the staff of
surgical instructors of the College, and was one of that select body of eminent
men—the staff of the Pennsylvania Hospital.

THE NEW MAIN BUILDING.

   With the inauguration of the graded four-years' course was created a
requirement which the old buildings did not meet. For some years the Trustees
had struggled with the problem how to provide for the present and future classes
under a curriculum constantly developing with the advancement of science. It is
believed that the new buildings present a solution satisfactory as far as they
go. A much enlarged hospital building was projected which would supplement the
new hall and adequately provide for every modern feature in medical education.

   The new hall, fireproof in construction, is at the corner of Tenth and Walnut
Streets, with a front on Walnut and the side joined to the new laboratory
building. This situation has been chosen as the best for the purpose, because
its central location insures a constant supply of clinical material at the
dispensaries and at the Hospital, besides having the advantage of nearness to
the Pennsylvania Hospital. The exterior is designed in formal English
Renaissance, so as to suggest its academic uses, with a regularity of
construction in such marked contrast with the heterogeneous buildings
surrounding it as to enhance the dignity of its noble proportions. The
construction is fireproof throughout.

    The second floor has a large museum room, newly equipped by the donation of
Charles S. Smith, Esq. It will store in the best manner for study the great
collections of the late Professor Samuel D. Gross, of the late Professor Parvin,
of Emeritus Professor Da Costa, and a large collection of models, preparations
and specimens.

    The system for heating and ventilation embodies the latest principles and is
entirely adequate. Fresh air is taken from above the building through a special
shaft blown by an enormous fan over a heating stack of steam coils and forced
into every room. At the top of the exit shafts accelerators exhaust the foul air
from every room by a system of flues.

THE NEW LABORATORY BUILDING.

    The College has ten large laboratories for students, and seventeen smaller
private rooms for individual research. Most of these are provided for in the
structure which adjoins the medical hall and is directly connected with it. All
the student laboratories are lighted by windows on three sides, besides
incandescent electric lights, and have individual desks and outfits entirely
under the control of the students while working. This equipment was provided, in
part, by funds subscribed by the alumni; it has, among other notable features,
one hundred and fifty microscopes of the most recent make, a complete outfit for
electric lantern projection and one for photography, besides the microtomes,
models and other apparatus required for thorough study.

THE NEW HOSPITAL.

    No part of the history of the Jefferson Medical College is more interesting
than the evolution of its great Hospital, which is now under the skilful
management of Professor Coplin, who contributes the remainder of this sketch. In
May, 1825, several months in advance of the opening of the first session of
lectures, an Infirmary has been organized within the walls of the building in
which was to be inaugurated the infant medical college. On May 9, 1825, Dr.
George McClellan performed the first operation in the amphitheatre and in the
Infirmary administered to the first patient. From this modest beginning,
involving a single room, a small lecture amphitheatre and an outlay of but a few
dollars, was laid the foundation of the movement which nearly two-thirds of a
century later culminated in the erection and equipment of an institution at that
time the best of its kind on the continent.

    In 1841 the reorganization of the school provided for systematic college
clinics in both medicine and surgery. In 1843 rooms adjoining the College
building were rented and fitted up for the reception of patients. A gradual
increase in bed accommodation evolved this miniature hospital into one having
crowded accommodation for twenty patients. The growing work of the College and
the more general recognition of the vastly superior advantages of clinical
teaching, led the Faculty and Alumni to dream of better and more adequate
facilities, and eventually from the ill-defined dream evolved the hope which
later was to mature into a new hospital. Through 1870 and 1871 many plans for
financing the proposition were discussed, but aside from arousing enthusiasm and
awaking practical interest in the project, nothing of importance was
accomplished. In December, 1872, the Alumni Association met in the old College
building on Tenth Street and formally decided to act. On the condition that a
feasible plan for further financing projects would be matured, the sum of
fifteen thousand dollars was on this occasion pledged. Committees of the Alumni,
Faculty and Board of Trustees were formed for the purpose of soliciting
subscriptions, approaching the Legislature of the Commonwealth for a grant, and
in other ways raising the necessary funds. The Board of Trustees appointed a
Building Committee, consisting of Messrs. Phillips, Lippincott and Gardette, and
later a Finance Committee, composed of Henry M. Phillips, Asa Packer and James
Campbell. Later these committees were merged and joined with a committee of two
from the Faculty and a like number from the Alumni Association.

    On November 4, 1875, the contract was placed, and on April 27, 1877, the new
Hospital was completed and officially opened, receiving its first patient on May
1st. The new institution, with its entire equipment cost $185,919.83; it
afforded four large wards, a number of smaller wards adapted to isolation and
segregation of selected cases, and ten private rooms. The maximum capacity for
in-patients was 125, and the out-patient service was correspondingly small. Of
the former, 441 were admitted during the first year, 621 in the second and 890
in the third. A corresponding increase was shown in the out-patient department,
in which during the first year 4,659 patients were treated and in the third
year, 5,497.

   For thirty years this institution continued to grow in influence and in the
amount of work accomplished. During the last year of its existence as a Hospital
2,392 patients were treated in the wards, 3,840 emergencies met, and 101,229
visits paid by out-patients. In the thirty years of activity 2,000,000
beneficiaries passed through its doors, 50,000 accident cases were treated,
5,000 doctors were equipped in its halls, and nearly 150 nurses graduated from
its Training School.

    The amphitheatre of the Jefferson Hospital became renowned for the extent
and quality of the clinical teaching that it afforded. It was the arena in which
operated such surgeons of imperishable fame as the Grosses and the elder
Pancoast. There the illustrious J. M. Da Costa taught and the erudite Bartholow
lectured. "There spoke Levis, Parvin, Wallace, Biddle, Brinton, Maury and
others. There, as guests have stood Esmarch, of Kiel; Mikulicz, of Breslau;
Faure, of Paris; Lorenz, of Vienna; Bryant, Durham, Horsley, Ballance and
MacCormack, of London; Macewen, of Glasgow; Lawson Tait, of Birmingham;
Annandale and Cheyne, of Edinburgh; Emmett, Weir and Thomas, of New York; Senn,
of Chicago; our own Marion Sims, and a host of others."

    Gradually the institution became totally inadequate for the demands thrown
upon it. The higher standard of preliminary education required for the admission
of students, the lengthening of the course of instruction, the improvement and
extension of methods of teaching and other factors gradually led to the entrance
into .medical study of men possessing more advanced qualifications, and justly
demanding proportionately increased facilities. In this improvement of
conditions of medical education the Jefferson Medical College has ever taken a
foremost rank, and now felt no inclination to recede. The Hospital originally
was started as an adjuvant to teaching methods largely evolved within its hall,
and, while accomplishing, as no institution could have better done the purposes
for which it was created, had concurrently extended its influences along other
humanitarian lines becoming a magnificent charity. Brought forth as a teaching
institution, it grew to be one of the greatest charities among the many for
which Philadelphia is deservedly noted. The wards became inadequate for the
ever-increasing demands upon them; the out-patient departments no longer
afforded anything like proper facilities for the care of those applying for
treatment.   A new hospital was needed.

   While both Faculty and Alumni recognized the inadequacy of the old
institution and desired something better, it is particularly to the Board of
Trustees whose indefatigable energy has marked the rejuvenation of the new
College that all are indebted for the completion of the new Hospital. Fully
fifteen years before a stroke of work had been expended upon the new institution
the Board began feeling its way toward the consummation of an idea which was
then little more than a dream. Properties east of the old Hospital and lying
between that structure and the old College were purchased; a new College
building, at the corner of Tenth and Walnut Streets, was planned, constructed
and occupied. In this way became available a plot of ground extending from the
old Hospital to Tenth Street. For financing the proposition one million and a
half dollars was necessary. The location, in the midst of the most most [sic]
closely built-up portion of the city, demanded that it should be absolutely
fireproof, the enormous value of the ground prohibited the acquisition of a
large building plot and consequently the structure must be many storied. No two
elements add more to the expense of construction than fireproofing and height.
The institution must be ideal from sanitary aspects and in every detail adapted
to its contemplated purposes —a great charity, a tremendous teaching plant, safe
from fire and completely equipped. To attain these ends many paths had to be
blazed, requiring time and money, so that from the date upon which the architect
first put pen to paper to the dedication of the new building over five years
elapsed. It was worth waiting for.

    The old Hospital, when crowded, accommodated 125 patients; the new has ample
facilities for over 300. The old was dark, gloomy, inflammable—as were all
institutions of its time—the new capacious, fireproof, sunny and well
ventilated. Open streets on three sides with electricity for light and power,
assure a cool, quiet building in summer and steam heat affords a comfortable
winter temperature. Built of steel, brick, terra-cotta, concrete and tile, the
structure is fireproof. Capacious roof gardens afford facilities for open air
treatment preferable to lawns. Every ward possesses an out-door balcony. The
building contains eight operating rooms, each fully equipped for its specific
uses. Of the fourteen wards, seven afford accommodations for twenty-four
patients each, two for fourteen patients, and the smaller for from one or two to
eight patients. Numerous single rooms on the public floors are used for
isolation or seclusion of those dangerously ill or for other purposes requiring
segregation.

MATERNITY DEPARTMENT.

    The Maternity Department of the Jefferson Hospital occupies separate
quarters at 224 West Washington Square. Its wards provide for the care of
patients during- confinement, its dispensary administers to hundreds seeking
medical advice and aid, and by a most thoroughly organized system arrangements
are constantly maintained for attending poor women at home. Situated on the
border of a larger district in which poverty is common, the very location of the
Maternity Department renders it available in the most trying period of woman's
life. It affords help to the most helpless class and prompt aid at a time when
delay means danger and unobtainable assistance, death. Yearly it ministers to
hundreds of mothers and their babes. A maternity dispensary under the direction
of the Maternity Hospital is located at 2545 Wharton Street.

DEPARTMENT FOR DISEASES OF THE CHEST.

   The Medical Service of the Jefferson Hospital was extended in 1913 by the
acquisition of buildings located at 236 and 238 Pine Street. These buildings,
formerly used by the Henry Phipps Institute for the Treatment of Tuberculosis,
were completely renovated and modernized at a cost of over $20,000, and now
constitute the Department for Diseases of the Chest.

   The Department, which is under the direction of the Medical Department of the
College, is located in a crowded district of the city, supplying abundant
clinical material.

    Large dispensary facilities are available; medical advice and treatment are
extended to suitable walking cases of chest diseases. The Department provides
forty beds for the accommodation of patients suffering with pulmonary
tuberculosis, with suitable quarters for its own separate medical and nursing
staff.

    Adequate facilities for class teaching and the examination of cases are
afforded; students of the College are assured of a thorough special training in
the methods of preventing and treating tuberculosis. They are assigned to both
the Wards and the Dispensary for systematic instruction at definite periods.

   An optional course in Social Service work is offered. Students volunteering
for this course will be given the opportunity to visit the homes of the patients
and under the direction of the attending physicians and trained social workers,
investigate the various social problems involved in the care of the tuberculous
patients and their families.

THE DANIEL BAUGH INSTITUTE OF ANATOMY.

   Through a generous gift from Mr. Daniel Baugh, a Trustee, the needs of the
Department of Anatomy, including Biology, Histology and Embryology, are
adequately met. The building extends 135 feet along Clinton Street and 40 feet
along Eleventh Street; while a wing, 100 feet deep, extends to Cypress Street
with a frontage of 40 feet. The building is three stories high, with a smaller
fourth story over the Cypress Street wing.

   In the basement are situated the heating, refrigerating and incinerating
plants. On the first floor are the Administrative Offices, the Reading Room, the
Locker Room, the Museum, the Lavatory and the Lower Amphitheater, fitted with
modern projection apparatus. The second floor is occupied by a large
well-lighted Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, a Research Room, a
fireproof Incubator Room, a Storage Room and two Demonstration Rooms. On the
third floor a space measuring about 100 feet along Clinton Street and 40 feet
along Eleventh Street has been refitted as a Dissecting Room, equipped with 45
dissecting tables, while a smaller room is fitted for demonstration purposes.
The Dissecting Room contains extra wall tables for the study collection of
preparations of various kinds; each Demonstration Room is provided with suitable
tables, skeleton cases, suspension apparatus and adequate illumination. Toward
the Cypress Street side is situated the Upper Amphitheatre, over which is a
commodious room, well adapted to the instruction in Operative Surgery on the
cadaver. Throughout the building there have been installed the most modern types
of electric lighting, ventilation and heating. Through the gift of Mr. Baugh
another building was added to the Daniel Baugh Institute of Anatomy and Biology.
The new building fronts on Clinton Street and adjoins the original building.
During the Summer of 1914 the building was converted into laboratories and
private staff rooms, etc. Each floor has a connecting passageway with the
original building.

    The basement of the addition to the Baugh Institute will be used for a
students' locker room. On the first floor is the topographic and applied anatomy
laboratory, a tank room for anatomical specimens, and an aquarium room for
biological material. On the second floor are private staff rooms and an
evaporating room. On the third floor are private staff rooms and a few
demonstrating and quiz rooms. On the fourth floor are the photographic and dark
rooms.

    The new building was also equipped by Mr. Baugh. Among other items, the
added equipment includes a complete micro-photographic apparatus, a motor-driven
band-saw outfit for sectioning bodies, special porcelain tanks for anatomical
material, study and drawing tables, X-ray cabinet, electric incubator, binocular
microscopes, freezing microtome, etc.

    Through the further munificence of Mr. Baugh, a departmental anatomical
reference library was also provided in 1914.

MUSEUMS.

    The institution provides three teaching museums. That of Anatomy occupies a
large part of the first floor of the Daniel Baugh Institute of Anatomy. The
Museum of the College is 64 feet by SO feet, surrounded by a balcony 10 feet
wide, adequately lighted by large windows and skylight. The first floor and
balcony rail are equipped with modern steel and plate-glass cases of most
approved design and construction; the balcony wall cases are of wood.

    The museum contains numerous valuable specimens and models comprising the
accumulations of years. Among the most notable are the collection of bone
specimens made by the elder Gross, a group of models in wax prepared under the
supervision of the younger Gross, accurately reproducing tumors, both malignant
and non-malignant; also collections of wax models selected by the late
Professors J. M. Da Costa and Theophilus Parvin during their visits abroad.

    A refrigeration plant for the storage of fresh material renders possible
prolonged preservation and display of specimens from operations and post-mortems
and permits close inspection, demonstration and study of pathological material
under most favorable conditions. The museum also affords a large collection of
preserved and mounted, specimens arranged for study. Special groups are set out
in open cases for more convenient and closer study by members 'of the class. The
museum is open from 8.30 A. M. to 5 P. M. The curator or an attendant is
constantly present.

    In addition to the facilities mentioned, the College possesses a laboratory
collection comprising several hundred wet specimens used in demonstrations of
morbid anatomy to small sections of the class.

THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES.

    The names given below include first the members of the original Board of ten
Trustees, residing in Philadelphia, who stood by the struggling school through
all its dark days, and after them their successors appointed from time to time
to fill vacancies. The institution has been fortunate in the character of the
public-spirited men of business and the members of the liberal professions that
have been enlisted in its service. With no recompense, save the consciousness of
supporting an institution for imparting useful knowledge and helping to relieve
human suffering, they have ever guarded the interests of the College with
watchful eyes:

    Rev. Ashbel Green, D. D., LL. D.; Rev. Jacob J. Janeway, D. D.; Rev. C. C.
Cuyler, D. D.; Samuel Badger; Edward Ingersoll; William Duncan; Rev. Ezra Stiles
Ely, D. D.; James M. Broom; Hon. Edward King, LL. D.; Rev. G. R. Livingston, D.
D.; Samuel Humphreys; Charles S Coxe; Hon. Joel B. Sutherland; Jacob Frick;
David S. Hassinger; Hon. John R. Jones; Hon. Jesse R. Burden, M. D.; Samuel
Miller; John R. Vogdes; J. B. Smith; T. S. Smith; Rev. Joseph H. Jones, D. D.;
E. B. Gardette, M. D.; J. Altamont Phillips; Hon. John C. Knox; Charles M.
Prevost; Hon. J. Thompson; Hon. Henry M. Phillips; Hon. George W. Woodward; Hon.
James R. Ludlow; William B. Hieskell; Hon. James Campbell; Anthony J. Drexel;
George W. Fairman; Joseph Patterson; Hon. Ellis Lewis, LL. D.; George W. Childs;
Charles Macalester; Hon. Joseph Allison, LL. D.; Joshua B. Lippincott; Hon. Asa
Packer; Hon. William A. Porter; Hon. Furman Sheppard; John C. Bullitt; B. B.
Comegys; Ellwood Wilson, M.D.; Thomas A. Scott; Henry C. Gibson; Joseph B.
Townsend, LL. D.; Daniel B. Cummins; Simon Gratz; Edward H. Weil; Hon. Michael
Arnold; Charles J. Harrah; William V. McKean; Thomas Dolan; E. H. Coates; S. M.
Prevost; H. D. Welsh; Hon. E. H. Fitler; George D. McCreary; Thomas B.
Wanamaker; Edward de V. Morell; Luther S. Bent; Hon. William Potter; Joseph de
F. Junkin; Louis C. Vanuxem; Hon. Samuel Gustine Thompson; Louis A. Biddle;
William H. Newbold; Charles Hebard; Daniel Baugh; William M. Singerly; James P.
Townsend; Edward I. Smith; Samuel Goodman; Hon. George F. Edmunds; Hon. Mayer
Sulzberger, LL.D.; Charles C. Townsend; Daniel Moreau Barringer; Hon. Alba B.
Johnson; Alfred Moore; G. Colesberry Purves; William T. Elliott; David N. Fell,
Jr.; James C. Brooks; J. Percy Keating; John H. McFadden; Thomas Newhall; Samuel
M. Curwen; Charles E. Coxe.

PRESIDENTS OF THE COLLEGE.

    Rev. Ashbel Green, D. D., LL. D.; Rev. C. C. Cuyler, D. D.; Hon. Edward
King, LL. D.; Hon. Jesse R. Burden, M. D.; E. B. Gardette, M. D.; Hon. James
Campbell; Hon. Joseph Allison, LL. D.; Hon. Edwin H. Fitler; Joseph B. Townsend,
LL. D.; Hon. William Potter.


Additional Comments:

Extracted from:

GENERAL ALUMNI CATALOGUE
OF
JEFFERSON MEDICAL COLLEGE
1917

Compiled by W. J. Maxwell for Jefferson Medical College under the direction of
the Alumni Association.

J. Coles Brick, M. D., President
Henry K. Mohler, M. D., Recording Secretary
Elmer H. Funk, M. D., Corresponding Secretary
Warren B. Davis, M. D., Treasurer


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