Military: Civil War: Three Year Regiments- Part II: Taylor's Philadelphia in the Civil War, 1861-1865: PA

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                           PHILADELPHIA

                             in the

                            CIVIL WAR

                            1861-1865

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THE "CALIFORNIA" REGIMENTS LATER KNOWN AS THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE

Seldom, among the records of American soldiery, have the uncertainties 
of official procedure been more strikingly illustrated than in the case 
of the four so-called "California" regiments of 1861, which were 
destined to win fame and glory as the "Philadelphia Brigade."[61]

   [61] On April 21st, 1861, a meeting of citizens of California was 
   held at the Metropolitan Hotel in New York City, Senator Edward D. 
   Baker being one of the vice-presidents. Resolutions were adopted "to 
   raise a regiment composed of men from the Pacific coast and others 
   who might choose to join."

Early in May, 1861, a number of citizens of the Pacific coast, who were 
in Washington, decided that California ought to be represented in the 
Army of the Union upon the Atlantic slope, and to that end urged Edward 
D. Baker, then United States Senator from Oregon, to form a regiment in 
the East to the credit of that distant State. Senator Baker decided to 
undertake the task provided that he be allowed to enlist men for three 
years. At the insistence of the President, the Secretary of War 
addressed Senator Baker as follows: "You are authorized to raise for the 
service of the United States a regiment of troops (infantry), with 
yourself as colonel, to be taken as a portion of any troops that may be 
called from the State of California by the United States, and to be 
known as the 'California Regiment.' Orders will be issued to the 
mustering officer in New York to muster the same into service as 
presented."[62]

   [62] The Union force of actual Californians comprised eight regiments 
   of infantry, two regiments and one battalion of cavalry and a 
   battalion of mountaineers, all of which were engaged throughout the 
   war in maintaining order in the Department of the Pacific.

Senator Edward D. Baker was, at this time, a striking figure among the 
great men of the nation. He was fifty years old, and of commanding 
appearance and great eloquence. Born in London, England, he had 
emigrated in 1815, with his father's family, to Philadelphia, where his 
father taught school, and the future United States Senator found, when 
old enough, work as a weaver in a mill near Eleventh and Christian 
streets. When he was nineteen years old the Baker family moved to 
Illinois, where his career ran parallel with that of his friend and 
sometime opponent, Abraham Lincoln. Thus, in time, Baker became a 
Congressman, forsaking this honor to lead a regiment in the war with 
Mexico. Upon his return he was again sent to Congress from Illinois, 
after which he became associated with Isaac J. Wistar, of Philadelphia, 
in a law firm at San Francisco. It was largely due to his influence that 
California was held against secession intrigue. In December, 1860, Col. 
Baker found himself once more in Washington, as the first Senator from 
the State of Oregon. When, a few months later, the opportunity came to 
him to again assume the sword, he looked to New York city for the 
material of his projected regiment. Mr. Wistar, an old Indian fighter, 
advised him, however, to depend upon Philadelphia, and the latter, who 
became one of his officers, began recruiting here. As a result, of the 
ten companies raised, nine were from Philadelphia and one from New York 
city. As fast as companies were formed they were sent to New York city 
for muster and to camp at Fort Schuyler. They were regarded as a part of 
the regular army. They were uniformed in gray suits, which had been 
confiscated in New York when just ready to be shipped to a Confederate 
artillery regiment. The "First California Regiment" paraded in 
Philadelphia upon June 29th, 1861, many people supposing the men to be 
actual California soldiers. After a brief stay at Suffolk Park they were 
sent south. While in camp at Washington the regiment was increased to 
fifteen companies, the accessions coming from Philadelphia. Senator John 
C. Breckenridge tried to induce a revolt in the camp during the absence 
of Col. Baker, but the eloquence of their leader, upon his return, 
prevailed.

In October, 1861, by authority of the President, Col. Baker increased 
his command to a brigade. The additional regiments thus credited to 
California were those of Colonels Owen, Baxter and Morehead, all from 
Philadelphia, respectively designated the 2d, 3d and 5th California 
Regiments. The 4th California Regiment, as planned, was composed of 
artillery and cavalry. These troops were soon detached. After the 
unfortunate affair at Ball's Bluff, in which Col. Baker was killed, the 
State of Pennsylvania claimed these four splendid infantry regiments as 
a part of its quota, and they became known as "the Philadelphia 
Brigade," Pennsylvania Volunteers. The gray uniforms of the initial 
regiment, then designated the 71st Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, 
had been discarded for the Union blue, and the men were no longer in 
danger of being mistaken by their comrades for Confederates. Under the 
command of Brig.-Gen. W. W. Burns, they were now identified with Gen. 
Sedgwick's Division of the Second Corps.

The Philadelphia Brigade was unique in the history of the Civil War as 
the only organization of its kind coming from a single city of the 
North. The story of its achievements and losses forms one of the most 
brilliant pages in the annals of our citizen soldiery of the patriotic 
Quaker City.

   On July 1st, 2d and 3d, 1887, the veteran Confederates of 
   Pickett's Division were the guests of the Philadelphia 
   Brigade at Gettysburg, where these former enemies met in 
   the first assemblage of the kind on record.

   Again, on July 3d, 1913, a stirring incident of the semi-
   centennial week at Gettysburg, the few survivors of these 
   historic combatants met at "the stonewall." In token of this 
   final meeting each participant was given a medal provided at 
   the insistence of Hon. John Wanamaker.


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SIXTY-NINTH REGIMENT INFANTRY

Colonel Joshua T. Owen to November 29th, 1862
Colonel Dennis O'Kane to July 3rd, 1863
Lieut.-Col. William Davis to July 1st, 1865

Total Enrollment: 1,715 Officers and Men

The basis of this regiment was a body of Irish-American militia known as 
the Second Regiment, Second Brigade, First Division Pennsylvania 
Militia, out of which the 24th Regiment was formed for the three months 
enlistment, under Col. Joshua T. Owen.[63] At the conclusion of this 
service Col. Owen speedily organized a new regiment of ten companies 
which was accepted by the Government and mustered in by Col. Edward D. 
Baker as the "Second California" Regiment, August 19th, 1861. 
Subsequently, two companies of Zouaves known as the "Baker Guards" were 
added to the command.

   [63] Joshua Thomas Owen was a native of Wales. He graduated in and 
   practiced law in Philadelphia and established with his brother the 
   Chestnut Hill School for Boys. He served as a private of the First 
   Troop, P. C. C. in the three months' campaign, following which he 
   helped to organize the 69th Regiment Infantry. He was promoted as 
   brigadier-general for gallant conduct at the battle of Glendale, June 
   30th, 1862. After the war he became a legal publisher. Died November 
   7th, 1887.

The regiment was located at Camp Owen, Haddington, until September 17th, 
when it proceeded to Washington, where the men were promptly placed at 
work upon construction of defences on Virginia soil.

The 69th, now with Sumner's Second Corps, placed its first battle upon 
its flag at Yorktown, and to that Fair Oaks was added a few weeks later.

In the McClellan movement around Richmond, following the battle of 
Gaines' Mill, the 69th won fame by a spirited onslaught upon the 
Confederate line at Glendale, in support of the Pennsylvania Reserve 
Corps, an action pronounced by Gen. Hooker, who directed it, to have 
been "the first successful bayonet charge of the war." Ofttimes, on 
other fields, the 69th demonstrated its Celtic superiority in the use of 
the bayonet. At Antietam the regiment lost heavily. In November, 1862, 
Col. Owen became brigade commander and Lieut.-Col. Dennis O'Kane was 
promoted to the colonelcy. At Fredericksburg, in December, the 69th was 
in the thick of the fight, losing fifty-one officers and men killed, 
wounded or captured. At Chancellorsville the 69th assisted in covering 
the retreat. The Philadelphia Brigade marched with the Second Corps from 
Uniontown, Maryland, to Gettysburg, a distance of twenty miles, arriving 
upon the field late on July 1st. Here the brigade was placed in the 
Union center upon Cemetery Ridge. At this point, on the evening of July 
2d, a charge of the Confederate line, following Sickles' fight, was 
handsomely repulsed. The assault upon Rickett's guns at the right, 
occurring at about the same hour, resulting in the bloody repulse of the 
"Louisiana Tigers," has attracted far more historic attention. All day, 
July 3d, the 69th, with the 71st and 72d Regiments and two companies of 
the 106th, lay upon the battle line while the artillery fought its 
Titanic duel. Here, at the "copse of trees" was the center of the storm. 
At three o'clock the long, gray line of Pickett's men was seen advancing 
across the valley. The "flying wedge" of this heroic force headed 
straight for the stone wall. From the awful melee around the guns of 
Wheeler and Cushing the Philadelphia Brigade wrested victory.

Out of two hundred and fifty-eight officers and men in this scene of 
carnage the 69th lost six officers and thirty-six men killed, seven 
officers and seventy-six men wounded, two officers and sixteen men taken 
prisoners. Among the slain were Col. Dennis O'Kane and Lieut.-Col. 
Martin Tschudy.

The remnant of the 69th under Capt. William Davis, of Company K, was 
returned to Virginia, where there was more work to do.

In March, 1864, the survivors re-enlisted, and after a splendid 
reception at Philadelphia, returned, with Lieut.-Col. William Webb in 
command, to the old fighting ground, battling, in Hancock's Corps, 
through the Wilderness, at Spotsylvania, Cold Harbor and Petersburg. 
Here the 106th (originally the "Fifth California") was merged as a 
separate battalion with the 69th. At Reams Station Lieut.-Col. Davis was 
wounded and Major Patrick S. Tinen took command.

In February, March and April, 1865, the regiment shared in the battles 
of the final campaign, and in its last fight, at High Bridge, Virginia, 
witnessed the death of Gen. Thomas A. Smyth of Philadelphia, the last 
brigade commander to fall in the course of the war. This gallant officer 
began his military career as captain of Company H of the old 24th. Soon 
afterward the men who had re-enlisted and the recruits were transferred 
to the 183d Regiment.

The balance of the regiment was mustered out on July 1st, 1865.

TOTAL LOSSES
Killed or died from wounds - 12 officers; 166 men
Died from disease - 3 officers; 110 men
Wounded - 31 officers; 315 men
Captured or missing - 4 officers; 181 men

BATTLES
Yorktown, Fair Oaks, Peach Orchard, Savage Station, Glendale, Malvern 
Hill, Chantilly, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, 
Kelly's Ford, Mine Run, Wilderness, Spotsylvania, North Anna, 
Totopotomoy, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Strawberry Plain, Deep Bottom, 
Reams' Station, Boydton Road, Dabney's Mill, Hatcher's Run, Appomattox 
Court House


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SEVENTY-FIRST REGIMENT INFANTRY

Colonel Edward D. Baker to October 21st, 1861
Colonel Isaac J. Wistar to November 29th, 1862
Colonel R. Penn Smith to July 2d, 1864

Total Enrollment: 1,665 Officers and Men[64]

   [64] A portion of this regiment was recruited at Odd Fellows' Hall, 
   Frankford.]

The story of the formation of this command as the "1st California" 
Regiment has been outlined upon preceding pages. Soon after the death of 
Col. Edward D. Baker at Ball's Bluff, a lamentable affair in which the 
regiment lost heavily, the brigade was claimed as a part of its quota by 
the State of Pennsylvania and was so credited. The four commands were 
designated the 69th, the 71st, 72d and 106th Regiments, and became the 
"Philadelphia Brigade," Pennsylvania Infantry. Upon recovery from his 
wounds, inflicted at Ball's Bluff, Lieut.-Col. Isaac J. Wistar became 
colonel of the 71st. Brig.-Gen. W. W. Burns commanded the brigade, which 
was attached to Sedgwick's Division of the Second Corps. Early in 1862 
the 71st was engaged under Gen. N. P. Banks in West Virginia. The 
Philadelphia Brigade was soon transferred to the Virginia peninsula, 
where Gen. McClellan was operating against the enemy at Yorktown and 
Williamsburg. The Union advance was pushed to within sight of Richmond. 
At Fair Oaks the 71st was engaged in constant fighting and skirmishing 
for four weeks. After the battle of Gaines Mills the "change of base" 
from the Chickahominy River to the James River developed several attacks 
upon the army's endless wagon trains, in the course of which the 
regiment participated in four battles, making repeated charges and 
losing many officers and men before resting at Malvern Hill. At 
Harrison's Landing, upon the James River, five companies, L, M, N, P and 
R, were disbanded, the men being assigned to the depleted original ten 
companies. The scene of action was now transferred to the region in 
front of Washington, resulting in the battles of Chantilly and the 
Second Bull Run, where the 71st assisted in covering the rear of Pope's 
retreat. In the northward movement which checked the Confederates at 
Antietam, Brig.-Gen. O. O. Howard commanded the Philadelphia Brigade. 
The 71st left upon the field of Antietam one-third of its strength. In 
the Fredericksburg campaign, nearly three months later, the regiment, 
led to fruitless sacrifice by Lieut.-Col. John Markoe, was again a heavy 
loser. The survivors fought again, under Hooker, at Fredericksburg, 
after which they wintered in camp at Falmouth. The Second Corps, under 
Maj.-Gen. Hancock was sent, in June, 1863, to Pennsylvania. The 71st was 
now under command of Col. Richard Penn Smith. Arriving at Gettysburg the 
regiment was placed in the center of the battle-line. Upon the afternoon 
of July 2d the brigade became involved in a charge during the attack 
upon Gen. Sickles' position, but the supreme test of its endurance was 
reserved for the final scene. It was just at this point that the "high-
water line" of the great Rebellion is now fittingly marked. Here the 
gray billow broke against the solid wall of the Army of the Potomac, 
never to return. At Gettysburg the regiment lost ninety-eight officers 
and men. Following the retreating enemy back to the soil of Virginia, 
the Second Corps fought, through the autumn, over long-familiar ground. 
The 71st wintered at Stevensburg. When the army resumed operations in 
May, 1864, Lieut.-Col. C. Kochersperger was in command. He was wounded 
at the battle of the Wilderness. Capt. Mitchell Smith, who succeeded 
him, was killed at Spotsylvania. At Cold Harbor the regiment made its 
last stand. It was now entitled to discharge. The veterans and recruits 
were transferred to the 69th Regiment. One hundred and fifty-three men 
returned to Philadelphia and were mustered out on July 2d, 1864.

TOTAL LOSSES
Killed or died from wounds - 14 officers; 147 men
Died from disease or other causes - 1 officer; 98 men
Wounded - 24 officers; 372 men
Captured or missing - 10 officers; 320 men

BATTLES
Falls Church, Poolesville, Ball's Bluff, Fair Oaks, Peach Orchard, 
Savage Station, Glendale, Antietam, Fredericksburg (1862), 
Fredericksburg (1863), Gettysburg, Mine Run, Wilderness, Spotsylvania, 
North Anna, Bethesda Church, Cold Harbor. Present also at Yorktown, 
Malvern Hill, Bristoe Station and Totopotomoy


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SEVENTY-SECOND REGIMENT INFANTRY
(Baxter's Philadelphia Fire Zouaves)

Colonel De Witt Clinton Baxter

Total Enrollment: 1,600 Officers and Men

The Volunteer firemen of Philadelphia were patriotic, intelligent and 
brave, and were prompt in their response to the call of President 
Lincoln in April, 1861, enlisting in large numbers in the three months' 
regiments soon afterward in the field. At the end of this term of 
service they were equally ready to volunteer "for three years or the 
war." The regiment of Fire Zouaves which Col. De Witt Clinton Baxter 
formed was composed of this fine, hardy material, nearly every fire 
company in the city being represented in its ranks. Camp was established 
at Haddington, near the old Bull's Head tavern. The regiment was 
mustered in August 10th, 1861, and left for Washington on September 
16th. The command was assigned to Baker's Brigade, Sedgwick's Division, 
Sumner's Corps.

This brigade, having its origin as the "California Brigade" under direct 
authority of the President, was rated, at that time, as a body of 
regular troops. It was only after the death of Col. E. D. Baker that the 
several Philadelphia regiments of which it was composed were claimed by 
the State of Pennsylvania and given numerical designations accordingly.

While at Camp Observation, Maryland, the Fire Zouaves were increased to 
fifteen companies, having a muster roll of about 1,600 officers and men. 
The uniform then worn, of the showy French Zouave pattern, and the 
picturesque drill of the regiment attracted great popular 
admiration.[65]

   [65] The greater part of the regiment eventually discarded this 
   conspicuous uniform in the course of the Peninsular Campaign. At 
   Gettysburg the 72d was garbed in the plain blue uniforms of the 
   regulation pattern, the figure of the Zouave in bronze being but a 
   type of the regimental synonym.

Col. Baker fell at Ball's Bluff, Va., October 22d, 1861. He was 
succeeded in command of the brigade by Gen. W. W. Burns. The four 
regiments were re-christened as the "Philadelphia Brigade," and as such 
became a part, throughout their entire term of service, of the Second 
Corps.

After six months of comparatively peaceful guard duty and marches along 
the upper Potomac River and in the Shenandoah Valley the brigade entered 
upon the Peninsular Campaign, covering the interval from April 4th, when 
the march began from Fortress Monroe, to the return to that point on 
August 22d, and including the movements and battles outlined in the 
experiences of the 69th and 71st Regiments.

The 72d reached Alexandria, Va., on August 28th, hastening thence with 
the Corps to the support of Pope's force, arriving near Manassas in time 
to assist in covering his retreat. At Antietam the 72d met with severe 
and prolonged fighting and heavy loss. The campaign ended with further 
losses in the occupation of Fredericksburg and operations at 
Chancellorsville. The regiment was encamped at Falmouth, Va. to the 
opening of the Gettysburg campaign. The command reached the field on the 
evening of July 1st and went into position near the center of the battle 
line, and there, at the "bloody angle," stands today the Zouave, in 
bronze, typifying, with clubbed musket, the heroic hand-to-hand battle 
the regiment made on July 3d, 1863. When the advance of the Confederate 
column across the valley began the 72d was posted in support and to the 
rear of the batteries upon Hancock's front. As the enemy drove in the 
brigade pickets from the Emmitsburg road, the regiment was rushed to the 
front line, striking the assailants at the famous stone wall and the 
"clump of trees." Upon the morning of that eventful day the Fire Zouaves 
numbered four hundred and fifty-eight officers and men. After the fury 
of the conflict was past there were but two hundred and sixty-six of the 
72d left for further duty. Soon afterward Col. Baxter succeeded Gen. 
Webb in command of the brigade. Lieut.-Col. Theodore Hesser now 
commanded the Fire Zouaves, only to fall a few months later at Mine Run. 
In the campaign of 1864 the regiment fought in the Wilderness, at 
Spotsylvania, and again, with heavy loss, at Cold Harbor. At Petersburg 
the Philadelphia Brigade, all four regiments in line, stormed the 
Confederate defenses and held them. This was the 72d's last battle. A 
few days later the survivors were sent home and were mustered out.[66]

   [66] The semi-centennial anniversary of the muster in of the 72d 
   Regiment, Baxter's Zouaves, was celebrated by the survivors and their 
   families at Belmont Mansion on October 12th, 1911. Of the one hundred 
   and fifteen living at that date, sixty-five attended. Among them were 
   Major John Lockhart and Capt. Thomas F. Longaker, the only surviving 
   officers.]

TOTAL LOSSES
Killed or mortally wounded - 12 officers; 198 men
Died from disease or other cause - 1 officer; 119 men
Wounded in action, not mortally - 25 officers; 533 men
Captured or missing - 2 officers; 163 men

BATTLES
Yorktown, Fair Oaks, Peach Orchard, Savage Station, Glendale, Malvern 
Hill, Chantilly, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, 
Mine Run, Wilderness, Spotsylvania, North Anna, Totopotomoy, Cold 
Harbor, Petersburg


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ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTH REGIMENT INFANTRY

Colonel Turner G. Morehead to April 5th, 1864
Lieut.-Col. William L. Curry to May 11th, 1864

Total Enrollment: 1,020 Officers and Men

After the return of the 22d Regiment of the three-months' enlistments, 
its Colonel, Turner G. Morehead, a veteran of the Mexican War, and some 
of his officers commenced to recruit a new regiment for the three-year 
service. It was mustered in during August, September and October, 1861. 
Many members of the Philadelphia Light Guards and a large number of the 
enlisted men of the 22d joined this command, which was first known as 
the "Fifth California" Regiment, being part of Colonel Baker's 
California Brigade, but later as one of the four regiments composing the 
Philadelphia Brigade.

The 106th joined Colonel Baker's Brigade just prior to the battle of 
Ball's Bluff, Va., in which part of his force was trapped.

Under Brigadier-General William W. Burns, and as a unit to the Second 
Army Corps in the Second Brigade, Second Division, Second Corps of the 
Army of the Potomac, the 106th shared in all of the marches and battles 
of the Philadelphia Brigade through the Virginia Peninsula up to the 
gates of Richmond, and from Savage Station to Harrison Landing, fighting 
desperately at Savage Station, at Glendale and Malvern Hill, then in the 
succeeding Pope Campaign, where, at Flint Hill, acting as rear guard of 
the army in the retreat from the Second Bull Run, they led the enemy 
into a trap, inflicted great loss upon him and checked his advance in 
that direction, thence along the road that led to Antietam.

Here, with Gen. Oliver O. Howard as Brigade Commander, on that beautiful 
September morning, in what is known as the "West Wood," the brigade 
fought heroically against fearful odds when all the other troops had 
left, holding their ground until the enemy, in overwhelming numbers, 
swept around their flank, compelled them to retire, leaving upon that 
part of Antietam's bloody field five hundred and forty-five of their 
members killed and wounded.

The Second Corps now returned to Virginia and to Fredericksburg's fatal 
field where, for the first time, the Philadelphia Brigade was commanded 
by one of Philadelphia's sons, Brigadier-General Joshua T. Owen, who led 
his brigade in that fearful charge upon Marye's Heights, until he got 
within ninety yards of the famous stone wall, and, unwilling to give up 
one foot of the ground he had gained with such heavy loss, directed his 
men to lie down, and all that long, cold December day they lay there, 
subjected to both infantry and artillery fire, until relieved after 
dark.

The regiment had been so depleted by the storm of battle at Antietam and 
Fredericksburg that, after a winter in camp and accession of recruits, 
it reported to Gettysburg, along with the equally reduced 69th, 71st and 
72d Regiments, with but three hundred and thirty-five officers and men. 
The brigade was now commanded by Brigadier-General Alexander S. Webb. 
Arriving upon the field on the morning of the second, Companies A and B 
were at once advanced as skirmishers to the Emmitsburg road, and during 
the morning made a gallant attack upon the Bliss House, between the 
lines, and with the help of four companies of the 12th New Jersey 
Regiment, dislodged the enemy, burned the house and barn and captured 
one hundred prisoners.

Near the conclusion of the heavy fighting on the left of our line, on 
the afternoon of July 2d, when Wright, with his Georgia brigade, had 
swept around the right of Sickles' command and had captured the guns of 
Brown's Rhode Island Battery and was forcing his way to the position of 
the Philadelphia Brigade, Gen. Hancock ordered the 106th Regiment to 
charge upon the advancing enemy, upon whom the brigade was pouring a 
withering fire. Dashing over the low stone wall the regiment rushed the 
then discomfited enemy and drove him back to and beyond the Emmitsburg 
road, recapturing the guns of Brown's Battery and two hundred and fifty 
prisoners, principally of the 48th Georgia Regiment, including its 
colonel and twenty officers. The regiment returned to its position with 
the brigade and was immediately hurried to the right, upon request of 
Gen. Howard, leaving a detail of fifty men and two full companies, A and 
B, with the brigade, upon the front of Gibbon's Division of the Second 
Corps.

In the gathering shadows of evening a gray column of Early's men, among 
them the vaunted "Louisiana Tigers," was sent swarming up the slope of 
Cemetery Hill, east of the Baltimore pike, where Rickett's and 
Weiderick's batteries needed instant help, and the 106th arrived in time 
to join with the decimated regiments of Howard's Eleventh Corps, saved 
the guns of those batteries, and hurled back the few survivors of that 
gallant and deadly sortie.

On the morning of the fourth, the regiment was ordered to advance and 
reconnoiter towards the town. Finding their way but feebly contested, 
they pushed forward and found that the enemy had evacuated. Thus the 
106th Regiment was among the first to enter Gettysburg since the retreat 
through it on the night of July 1st. Its outpost line and the two 
companies that remained with the brigade shared the glory of the repulse 
of Pickett at the "clump of trees."

After Gettysburg, the Philadelphia Brigade, less than a regiment in 
numbers, returned to Virginia, and went into camp near Brandy Station 
for the winter, during which time many of the regiment re-enlisted. In 
April, 1864, Col. Morehead resigned.

During the summer campaign of 1864, battle followed battle with terrible 
regularity, as the waning fortunes of the Confederacy made its brave 
soldiery more desperate, and our men more determined to bring the war to 
an end, beginning with the three-days' battle of the Wilderness and 
continuing through Spotsylvania Court House, North Anna, Totopotomoy, 
Cold Harbor and Petersburg, in all of which the regiment was in the 
thickest of the fighting and suffered the heavy loss of five officers 
and one hundred and ten men from its already reduced numbers. Among the 
many lost at Spotsylvania was Lieut.-Col. William L. Curry, who died, a 
month later, of his wound.

Before Petersburg, the 106th was given surcease of fighting, when its 
term of enlistment expired, but unfortunately, before that event, on 
June 22d, 1864, three officers and ninety-one men were taken prisoners.

On July 27th the veterans and recruits were consolidated into three 
companies, F, H and K, and united with the 69th Regiment for field 
service, but retained its identity as a separate battalion. The 
remainder of the regiment was sent to Washington, and after a period of 
guard duty at Arlington Heights, for about thirty days, was ordered to 
Philadelphia and was mustered out on September 10th, 1864.

The 106th Battalion, left in the field, served through Deep Bottom, 
Reams Station, Boydton Plank Road, Hatcher's Run and Dabney Mills to the 
scene of the surrender of Appomattox, participated in the Grand Review 
at Washington, and was mustered out on June 30th, 1865.[67]

   [67] On October 18th, 1911, fifteen of the thirty survivors of the 
   regiment met at 1108 Sansom street to celebrate the semi-centennial 
   anniversary of organization. Those present were Col. R. W. P. Allen, 
   the only surviving original officer; Thomas Thompson, Dr. G. J. R. 
   Miller, Col. Joseph R. C. Ward, J. E. Heller, W. H. Huddell, George 
   Waldron, Joseph Weber, George Hellem, William H. Abrams, Daniel E. 
   Ridge, Maurice Finn and Sergt.-Major William H. Neiler.

TOTAL LOSSES
Killed or died from wounds - 9 officers; 90 men
Died of disease or other causes - 1 officer; 94 men
Wounded, not mortally - 24 officers; 373 men
Captured or missing - 5 officers; 152 men

BATTLES (Including those of the 106th Battalion)
Yorktown, Fair Oaks, Peach Orchard, Savage Station, Glendale, Malvern 
Hill, Flint Hill, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Haymarket, 
Gettysburg, Kelly's Ford, Mine Run, Wilderness, Spotsylvania, North 
Anna, Totopotomoy, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Strawberry Plains, Deep 
Bottom, Reams Station, Boydton Plank Road, Hatcher's Fun (February 6 and 
7, 1865), Hatcher's Run (March 25, 1865), Dabney's Mill, Appomattox 
Court House


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SEVENTY-THIRD REGIMENT INFANTRY

Colonel John A. Koltes to August 30th, 1862
Colonel Gustavus A. Muehleck to January 27th, 1863
Lieut.-Col. William Moore to February 8th, 1864
Lieut.-Col. Charles C. Cresson to August 24th, 1865[68]

   [68] Lieut.-Colonel William Moore was commissioned colonel January 
   27th, 1863. Lieut.-Colonel Charles C. Cresson was commissioned 
   colonel May 1st, 1865. Neither of these officers was mustered with 
   the above rank.

Total Enrollment: 1,260 Officers and Men

This regiment, largely recruited from the local German rifle companies, 
was originally known as the "Pennsylvania Legion." It was encamped, 
during the summer of 1861, at Engle & Wolf's farm, upon the east side of 
the Schuylkill River. The regiment, under Col. John A. Koltes, left for 
Washington upon September 24th, where it was assigned to Blenker's 
German Division. The autumn and winter were devoted to camp and picket 
duty in Virginia. Upon March 3d, 1862, three hundred and fifty men from 
the disbanded 66th Regiment were added to its ranks. In May the division 
joined Fremont's Mountain Department in West Virginia, the 73d scoring 
its first battle at Cross Keys. Under Gen. Sigel, the German regiments 
formed a staunch rear guard for Pope's retreat, incident to which were 
the battles of Freeman's Ford and Groveton. At the hard-fought battle of 
the second Bull Run, August 30th, the 73d was the target for deadly 
artillery fire, losing two hundred and sixteen killed and wounded, 
including Colonel Koltes, acting brigade commander, and Capt. Augustus 
Breuckner, acting major. Without further engagements the 73d wintered at 
Falmouth, Va. At this time Lieut.-Col. William Moore succeeded Col. G. 
A. Muehleck, resigned. Under Hooker's reorganization the regiment formed 
part of Col. A. Buschbeck's First Brigade, Second Division of the 
Eleventh Corps. At Chancellorsville the regiment lost one hundred and 
six officers and men, killed, wounded and missing. Among the killed was 
Capt. Henry J. Giltinan. Capt. Jacob Liebfried was mortally wounded.

After a week of hurried marching, from Edward's Ferry, the Eleventh 
Corps reached Gettysburg upon July 1st. At two o'clock P. M. the 73d was 
in position and charged into the town, assisting effectively in halting 
the Confederates. The regiment's second position fronted upon the 
Taneytown road, west of the Junction of the Emmitsburg road, being 
exposed to continuous artillery fire. An assault was made at this point 
by a Confederate column, which was repulsed with great loss. Upon the 
second the 73d occupied the same position upon the scene of the final 
Confederate assault in the afternoon. When the enemy withdrew, the 
regiment, with its brigade, occupied the town. The regimental losses 
were seven killed and twenty-seven wounded out of fourteen officers and 
three hundred and eighteen men present.[69]

   [69] Having no field officers the regiment was commanded in this 
   battle by Capt. D. F. Kelly. The 73d was among the first troops to 
   occupy the town of Gettysburg as the Confederates withdrew on the 
   morning of July 4th. Skirmishing with the rear guard of the enemy 
   from street to street, they were hailed with joy by the inhabitants, 
   who had remained concealed in their homes awaiting, with intense 
   anxiety, the issue of the battle.

At Alexandria, Va., during the remainder of the summer, the 73d was 
occupied, under Colonel Moore, who had returned, in convoying drafted 
men. In September the Eleventh Corps was transferred, under Gen. Hooker, 
to the West. Late in October the brigade marched from Bridgeport, Tenn., 
toward Chattanooga, having a skirmish en route at Wauhatchie. Upon 
arrival at Chattanooga Col. Moore retired from command, being invalided, 
and as the regiment had no field officers, Lieut.-Col. Joseph B. Taft, 
of the 143d New York Regiment, was placed in command.

The 73d was in the storming line at Missionary Ridge upon November 25th. 
In the terrific fighting which ensued, Colonel Taft was killed, and 
nearly all of the survivors of the 73d were made prisoners. The 
regimental flag was secreted about his person by Capt. John Kennedy, of 
Company H, and after his exchange, six months later, was brought safely 
home. The remnant of the 73d wintered at Chattanooga. In January, 1864, 
those who re-enlisted were given a veteran's furlough. The old Eleventh 
Corps, being merged into the Twentieth Corps, the veterans and recruits 
of the 73d marched and fought with Sherman to Atlanta, on to Savannah 
and northward through the Carolinas. The last commander of the regiment 
was Lieut.-Col. Charles C. Cresson. At Bentonville, N. C., it fought in 
the last important battle of the war. After the surrender of Johnston, 
at Raleigh, N. C., the 73d marched to Alexandria, Va., where it was 
mustered out on July 14th, 1865.

TOTAL LOSSES
Killed or died from wounds - 5 officers; 96 men
Died of disease - 114 men
Wounded, not mortally - 18 officers; 303 men
Captured or missing - 18 officers; 160 men

BATTLES AND ENGAGEMENTS
Cross Keys, Rappahannock River, Groveton, Bull Run (second), 
Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Wauhatchie, Missionary Ridge, Rocky Face 
Ridge, Resaca, New Hope Church, Pine Knob, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree 
Creed, Atlanta, March to the Sea, Savannah, Bentonville, Durham Station 
(Johnston's Surrender)


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SEVENTY-FOURTH REGIMENT INFANTRY

Colonel Alexander Von Schimmelfennig to November 9th, 1862
Colonel A. Von Hartung to July 11th, 1864
Colonel Gottlieb Hoburg to August 29th, 1865

Philadelphia Companies A and K
Total Enrollment: 197 Officers and Men

The 74th was largely composed of men of German birth or parentage. 
Originating at Pittsburgh, the majority of its recruits were from the 
western counties. It was mustered into the United States service as the 
35th Regiment upon September 14th, 1861, and was then sent to camp at 
Engle & Wolf's farm, near the Columbia Bridge, upon the Schuylkill 
River, Philadelphia.

Col. Schimmelfennig was an experienced officer of the Prussian Army, and 
this fact attracted many German veterans to the regiment. While at 
Philadelphia a detachment, locally recruited by Capt. Alexander Von 
Mitzel, was added to Company K. Later, while in winter quarters at 
Hunter's Chapel, Virginia, a Philadelphia company joined the command, 
under Capt. Von Hartung. This company had been on duty at Fort Delaware 
and became Company A. The number of the regiment was changed to 74th and 
it was attached to Blenker's German Division.

In March, 1862, the 74th marched to the Shenandoah Valley to reinforce 
Fremont's Mountain Department, assisting in driving Stonewall Jackson's 
force southward after the battle of Cross Keys. Under Major-Gen. Franz 
Sigel a forced march was made to Cedar Mountain. In Pope's movement of 
August, 1862, the regiment met the enemy at Freeman's Ford. Here Brig.-
Gen. Henry Bohlen, commanding the brigade, was killed, Col. 
Schimmelfennig taking his place. Battles followed at Groveton and Bull 
Run (second). During the Antietam campaign the 74th was posted in the 
defences of Washington. Col. Schimmelfennig having been promoted, the 
command fell upon Major Von Hartung, who subsequently became colonel.

Under Hooker, in 1863, Sigel's troops were in the disaster at 
Chancellorsville, where the 74th lost heavily while protecting the 
retreat. The First Brigade, Third Division of the Eleventh Corps, 
arrived at Gettysburg early in the afternoon of July 1st. The 74th was 
first advanced to the west of the Carlisle Road in support of artillery. 
In this position the regiment lost one hundred and three officers and 
men out of one hundred and thirty-four present (at the site of its 
monument).[70] The remnant retreated to the new line at Cemetery Hill, 
where those of the command who had been on picket duty rejoined. This 
position was held to the end of the battle.

   [70] (Quoted from dedication address by Capt. Paul Rohrbacker, 
   Gettysburg, July 2d, 1888.) The official records, as well as the 
   monumental inscription at Gettysburg, testify that the 74th numbered, 
   at that battle, three hundred and eighty-one officers and men, losing 
   a total in killed, 10; wounded, 40; captured or missing, 60.

Upon August 7th the Third Division, now under Brig.-Gen. George H. 
Gordon, was transported to South Carolina, serving upon the coast 
islands near Charleston until August 17th, 1864. In September the 
majority of the veterans were mustered out. The regiment was recruited 
and reorganized and assigned to guard the Baltimore and Ohio Railway. In 
March, 1865, seven new companies were added. The regiment was finally 
mustered out at Clarksburg, Va., upon August 29th, 1865.

Forty of the commissioned officers serving at various periods with 
regiment were from Philadelphia.

TOTAL LOSSES (Regimental)
Killed in action - 2 officers; 39 men
Died of wounds - 19 men
Died of disease and other causes - 1 officer; 71 men
Wounded, not mortally - 9 officers; 129 men
Captured or missing - 4 officers; 128 men

BATTLES AND ENGAGEMENTS
Cross Keys, Freeman's Ford, Groveton, Second Bull Run, Chancellorsville, 
Gettysburg, John's Island, James Island


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SEVENTY-FIFTH REGIMENT INFANTRY

Colonel W. Henry C. Bohlen to April 28th, 1862
Colonel Francis Mahler to July 1st, 1863
Major August Ledig to March 8th, 1864
Lieut.-Col. Alvin von Matzdorff to September 1st, 1865

Total Enrollment: 1,293 Officers and Men

This fine regiment was recruited in 1861 almost entirely from among the 
patriotic German citizens of Philadelphia. Numbers of its officers had 
been schooled in foreign armies. Col. Bohlen had served as aide to Gen. 
Worth, in Mexico. In recognition of this fact the regiment's first 
rendezvous, at Hestonville, was named "Camp Worth." The 75th was 
mustered in by companies during August and in September, prior to its 
departure for Washington, on the 26th. Joining Gen. Louis Blenker's 
German division the regiment established its camp at Hunter's Chapel, 
Va. Aside from minor detours the command remained here until the 
following spring. On April 6th, 1862, the 75th was sent, in inclement 
weather, to the Mountain Department at Winchester. At Berry's Ferry, on 
the Shenandoah river, while Companies I and K were being taken across, 
the craft utilized sank, drowning two commissioned officers, Capt. 
Christian Wyck and Lieut. Adolph Winter, and fifty-one men, who were 
engulfed by the weight of their accouterments. First Sergeant Joseph 
Tiedemann, of Company K, lost his life in an effort to save his captain. 
This tragic affair cast a long-felt gloom over the regiment.

Reporting to Major-Gen. Fremont at Winchester, on April 18th, Col. 
Bohlen was commissioned brigadier-general, and with Fremont's First 
Corps the regiment, under Lieut.-Col. Mahler, joined the other German 
regiments from Philadelphia in an advance in pursuit of the retreating 
Confederates up the Shenandoah Valley. At Cross Keys and Port Republic 
the 75th was engaged on the left flank, losing heavily. At this time the 
regiment became a part of the Second Brigade, Third Division, First 
Corps, of which Major-Gen. Franz Sigel, who had succeeded Fremont, was 
in command. This energetic German officer now led his troops eastward, 
across the Blue Ridge, in order to effect a junction with Gen. Pope's 
army. Lieut.-Col. Mahler received his commission as colonel on July 
20th. At the battle of Freeman's Ford, on August 22d, Gen. Bohlen was 
killed.[71] In close and desperate fighting at the second battle of Bull 
Run the regiment lost one hundred and thirty-three, killed and wounded. 
Among those killed were Lieutenants William Froelich and William Bowen. 
Five officers were wounded. More than a score of non-commissioned 
officers and men were honored with special mention in reports for 
bravery on this field. Sigel's corps was designated the "Eleventh" in 
November. When the army undertook its abortive winter sorties upon 
Fredericksburg, the 75th experienced its full share of mud marching. At 
Chancellorsville, May 2d, 1863, the regiment, upon the exposed right 
flank of the battle line, was overcome by an avalanche of Stonewall 
Jackson's men, losing in the confusion its Lieut.-Colonel and forty men 
captured. The regiment rallied near United States Ford and remained 
there until assigned a position in the second line of battle.

   [71] The body of Gen. W. Henry C. Bohlen rests in the family vault in 
   front of St. John's Evangelical Lutheran Church, Race Street below 
   Sixth Street.

The movement preceding the Gettysburg campaign began on June 12th. 
Nineteen days later the Eleventh Corps, approaching Gettysburg after a 
trying fourteen-mile march from Taneytown, on the morning of July 1st, 
heard the guns of the First Corps. Hurrying through the village, to the 
great joy of the residents, the Eleventh Corps formed its line of battle 
to the right of the Carlisle road, advancing to the attack at one 
o'clock. The two Corps here held back the determined and confident 
Confederates until late in the day, then retreating to a new position 
upon Cemetery Hill, providentially fortified by Gen. Steinwehr.

In its part of the conflict of that momentous day the 75th was arrayed 
against a portion of Dole's Brigade, Rode's Division, Ewell's Corps, 
which inflicted upon it a loss of seventy-two percent in killed and 
wounded, of the fifteen officers and one hundred and seventy-nine men 
actually on the firing line.[72] Two officers and twenty-nine men were 
killed, six officers and ninety-seven men were wounded and three men 
were captured or missing. This percentage of loss was exceeded at 
Gettysburg by but one other regiment, the 1st Minnesota, which recorded 
casualties of eighty-two percent. The losses of the 75th all occurred 
within the deadly half hour during which the command was under fire. 
Among the killed were Lieuts. Henry Hauschild and Louis Mahler; of the 
wounded Col. Francis Mahler and Lieut. William J. Sill died in 
consequence. After Col. Mahler had been wounded the command devolved 
upon Major August Ledig, an experienced officer.[73]

   [72] While in bivouac at Taneytown on the evening of June 30th fifty 
   men were detached from the regiment to assist in guarding the reserve 
   ammunition train. This contingent, absent on this duty from the 
   encounter of July 1st, has not been duly allowed for by military 
   writers generally in estimating the percentage loss on that day by 
   the 75th Regiment.

   [73] Col. Mahler was crippled in the thick of the fight by the fall 
   of his horse, which had been shot, but he remained a conspicuous 
   figure in the encouragement of his line, receiving a mortal wound at 
   the moment when the 75th, outflanked, began to fall back. At this 
   instant Lieut. T. Albert Steiger, in command of Companies I and K, 
   ran to his assistance and, despite the imminent danger of death or 
   capture, brought him, with great difficulty from the field. Col. 
   Mahler died on the morning of July 4th at the field hospital of the 
   Eleventh Corps.

The Eleventh Corps was transferred to the Army of the Cumberland in the 
autumn of 1863. At the end of its journey westward the 75th was 
stationed at Bridgeport, Alabama, to guard the railroad bridge spanning 
the Tennessee River at that point. In the subsequent movement to 
Wauhatchie the regiment was engaged in support of Gen. Geary's 
Pennsylvanians in the night battle of October 28th and 29th, taking some 
prisoners. The 75th was present at the several closing battles around 
Chattanooga, after which it was sent in the direction of Knoxville with 
a column moved for the re-enforcement of Burnside. On January 2d, 1864, 
the regiment was re-mustered as a veteran organization, and returned 
upon furlough to Philadelphia. Two months later, with many recruits, it 
rejoined the Army of the Tennessee near Nashville. At the battle of 
Franklin, Tenn., on November 30th, Company E, then on outpost duty, was 
captured. A large mounted detachment was organized in the fall of 1864 
for duty at headquarters, being thus engaged for several months in 
provost and scout service. Without further battles the 75th was retained 
in the army to September 1st, 1865, when it was mustered out, and 
arrived on the 12th in Philadelphia, having served more than four years. 
Two hundred and thirty-six officers and men were present at the 
discharge.

TOTAL LOSSES
Killed, or died from wounds - 6 officers; 57 men
Died from disease - 57 men
Drowned (on the Shenandoah) - 2 officers; 51 men
Wounded, not mortally - 11 officers; 219 men
Captured, or missing - 4 officers; 95 men

BATTLES
Cross Keys, Freeman's Ford, Groveton, Second Bull Run, Fredericksburg, 
Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Wauhatchie, Lookout Mountain, Missionary 
Ridge, Franklin, Nashville


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EIGHTY-FIRST REGIMENT INFANTRY

Colonel James Miller to May 31st, 1862
Colonel Charles F. Johnson to November 24th, 1862
Colonel H. Boyd McKeen to June 3d, 1864
Colonel William Wilson to June 29th, 1865

Philadelphia Companies A, B, C, D, E and F
Total Enrollment: 1,100 Officers and Men

The 81st, recruited in Philadelphia and the counties of Carbon and 
Luzerne by James Miller, a soldier of the Mexican War, was assembled at 
the camp near Easton, Pa., the officers and men being mustered in during 
August, 1861.  The regiment proceeded to Washington October 10th, there 
being attached to Casey's First Brigade, First Division, Second Corps.  
Routine duty occupied the winter and spring to the opening of the 
peninsular campaign.

At Fair Oaks the regiment experienced its first important battle, Col. 
Miller being among the slain.  Lieut. Horace M. Lee, of Company F, was 
mortally wounded.  Capt. Samuel Sherlock, of Company D, was killed on 
picket June 15th.  During the "change of base" the regiment fought at 
White Oak Swamp, Peach Orchard, Savage Station, Glendale and Malvern 
Hill, losing Col. Johnson, Captains Connor and Harkness wounded, and 
Lieut.-Col. Eli T. Connor killed.  Late in August the 81st was hurried 
to the field of the Second Bull Run, arriving at the end of the 
fighting.  On the way to Antietam, in September, the regiment assisted 
in clearing the pass at South Mountain.  The regimental losses at 
Antietam, chiefly incurred in a gallant charge by Richardson's Division, 
included Capt. Philip R. Schuyler and Lieut. William H. Vandyke, killed.

In the Burnside campaign against Fredericksburg the 81st was under fire 
at Falmouth.  In November Col. Johnson resigned because of wounds and 
Major H. Boyd McKeen was promoted to colonel.  At the battle of 
Fredericksburg, December 11th-15th, 1862, the 81st charged through the 
town with the division, losing Lieut. Clinton Swain, of Company C, 
killed.  In this assault, also, Col. McKeen and five captains were 
wounded and a large number of the rank and file were killed or wounded.  
In the Chancellorsville campaign of April, 1863, further losses were 
incurred.  Guarding the northward roads and clearing the passes en 
route, the Second Corps was occupied in June on its way to Gettysburg, 
arriving on the field on the evening of July 1st.  Taking its place in 
the line of battle, the 81st was posted, at first, near the cemetery, 
but later moved in support of Sickles' position in front of Little Round 
Top, here participating in the terrific fighting, in the afternoon, upon 
that portion of the field.  From one hundred and seventy-five officers 
and men present the regiment lost, killed, nine men; wounded, five 
officers and forty men; captured, eight men.

In the Mine Run campaign Capt. David J. Phillips was killed.  Early in 
January, 1864, the 81st re-enlisted, and, with the opening of the 
campaign, Col. McKeen was advanced to command of the brigade and Major 
William Wilson assumed command of the regiment.  This officer was 
commissioned colonel on October 30th, 1864.  After Spotsylvania the 
Second Corps essayed, without success, to dislodge the enemy at Cold 
Harbor.  Col. McKeen here fell, at the head of his troops, a dauntless 
leader, bearing the scars of three former wounds.

In front of Petersburg Capt. David H. Ginder was killed, during the 
assault of June 17th.  At Strawberry Plains, in July, Ream's Station and 
Deep Bottom, in August, the 81st won further laurels.  The winter was 
spent in the trenches before Petersburg.  In the final campaign the 
regiment escaped material losses to April 7th, when, almost within sight 
of Appomattox, the 81st was one of three regiments sent, under Brig.-
Gen. Nelson A. Miles, into a charge on the entrenched Confederates, and 
was nearly destroyed.  Captains Charles Wilson and John Bond, both 
Philadelphians, were killed.  At the end of this disastrous affair there 
remained only Col. William Wilson, two line officers, thirty-six 
enlisted men and the colors.[74]

   [74] Oration of Capt. Harry Wilson, September 12th, 1889, at 
   dedication of monument, Gettysburg, page 409, "Pennsylvania at 
   Gettysburg," Vol. 1.

The "thin short line" left in the field was returned to Washington and 
mustered out on June 29th, 1865.

The 81st lost more officers and men in the four years of service than 
any other command largely composed of Philadelphia volunteers.  Of the 
field and staff, four were killed in battle and two died from disease; 
of the line officers, fourteen were killed outright, and of the wounded, 
some afterward died in consequence.

TOTAL LOSSES
Killed, or died from wounds - 18 officers; 190 men
Died from disease, etc. - 2 officers; 89 men
Wounded, not mortally - 44 officers; 518 men
Captured or missing - 3 officers; 190 men

BATTLES
Yorktown, Fair Oaks, Peach Orchard, Savage's Station, White Oak Swamp, 
Glendale, Malvern Hill, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, 
Gettysburg, Bristoe Station, Kelly's Ford, Mine Run, Wilderness, 
Spotsylvania, North Anna, Totopotomoy, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, 
Strawberry Plains, Deep Bottom, Ream's Station, Petersburg (Squirrel 
Level Road), White Oak Road, Sutherland Station, Amelia Court House, 
Farmville (Cumberland Church), Appomattox


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EIGHTY-SECOND REGIMENT INFANTRY

Colonel David H. Williams to February 14th, 1863
Colonel Isaac C. Bassett to July 13th, 1865

Total Enrollment: about 2,300 Officers and Men

This regiment was organized at Washington, July 27th, 1861, nine 
companies being from Philadelphia and one (B) from Pittsburgh. It was 
attached to Graham's Brigade, First Division, Fourth Corps. In the 
course of its history it was consecutively identified with the First 
Brigade, Third Division, Sixth Corps; the Fourth Brigade, First 
Division, Sixth Corps; and the Third Brigade, First Division, Sixth 
Corps. The division remained on duty in the defences of Washington to 
March 10th, 1862, then advancing on Manassas, and a few days later 
embarked to Fortress Monroe and marched up the Peninsula against 
Yorktown and Williamsburg. At Fair Oaks, in its first severe battle, the 
82d lost thirty-two men killed and wounded. During June the regiment was 
engaged in the "change of base," being engaged at White Oak Swamp and 
Glendale. At Malvern Hill, July 1st, Lieuts. James B. Grier and Mark H. 
Roberts were killed. In September the division moved from Harrison's 
Landing, by transports, to re-enforce Gen. Pope. Following the battle of 
Chantilly the Maryland Campaign resulted in the battle of Antietam, the 
82d being under fire at Sharpsburg. Couch's Division was now transferred 
to the Sixth Corps, with which the regiment fought at Williamsport and 
in the December attack upon Fredericksburg. While in winter quarters 
Col. Williams was succeeded in command by Lieut.-Col. Bassett.

The campaign of 1863 opened with the Chancellorsville struggle. At the 
second attempt on Fredericksburg the 82d formed part of the assaulting 
column at Marye's Heights (May 3d), and also fought on the same day at 
Salem Church, losing heavily. Among the fatally wounded was Capt. John 
H. Delap.

The evening of July 1st, 1863, found the regiment encamped on Pipe 
Creek, near Manchester, Maryland, thirty-seven miles southeast from 
Gettysburg. Here the Sixth Corps began its forced march of seventeen 
hours. In the battles of the 2d and 3d of July the 82d had few 
casualties. The pursuit of Lee ended with an action near Funkstown, July 
12th. In the Bristoe Campaign the regiment supported the cavalry at 
Brandy Station, and in November was engaged at Rappahannock Station and 
Robertson's Tavern. Part of the regiment re-enlisted as a veteran 
organization while at Brandy Station on January 1st, 1864, being 
accorded a furlough home. Those who had not re-enlisted were sent with 
Shaler's Brigade to guard duty at the Johnson's Island Prison Camp in 
Lake Erie. This detachment returned to the front in May and participated 
in the battle of Spotsylvania. The 82d Veterans met with its greatest 
ordeal at Cold Harbor on June 3d, 1864, losing there, in killed, wounded 
and missing, one hundred and seventy-three officers and men. Among the 
killed was Lieut. Robert G. Creighton. Crossing the James River on June 
16th the brigade was involved in the operations in the vicinity of 
Petersburg until hurried, with the Sixth Corps, to the defence of 
Washington, then threatened by Early. The pursuit now led into West 
Virginia, with actions at Charlestown and Halltown. At Halltown the non-
veterans completed their term of service and were ordered home. The 
veterans and recruits were organized into a battalion of five companies, 
retaining the regimental number. This contingent served under Gen. 
Sheridan in the final Valley campaign and through the winter and spring 
siege of Petersburg. In its last battle, at Sailor's Creek, three days 
before the surrender at Appomattox, Lieut. William H. Myers was killed. 
Following the dispersal of the Confederates in Virginia the 82d marched 
to Danville and three weeks later turned homeward. After the Sixth Corps 
review at Washington on June 8th the battalion was returned to 
Philadelphia, and on July 13th, 1865 was mustered out.

TOTAL LOSSES
Killed or died from wounds - 5 officers; 107 men
Died from disease or other causes - 61 men
Wounded, not fatally - 21 officers; 378 men
Captured or missing - 52 men

BATTLES, ETC.
Warwick River, Yorktown, Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, White Oak Swamp, 
Glendale, Malvern Hill, Chantilly, Antietam, Williamsport, 
Fredericksburg, Franklin's Crossing, Marye's Heights (Fredericksburg), 
Salem Church, Banks' Ford, Gettysburg, Funkstown, Culpeper Court House, 
Rappahannock Station, Mine Run, Robertson's Tavern, Spotsylvania (non-
veterans), North Anna, Totopotomoy, Hawe's Shop, Hanover Court House, 
Cold Harbor, Weldon Railroad, Fort Stevens, Snicker's Gap, Charlestown, 
Halltown, Winchester, Siege of Petersburg, including Dabney's Mills, 
Hatcher's Run, Fort Steadman, Fall of Petersburg, Sailor's Creek, 
Appomattox Court House


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EIGHTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT INFANTRY
(Cameron Light Guards)

Colonel George P. McLean to December 14th, 1862
Colonel George W. Gile to March 2d, 1863
Colonel Louis Wagner to June 6th, 1865

Philadelphia Companies: C, D, E, F, G, I and K
Total Enrollment: 1,400 Officers and Men

This regiment was recruited under the title of the "Cameron Light 
Guards," three of its ten companies, A, B and H, coming from Reading and 
vicinity. The first camp (Stokley) was located near the Schuylkill 
river, just below the Wissahickon creek, the site, now appropriately 
marked, being within the present limits of Fairmount Park. The companies 
were mustered in during August and September, 1861. The regiment 
received marching orders and left the city October 5th. Muskets and the 
regimental number in the Pennsylvania line were provided at Alexandria, 
Va., where the command was posted through the fall and part of the 
winter. Upon February 18, 1862, five companies were sent to guard the 
forts upon the Maryland side of the Potomac. Two months later the entire 
regiment was ordered to rendezvous at Cloud's Mills, Md., where it was 
assigned to Brigadier-General A. Duryea's Brigade, First Corps, in 
company with the 107th Pennsylvania Infantry. On April 15th, 1862, the 
88th was sent to picket the railroad west of Bull Run. Early in May the 
regiment embarked at Alexandria for Aquia Creek, advancing, on the 11th, 
to the Rappahannock river. The tactics of the Confederates here defeated 
the Federal plans. After a return over the same route the 88th was 
entrained at Alexandria for Manassas. From this point, under Maj.-Gen. 
E. O. C. Ord, the Division started upon a march to the Shenandoah 
Valley, a trying and fruitless expedition, entailing a loss of about one 
hundred men upon the regiment, due to exposure and exhaustion. At Cedar 
Mountain, Rickett's Division, of which the 88th was a part, was placed 
in support of artillery. Pope's arduous campaign ended with the second 
battle of Bull Run. In this terrific contest the 88th lost twenty-eight 
officers and men killed (including Lieut.-Col. Joseph A. McLean and 
Capt. Belsterling of Company C), eighty-five wounded and forty-eight 
missing. Under Major Gile the 88th marched through Washington on the 
night of September 5th. With brief respite the regiment was hurried to 
South Mountain and Antietam, and reached this historic field with three 
hundred and fifty men. Here the loss was eighteen killed and sixty 
wounded. During the battle, Major Gile being wounded, Capt. H. R. Myers 
assumed command. A few days later the remnant of the 88th was led by 
Capt. Griffith, of Company H, who commanded until, on October 30th, Col. 
George P. McLean returned to the camp. Soon afterward this officer 
resigned because of ill health. Major George W. Gile was commissioned 
Colonel and Capt. Louis Wagner Lieut.-Col. Burnside's winter campaign 
against the stronghold of Fredericksburg involved the 88th in the costly 
assault upon the Confederate right at Franklin's Crossing, the 
regimental loss being seven killed (including Acting Adjutant Charles H. 
Kartsher and Lieut. George H. Fulton), and thirty-four wounded. After 
the famous "mud-march" of January, 1863, the regiment, now commanded by 
Lieut.-Col. Louis Wagner, who had been wounded at Bull Run, August 30, 
1862, occupied winter quarters at Fletcher's Chapel, Va. The campaign of 
1863 began with a brief advance, late in April, across the Rappahannock, 
and a forced march by the brigade to the Union right at 
Chancellorsville. The march of eighteen days to Gettysburg, under Major 
B. F. Foust, ended upon that field on July 1st.[75]

   [75] On returning from this arduous duty, Lieut.-Col. Wagner was 
   compelled to apply for leave of absence by reason of his wounds 
   breaking out anew. Later he was assigned to duty at Camp William 
   Penn, Chelten Hills, Pa., for the organization of colored troops, and 
   at the conclusion of this duty returned to the regiment and was 
   mustered out as Colonel, his commission dating from March 3, 1863.

Hurrying from its bivouac of the night before, the First Corps was the 
first body of infantry to reach the scene. Gen. Reynolds, with 
Wadsworth's Division, hastened to the support of Buford's Cavalry, 
northwest of the town. On arrival of Gen. Henry Baxter's Brigade it was 
placed in the line of battle from which, led by the 88th, a charge was 
made, resulting in the capture of many prisoners and three battle flags, 
of which the 88th brought back two.[76] Baxter's brigade checked the 
left advance of the Confederates until the Union artillery was 
withdrawn. In the re-alignment of the army, after the arrival of Gen. 
Hancock, at 3 P. M., Baxter's Brigade was placed at Cemetery Hill. 
During the afternoon of the 2d the brigade was sent to the left to 
assist the Third Corps, but returned after dark to Cemetery Hill. On the 
third day Baxter's Brigade served with the Eleventh, Twelfth and Second 
Corps in turn, and that night was advanced, as the Confederates 
retreated, on picket duty. The loss of the 88th was ten killed, fifty-
four wounded and forty-two missing, out of two hundred and ninety-six 
officers and men engaged.

   [76] The colors captured by the 88th were those of the 23d North 
   Carolina and 12th Alabama Regiments. The prisoners captured exceeded 
   in numbers the officers and men of the 88th present in the charge.

Through rain and mud the 88th now returned to the long desolated wilds 
of Virginia. Its subsequent service included almost constant movement, 
hardships and fighting. The regiment re-enlisted on February 6th, 1864, 
and enjoyed a furlough of two months. The old First Corps had been 
consolidated with the Fifth Corps. Many recruits were added. In the 
Wilderness, at Spotsylvania, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, and Weldon 
Railroad and through the waning struggle, down to Appomattox, the 
regiment added glory to its colors. In the final campaign, at Five 
Forks, the 88th's last battle, several of the original members, 
including Capt. Thos. J. Koch and Lieut. Daniel J. Lehman, were killed 
or fatally wounded.

The Fifth Corps remained at Appomattox until April 15th. After the 
surrender the 88th received an accession of several hundred conscripts. 
The original members who participated in the Grand Review at Washington 
numbered less than one hundred. The regiment was finally mustered out 
upon June 30th, 1865.

TOTAL LOSSES
Killed or died from wounds - 7 officers; 98 men
Died of disease - 72 men
Wounded, not mortally - 28 officers; 336 men
Captured or missing - 5 officers; 164 men

BATTLES
Cedar Mountain, Rappahannock Station, Thoroughfare Gap, Second Bull Run, 
Chantilly, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Mine 
Run, Wilderness, Spotsylvania, North Anna, Totopotomoy, Bethesda Church, 
Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Weldon Railroad, Dabney's Mills, Boydton Road, 
Five Forks, Appomattox


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NINETIETH REGIMENT INFANTRY

Colonel Peter Lyle

Total Enrollment, 1,600 Officers and Men

The 90th Regiment was a re-organization of the 19th Regiment of the 
three months service, and the parent command of both was the National 
Guard Regiment, 2d Regiment, First Brigade, First Division Pennsylvania 
Militia. On August 29th, 1861, at a meeting held at the National Guards' 
Armory, it was resolved to tender the services of the regiment to the 
Government. The War Department accepted the offer and recruiting was 
commenced at once. The 90th established Camp McClellan, at Nicetown, and 
remained there through the winter, leaving for Baltimore upon March 
31st, 1862, where arms were received. Three weeks later the regiment 
moved to Washington, from which six companies were sent to Aquia Creek 
and four companies to Belle Plain. Later the command was brigaded at 
Falmouth, Va., as part of the Second Brigade, Second Division, Third 
Corps. Near the end of May the Second Division was sent in haste to the 
Shenandoah Valley, but Jackson's "foot cavalry" had vanished and the 
troops returned to join Pope's army in time to move on Cedar Mountain, 
where the 90th was first under fire. For two weeks, beginning upon 
August 15th, the Second Brigade marched and skirmished up to the battles 
of Gainesville and the Second Bull Run, where the 90th was depleted by 
about two hundred officers and men in killed, wounded and prisoners. The 
90th was in line at Chantilly, but not actively engaged. On the way to 
Antietam the Second Brigade met and repulsed the Confederate force at 
South Mountain. At Antietam the 90th lost ninety-eight killed and 
wounded. Among the latter was Col. Lyle, Acting Brigade Commander. In 
September the regiment was transferred to the First Corps, with which it 
was identified through the ensuing eighteen months. At Fredericksburg 
the command lost, among those killed, Lieut. Charles W. Duke, of Company 
K, the first officer of the 90th to perish. In the Chancellorsville 
Campaign the regiment was in the battle line upon May 3d, sustaining 
some loss. Upon the night of June 30th, 1863, the 90th camped gladly 
upon Pennsylvania soil at Marsh Creek, arriving in position at 
Gettysburg to the left of the Cashtown Road when the battle was already 
raging, holding this position until the line was forced back through the 
town to Cemetery Hill, there entrenching. Chaplain Horatio S. Howell was 
killed in front of the Lutheran Church during the retreat.[77] The 90th 
numbered that morning two hundred and eight. All of its loss, a total of 
ninety-four killed, wounded or captured, was suffered in that heroic 
contest of the "first day" of Gettysburg. Among the officers wounded 
were Capt. John T. Durang and Adj. David P. Weaver. The First Corps was 
nearly destroyed.[78] In that great drama of the second and third days 
the 90th had but a minor part. Returning to the old Virginia battle 
region, the opposing armies surged to and fro through the autumn and 
early winter, the devoted regiments marching counter-marching, 
responsive to every alarm. The 90th added Mine Run to its battle list. 
In the course of the winter the First Corps was consolidated with the 
Fifth Corps, the 90th being united with Maine, Massachusetts and New 
York troops to form the First Brigade, Second Division.

   [77] A bronze tablet marks the spot where Chaplain Howell, refusing 
   to surrender, was slain.

   [78] The First Corps brought to Gettysburg 8,200 officers and men. 
   Its total casualties, in killed, wounded and prisoners, amounted to 
   5,683, leaving less than twenty percent to answer roll call upon the 
   morning of the 2d of July.]

At intervals the regiment received accessions of recruits, mainly in 
drafted men, most of whom deserted whenever possible to do so. With the 
opening of the Wilderness campaign the regiment met with disaster 
through a confusion of orders, upon May 5th, losing half of its 
effective strength of two hundred and fifty-one men in an unsupported 
charge. At Laurel Hill (Spotsylvania), upon the 10th, it again lost 
heavily, including Lieut. Jesse W. Super killed. The small contingent of 
the 90th yet remaining shared in the fortunes of the brigade (now in the 
Third Division) at Cold Harbor, North Anna and in the vicinity of 
Petersburg. The regiment was now under the command of Capt. William P. 
Davis. Its last important fight was incident to the destruction of the 
Weldon Railroad, south of Petersburg, where Lieut. James S. Bonsall was 
killed and a number of officers and men captured. Upon November 26th, 
while in garrison at Fort Dushane (Weldon Railroad), the regiment's term 
of service ended. Those entitled to discharge were mustered out, and 
upon arrival at Philadelphia were received with great enthusiasm. The 
veterans and recruits were attached to the 11th Pennsylvania Infantry. 
Of the original officers at the time of the discharge, Lieut.-Col. 
William A. Leech and Maj. Jacob M. Davis were in captivity. Eighteen 
field and company officers were mustered out with the regiment or were 
transferred to other commands. Col. Peter Lyle was one of the few 
Philadelphia officers of his rank were mustered out with their 
regiments.

TOTAL LOSSES
Killed or mortally wounded - 5 officers; 98 men
Died of disease - 1 officer; 126 men
Wounded, not mortally - See Regimental History
Captured or missing - See Regimental History

BATTLES AND ENGAGEMENTS
Cedar Mountain, Rappahannock Station, Sulphur Springs, Thoroughfare Gap, 
Bull Run, Chantilly, South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Fitzhugh 
House, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Mine Run, Wilderness, Todd's 
Tavern, Spotsylvania, Laurel Hill, Guinea Station, North and South Anna, 
Bethesda Church, Cold Harbor, White Oak Swamp, Petersburg, Jerusalem 
Plank Road, Weldon Railroad, Poplar Springs, Ream's Station, Hatcher's 
Run


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NINETY-FIRST REGIMENT INFANTRY

Colonel Edgar M. Gregory

Total Enrollment: 2,100 Officers and Men

The 91st Regiment was recruited in Philadelphia during the fall of 1861, 
and was mustered in on December 4th at Camp Chase, located east of Darby 
Road at Fifty-first Street.[79] On January 21st, 1862, the command moved 
to Washington, being there employed in camp routine and provost duty. 
From April 22d to August 23d the 91st was stationed at Alexandria, Va., 
of which city Colonel Gregory was Military Governor. On the latter date 
the regiment was assigned to the First Brigade, Third Division, Fifth 
Corps. The active field service of the regiment began with the hurried 
march of the Fifth Corps to Antietam, the First Brigade arriving after 
the battle had ended. The 91st was destined, however, to share in the 
severe fighting at Fredericksburg three months later, where the loss in 
officers and men was one of the heaviest inflictions experienced in the 
course of its service. While in line of battle upon the Fredericksburg 
road the regiment was subjected to heavy artillery fire, losing Lieut. 
George Murphy killed and Major Geo. W. Todd mortally wounded. In the 
desperate charge upon the heights later in the day the 91st lost two 
officers and eighty-seven men killed and wounded. In the battle of 
Chancellorsville, at the opening of the campaign of 1863, Col. Gregory 
was severely wounded.[80] Capt. Theo. H. Parsons and Lieut. George Black 
were mortally wounded.

   [79] Prior to this date a partially organized regiment being formed 
   by Col. Edward E. Wallace, and which had been in camp upon Ridge 
   road, was merged into the 91st, of which the latter officer became 
   lieutenant-colonel.

   [80] Colonel Gregory remained with the regiment and in the field to 
   the close of the war, and afterward, as an officer of the Freedman's 
   Bureau, he served to November 30th, 1867. Eventually, he died from 
   the effect of the wound he received in this battle.

The Fifth Corps reached Gettysburg on the morning of July 2d, and the 
91st was posted upon Little Round Top, a position which it occupied, 
despite the repeated assaults upon the left of the Union Line throughout 
the day, and which it held to the end of the battle. The 91st now 
marched and camped alternately, with occasional skirmishes, through 
forty-five days, traversing old battle scenes to the banks of the 
Rappahannock River.

On December 26th, 1863, nearly all of the regiment re-enlisted, arriving 
home on furlough January 3d, 1864, the event being signalized by parade 
in front of Independence Hall.[81] Six weeks later the command, with 
numerous recruits, rendezvoused at Chester, Pa., leaving for Washington, 
under command of Lieut.-Col. Joseph H. Sinex, and rejoined the Fifth 
Corps, which was soon afterward engaged in the series of sanguinary 
battles between the Wilderness and the James River. Colonel Gregory 
returned to the regiment at Cold Harbor. The 91st effected a crossing of 
the James River on June 13th, fighting its way to a junction with the 
forces in front of Petersburg, losing eighty-two men killed and wounded. 
Lieut. John Stewart died from wounds received in this movement. At this 
time the veterans and recruits of the 62d Regiment, Pennsylvania 
Infantry, not entitled to discharge, were assigned to the 91st. All of 
the subsequent service of the regiment, covering a period of ten months, 
was experienced south of the James River, the command taking part in 
nearly all of the engagements around Petersburg, including the 
destruction of the Weldon Railroad and the battle of Five Forks. In two 
affairs at Hatcher's Run the regiment lost, respectively, Capt. James H. 
Closson and Lieut. John Edgar, Jr., both of whom died from wounds. At 
Appomattox the regiment was among those detailed to receive the arms of 
the captured Confederates. Turning northward the regiment marched 
through Petersburg and Richmond to Washington. Following the Grand 
Review the 91st was encamped at Alexandria to July 10th, where it was 
mustered out, reaching Philadelphia on July 12th, 1865. In the course of 
its career the regiment experienced frequent brigade and division 
changes, but it fought, throughout, under the Maltese cross of the Fifth 
Corps.[82]

   [81] The men who did not re-enlist were transferred to the 155th 
   Pennsylvania Infantry.

   [82] Badges, distinctive of the several army corps, were issued by 
   general order from headquarters of the Army of the Potomac on March 
   21st, 1863. The form of the badge designated the corps. The divisions 
   of the respective corps were distinguished by the color of the badge. 
   The First Division, red; Second Division, white; Third Division, 
   blue, etc. Sheridan's Cavalry Corps wore a white badge in the pattern 
   of a sun-burst with a blue centre showing crossed sabres in gold. 
   Wilson's Cavalry Corps badge was a red banner suspended from a rifle 
   and emblazoned with crossed sabres. All of the army corps adopted 
distinctive badges excepting the Thirteenth and Twenty-first Corps.

TOTAL LOSSES
Killed, or died from wounds - 6 officers; 102 men
Died from disease or other causes - 2 officers; 84 men
Wounded, not mortally - 20 officers; 321 men
Captured or missing - 69 men

BATTLES
Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Rappahannock Station, Mine 
Run, Wilderness, Spotsylvania, North Anna, Totopotomoy, Bethesda Church, 
Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Weldon Railroad, Poplar Spring Church (Peeble's 
Farm), Raid on Weldon Railroad, Hatcher's Run, Dabney's Mill, Second 
Hatcher's Run, Boydton Plank Road, Five Forks, Appomattox Court House


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NINETY-FIFTH REGIMENT INFANTRY
(Gosline's Pennsylvania Zouaves)

Colonel John M. Gosline to June 29th, 1862
Colonel Gustavus W. Town to May 3d, 1863
Colonel Thomas J. Town to August 6th, 1863
Colonel John Harper to July 17th, 1865

Total Enrollment: 1,962 Officers and Men

Company A of the 18th Regiment, in the three-months' service, originated 
in the Washington Blues, a time-honored militia organization dating from 
1817, of which John M. Gosline was captain. After its term of service 
had ended Capt. Gosline with his Lieutenants, Gustavus W. Town, and 
Thomas J. Town, secured authority to recruit a regiment of infantry 
under the synonym "Pennsylvania Zouaves." Seven weeks later the command 
was ready for the field. All of the companies, excepting a part of 
Company B (which contained a contingent from Burlington County, N. J.), 
were recruited in Philadelphia. "Camp Gibson" was established in Jones' 
Woods near Hestonville. The regiment was known, numerically, as the 
"45th."[83] The uniform, of a modified Zouave pattern, was neat and 
picturesque. The regiment paraded through the city on October 12th, 
dined at the Union Volunteer Refreshment Saloon, and at 7 P. M. 
entrained for Washington, where it established camp. On the 24th it 
paraded as escort at the funeral of Col. Edward D. Baker, late commander 
of the "California Brigade." The regiment was attached to Gen. Oliver O. 
Howard's Brigade, but a few days later was ordered to Gen. John Newton's 
Third Brigade of Franklin's Division in the vicinity of Alexandria. The 
95th wintered here, and with the opening of the campaign of 1862, after 
a preliminary advance toward Richmond, Franklin's Division was sent to 
the Peninsula and first met the enemy at West Point at the head of York 
River. At Gaines' Mills, on June 27th, the Pennsylvania Zouaves met with 
fearful loss. One hundred and sixty-nine of its officers and men were 
killed or wounded. Among those who fell mortally wounded were Col. John 
M. Gosline and Major William B. Hubbs. Lieut. Hamilton Donahue was 
killed. The 95th shared in the subsequent battles and hardships incident 
to the "change of base," and in August returned by transport to 
Washington, being rushed at once to the assistance of Gen. Pope at 
Manassas. At Crampton's Gap, incident to the Antietam Campaign, the 95th 
had a little battle of its own, capturing many prisoners and gun from a 
Georgia battery. At Antietam Franklin's Division broke the Confederate 
line and held the field at the "Dunker Church." Here the 95th lost two 
killed and twenty wounded. After the futile demonstration under 
direction of Burnside at Fredericksburg the 95th built its winter 
quarters at White Oak Church. On April 28th, 1863, two Philadelphia 
regiments, the 119th and the 95th, were detailed to cross the 
Rappahannock River below Fredericksburg and protect the operation of 
building a pontoon bridge at the point which was afterward known as 
Franklin's Crossing, and which resulted in the storming of Marye's 
Heights and the coincidental battle at Salem Church. In this stubborn 
and sanguinary fight the 95th lost five officers killed, eight wounded, 
one hundred and sixty-nine enlisted men killed and wounded, and thirty-
seven men captured.[84] The dead included Col. Gustavus W. Town, Lieut.-
Col. Elisha Hall and Adjutant Eugene D. Dunton. Major Thomas J. Town was 
wounded. The 95th shared in the great march of the Sixth Corps to 
Gettysburg, being then under the command of Capt. Theodore H. McCalla, 
and numbering three hundred and fifty-six men. The regimental casualties 
at this field were small.

   [83] It was also numbered the "54th," but when, in the following 
   November, the regiment was credited to the State of Pennsylvania it 
   became the "95th."

   [84] Major-Gen. St. Clair A. Mulholland cites this disaster to the 
   95th in his book, "Heroism of the American Volunteer," in these 
   words: "This splendid Philadelphia regiment held an advanced position 
   where the fighting was desperate and severe. * * The "95th" ranks 
   with the 20th Massachusetts in having the largest number of field and 
   staff officers killed in a battle, each losing six."

The campaign through the balance of the year added to the regimental 
colors the names of Rappahannock Station and Mine Run. The 95th wintered 
in a fine camp on the Hazel River. While here two hundred and forty-five 
of the original members re-enlisted, this being the first regiment of 
the Army of the Potomac to veteranize. The campaign of 1864, under Gen. 
Grant, began on May 4th with an advance which continued through forty 
days of almost constant battling, which included the Wilderness, 
Spotsylvania, North Anna, Totopotomoy and Cold Harbor.

The regiment's first experience in this trying period was the loss of 
Lieut.-Col. Edward Carroll, killed, in the Wilderness, on May 5th, and a 
week later, at the "Bloody Angle" near Spotsylvania, where the regiment 
rushed to the support of the right flank of the army and saved the day, 
it was once more terribly depleted of officers and men.

In this hard-fought, but triumphant, campaign the regiment lost one 
officer and forty-two men killed, five officers and one hundred and 
twenty-three men wounded, of whom eleven afterward died.

The menace of Early against Washington sent the Sixth Corps hurrying to 
the defence of the capital. After the affair at Fort Stevens the pursuit 
of the Confederates led into the Shenandoah Valley and resulted in the 
battle of Fisher's Hill. At Middletown, on October 15th, the term of 
service of the non-veteran, original members expired. These men were 
detained and were engaged, on October 20th, in a fight at fisher's Hill, 
in which several were killed. The were mustered out on November 2d.

The veterans and recruits were organized into a battalion of four 
companies to which were joined a battalion of the 96th Pennsylvania 
Infantry, both under the designation of the 95th Regiment. This 
reorganized command participated in the battle of Cedar Creek, which 
cleared the region of the enemy. It cost the 95th nine killed and fifty-
seven wounded and missing. In December the Sixth Corps joined the army 
in front of Petersburg. The 95th had a share in the active work which 
led up to the end of hostilities in Virginia. At its final battle, 
Sailor's Creek, three days before the surrender, Capt. James J. Carroll 
of Company A, a veteran officer of the original regiment, was killed.

After a brief period of duty at Danville the regiment proceeded, by 
leisurely marches, to Washington, was mustered out on July 17th, 1865, 
and reached Philadelphia on July 19th, being finally discharged five 
days later.[85]

   [85] On the evening of October 12th, 1911, survivors of the command 
   held a reunion banquet in Philadelphia in celebration of the fiftieth 
   anniversary of their departure to the war. A majority of the one 
   hundred and thirty-three then known to be living were present.

TOTAL LOSSES
Killed or died from wounds - 11 officers; 172 men
Died of disease or other causes - 1 officer; 72 men
Wounded, not mortally - 20 officers; 410 men
Captured or missing - 76 men

BATTLES
West Point, Gaines' Mills, Seven Days' Battles, Crampton's Gap, 
Antietam, Fredericksburg, Franklin's Crossing, Marye's Heights, Salem 
Church, Gettysburg, Rappahannock Station, Mine Run, Wilderness, 
Spotsylvania, North Anna, Totopotomoy, Cold Harbor, Fort Stevens, Summit 
Point, Opequon, Fisher's Hill, New Market, Cedar Creek, Dabney's Mill, 
Petersburg (Fort Fisher), Petersburg (assault), Sailor's Creek, 
Appomattox Court House


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NINETY-EIGHTH REGIMENT INFANTRY

Colonel John F. Ballier to November 26th, 1862
Colonel Adolph Mehler to March 12th, 1863
Colonel John F. Ballier (re-mustered) to July 13th, 1864
Lieut.-Colonel Charles Reen to June 29th, 1865

Total Enrollment: 2,025 Officers and Men

Upon the return of the 21st Regiment of the three months' service, at 
the end of July, 1861, Col. Ballier formed, from its ranks and with new 
recruits, the 98th Regiment, which was gathered at Camp Ballier. The men 
were chiefly of German origin.[86] Eight companies left Philadelphia for 
Washington on September 30th. Two companies, G and H, joined the command 
in December. The regiment encamped through the winter at Tenallytown, 
Maryland. On March 26th, 1862, the regiment was embarked to Hampton, 
Va., soon advancing as part of the Third Brigade, First Division, Fourth 
Corps, up the Peninsula, first coming under fire at Williamsburg, May 
5th, 1862. As a part of the advance guard of the army the 98th marched 
to Mechanicsville, near Richmond, arriving there on May 26th. It thus 
missed the battles of Fair Oaks and Seven Pines, fought four days later. 
In the "change of base" the regiment skirmished near Fair Oaks, and, on 
July 1st, fought at Malvern Hill, losing about fifty killed, wounded and 
missing. Suffering much from malarial sickness, the regiment marched 
back to Yorktown and proceeded, on transports, to Alexandria, in time to 
assist in covering the retreat from Bull Run. In September, the march 
was made to Antietam, the division arriving after the close of the 
battle. After establishing winter quarters near Falmouth the respite was 
broken by the Burnside movement on Fredericksburg and the subsequent 
"mud march," in January, 1864.

   [86] Company A was the exception, most of its members being Irishmen.

When Major-Gen. Hooker took command of the Army of the Potomac the 98th 
was transferred to the Third Brigade, Third Division, Sixth Corps. With 
this historic corps the regiment fought at Marye's Heights and Salem 
Heights (both on May 3d). Here Col. Ballier was wounded and the command 
reverted to Lieut.-Col. George Wynkoop. Upon the 4th the regiment was 
again in action near Bank's Ford, losing twenty-nine officers and men 
killed and wounded.

At Gettysburg the Third Brigade was posted near Little Round Top in the 
rear of Sickles' position and near the Trostle house. Here, being out of 
direct gun fire, it was subject to few losses. After the close of the 
campaign of 1863, at Mine Run, on December 2d, the regiment established 
winter quarters at Brandy Station. At this time the command numbered but 
three hundred and twenty-nine; of these, all but one hundred re-enlisted 
on December 23d. In January the 98th was removed to Charlestown, West 
Virginia. Soon afterward, leaving the contingent not re-enlisted at 
Harper's Ferry, the regiment went to Philadelphia, on furlough. Again in 
the field, under Col. John F. Ballier, at the opening of the Wilderness 
Campaign, the regiment suffered repeated losses at Wilderness, 
Spotsylvania, North Anna, Totopotomoy and Cold Harbor. In five weeks the 
casualties were three officers and twenty-four men killed, six officers 
and one hundred and two men wounded.

At Petersburg the regiment assisted in the first Weldon Railroad 
movement, after which the Sixth Corps was hurried upon transports to 
Washington, joining the Nineteenth Corps, just arrived from New Orleans, 
in defending the Capital and its forts from threatened capture by Early. 
At Fort Stevens, a few miles north of Washington, Early's column was 
repulsed on July 12th and the crisis was averted. In this affair the 
98th lost thirty-six officers and men killed and wounded. Among the 
latter was Col. Ballier. In the Shenandoah campaign which followed, at 
Opequon, Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek (Sheridan's Ride), two officers 
and nineteen men were killed, six officers and fifty-six men wounded. In 
January, 1865, the remnant of the 98th left its camp, near Winchester, 
to again join in the siege of Petersburg. The regiment was now commanded 
by Lieut.-Col. Charles Reen. This officer was severely wounded on April 
2d in a skirmish which cost the regiment still further losses. After the 
surrender at Appomattox seven hundred drafted men and substitutes were 
assigned to the regiment, and it was sent forward to Danville.[87] 
Following Johnston's surrender to Sherman, the 98th marched to 
Washington, where it was mustered out on June 29th. The veterans were 
received at Philadelphia with great rejoicing among the Germans and the 
citizens generally.

   [87] The conscripts and substitutes were without weapons upon this 
   march, but nevertheless added greatly to the work of the veterans, 
   who were obliged to watch both these unwilling warriors and the 
   scattered parties of now irresponsible Confederates.

TOTAL LOSSES
Killed or died from wounds - 9 officers; 112 men
Died of disease - 1 officer; 72 men
Wounded, not mortally - 29 officer; 329 men
Captured or missing - 54 men

BATTLES
Yorktown, Williamsburg, Malvern Hill, Fredericksburg, Marye's Heights, 
Salem Heights, Gettysburg, Rappahannock Station, Mine Run, Wilderness, 
Spotsylvania, North Anna, Totopotomoy, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Fort 
Stevens, Opequon, Fisher's Hill, Cedar Creek, Petersburg (Fort Fisher), 
Petersburg (assault), Sailor's Creek, Appomattox


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NINETY-NINTH REGIMENT INFANTRY

Colonel Romaine Lujeane to November 7th, 1861
Colonel Thomas W. Sweeney to January 24th, 1862
Colonel Peter Fritz to June 10th, 1862
Colonel Asher S. Leidy to April 9th, 1864
Colonel Edwin R. Biles to July 1st, 1865

Total Enrollment: 2,140 Officers and Men

Recruiting for this regiment was authorized in July, 1861, and three 
companies, A, B and C, were ordered to Washington, as a part of the 32d 
Regiment, on August 8th, under command of Romaine Lujeane, an Italian 
officer, who soon afterward resigned. The balance of the command was 
mustered in at various dates to January 18th, 1862, being forwarded in 
detachments. A large proportion of the men had served in the three 
months' campaign. By the addition of two companies of the 66th Regiment, 
which became H and K of the 99th, the regiment was fully organized. Col. 
Thomas W. Sweeney and Lieut.-Col. William P. Seymour, the accredited 
organizers, resigned in January, and Peter Fritz was commissioned 
colonel. Colonel Fritz was placed in command of a chain of forts forming 
the southern defences of Washington, among which the companies were 
distributed. Colonel Fritz resigned June 10th, 1862, and Lieut.-Col. 
Asher S. Leidy was commissioned to succeed. The 99th joined the Army of 
the Potomac at Harrison's Landing on July 4th, 1862, being attached to 
the Second Brigade, First Division, Third Corps. Following a series of 
movements, the Third Corps participated in the battles of the second 
Bull Run and Chantilly.

At the first advance on Fredericksburg, December 13th, the 99th crossed 
the river on the left under Franklin, and amid desperate fighting lost 
sixty officers and men killed and wounded. In the Chancellorsville 
campaign Birney's Division, Third Corps, executed a notable charge by 
moonlight, and later covered the retreat of the army.

The 99th, under command of Major John W. Moore[88], made the forced 
march to the field of Gettysburg from Emmitsburg, making its bivouac on 
the night of July 1st in the Peach Orchard. In the formation of the 
troops in front of Little Round Top on the 2d, the position of the 99th 
was near the Devils' Den. Here the 99th defended its position gallantly 
until relieved by a division of the Fifth Army Corps, then pushing 
forward, in support of Webb's Brigade of the Second Corps, to the 
Emmitsburg Pike, where it remained until the morning of July 4th.[89] 
The official report indicates that the 99th reached Gettysburg with 
three hundred and thirty-nine officers and men, losing in killed, 
wounded and missing one hundred and ten.

   [88] In September, 1864, Major John W. Moore was commissioned colonel 
   of the 203d Regiment, and was killed on January 15th, 1865, in the 
   final assault on Fort Fisher, N. C.

   [89] When the regiment reached the pike it was deployed as 
   skirmishers and videttes sent forward in charge of Lieut. S. 
   Bonnaffon, Jr. During the night of the 3d or the early morning of the 
   4th they discovered evidence that the enemy was retreating or 
   preparing to retreat, and so reported.

In the southward march the 99th took part in the battle of Wapping 
Heights. For nearly three months the regiment rested in camp among the 
foothills of the Blue Ridge, and then, on October 10th, it was put in 
motion and was engaged in the Kelly's Ford and Mine Run campaign.

In February 1864, the majority of the men re-enlisted. Upon return from 
furlough, on April 7th, 1864, the old Third Corps having been 
consolidated with the Second Army Corps, the 99th became a part of 
Birney's Division.

On April 9th, Colonel Leidy resigned and was succeeded by Lieut.-Col. 
Edwin R.. Biles. Now the army under Grant, its new commander, made its 
last crossing of the Rapidan. The great forward march, which was to know 
no retreat, was commenced. The 99th started, in the campaign, with three 
hundred and twenty-five officers and men. At Spotsylvania it captured 
two cannons, two battle flags and many prisoners, but it reached Cold 
Harbor with but four officers and sixty men. Here the thin line was 
strengthened by the accession of the veterans and recruits of the 26th 
Regiment. Thus reinforced, with the brigade, the 99th crossed the James 
River and was merged in the host of besiegers around Petersburg. Late in 
July the Second Corps was sent to check a Confederate movement at Deep 
Bottom, a second tour to this troublesome point being necessary in 
August. Thereafter the fighting was all south of the James River. In the 
two weeks preceding the surrender of the rebel forces, as far as General 
Lee's army was concerned, the regiment lost, near Appomattox, seventy-
six men killed and wounded. Many of these were from a contingent of 
drafted men received on March 26th.

Marching to Washington, the 99th participated in the Grand Review, and 
upon July 1st, 1865, was mustered out at Philadelphia.

TOTAL LOSSES
Killed or died from wounds - 9 officers; 124 men
Died from disease or other causes - 1 officer; 117 men
Wounded, not mortally - 29 officers; 412 men
Captured or missing - 2 officers; 155 men

BATTLES
Bull Run (second), Chantilly, White's Ford, Fredericksburg, 
Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Wapping Heights, Auburn, Kelly's Ford, 
Mine Run, Wilderness, Spotsylvania, North Anna, Totopotomoy, Cold 
Harbor, Petersburg, Strawberry Plains, Deep Bottom, Poplar Springs 
Church, Boydton Plank Road, Hatcher's Run, Petersburg (Watkin's House), 
Amelia Springs, Appomattox Court House


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