Knox County TN Archives History - Books .....Educational Matters - Chapter XVI, Part 1 1900
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Book Title: Standard History Of Knoxville

CHAPTER XVI.

EDUCATIONAL MATTERS.



The Schools of a Century Ago—Rev. Samuel Doak, the Pioneer—Interest Manifested

by Governor Blount—Blount College. Now the University of Tennessee—Knoxville

Female Academy—Hampden Sidney Academy—Organization and Success of City

Schools—University School—Knoxville College for Colored Students—Tennessee

Medical College.



THE first school established in Tennessee was named Martin Academy, founded

under an act "for the promotion of learning in the county of Washington," which

was passed by the general assembly of North Carolina in 1/85. The founder and

first president of this pioneer institution of learning was Rev. Samuel Doak,

who is mentioned at some length in the chapter on religious history in this

volume. He was a graduate of what was then known as Nassau Hall, now Princeton

College. He was a member of the Franklin Assembly, was a man of great ability,

force of character and learning, especially in the classics, as was usual with

educated men in those days, and most men in the Presbyterian ministry, even in

those days, were educated men. For many years his school was the only seat of

classical learning west of the Alleghanies, and for a still longer period it was

the principal seat of this kind of learning in that portion of the country. His

school-house, a plain log building, which he erected on his farm, was near

Jonesboro, a little west of the site afterward selected for Washington Academy,

which became Washington College. It was near this academy that Rev. Mr. Doak

established Salem Congregation, one of the first, if not the first, church in

Tennessee.



  Upon being appointed governor of the new territory of Tennessee. William

Blount immediately removed his family to his new field of activity, and, as

became him in his important position, took the lead in attempting to build up

institutions of higher education in Tennessee. After considerable difficulty

Blount College was established, having been chartered by the territorial

assembly in 1794, the bill incorporating the institution being introduced

September 4, by Hon. William Cocke of Hawkins county. On the 10th of the month

this bill became a law. At the same session of the legislature Greeneville

College was also chartered.



  Following is a portion of the act which became a law September 10, 1794, as

referred to above:



  "Whereas, The legislature of this territory are disposed to promote the

happiness of the people at large, and especially of the rising generation, by

instituting seminaries of education, where youth may be habituated to an

amiable, moral and virtuous conduct, and accurately instructed in the various

branches of useful science, and in the principles of ancient and modern

languages: therefore,



  "Section 1. Be it enacted by the governor, legislative council and house of

representatives of the territory of the United States, south of the River Ohio,

That the Rev. Samuel Carrick, president, and his Excellency William Blount, the

Hon. Daniel Smith, secretary of the territory: the Hon. David Campbell, the Hon.

Joseph Anderson, Gen. John Sevier. Col. James White, Col. Alexander Kelley, Col.

William Cocke, Willie Blount, Joseph Hamilton, Archibald Roane, Francis A.

Ramsey, Charles McClung, George Roulstone, George McNutt, John Adair, and Robert

Houston, Esquires, shall be and they are hereby declared to be a body politic

and corporate by the name of the president and trustees of Blount College, in

the vicinity of Knoxville."



  This college was declared open to all denominations in the following language:



  "And the trustees shall take effectual care that students of all denominations

may and shall be admitted to the equal advantages of a liberal education, and to

the emoluments and honors of the college, and that they shall receive alike

fair, generous and equal treatment during their residence."



  This clause is especially noteworthy because of the fact that it was the first

legislation of the kind, establishing as it did a non-sectarian college in the

United States. It is also noteworthy because of the fact that such legislation

is now almost universally mentioned with commendation, as it tends to develop

the minds of youth without bias on subjects connected with religion. Most of the

state institutions of learning are now* on the same basis. For the use of the

trustees of this new college Col. James White donated the town square upon which

now stand the First Baptist Church and the Mechanics National Bank, and near the

northwest corner of this square was erected a two-story frame building, the

money to pay for which being raised by subscription, and the school was opened

as soon as pupils enough could be enrolled. Washington and Greeneville Colleges

were both .under clerical control.



  Rev. Samuel Carrick was a native of Pennsylvania, was educated in Virginia,

and came to Tennessee in 1787, preaching from the artificial mound near the

confluence of the Holston and French Broad rivers. The records of the college

begin with 1804, those kept previously, if kept at all, having been lost or

destroyed. The institution, however, appears to have been very popular from the

first. Among the students in 1804 were C. C. Clay, William Carter, Thomas Cocke,

Lemuel P. Montgomery and William E. Parker, the last-named being the first

graduate from the institution, his graduation occurring October 18, 1806. Female

students w-ere also taken during its early history, the first named being Polly

McClung, Barbara Blount, Jenny Armstrong, and Matty and Kitty Kain. Originally

this college was dependent for its support entirely on the patronage of the public.



  In 1806 an act of congress was passed and approved which provided for the

establishment of two colleges in Tennessee, which was in part as follows: "That

the state of Tennessee shall appropriate one hundred thousand acres, which shall

be located in one entire tract, within the limits of the lands reserved to the

Cherokee Indians by an act of the state of North Carolina, entitled 'An act for

opening the land office for the redemption of specie and other certificates, and

discharging the arrears due the army.' " passed in the year one thousand seven

hundred and eighty-three, and shall be for the use of two colleges, one in East

and one in West Tennessee, to be established by the legislature thereof."



  At its next session after the passage of this act, the general assembly of the

state was flooded with memorials and petitions from the people of several

counties, and from the president and trustees of each of the colleges in East

Tennessee, praying for the grant and setting forth the advantages of their

several localities for the establishment of the college. Greeneville • College

urged in its favor its local situation, extensive library, its philosophical

apparatus, its ample funds and numerous other circumstances, and Blount College

sent up a resolution offering to unite its funds with those of the college to be

established, provided said college should be established within two miles of

Knoxville. The people of Blount county desired to have the college located at

Marysville, while those of Hawkins desired it at Rogersville.



  But it was not until the next session of the legislature, that is the second

session after the passage of the act of congress alluded to, that the question

of locating the new college was settled. At this session thirty persons were

appointed trustees of East Tennessee College, which was to be "located on ten

acres of land within two miles of Knoxville, conveyed in trust for the use of

said college by Moses White at a place called the Rocky or Poplar Spring."

Twenty-three of the trustees were appointed from the several counties of East

Tennessee according to their population, as follows: For Hawkins county, Richard

Mitchell and Andrew Galbreath; for Sullivan county, John Rhea and James King;

for Greene, Augustus P. Fore and John Gass; for Washington, •Matthew Stephenson

and John Kennedy; Carter, George Duffield; Jefferson, James Rice and Joseph

Hamilton; Grainger, John Cocke and Major Lea; Cocke, Alexander Smith; Sevier.

Hopkins Lacy: Blount, Joseph B. Lapsly and Dr. Robert Gant; Claiborne, William

Graham; Anderson, Arthur Crozier; Roane, Thomas I. Van Dyke; and Knox, George W.

Campbell, John Sevier and Thomas Emmerson. Seven trustees were appointed from

men living in the vicinity of the college, in order that they might have a more

direct oversight of its workings, as follows: John Crozier, John Williams,

Archibald Roane, Francis A. Ramsey, .David Deaderick, George Doherty and John

Lowry. Until buildings could be erected for the new college the trustees were

authorized to use those of Blount College, and the funds of this institution

were declared incorporated with those of East Tennessee College.



  From 1794 to 1807, the latter year being the time of making the

above-mentioned change, the work done by Blount College was practically the same

as that done by a classical academy. Both sexes attended, but owing to the

limited population of the state, there were in the vicinity of Knoxville but few

pupils to attend. The expenses were not heavy nor were the funds of the

institution large, for when Blount College and Greeneville College were

chartered, the essential feature of Doak's plan for a Franklin University,

namely: that it should be supported by public taxation, was omitted. Blount

College neither in its beginning, nor in its subsequent history, at any time,

received any grant from the public revenues nor any support from the government;

nor did each family contribute either one peck of corn or twelve pence to its

support, as the citizens of New England taxed themselves to support Harvard

College; it was always dependent for its support upon its tuition fees and

voluntary contributions."



  The price of tuition at Blount College was $8 per session of five months, and

board cost $25 per session; but it should not be forgotten that Washington and

Greeneville Colleges were located in the more thickly populated portions of the

state, and that therefore they attracted to themselves all the college-going

youth from their respective sections of the state, and were naturally more

largely attended than Blount could be. This latter institution was attended by

those who desired to become familiar with the polite arts and sciences, the only

graduate from Blount College being William E. Parker, who graduated October 18,

1806, being examined by President Carrick in Virgil, Horace, rhetoric, logic,

the Greek Testament, geography, Lucien, mathematics, ethics and natural

philosophy. Thus it will be seen that education given in this institution, like

most other institutions of the day, was mainly classical, on the theory perhaps

that classical studies give a superior tone arid quality to the mind, and also

that the students might be better fitted for the study of theology and thus

become, if they so desired, ministers of the Gospel. But if Blount College did

not receive any aid from the government, this can not be said of East Tennessee

College, chartered, as above narrated, in 1807. Its great difficulty was in

connection with securing its patrimony, as perhaps it may be called. This,

however, was not the fault of the congress of the United States, which made the

grant above alluded to in 1806, of 100.000 acres of land for the benefit of two

colleges to be established by the state of Tennessee, and also of 100,000 acres

of land for the benefit of the county academies, which the state was also

required to establish. The difficulty was in part inherent in the situation, and

in part was the fault of the state, which failed to perceive the equities

involved in the case.



  The act of congress provided that the state of Tennessee should appropriate

these lands within the limits of the lands reserved to the Cherokee Indians by

the state of North Carolina in 1783: but these lands thus set apart for the

benefit of learning were not to be sold for less than two dollars per acre,

while lands not thus reserved were to be sold at a minimum price of one dollar

per acre. The cession act also contained the provision that the people residing

south of the French Broad and Holston rivers and west of Big Pigeon, should be

secure in their respective rights of occupancy and pre-emption.



  Now it so happened that the people residing south of the French Broad and

Holston and west of the Big Pigeon, resided also within the limits of the lands

reserved to the Cherokee Indians by the state of North Carolina, and had become

quite numerous within these limits, a condition of things which congress did not

anticipate when making its grant. These people had in fact invaded and taken

possession of this territory against the express orders of congress and in

violation of treaties made with the Indians by both state and nation.

Notwithstanding this, they remained, and had the state of Tennessee, besides

recognizing their "rights" as settlers to purchase these lands as

pre-emptioners, at the minimum price of one dollar per acre, doubled the acreage

to be sold for the benefit of the two colleges and the county academies, but

little if any difficulty would have resulted. But the state provided for the

sale at one dollar per acre of all the lands reserved for the institutions of

learning, without increasing the number of acres to be sold, which latter it

could and should have done, in order to carry out the beneficent spirit of

congress, which was to establish a fund of $400,000 for the benefit of higher

education, $100,000 for each of the two colleges, and $200,000 for the benefit

of the several county academies in the state.



  "A simple and just solution of all the difficulties would have been to fix the

price of all lands in the district south of the French Broad and Holston at $1

per acre, and to have made the college and academy tracts each to consist of

200,000 acres, instead of 100,000 acres."*



   *Edward T. Sanford.



  The full name under which this institution was chartered in 1807 was "The

President and Trustees of the East Tennessee College," and it was endowed with

that portion of the congressional fund designed for East Tennessee. To these

trustees the prospect of assured support, as compared with the previous tuition

fees, always an uncertain quantity, was exceedingly pleasant. But they were

doomed to severe disappointment as the years rolled away. The location of this

new institution, "at a place called Rocky or Poplar Spring," was near the old

Branner residence in Shieldstown, the buildings of Blount College being

temporarily used and the old trustees remaining in control until the new

trustees, thirty in number, as above related, took charge of the school.



  "At the same time the legislature also began with a flourish of trumpets to

provide for the care of the fund to be realized for the support of the colleges,

and appointed a commission of six, among whom were James Park and John Overton,

to superintend its management and investment." (Edward T. Sanford.)



  The trustees of East Tennessee College, in 1808, met and organized, retaining

the Rev. Samuel Carrick as president. His term of service was, however, short,

for he was stricken with paralysis and died before the dark days of

disappointment came to the college which he fondly hoped would be his charge for

years. He now lies buried beneath the myrtles and the elms in the historic

graveyard of the First Presbyterian Church, where also rest William Blount and

James White, President Carrick's headstone bearing the following mysterious

inscription: "Samuel C. Z. R. Carrick." no one knowing the meaning of the

letters "C. Z. R.," as they were not a part of his name. The inscription in full

upon his tombstone may be found in connection with the history of the First

Presbyterian Church.



  No immediate steps were taken to fill the vacancy in the president's chair,

nor was anything done toward the erection of a new college building, from the

fact, no doubt, that the trustees had no funds and no immediate prospect of

receiving any revenue from the land grant, the reason for which will appear as

this sketch proceeds. However, in 1810, in order to aid the institution, the

legislature authorized the holding of a lottery, and appointed as trustees to

manage the same, Hugh Lawson White, Thomas McCorry, James Campbell, Robert

Craighead and John N. Gamble. These trustees put out an advertisement in which

they "flatter themselves that the scheme will be satisfactory to all who wish to

become adventurers with a view to better their circumstances. When the object to

be attained by the lottery is considered, it is believed every individual will

become anxious to become an adventurer. It is not designed to retrieve a

shattered fortune, nor to convert into cash at an extravagant price property

that is of no use; but it is intended to aid the funds of a seminary of

education where youth of the present and succeeding generations may have their

minds prepared in such a manner as to make them ornaments to their families and

useful to their country, as will enable them to understand their rights as

citizens and duties as servants of the people."



  This scheme, however, did not succeed. There was not sold a sufficient number

of tickets, and no drawing was held.



  Rev. Samuel Carrick was born in what is now Adams county, Pa., July 17, 1760,

was licensed to preach by Hanover Presbytery in 1/82, was in 1783 installed

pastor of a church in the valley of Virginia, and was dismissed to Abingdon

Presbytery in 1891. In this year he took up his permanent residence in

Tennessee, and in 1/94, when pastor of the First Presbyterian Church in

Knoxviile, was elected president of Blount College, in which position he served

until his death, which occurred August 17, 1809.



  The next president of this institution was Rev. David A. Sherman, who

graduated from Yale College in 1802, served as tutor in Yale from 1804 to 1810,

was principal of Hampden-Sidney Academy in Knoxviile from 1817 to 1820, in which

year he was elected president of East Tennessee College, remaining thus engaged

until 1825, when he resigned, going then to Jackson College at Columbia, Tenn.,

where he died in 1843.



  From 1825 to 1827 the college was again without a president, and it was during

this interval, in 1826, that the trustees obtained permission to change the

location of the institution, purchasing of Pleasant M. Miller for S6oo the

present site of the University of Tennessee, which site was then known as

Barbara Hill, named in honor of Barbara Blount, daughter of Governor Blount.

Upon this hill the trustees proceeded to erect the center college building and

three one-story dormitories in the rear of the college, all in such positions as

to form a square of the campus. This having been accomplished, the trustees

succeeded in securing as president the Rev. Charles Coffin, D. D., of

Greeneville College, who was born in Newburyport, Mass., August 15, 1775, and

graduated from Harvard College in 1793. In 1800 he went to Norfolk, Va., where

he was induced by Rev. Hezekiah Balch to accept a position as professor in

Greeneville College, and upon the death of Dr. Balch, Mr. Coffin succeeded to

the presidency of Greeneville College, which position he retained until elected

president of East Tennessee College in 1827. After six years of hard labor in

behalf of this institution, not fully appreciated, he resigned and returned to

Greeneviiie, where he died June 3, 1853.



  Dr. James H. Piper succeeded to the presidency in 1833, and served one year,

resigning at the end of that time in despair of making the institution a

success. Dr. Piper was a graduate of the college, in the class of 1830, and it

is said that he was the ambitious youth who aspired to carve his name above that

of the father of his country on the Natural Bridge in Virginia. After leaving

East Tennessee College, Dr. Piper led a useful life in Virginia as a

Presbyterian divine.



  The two great difficulties with which the college had to contend up to about

this time were these: One which may be considered the cause of the other, the

first being the poverty of the settlers on the college lands, who kept up a

constant clamor for a postponement of the payment of their interest from year to

year, and in some cases of the principal. The legislature, in order to oblige

them, yielded to their demands, postponing these payments continually until

1819, and even later. But the settlers were not satisfied even with the payment

of the minimum price for their land, and with the continual postponements

permitted by the legislature. They knew that payment was likely to be enforced

sometime, and that the colleges were to be the recipients of the money. They

were thus led to develop a feeling of animosity toward colleges, as is often the

case with debtors against their creditors, which feeling, unreasonable and

unjust though it was, was continually worked up and practiced upon by demagogues

for their own purposes.



  In 1819 the legislature provided for the first time for the sale of such lands

as were not claimed by occupants and authorized the general taking up of all

vacant lands south of the French Broad and Holston at fifty cents per acre,

making this rule applicable to all college and academy lands that had not been

taken up. This rule amounted to a further reduction in the price of college

lands from the former price of one-half of what congress authorized to

one-fourth of that price, and to the practical ruin of the college and academy

funds; but the assent of congress was provided .for in the legislation, and this

assent appears never to have been granted. But the spirit of the legislature was

manifest just the same.



  In this same year, 1819, the payment of the principal due on the lands was

again indefinitely postponed, and the time for the payment of the interest again

extended. In 1821 the legislature again permitted the postponement of the

payment of the principal, and the same policy was again renewed in 1822. The

attempt, so far as it was made, still further worked upon the feelings and

prejudices of the settlers against colleges and institutions of learning in

general, which ambitious politicians well knew how to use, and which they did

not scruple to use to further their own ambitious ends.



  But at length light shone in upon all this darkness. "The president and

trustees of the University of North Carolina, to whom the state of North

Carolina had issued warrants for many thousand acres of land in Tennessee,

founded upon military services that had been performed by certain officers and

soldiers of the Continental line of North Carolina, who had died, leaving no

heirs in the United States, had presented a memorial to the Tennessee

legislature, praying that grants might issue upon these warrants and that all

their lands in Tennessee might be exempt from taxation, offering to give a fair

equivalent for such exemption.



  "There were, however, grave doubts as to the validity of these warrants, and

the legislature directed the appointment of two commissioners to investigate and

adjust the claims of the University of North Carolina, authorizing them to enter

into an agreement with the university concerning the warrants and exemption from

taxation, which, it was provided, should be binding on the state." (E. T. Sanford.)



  The commissioners appointed under this authority were Jenkins Whiteside and

James Trimble, and they, on August 26, 1822, entered into a compact with the

University of North Carolina by which grants should issue upon its warrants and

all lands owned or acquired by the university within the state of Tennessee

should be exempt from taxes until January 1, 1850; the university agreeing to

transfer 60,000 acres of its land warrants to two public seminaries designated

by the commissioners—20.000 acres to East Tennessee College and 40,000 acres to

Cumberland College, and further agreeing to assign to the two colleges one-half

of all military land warrants which might in future be issued to it by North

Carolina, all of which gave promise of additional revenue to East Tennessee

College, and inspired its trustees with renewed hope and courage. In 1823 the

legislature, in order to do something for the colleges and at the same time

still further to indulge and favor the settlers, two apparently contradictory

projects, remitted one-third of the purchase money remaining clue on all lands

south of the French Broad and Holston, and vested in the institutions of

learning the entire unremitted balance due upon all lands that had been

previously sold within the district, whether within or without the college and

academy tracts, together with all such lands as might be subsequently resold for

default of payments and bid in by the state, or that had been previously sold or

should not be redeemed by the owners. This fact, "in consequence of the delays

of payment heretofore or hereafter to be sustained by the colleges and academies

and in order to make a final appropriation and investiture of the moneys and

lands aforesaid, and put it out of the power of the legislature to interfere

hereafter by indulging the debtors or in any other way whatever." (E. T. Sanford.)



  Not long afterward an act was passed making all of the territory which had

been acquired by Tennessee east and north of the Congressional Reservation line,

subject to entry at twelve and a half cents per acre, this act including the

lands south of the French Broad and Holston, and even those within the college

and academy tracts! And such was the sad end of the beneficent provisions of the

cession act of 1806, which required these lands to be sold at a minimum price of

two dollars per acre!



  Considerable payments were made in 1824, but in 1825 the occupants of the

lands almost unanimously refused to pay any more. In this year an act was passed

by the legislature providing for the appointment of a commission to examine all

military land warrants laid before him by the University of North Carolina, East

Tennessee College and Cumberland College, which had been issued by the

University of North Carolina, and to adjudicate their validity, not exceeding

105,000 acres, upon which adjudication a corresponding amount of land should be

sold by the state at certain specified prices; one-third of the proceeds to be

paid to the University of North Carolina, one-third to be appropriated to the

use of common schools, two-ninths to be paid to Cumberland College, and

one-ninth to be paid to East Tennessee College; all sums paid to Cumberland and

East Tennessee Colleges to be considered as made for the relief of the people

residing on the college and academy tracts south of French Broad and Holston;

and it was further provided that out of the moneys thereafter collected from the

college and academy lands the academies should first be paid an amount equal to

that received by the two colleges from the proceeds of these warrants, and that

East Tennessee College should be equalized with Cumberland College.



  The entire matter of the collection of the fund due to East Tennessee College

for the Western lands under compact and the act of 1825 is so involved in

uncertainty that it is impossible to make any definite statement with reference

thereto. But Mr. E. T. Sanford, who has made the most exhaustive study of this

whole matter and whose historical address on "Blount College and the University

of Tennessee," delivered in 1894, has been the main source of information in the

preparation of this sketch, stated that "probably the entire amount was not far

from $24,000."



  In 1829 the state of Tennessee offered to give one-half a township of land in

the country south of the Hiwassee river to which the Indian title had not then

been extinguished, to East Tennessee College and the University of Nashville

(formerly Cumberland College), provided these two institutions would execute a

written instrument releasing all their claims south of the French Broad and

Holston rivers, and all rights they had acquired to lands in that section. To

this proposition East Tennessee College, through its trustees, gave assent,

protesting, however, against anything in the said act being construed to operate

as a release to the state from its obligation to pay to the institution the

balance of its proportion of the congressional donation. To this proposition

neither the University of Nashville nor the Western academies would then

consent, considering it wholly inadequate as a substitute for the magnificent

gift intended for them by the congress of the United States; but in 1835 the

university consented with great reluctance, and in 1838 the legislature directed

the setting aside of the one-half township in the Ocoee district for the use of

the college and university. Out of this Ocoee lands, which were almost

immediately sold, East Tennessee College realized something more than $34,000 in

cash.



   Rev. James H. Piper has been mentioned. Upon his resignation as president in

1834, he was succeeded by Rev. Joseph Estabrook, who was born in Lebanon. N. H.,

December 8, 1792, graduated at Dartmouth College in 1815, came to Knoxville in

1828 as president of Knoxville Female Academy, and was elected president of East

Tennessee College in 1834. By his ability, energy and wisdom he soon placed the

institution on a better foundation than it had been before, and revised the

course of study, brought scholarly men into the faculty and so changed the

policy and scope of the institution that in 1840 the name was changed from East

Tennessee College to East Tennessee University. It was not far from this time

that the sale of a portion of the lands belonging to the institution enabled the

trustees to make important improvements. Thomas Crutchfield. who had built the

main edifice, was now engaged to erect the two three-story dormitories, and the

two houses intended for residences for professors on the right and left slopes,

but which an increasing demand for room afterward rendered it necessary to

appropriate for other purposes. These improvements, which were finally paid for

in July, 1848, cost $20,965.18.



  In 1850 President Estabrook resigned, his resignation having a tendency to

hasten the decline of the institution, which subsequent years proved to have

just then set in. This decline was due in part at least to the multiplication of

colleges and denominational schools then being established throughout Tennessee

and other Southern states.



  Appreciating the necessity of having at the head of the institution a man with

a great name and of unusual ability, the trustees elected to the presidency Hon.

William B. Reese, who had then recently resigned his seat upon the supreme bench

of the state. President Reese, notwithstanding his great ability, energy and

industry, was unable to arrest the decline of the university, and after

graduating just twelve students in three years, resigned at the end of his third

year. He died at Knoxville, July 7, 1859.



  The next president was Rev. George Cooke, who was born at Keene, N. H.,

December 26, 1811, graduated at Dartmouth in 1832, was pastor at Amherst, Mass.,

from 1839 to 1852, in which latter year he accepted the pastorate of the Second

Presbyterian church at Knoxville, and was elected president of the East

Tennessee University in 1853. A majority of the faculty having resigned at the

time of President Reese's resignation, it was necessary to fill the vacancies

thus caused, and the opening of the university was necessarily postponed until

the beginning of the summer session of 1854. In the following September the

cholera prevailed in Knoxville and the students were prevented from returning at

the opening of the winter session by reason thereof. An attempt to organize a

medical department failed, and a subsequent attempt made in 1858 also failed.

President Cooke suggested the establishment of an agricultural department, but

before it could be determined whether this were a practical suggestion President

Cooke resigned, in despair, in 1857.



  March 20, 1858, Rev. William D. Carnes, A. M., a graduate of the university in

1842, and then president of Burritt College, Van Buren county, Tenn., was

elected president, and served until 1860, when he resigned, afterward being

ordained a minister in the Christian church. But while he was president he

procured the adoption of a joint resolution by the legislature, requesting the

judges of the Supreme court of the state to report at the next session the facts

in reference to the appropriation of the college lands under the act of congress

of 1806, and to state their opinion as to the equitable right of the two

universities to further compensation on this account. The trustees appointed

John H. Crozier and Thomas C. Lyon to present the claim of the university to the

Supreme court; but the war came on and this matter is still undecided.



  The vacancy caused by the resignation of President Carnes was immediately

filled by the election of Rev. J. J. Ridley, of Clarksville, to the position.

The first session under his administration opened with a largely increased

attendance, owing to the labors of Rev. Mr. Carnes during his incumbency. The

first important action by President Ridley was to secure the adoption of a

resolution extending gratuitous education to candidates for the ministry,

without regard to their denominational preferences. President Ridley remained in

his position until February 7, 1862, when he unconditionally resigned, and from

that time on until the close of the war the buildings of the university were

alternately used by the Federal and Confederate forces, and when needed again

for its legitimate purposes the buildings were in no condition to be used.



  Succeeding the act of congress of 1806, the next important legislation by that

august body which affected the University of East Tennessee, was an act approved

by President Lincoln July 2, 1862, entitled "An act donating public lands to the

several states and territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of

agriculture and the mechanic arts." This act granted to each state a certain

amount of the public lands within its borders (thirty thousand acres for each

senator and representative to which the states were respectively entitled by the

apportionment made under the census of 1860), or if there were not sufficient

lands, then land scrip for a corresponding acreage, which lands were to be sold

by the states and the moneys derived therefrom to be invested in safe stocks and

to constitute a perpetual fund, which should remain forever undiminished, and

the interest thereon inviolably appropriated to the endowment and maintenance of

at least one college whose leading- object should be to teach such branches of

learning as relate to agriculture and the mechanic arts.



  The Civil war prevented Tennessee from accepting this generous gift until

1865, which, according to the provisions of the act, was too late, as two years

from the approval of the act was the limit of time extended within which to

accept the gift; but Tennessee having been readmitted to the Union, congress was

induced to extend the time specified in the original act in order that Tennessee

might avail herself of its provisions, which she did by an act passed February

1, 1868. This act made provision for obtaining and selling the land scrip, which

by lack of public lands the state was entitled to receive, and directed that the

proceeds should be invested in bonds of the state to await the proper disposition.



  In the meantime the trustees of the university unanimously elected Rev. Thomas

W. Humes, who was born in Knoxville, Tenn., April 22, 1815, and who graduated

from East Tennessee College in 1830, president of the university, a position

which he held continuously and successfully until 1883, when he resigned. One of

the provisions of the act of congress of 1862 was that each state claiming the

benefits of the act should within five years from, its approval, July 2, 1862,

provide a college to receive the endowment. East Tennessee University was

already somewhat of a state institution and was desirous of securing the

location of the Agricultural College. Under the leadership of President Humes

she made application for the congressional appropriation, offering, if given the

fund, to provide the necessary college building. In 1869 the legislature of the

state appropriated the proceeds of the sale of the land scrip to East Tennessee

University, making it the express duty of the trustees of the university to

establish an agricultural college, in such manner as to strictly conform to the

congressional enactment. This state law required the trustees of the university

to complete buildings for the accommodation of 275 students, and to provide a

farm of not less than 200 acres, so that the whole property at a fair valuation

should be worth not less than $125,000 before it should be lawful for the

governor to issue to the university the scrip; and the university was required

to admit three students from each county in the state free of tuition, said

students to be nominated by the several representatives from each county.



  These conditions having been complied with, the Tennessee Industrial College

was organized in June. 1869, and went into operation in September following, and

the endowment from the United states was invested in 396 bonds of the state of

Tennessee, each bond for $1,000, bearing six per cent interest, the payment of

which has been often delayed. The farm purchased is situated about three-fourths

of a mile from the university, just west of Third creek on the north bank of the

Tennessee river, new buildings were erected and a chemical laboratory was

provided and equipped.



  The establishment of this industrial department created extraordinary demands

upon the teaching force, and while Dr. Humes remained president of the

institution and professor of mental and moral philosophy. Prof. J. K. Payne

retained the chair of mathematics, to which natural philosophy was added: Prof.

W. M. Grace took English language and literature, rhetoric having been dropped;

and the new professors were assigned to the following branches of learning: F.

H. Bradley, M. A., natural science: R. L. Kirkpatrick. M. A., Latin

and-literature: E. Dean Dow, M. A., agriculture: I. T. Beckwith, A. B., ancient

languages; W. O. Atwater, agricultural chemistry; M. C. Butler, M. A., became

principal of the classical preparatory department: and William V. Deaderick,

principal of the scientific preparatory department. Professor Dow not accepting

the chair of agriculture, that chair was filled later by Prof. Hunter Nicholson,

at which time horticulture was added to agriculture. Professor Atwater did not

take possession of his chair until the fall of 1871. Principal Deaderick taught

half the year, and his place was then filled by J. V. Bradford. In the classical

preparatory department George L. Maloney and W. A. Rice were employed to give

instruction.



  In this new organization there were, as will have been seen, two preparatory

departments, the classical preparatory department being taught for some time in

the old "White House," which stood where Agricultural Hall now stands, and the

scientific preparatory department was taught at the old Hampden-Sidney Academy

on Church street. The design was to dispense as soon as possible with all

preparatory work as soon as the educational condition of the people of the state

would justify such a course; but this condition of things was slow to arrive,

and the preparatory schools did much good work, and though the lack of efficient

preparatory schools throughout the state still renders preparatory work in the

university necessary, yet no regular class is now maintained.



  The class of 1871, containing four members, was the first to graduate after

the war. These members were S. A. Craig, T. C. Karns, Albert Setzepand and J. W.

C. Willoughby, all receiving the degree of bachelor of arts except S. A. Craig,

who received the degree of bachelor of science.



  The courses of study at this time were four in number: agricultural,

mechanical, classical and scientific, the latter being identical with the

classical, except that Greek was supplanted by certain studies of the

agricultural and mechanical courses. Prof. Atwater returned from Europe in the

fall with a fully supply of improved apparatus for the chemical laboratory.

Albert Ruth, A. M., and Levi Van Fossen. Ph. B., were appointed instructors in

the preparatory department, and Lieut. T. T. Thornburgh, of the United States

army, in December, 1871, became professor of military science and commandant of

cadets.



  In the year 1871 the farm was surveyed and laid off into lots, preparatory to

the beginning of rotation of crops. The next year crops were planted and

considerable preparatory work done; stock was purchased, a barn built, and the

teaching of practical farming began, many of the students in this way earning

enough to pay for half of their board.



  At the time of the establishment of four full courses, as mentioned above,

there were also established two shorter courses, viz.: one in agriculture and

one in mechanics, for the benefit of such men as were getting somewhat advanced

in years, and there had been also for some time a Latin-scientific course, also

for the benefit of the same class of men. In 1872 these three short courses were

discontinued, and students, or their parents for them, allowed to select one of

the other courses, and one year was added to the non-classical course, making it

a three years' course.



  In 1872 Prof. Van Fossen resigned his position as instructor in the

preparatory department, and Rev. Thomas Roberts, M. A., was appointed to the

vacancy. F. E. Hacker resigned as instructor in drawing, and Charles Waring, C.

E., of the University of Dublin, was appointed to the place, but does not seem

to have served.



  The next year there were several changes in the faculty. Prof. F. D. Allen

resigned the chair of Latin and Greek and was succeeded by Morton William

Easton, Ph. D. Rev. F. Esperandieu became professor of French in place of Prof.

I. B. Barker, and Prof. Atwater was succeeded in the chair of general and

agricultural chemistry by Prof. B. S. Burton, Ph. B. Lieut. Thornburgh having

been recalled to the army, was succeeded by Col. S. B. Crawford as professor of

military science and commandant of cadets. A special chair of rhetoric was

filled by Rev. Thomas C. Teasdale, D. D. The president of the university took

evidences of religion instead of mental science, the latter falling to Prof.

Kirkpatrick. C. S. Newman resigned as principal of the preparatory department

and was succeeded by A. Ruth. Spurrier Howard-Smith, A. B., Eben Alexander, A.

B., and William B. Payne, A. B., were elected tutors, and L. W. Philson, A. M.,

and A. L. Wakefield, B. A., B. S., instructors in the preparatory department.



  During the scholastic year 1873-74. the attendance reached 318, of whom 211

were state appointees, fifty-two counties being represented by appointees. And

it is somewhat remarkable that while a majority of students were sons of

farmers, yet they seldom chose agriculture as their course of study. It may be

stated also in this connection that it became necessary to disabuse the public

mind at this time that one of the principal objects of the establishment of this

department of instruction was to furnish manual labor to the agricultural

student. Prof. Hunter Nicholson showing that the successful study of agriculture

is based upon knowledge of the physical sciences, and that the student is not

prepared to specialize in agriculture until the last years of his course.



  In June, 1875, Col. Crawford resigned as professor of military science, and

was succeeded by Lieut. A. H. Nave of the United States army. W. B. Payne and A.

L. Wakefield were succeeded in the preparatory department by S. B. Crawford, A.

B., and T. C. Karns, A. B. Lewis M. Herring was appointed instructor in

chemistry in 1876, and Lieut. J. E. Bloom of the United States army became

professor of military science in 1876, serving one year.



  In the summer of 1877 the entire faculty of the university was reorganized,

after which reorganization it stood as follows :



  Rev. Thomas W. Humes, S. T. D., president and professor of ethics and

evidences of religion.



  Richard L. Kirkpatrick. M. A., professor of logic and English literature.



  Hunter Nicholson, professor of agriculture and horticulture.



  Morton William Eastern, Ph. D., professor of modern languages and comparative

philology.



  Eben Alexander, B. A., professor of ancient languages and literature.



  S. H. Lockett, M. A., professor of mathematics and mechanical philosophy.



  W. G. Brown, B. S., professor of chemistry and instructor in geology and

mineralogy.



  David Hunt Ludlow, B. A., assistant professor of mathematics.



  W. G. McAdoo, M. A., S. B. Crawford, B. A., and T. O. Deaderick, B. A.,

instructors in preparatory department.



  G. R. Knabe, instructor in vocal and instrumental music.



  William E. Moses, assistant in analytical chemistry.



  Lieut. George W. Baxter, of the United States army, served a short time as

professor of military science, but was succeeded in the fall of 1877 by Col. S.

H. Lockett.



  In the same year separate colleges were made of the three ancient courses of

study—the agricultural course becoming the college of agriculture; the

mechanical course becoming the college of engineering and the mechanic arts, and

the classical course becoming the classical college. Each had its separate

curriculum and corps of instructors, but all were under one government and of

equal rank. It was noticeable that more and more students followed a scientific

course of study and fewer of them took the classical course as time sped on.



  In 1878 Prof. Kirkpatrick took the new chair of history and philosophy, and

Edward S. Joynes, A. M., LL. D., then late of Vanderbilt University, became

professor of English language and belles-lettres.



  By an act of the legislature of the state passed March 24, 1879, it was

provided that no further vacancies in the board of trustees should be filled

until the number of trustees should be reduced below thirty, and the same act

also provided that a board of visitors should be appointed by the governor—three

from each of the three divisions of the state—holding their offices for four

years, who should visit the university at least once a year, and report upon its

condition to the governor. On commencement day, June 18, 1879, the University of

Tennessee was inaugurated, and in compliance with the act just referred to,

Governor Albert S. Marks appointed the following as the first board of visitors:

Ex-Governor James D. Porter, Hon. J. Harvey Mathes, Gen. R. P. Neely, Hon. John

C. Gaut, Gen. Lucius E. Polk, Hon. Z. W. Ewing, Perez Dickinson, Hon. James T.

Shields, and Dr. E. M. Wight.



  In 1879 the name of East Tennessee University was changed to that of the

University of Tennessee, and laws were enacted connecting the university more

intimately with the state system of public schools.



  For four years succeeding the resignation of Dr. Humes the faculty, upon

authority of the board of trustees, annually elected one of their own number

chairman, such chairman being clothed with the authority and charged with the

duties of president: but in 1887, desiring to strengthen the institution in the

sciences relating to the industries and in engineering, the trustees elected to

the presidency Dr. Charles W. Dabney, Jr., who was born at Hampden-Sidney, Va.,

June 19, 1855. Dr. Dabney received the degree of bachelor of philosophy at the

University of Goettingen, Germany, and previous to his election to the

responsible position he now fills, had held several important positions

connected with educational institutions in Virginia and North Carolina. In 1893

he was appointed by President Cleveland, Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, and

in 1894 he was appointed chairman of the board of managers of the government

exhibit at Atlanta, Ga., and in 1897 he was appointed to a similar position at

the Tennessee Centennial Exposition. He received the degree of LL. D. from

Davidson College in 1889, and is now serving his twelfth year as president of

this great state institution, the University of Tennessee.



  What afterward became the medical department of the University of Tennessee

was organized as the Nashville Medical College in 1876, this college being

founded by Drs. Duncan Eve and W. F. Glenn. The first faculty was composed of

Drs. Paul F. Eve, T. B. Buchanan, George S. Blackie, W. P. Jones and J. J.

Abernethy, taken from the faculties of Nashville and Vanderbilt Universities.

The first session of this college opened March 5, 1877, and in the spring of

1879 a dental department was established, the first in the South. During this

same year an overture was made by the University of Tennessee to the Nashville

Medical College to become the medical department of the university, the overture

being accepted.



  Following are the names of the members of the medical and dental faculties as

they stood in 1891:



  Charles W. Dabney, Jr., Ph. D., LL. D., president of the university.



  Hon. William P. Jones, M. D., president of the faculty.



  Duncan Eve, M. D., A. M., dean of the faculty and professor of the practice of

surgery.



  John S. Cain, M. D., professor of the principles and practice of medicine,

with clinical medicine and general pathology.



  J. Berrien Lindsley, D. D., M. D., professor of medical chemistry and state

medicine.



  J. Bunyan Stephens, M. D.. professor of obstetrics and clinical midwifery.



  William D. Haggard, M. D., professor of gynaecology and diseases of children.



  W. M. Vertrees, M. D., professor of materia medica and therapeutics.



  Paul F. Eve. M. D., professor of the principles of surgery. operative and

clinical surgery.



  William E. McCampbell, A. M., M. D., professor of general, descriptive and

surgical anatomy.



  John A. Witherspoon, M. D., professor of practice of medicine and medical
hygiene.



  T. Hilliard Wood, M. D., professor of physiology.



  William F. Glenn, M. D., professor of venereal diseases.



  John G. Sinclair, M. D., professor of clinical diseases of the eve, ear and

throat.



  William G. Brien, M. D., LL. D., professor of medical jurisprudence.



  J. H. Blanks, M. D., professor of clinical medicine.



  Haley P. Cartwright, M. D.. professor of physical diagnosis.



  Charles Mitchell, M. D., professor of microscopy and histology.



  James W. Handly, M. D., professor of genito-urinary diseases and demonstrator

of anatomy.



  Ross Dunn, M. D., demonstrator of anatomy.



  The course of medical instruction consists of "didactic lectures, with

demonstrations, clinical teaching, examinations or quizzes, and practical

teaching in subjects involving manipulation." The candidate for graduation must

be 21 years of age, of good moral character, and must have studied at least two

years. The first year may be passed at some other reputable college. A graded

course of three years is also provided, but it is not obligatory.



  The school is located on Broad street and has one of the best equipped

buildings in the country. A free city dispensary is located on the ground floor.

The fees are: Matriculation, $5; lectures, $75; demonstrator's fee. $10;

graduation fee, $25.



  The dental course of study embraces "operative, prosthetic and clinical

dentistry, lectures on oral and clinical surgery, chemistry, materia medica and

therapeutics, regional anatomy, physiology, and microscopy." The requirements

for graduation and the fees are similar to those of the medical department. The

degrees that were conferred in 1879 were divided into collegiate, post-graduate

and professional. The collegiate degrees were those of bachelor of arts and

bachelor of science. The degree of bachelor of arts was given in the classical

college, and included full courses of study in Latin, Greek, English history and

philosophy, and partial courses in mathematics, chemistry, natural history and

modern languages. The degree of bachelor of science was given in the mechanical

college and in the agricultural college. In the former it included full courses

of study in mathematics, applied mathematics, chemistry, natural history and

partial courses in English history and philosophy and modern languages. In the

agricultural college it included full courses in chemistry, including

agricultural chemistry, natural history and agriculture, and partial courses in

mathematics, applied mathematics, English history and philosophy and modern

languages.



  The post-graduate degrees were those of master of arts and doctor of

philosophy. The masters degree had hitherto been given in course to graduates of

three years' standing who had sustained a good moral character and would present

to the faculty a satisfactory original thesis. Instead of this, in 1879, there

was required one year of postgraduate study, and in order to receive the degree

of doctor of philosophy two years of resident postgraduate study under the

direction of the faculty were required, thus converting these degrees into

degrees of merit instead of degrees of honor.



  The professional degrees were those of civil engineer and doctor of medicine,

the former requiring two years of special study.



  In the summer of 1879 there were made some changes in the faculty. The chair

of agriculture and horticulture was divided into two chairs, the one containing

natural history and geology, assigned to Prof. Hunter Nicholson, and the other

containing agriculture, horticulture and botany, assigned to Prof. John M.

McBryde. Prof. S. B. Crawford became professor of military science, and David B.

Johnson, B. A., assistant instructor in mathematics. In July of this year Prof.

Kirkpatrick died, and in 1880 Prof. M. W. Easton resigned the chair of modern

languages, thus leaving two leading chairs vacant, and modern languages then

went to the professor of English and belles-lettres: the instructorship in

mathematics was discontinued and the new chair of pure mathematics was filled by

Prof. James Dinwiddie, M. A.



  In 1880 a surveyor's course of two years, a practical agricultural course of

two years and a business course of one year, were established, and in 1881 an

arrangement was made with the Knoxville business college by which its professors

conducted the business department of the university.



  In 1882 Prof. Joynes resigned his chair of English and modern languages, and

was succeeded therein by Prof. Rodes Massie, and Prof. John W. Glenn of Georgia

succeeded Prof. McBryde in the chair of agriculture and horticulture.



  In 1883, upon the resignation of Dr. T. W. Humes from the presidency, the

board of trustees decided to elect a chairman who should be in effect president,

and Prof. Rodes Massie was chosen. Col. Lockett resigned the chair of applied

mathematics and the work was assigned to Prof. Dinwiddie, Lewis C. Carter being

elected instructor in applied mathematics. Prof. W. A. Noyes was elected to

succeed Prof. Brown in the chair of chemistry and mineralogy. Thomas O.

Deaderick became adjunct professor of ancient languages. In the summer of 1885

Prof. Dinwiddie resigned the chair of mathematics, and was succeeded by Prof. W.

W. Carson. During the year 1885-86 Prof. E. Alexander served as chairman of the

faculty, and at the end of the year was succeeded by Prof. Thomas O. Deaderick.

Adjunct Professor W. E. Moses was promoted to the chair of chemistry and

mineralogy made vacant by the resignation of Prof, Noyes. Col. S. B. Crawford

was chairman of the faculty for 1886-87: Price Thomas, A. M., was chosen

instructor in natural history, agriculture, etc.; Charles Walker, A. M.,

instructor in chemistry and physics, and T. C. Karns, A. M., principal of the

preparatory department.



   March 3, 1887, Congress passed what is known as the "Hatch Bill." which

provided for the establishment of agricultural experiment stations in connection

with the various agricultural colleges then already founded in different states.

On March 28 the legislature of Tennessee passed an act accepting the gift of

$15,000 and bestowed it upon the agricultural department of the University of

Tennessee. In the following July the trustees of the University reorganized the

agricultural department. President Dabney was made director of the station and

entered upon his duties August 4, 1887, and although by an oversight no

appropriation clause had been included in the congressional act. Director Dabney

added two men to his staff in September, 1887—C. S. Plumb and C. L. Newman, the

former being at the same time elected professor of agriculture. During the

summer of 1888 a new station building worth $6.800 was erected adjoining

Agricultural Hall on the south, and a new mechanical building was also erected

during the same summer. At the same time a new residence was erected for the

president just east of the experiment station, at a cost of $5,000. Agricultural

Hall had .not up to this time been completed, and now both it and the new

station building were fitted up with the best gas, water, heating and

ventilating apparatus. In addition to the improvements for the experiment

station and the agricultural department, a new mechanical building was erected

in the summer of 1888, being of brick and costing $11,500.



  In the summer of 1888 a complete reorganization of the faculty was effected.

The board of trustees under which this reorganization was made consisted of the

following-named gentlemen: Governor Robert L. Taylor, ex-officio; Hon. John

Allison, secretary of state, ex-officio: Hon. Frank M. Smith, superintendent of

public instruction, ex-officio; Hugh L. McClung, Hon. O. P. Temple, Frank A. R.

Scott, Robert H. Armstrong, S. H. Smith, M. D.: R. P. Eaton, H. L. W. Mynatt,

Hon. D. A. Nunn, Edward J. Sanford, W. A. Henderson, Esq.; Hon. J. M. Coulter,

Rev. James Park, D. D.; James D. Cowan, C. Deaderick, M. D.; John M. Boyd, M.

D.; Hon. George Brown, J. W. Gaut, Samuel L. McKinney, William Morrow, M. D.;

William B. Reese, Esq.; Moses White, Esq.; James Comfort, Esq.; Samuel B.

Luttrell, and Robert Craighead.



  The officers of the board were Dr. Charles W. Dabney, Jr., president; Robert

Craighead, treasurer, and S. H. Smith, M. D., secretary.



  The board of control of the agricultural experiment station consisted of O. P.

Temple, J. W. Gaut, R. H. Armstrong, James Park, D. D., and Robert Craighead.



  The board of visitors, appointed by the governor, consisted of Charles Mason,

Jonesboro; John W. Paulett, Knoxville: Rev. George Stuart, Cleveland: J. W.

Sparks, Murfreesboro; Clinton Armstrong, Lewisburg; T. B. Harwell, M. D.,

Pu-laski; William Sanford, Covington; J. Harvey Mathes, Memphis, and S. B.

Williamson, Trenton.



  The officers of government and instruction elected were:



  Charles W. Dabney, Jr., Ph. D. (Gottingen), President of the University.



  Thomas W. Jordan, A. M. (graduate University of Virginia). Dean of the College.



  Kenneth G. Matheson (South Carolina Military Academy). Commandant of Cadets.



  The faculty elected, in the order of official seniority, were as follows:



  William W. Carson, C. E., M. E. (Washington and Lee University). Professor of

Mathematics and Civil Engineering.



  Charles W. Dabney, Jr., Ph. D. (Gottingen). Professor of Organic and

Agricultural Chemistry.



  Charles S. Plumb. B. S. (Massachusetts Agricultural College), Professor of

Agriculture.



  F. Lamson-Scribner, B. S. (Maine State College), Professor of Botany and

Horticulture.



  J. S. Coon, M. E. (Cornell University), Professor of Mechanical Engineering

and Physics.



  Thomas W. Jordan, A. M. (graduate University of Virginia), Professor of Latin

Language and Literature.



  Charles E. Wait, C. E., M. E. (University of Virginia), Ph. D. (University of

Missouri), Professor of General and Analytical Chemistry and Metallurgy.



  Charles W. Kent, A. M. (University of Virginia), Ph. D. (Leipsic), Professor

of English and Modern Languages.



  Edward E. Gayle, first lieutenant, Second Artillery, U. S. A., Professor of

Military Science and Tactics.



  Theodore F. Burgdorff, passed assistant engineer, U. S. N., Associate

Professor of Mathematics and Engineering.



  Thomas C. Karns, A. M. (University of Tennessee), Associate Professor of the

English Language and of Literature and of History.



  Henry E. Summers, B. S. (Cornell University), Associate Professor of Biology

and Zoology.



  Clifford L. Newman, B. S. (Agricultural and Mechanical College of Alabama),

Assistant Professor of Agriculture.



  Kenneth G. Matheson (South Carolina Military Academy), Assistant Professor of

English.



  S. N. Smith, A. M. (University of Tennessee), Instructor in Ancient Languages.



  Charles Hancock (graduate Miller Manual Labor School of Virginia), Instructor

in Mechanics.



  David B. Oviatt (Cornell University). Instructor in Drawing.



  William R. Ellington (University of Tennessee). Instructor in Mathematics.



  J. E. Matheny, Instructor in Bookkeeping.



  Dr. J. E. Kennedy, Physician.



  Prof. W. W. Camson, Secretary of the Faculty.



  Prof. Chas. S. Plumb, Librarian.



  Capt. K. G. Matheson. Inspector of Buildings.



  Robert J. Cummings, Superintendent of the Farm.



  The officers of the agricultural experiment station elected were:



  Charles W. Dabney, Jr., Ph. D. (Gottingen), Director.



  Charles S. Plumb, B. S. (Massachusetts Agricultural College), Assistant

Director, in charge of field and feeding experiments.



  F. Lamson-Scribner, B. S. (Maine State College), Botanist and Horticulturist.



  Winthrop E. Stone, B. S., Ph. D. (Gottingen), Chemist.



  Henry E. Summers, B. S. (Cornell University), Entomologist.



  Clifford L. Newman, B. S. (Agricultural and Mechanical College of Alabama),

Assistant.



  Robert J. Cummings, Foreman of Experiment Farm.



  Thomas L. Norwood, A. M. (University of North Carolina), had been elected

professor of modern languages and English and also dean of the faculty, but very

unfortunately sickened and died before the term opened.



  The departments of instruction comprised, first, the academic, which was

subdivided into the collegiate and the university, or post-graduate; secondly,

the professional, located at Nashville, which was divided into a course in

medicine and a course in dentistry.



  The collegiate department embraced the following courses of study: I.

Literary-scientific; 2. Latin-scientific; 3. Agriculture; 4. Civil engineering;

5. Mechanical Engineering; 6. Chemistry; 7. Mining engineering. These courses

led to the degrees of bachelor of science, bachelor of philosophy, bachelor of

agriculture, bachelor of science in engineering, and bachelor of science in

applied chemistry.



  The university department included courses for the graduate degrees of master

of arts, master of science, and doctor of philosophy. The first and second

required each one year of study: the third two years. Then there were the

professional courses leading to degrees of civil engineer, mining engineer and

mechanical engineer. In the third place there were courses for special students

in the various departments. University students working for degrees were

required to be graduates of the academic department of this or equivalent

schools and resident at the university. The degree of master of agriculture was

afterward introduced.



  The medical department at Nashville conferred the degree of doctor of

medicine, and the dental department that of doctor of dental surgery.



  The following schools were included in the academic department:



  1.   School of ancient languages, with one professor and one instructor.



  2.   School of English and modern languages, with two professors and one

assistant professor.



  3.   School of mathematics, and civil engineering, with two professors and one

instructor.



  4.   School of mechanical engineering and physics, with one professor and two

instructors.



  5.   School of general and analytical chemistry and metallurgy, with one

professor.



  6.   School of agriculture and organic chemistry, with one professor.



  7.   School of agriculture, with one professor and one assistant professor.



  8.   School of botany and horticulture, with one professor.



  9.   School of biology and zoology, with one professor.



  10.  School of military science and tactics.



  The preparatory school was abolished, a few subcollegiate classes being

retained to meet a present demand.



  Four new schools of study had been established, viz.: Mechanical engineering

and physics, agriculture and organic chemistry, botany and horticulture, and

biology and zoology. The library was recatalogued according to the well-known

Dewey decimal classification system, and then contained about 6,000 volumes,

since increased to _____volumes.



  In 1890 Prof. C. S. Plumb resigned the chair of agriculture and in 1891 was

succeeded by Major C. F. Vanderford; Prof. Stonewall Tompkins became

superintendent of shops in place of C. S. Coon, resigned: W. M. Yager became

instructor in mechanics, and H. J. Darnall in German; Lieut. E. E. Gayle became

professor of military science, and Cooper D. Schmitt, M. A., professor of

mathematics. In 1889, in order to accommodate workingmen who could not attend

during the day, there was established a night school, aided liberally by the

citizens of Knoxville. No tuition was charged, the professors of the university

donating their time. The sessions were held in the Mechanical building on

Monday, Wednesday and Friday evenings of each week throughout January, February.

March and April, the members of the teaching force being: Prof. Stonewall

Tompkins, principal; Prof. T. W. Jordan, language: Prof. T. C. Karns, English;

Prof. C. D. Schmitt, mathematics; Prof. R. S. Collins (Knoxville Business

College), bookkeeping and penmanship; W. R. Ellington, freehand drawing, and W.

M. Yager, mechanical drawing. A number of popular lectures on such subjects as

chemistry, electricity, and political economy were delivered during the season.



  The law department was established in the beginning of the second term of

1889-90, with ex-Supreme Judge Thomas J. Freeman dean and professor in charge.

The course was a two years' one and led to the degree of bachelor of laws.

During the spring of 1891 Judge Freeman resigned on account of ill health, dying

in the fall of that year, and he was succeeded as dean by Judge H. H. Ingersoll,

George E. Beers, a graduate of Yale law school being elected associate professor.



  On February 2, 1877, a Young Men's Christian Association was organized, with

D. B. Johnson, president: James H. Cowan, vice-president; Charles J. Heiskell.

secretary, and John M. Allen, treasurer. Meetings were held first in the old

chapel, then in a room in the steward's hall, and afterward in East College.

February 22, 1890, at a meeting held at the university, a subscription was

started for the purpose of erecting a new building for the association, which

had by this time become an influential body in East Tennessee. There was raised

$3,500 immediately, which amount in a few days grew to $6,000, and then the

trustees offered to give $3,000, provided $7,000 were raised outside, which was

accomplished, and on June 9, ground was broken for the new building. As the

building was in course of erection the ambition of its founders grew, and

finally a fine three-story brick building was erected at a cost of $20,000. It

stands on the east side of the campus commanding a fine view of the Tennessee
river.



  In 1890 congress made an additional appropriation to the land grant colleges

of the various states, the amount to be taken from the sale of public lands. It

began with $15,000, on June 30, 1890, and increased $1,000 each year until the

amount reaches $25,000, which sum is to be paid thereafter annually. This fund

can go only to instruction in agriculture, the mechanic arts, the English

language, and the various branches of mathematical, physical, natural, and

economic sciences, with special reference to their applications in the

industries of life, and to the facilities to such instruction.



  The teachers' department was strengthened in 1890 by the election of Prof.

Frank M. Smith as principal. F. R. Jones, M. E., was elected superintendent of

shops; P. L. Cobb, instructor in ancient languages; J. R. McColl, in mechanics;

E. M. Davis, in English; S. W. McCallie, in geology: P. F. Kefauer in practical

agriculture, and R. L. Watts in horticulture.



  High schools were designated in 1890, whose preparatory work would be received

for entrance at the university. On application the University School at

Columbia, Institute at Lewisburg, Memphis Institute, University High School at

Knoxville, Wall and Mooney School at Franklin, the Yerkes School at Paris, Ky.,

and the Bingham School of North Carolina, were added to the list. One free

scholarship was awarded to the best graduate of each school. Afterward were

added the High School of Asheville, N. C.; the Peabody High School at Little

Rock, Ark.; the University School of Kansas City, Mo.: the University School of

Monticello, Ark.; and high schools in Tennessee at the following places:

Alexandria, Chattanooga, Clarksville, Cleveland, Clinton, Columbia, Dyersburg,

Jonesboro, Knoxville, Lexington, McMinnville, Memphis, Milan, Nashville,

Newbern, Pulaski, Rogersville, Trenton and West Knoxville.



  Early in 1891 Laurence D. Tyson, first lieutenant, Ninth Infantry, U. S. army,

was appointed professor of military-science, Lieut. Gayle having been recalled

to the army. Prof. George F. Mellen, Ph. D. (Leipsic) was elected associate

professor of Greek and French, taking charge in the fall of 1891; J. D. Hoskins

was appointed in mathematics.



  The foundations for a new science hall were laid in the summer of 1890, and

the building completed in 1891, at a cost of about $60,000. The money with which

to erect this building was obtained principally from the sale of forty-nine

acres of land adjoining the college farm. It was not needed for agricultural

purposes, and had then recently so appreciated in value as to readily bring

$1,000 an acre.



  The constitution of Tennessee provides that there shall be no discrimination

against colored persons in any of the public schools. The university being

simply the head of the public school system the act endowing the institution

with the proceeds of the land grant, sets forth that "no citizen of this state,

otherwise qualified, shall be excluded from the privileges of the university by

reason of his race or color; but the accommodation and instruction of persons of

color shall be separate from the white."



  For many years, of course, no colored persons were found qualified to take

advantage of the grade of instruction provided by the university. When, later, a

few state appointees to scholarships were found qualified, their tuition was

paid at Fisk University, at Nashville, and then also at Knoxville College,

Knoxville, Tenn. When the present management took charge of the institution, and

the number of colored appointees increased considerably, steps were taken to

establish a regular department in the university for the benefit of this class

of students. In response to an inquiry addressed to the attorney-general of the

state, an opinion was received from him to the effect that all the departments

of the university ought to be located at Knoxville, in immediate relation with,

and under the direct supervision of, the trustees and faculty. As soon,

therefore, as the students then attending Fisk University could be graduated,

steps were taken which led to the establishment of such a department at

Knoxville. By contract with the trustees of Knoxville College, an excellent

institution for the education of colored people, the buildings, grounds, and

teaching staff of that institution were made available for the university as its

colored department.



  The facilities there provided needed, however, to be supplemented along the

line of scientific and industrial education. The president accordingly visited

some of the friends of this institution at the North, and secured the funds for

a new scientific and mechanical building. A tract of land adjacent to the

college was provided for practical work in agriculture and horticulture. The new

building contains a chemical laboratory, drawing rooms, and shops for

instruction in mechanic arts. Three new instructors were provided, and all the

new departments were well equipped. The new department is called the industrial

department for colored students, and is as immediately under the supervision of

the trustees and president of the university as any other department of the

institution, all of its teachers being elected by the trustees, and the entire

expenses of the department being paid by them. The several professors of the

university have supervision of the work there in their respective departments.



  It is designed to give colored men in this institution that opportunity for

industrial education which they so much need. Students are encouraged and

required to work in the shops and upon the farm, and get in this way a practical

skill which will be of benefit to them in later life. Twelve apprenticeships,

worth $50 per annum each, have been created for the benefit of these students

and are available both in the agricultural and mechanical schools.



  The holdings and income of the university may be summed up as follows:



RESOURCES.



Tennessee State certificates, Agricultural and Mechanical

     College fund, which bear interest at 6 per cent                 $396,000

Nine State certificates, which are the university's property,

     interest 5 per cent                                                9,000

Knoxville city bonds (library), which bear 6 per cent interest         20,000

Turnpike stock                                                          1,000

                                                                    _________

                                                                      426,000



College Hill property, 36.5 acres, and 12 large buildings             500,000

College farm of 99.3 acres and improvements                           100,000

Unimproved land, 94.1 acres                                            80,000

Equipment, live stock, machinery, etc                                 100,000

                                                                    _________

                                                                      780,000



INCOME.



Interest on Agricultural and Mechanical College fund                  $23,760

Interest on 9 State certificates                                          450

Interest of Knoxville bonds                                             1,200

                                                                       25,410



The annual appropriations from the General Government are:

For experiment station                                  $15,000

Under Morrill act (in 1891)                              16,000

                                                        _______

                                                                       31,000

The contingent income is, per annum, about                              8,000

                                                                      _______

Total income                                                           64,000



  The following named gentlemen constitute the board of trustees at the present

time:



His Excellency, the Governor of Tennessee                     Ex-Officio.

The Secretary of State                                        Ex-Officio.

The Superintendent of Public Instruction                      Ex-Officio.

T. F. P. Allison. Nashville,

Frank P. Bond, Brownsville,

John M. Boyd, Knoxville,

Joshua W. Caldwell, Knoxville,

James Comfort, Knoxville,

Hu. L. Craighead, Nashville,

Chalmers Deaderick, Knoxville.

William C. Dismukes. Gallatin,

Z. W. Ewing, Pulaski,

James B. Frazier, Chattanooga,

James W. Gaut, Knoxville,

J. M. Greer, Memphis,

Hal H. Haynes, Bristol,

William A. Henderson, Knoxville.

Hugh G. Kyle, Rogersville,

Samuel B. Luttrell, Knoxville,

James Maynard, Knoxville,

Samuel McKinney, Knoxville,

Hu. L. McClung, Knoxville,

Thomas R. Myers, Shelbyville,

James Park, Knoxville,

James D. Porter, Paris,

Wm. Rule, Knoxville,

Edward J. Sanford, Knoxville,

Edward T. Sanford, Knoxville,

Frank A. R. Scott, Knoxville,

Oliver P. Temple, Knoxville,

Marye B. Trezevant, Memphis.

Xenophon Wheeler, Chattanooga.

Moses White, Knoxville.



OFFICERS OF THE BOARD.



Charles W. Dabney           President

James Comfort               Treasurer

James W. Gaut               Secretary



  The following-named gentlemen constitute the faculty of this university at the

present time:



  Charles W. Dabney, Ph. D., LL. D., President of the University.

  Thomas W. Jordan, A. M., LL. D., Dean of the College.

  Henry H. Ingersoll, LL. D., Dean of the Law Department.

  Mrs. Charles A. Perkins, A. M., Acting Dean of the Woman's Department.



ACADEMIC DEPARTMENT.



    In Groups—In the Order of Official Seniority. 



  William W. Carson, C. E., M. E., Professor of Civil Engineering.

  Thomas W. Jordan, A. M., Professor of the Latin Language and Literature.

  Charles E. Wait, C. E., M. E., Ph. D., F. C. S., Professor of General and

Analytical Chemistry and Metallurgy. 

A. M. Soule, Professor of Agriculture. 

  George F. Mellen, A. M., Ph. D., Professor of Greek and History.

  John B. Henneman, M. A., Ph. D. (Berlin), Professor of English.

  Cooper D. Schmitt, M. A., Professor of Mathematics. 

  Charles A. Perkins, Ph. D., Professor of Physics and Electrical Engineering.

  Andrew H. Nave (Captain Eleventh Infantry, U. S. A.), Commandant and Professor

of Military Science and Tactics. 

  Charles W. Turner, A. M., Acting Professor of Constitutional History.

  James Maynard, M. A., Lecturer on International Law.

  Joshua W. Caldwell, M. A., Lecturer on the Constitutional History of Tennessee.

  Edward T. Sanford, M. A., B. LL. (Harvard), Lecturer on History of Tennessee.

  Jay R. McColl, B. S., Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering.

  H. J. Darnall, Adjunct Professor of Modern Languages.

  Ralph L. Watts, B. Agr., Instructor in Horticulture.

  Charles E. Ferris, B. S., Instructor in Drawing.

  Samuel M. Bain, A. B., Instructor in Botany.

  Charles E. Chambliss, M. S., Instructor in Zoology.

  Edwin M. Wiley, B. S., Instructor in English.

  Weston M. Fulton, B. A., Instructor in Meteorology.

  Charles O. Hill, B. A., Instructor in Pharmaceutical Chemistry.

  J. Bolton McBryde, C. E., Instructor in Organic and Agricultural Chemistry.



LAW DEPARTMENT.



  Charles W. Dabney, Ph. D., LL. D., President of the University.

  Henry H. Ingersoll. LL. D., Dean and Professor of Law.

  Charles W. Turner, A. M., Associate Professor of Law.

  James Maynard, A. M., Lecturer on International Law.

  Leon Jourolmon, Lecturer on the Law of Real Property.

  Joshua W. Caldwell, A. M., Lecturer on Tennessee Law.

  James H. Welcker, A. B., B. LL., Lecturer on Torts.

  Edward T. Sanford, A. M., B. LL., Lecturer on the Law of Corporations in

Tennessee.



MEDICAL AND DENTAL DEPARTMENT.

  Charles W. Dabney, Ph. D., LL. D., President of the University.

  Paul F. Eve, M. D., Dean of the Medical Faculty and Professor of Principles

and Practice of Surgery, Abdominal. Orthopaedic, and Clinical Surgery.

  J. Bunyan Stephens, M. D., Professor of Obstetrics and Clinical Midwifery.

  William D. Haggard. M. D., Professor of Gynaecology and Diseases of Children.

  William E. McCampbell, A. M.. M. D., Professor of Theory and Practice of

Medicine and Clinical Medicine.

  T. Hilliard Wood, M. D., Professor of Diseases of the Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat.

  Hazle Padgett, M. D., Professor of Physiology and General Histology.

  W. C. Bilbro, M. D., Professor of Materia Medica, Therapeutics, and Nervous

Diseases.

  James S. Ward, A. B., M. D., Professor of Medical Chemistry and Demonstrator

of Laboratory Medical Chemistry.

  William D. Sumpter, M. D., Professor of General Descriptive and Surgical

Anatomy, Microscopy and Bacteriology, and Demonstrator of Laboratory Microscopy,

Bacteriology and Pathology.



  John Bell Keeble, LL. B., Professor of Medical Jurisprudence.

  Haley P. Cartwright, M. D., Professor of Physical Diagnosis.

  John DeWitt, A. B., LL. B., Professor of Dental Jurisprudence.

  William D. Haggard, Jr., M. D., Associate Professor of Gynaecology.

  James W. Handly, M. D., Lecturer on Genito-Urinary and Venereal Diseases.

  W. R. Sifford, M. D., Assistant to Chair of Surgery, Lecturer on Minor

Surgery, and Demonstrator of Laboratory Operative Surgery.

  W. S. Noble, M. D., Instructor in Ophthalmoscopy, and Assistant to Chair of

Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat.

  Llwellyn P. Barbour, M. D., Lecturer on Tuberculosis.

  Daniel Cliff, M. D., Assistant to the Chair of Obstetrics.

  Charles A. Robertson, M. D., Assistant to the Chair of Materia Medica and

Therapeutics and Lecturer on Pharmacy.

  J. Herman Feist, M. D.. Lecturer on Dermatology.

  Frederick R. Sandusky, D. D. S., Demonstrator-in-Chief.

  James B. Jordan, D. D. S., Assistant Demonstrator.

  George W. Seay, M. D., Demonstrator of Practical Anatomy.

  Perry Bromberg, M. D., Demonstrator of Practical Anatomy.

  F. C. Williams, D. D. S., Clinical Instructor.

  A. Sidney Page. D. D. S., Clinical Instructor.

  J. W. Bryan, D. D. S., Clinical Instructor.



  The officers of the agricultural experiment station are as follows:



  Charles W. Dabney, president; A. M. Soule, secretary; Ralph L. Watts,

horticulturist; J. Bolton McBryde, chemist; Samuel M. Bain, botanist; Charles E.

Chambliss, entomologist; Charles A. Mooers, assistant chemist; Frederick H.

Broome, librarian.



  The following statistics pertaining to the attendance of pupils at this

university are taken from the catalogue of 1897-98:



Students in the Academic Department:



1. College students                         226

2. University and special students           39

                                           ____

Total number in the Academic Department                    265

Professional Departments:

3. Law Department, at Knoxville                             53

4. Medical and Dental Departments, at Nashville            290

                                                          ____

                                                                    608

Counted twice                                                        10

                                                                   ____

Total number of students in the University of Tennessee             598



Additional Comments:
From:



STANDARD HISTORY

OF

KNOXVILLE TENNESSEE



WITH FULL OUTLINE OF THE NATURAL ADVANTAGES, EARLY SETTLEMENT, TERRITORIAL

GOVERNMENT, INDIAN TROUBLES, AND GENERAL AND PARTICULAR HISTORY OF THE CITY DOWN

TO THE PRESENT TIME



EDITED BY

WILLIAM RULE

GEORGE F. MELLEN, PH. D., AND J. WOOLDRIDGE COLLABORATORS



PUBLISHED BY

THE LEWIS PUBLISHING COMPANY

CHICAGO 1900





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