TX BIOS:  Edward W. Riley
   Selected and converted.American Memory, Library of Congress.
   
   Washington, 1994.
   
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   U.S. Work Projects Administration, Federal Writers' Project (Folklore
   Project, Life Histories, 1936-39); Manuscript Division, Library of
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   00011
   
   Folk stuff - Rangelore
   
   Gauthier.Sheldon F.
   
   Rangelore.
   
   Tarrant Co,Dist,.#7 [28?]
   
   Page #1
   
   FC 240
   
   Edward W. Riley, 70 past, living at 1111 Washington [?], was born in
   Lawrence co, Tenne, prior to the commencement of the Civil War. He has
   [?] from stating his age for several years past, he states, because of
   the belief that one should not think about age. His father, James D.
   Riley, was a prosperous plantation [?] and business man prior to the
   Civil War [?] lost his business during the war and at the conclusion
   his finance was in a destitute condition. The Riley family migrated to
   [?] in 1877. They traveled by train to [?] and then by wagon and team
   to Hill co,. James D. Riley located his family on a tract of land
   situated about 18 miles E. of the Brazos River. The Rileys engaged in
   the farming and run cattle in the open range. Edward Riley assisted
   his father until he was about 18 years old and then entered business
   of his own dealing in cattle and horses. He lost his business during
   the [?] of 1893 and then went to W. Texas. He took charge of
   establishing a ranch in [?] co. for J. Edmonson. He later established
   a stock farm of his own and engaged in the realestate business and has
   followed the realestate business during his later years.
   
   [?] story of range lige follows:
   
   "My folks were natives of Tenn., and lived in Lawrence co, at which
   place I was born. Regarding the time I was born or my age, I have for
   some time past refrained from mentioning it, because I do not want to
   be reminded constantly about being aged.
   
   "My father's name was James D. Riley. He owned and operated a
   plantation, also, was engaged in diverse other kinds of business.
   
   "At the commencement of the Civil War he was rated as a wealthy man,
   but at the conclusion of the War he was a financial wreak, as many
   other in the Southern States were.
   
     NOTE: [???] Tex
     
   00022He concluded to try and rehabiliate his financial position in
   Texas and migrated to the State in 1877. We traveled to Dallas Texas,
   by train, which was the end of the railroad so far a passenger,
   service at that date. The railroad had entered Fort Worth, several
   months prior to our arrival, but back in Tenn., tickets were not sold
   for any point beyond Dallas.
   
   "From Dallas we traveled overland, in a covered wagon pulled by a
   team, to Mill co, Texas, where my father negotiated for a tract of
   land. On this land we established a home and engaged in farming, also
   ranged a few cattle on the open range.
   
   "The main factor which caused father to settle in Hill Co. was that a
   colony of Tenn., folks were located there.
   
   "At the time of our arrival Mill co, had a few settlemets [DEL: [?]
   :DEL] which were, for the most part, along streams of water and near
   timber brakes. The prairie or uplands wese open range, on which ranged
   the [?] of cattle.
   
   "Father followed the system which the majority of the settlers adopted
   for making a livelihood and that was to build up a herd of cattle. He
   adopted the brand of '[?]' and turned his stock loose to range with
   the hunderds of other animals in the section of our land's location.
   
   "Father hired two cowhands and they and I rode the range. We [???]
   general watch over the hred, which we did in co-operation on with the
   other ranchers of the territory. The ranchers worked together
   attending to the cattle on the range, also doing the roundup work.
   
   "Father devoted most of his time attending to the [DEL: develop :DEL]
   developing00033his farm and attending to the crops.
   
   "We wwere compelled, and did, live off of what nature provided. That
   is to say, we lived from the produce of the farm and wild game which
   was there in abundance. It may seem increditable, but wild game was so
   plentiful that the animals were a [?] to our crops. We, of course, had
   the filed fenced to keep out the deer and others beast, but the wild
   [?] were hard to cope with. For instance, our first corn crop was
   placed in an improvised crib. The crib was built of rails and the
   walls were about six feet high, but had no roof. It was a place to put
   the corn and keep the stock from getting to it. Well, the prairie
   chickens came to the crib by the thousands and were getting the corn
   mighty fast. We were compelled to place a cover on the crib. I killed
   many prairie chickens with a club which came to the crib.
   
   "Wild turkey were another wild foul which were a menac to the crops
   and compelled us to fight off.
   
   "So far as food was concerned no one worried about being in want of
   it. All the settlers had to do in securing themselves and family a
   food, was to raise some corn, wheat and vegetables. The wheat we took
   to the local corn miller where the grains were ground and the pay for
   the grinding was a part of the grist.
   
   "I speak about the local miller, but our [?] was off a distance of 18
   miles, however, such distances were considered local those days. A
   trip to [?] was a whole days job. [When?] we made a trip to the mill
   [?] started before daylight and at times were able to complet the
   round trip by sundown and at other times 00044we would not arrive home
   until after dark. The time we we spent getting a grist depended on the
   number of people ahead of us at the mill. There were always more or
   less customers waiting for their grist and each had to wait their turn
   to be served.
   
   "When we had raised out first crop and began to take grist to the mill
   I was just a young lad, but old enough to be depended upon to drive
   the team and attend to getting the grist. On my first trip to the mill
   alone, I had my first introduction to one of the Texas customs of
   those days.
   
   "I started an hour before sunup, as usual when going to the mill. I
   had made a couple trips with father and knew there was excellent
   fishing in the Brazos River, on which stream the mill was located.
   Therefore, I was anxious to make good time going, so I would have
   plenty of time to fish, before or after I receive [?] my grist. About
   six miles from our home was a patch of woods. The road through the
   woods twisted and turned back and forth between the trees. Just before
   I arrived at the woods a desire to catnap came on me and when I
   reached the timber I was dozing. I was awoke suddenly by the team
   shying off the road. I reined the team back to the road immediately
   and then looked to find what caused the team's action. There at the
   side of the [?] was a [man hanging from?] a tree at the end of a new
   rope. The [?] weight at the end of the rope caused it to untwist, as a
   [??] will do until it is completely stretched.
   
   Well, when I came up to this, then, good [?] the rope [???] completely
   stretched and, therefore, the man was [?] and round and round slowly.
   00055"As you know there are certain things which happens during one's
   life which registers more strongly on a persons mind than others.
   Well, this sight at the early dawn of a spring morning is still with
   me and I can visualize the body easily and see the fellow plain as I
   did that morning right at this minute going round and round.
   
   "When I saw the man I lost no time in whipping up the team to get away
   from the spot. I looked back two or three times and the man was still
   going round and round. I kept whipping up the horses and pulling my
   hat back on my head when my hair raised it off of my skull. I finally
   lost sight of the man going round and round and then my/ hair settled
   so I could give all my time to driving which I did to get out of the
   woods.
   
   "I had not traveled far until I heard human voices off a distance.
   Just as I passed out of the timber I sighted a party of mountain men
   and when they sighted me they started to ride towards me. When we met
   I reconized only one of the men and he was one of our neighbors. He
   spoke to me and asked:
   
   "'Did you see any body on your way to this point?'"
   
   "'Yes'", I answered, 'I saw a man hanging at the end of a rope with
   his feet about six inches from the ground and he was [?] round and
   round'".
   
   "The spokesman smiled a little at my remarks and replied [?] you saw?'
   I told him I had seen a thing or any
   
   [?] on with my grist and was fortunate in being one [?] the mill that
   day and so was served early. I did 00066not remain to fish that day,
   because I was anxious to pass the tree where the man was going round
   and round, before dark set in. However, when I arrived at the spot
   there was no sign of the man going round and round.
   
   "The man which went round and round, I learned afterwards, was proven
   guilty of stealing hosses, by them whom I met that morning.
   
   "Among our greatest troubles were fighting rustlers. We could handle
   the cattle drifts during and before storms, or a stampede, but the
   rustlers presented a problem which was dangerous to handle also caused
   considerable loss.
   
   "Horses were the animals which the rustlers stole mostly during the
   first few years after we came to Texas. At that time it was not
   necessary to steal cattle, because there still existed large numbers
   of Mavericks and if one wanted cattle the critters could be obtained
   on the range. After the Mavericks disappeared then rustling of cattle
   became a vocation of many persons for a while.
   
   "Horse stealing continued to be a big problem so long as horses were
   raised on the range. Horses were handled easier in driving off of the
   range and the sale of the animals could be found in many more places.
   A horse thief could drive a number of horses off about as fast as they
   could be trailed. . Thereofre, if a thief who had a days start, he was
   hard to catch.
   
   "Stolen horses were driven to La., Tenn., Miss., and Ark., where
   farming was more extensively developed, and at those places 00077sold.
   The thief could drop into any farming steelement and find a market for
   some of the horses.
   
   "Rustling became so prevalent for a time that ranchers adopted and
   organized the [?] means of combating the menace. It became necessary
   for the ranchers to deal directly with the rustlers, because the law
   enforcement officals were not meeting the menace and depredations of
   the rustlers. In some instances the officals were coreced into
   refraining from adequately, dealing with the stealing and in a few
   instances the officals were involved with the rustlers.
   
   On the Trinity Creek bottom N.E. of Grandview there now is still
   standing an Oak tree which was the court house and temple of justice
   used by the [?] of ranchers who inforced their law. The tree is a
   large one and during its early period of growth it was bent out of its
   normal position. The tree grew in a slanting position and one special
   limb extends out in a straight level with the ground. During one two
   year period I know of 11 men whom were made good citizens by hanging
   at the end of a rope from that straight limb. The 11 hanged men were
   the results of 55 trials held under the tree.
   
   "The results of the trials held under this temple of justice varied.
   Some of the accused were found not guilty, some were ordered to leave
   the country and some were given another chance, with a warning to [not
   come?] before the [?] again accused of being mixed in any rustling.
   
   "[DEL: at :DEL] At those trials one man sat as judge. Witness were
   heard for and against the accused. After all the testimony was
   00088presented the verdict resulted from a vote of the members of the
   [?] present. Jimmy [?] was the judge who sat during the trials of the
   55 men of whom I speak.
   
   "In Sherman Texas, there is an oak tree still standing which has a
   record of furnishing the limb from which 55 men were hanged, that is
   the tree was standing a year ago.
   
   "Many men took advantage of the condition existing on the cattle range
   following the Civil War, and gathered a herd of cattle from unbranded
   cattle which ran the range. Their action led into trouble which
   resulted in shooting many [?].
   
   "The range contained thousands of unbranded cattle which / were not
   attended to during the war for various reasons. [?] the reasons were
   lack of men to do work and no market. The Federal Army had control of
   the Mississippi River and the Texas ranchers could not [??] cattle to
   the Confederate Army [?] the population E. of the Mississippi River.
   Therefore, cattle multiplied by the thousands and many were not
   branded. So [??] particular critter belong was a question impossible
   to [?]. [?] the rule followed was each/ rancher put his brand on the
   animal found on the range with his cattle. The branding of Mavericks
   became a business, after the cattle market was provided, which finally
   led to trouble, because some ranchers considered stealing of their
   critters was taking place.
   
   "I shall relate an incident which is typical of the maverick branding
   business existing during that time.
   
   "A young fellow, who was captain in the Confederate Army,
   00099returned home after the war and looked into the range condition.
   He then went at the work of gathering himself a herd in a highly
   organised way. I shall not [?] on his named, because he became one of
   the promanent ranches of Texas and has close relatives living now.
   
   "He negoiated for a tract of land located on the line of Hill and
   Johnson Counties. He built a fence around the tract of land and a head
   quarters at the entrance. While [?] the fence he fed corn and oats to
   a string of high class range horses which he had bought. Those horses
   were put in excellent condition by exercising and were ready for hard,
   fast and many miles of riding.
   
   "When all things were ready he, with expert horsemen and [?], rode the
   range gathering cattle and gathered all the Mavericks which they could
   find, and they gathered many head of cattle. The cattle were placed in
   the pasture and branded.
   
   "It was not long until other ranchers began ot object to the method
   the ex-captain was using and finally the young fellow was notified to
   desist. He refused to comply with the request or demand and continued
   with his work.
   
   "Several of the ranchers discussed the matter and finally concluded to
   hang the lad on the grounds he was taking cattle which belong to
   others. A commettee was selected to call upon the young fellow and
   hold the rope party. Among them whom were selected was an uncle of Dr
   Chas Harris, head of the [?] hospital located in Fort Worth.
   001010"The [?] started for the young fellows ranch early of the
   morning agreed on for holding the party. All the members of the party
   were inthusiastic at the start of the trip, but while riding towards
   the ranch the justice of their act troubled some of the members of the
   party. The one most seriously trouble was the uncle of Dr Chas Harris.
   When the party stopped at a stream to water their mounts, Harris's
   uncle argued, with doubt, about the justice of the party's purpose,
   but the majority of the members/ insisted on carrying out their
   purpose. At noon when the party stopped for feeding, Harris's uncle
   again brought up the question, still the majority insisted on holding
   the party as planed, but showed some weakness. The party continued on
   until they arrived at the entrance of the ranch headquarters and there
   they stopped for a final parley. Harris's uncle again argued against a
   rope party and predicated his position on the fact that the young
   fellow was doing nothing but what each of the commettee had done and
   would do again. That the only difference between the ex-soldier and
   them present, was that the young fellow went about the work in a
   systemized and business way, and was taking all the Mavericks off of
   the range. He put the question to each man about whether or not he had
   branded Mavericks. Each man admitted to doing so. The party ended with
   all agreeing that the young fellow had showed more energy and business
   sence than any member of the commettee. The party all returned home
   and [?] the young fellow was [?] prevented from becoming one of the
   leading cattlemen of Texas.
   
   "To illustrate the characteristics developed in the early
   001111settlers of Texas, which were due to varied conditions which
   they were compelled to contend with, I shall mention a incident
   relating to the citizens' anger about fencing land.
   
   "About the first fence put up in the Hill and Johnson counties section
   of the range, was built by a man named Pool. He was related to
   ex-Governor Bell of Tenn.. The fence was built during the later part
   of the 70's and was placed around a tract of land about 12 miles
   S.[?]. of Clerburne. Part of that fence is still visible.
   
   "When the fence was completed, the good citizens decided that in the
   interest of the country's welfare the fence should be destroyed and
   that the good and honest citizens did.
   
   "The act was clearly a violation of the law and Pool filed charges of
   malicious trespass, malicious destruction of property and, also, filed
   a civil suit for damages against them who engaged in the act.
   
   "The case come on for trial before a jury of good and honest citizens.
   The evidence was heard and the defe danrs were [exomorated?]. The
   whole defense argument was predicated on the contention that the
   accused acted for the good of the country in preventing the range from
   being destroyed through fencing it. And, not withstanding the law,
   circumstances alters its application and destruction of a fence to
   preserve the range justified the defendants' act. So, the jury sitting
   in a court of law turned it into a court of equity and justified the
   act.
   
   "The fact is that [?] of the accused desired to cause Pool 001212any
   damage, but committed the act as a notice to all people that the range
   must remain free.
   
   "However, it was not long after a practical fence was placed on the
   market, until the open range disappeared, but there was a great deal
   of fence cutting, and in some instances blood spilled, before the
   fencers won their fight for a right to fence their land.
   
   "Two men, one named Glidden and the other Edwards, were the first men
   to place a practical wire for fencing on the [market?] and they make
   millions out of supplying the demand for wire with which to fence
   Texas.
   
   "The first so called wire fence built in Texas was built by [?] King,
   owner of the famous King ranch before his death, which fence was built
   sometime just prior to the Civil War. Some of the fence can be seen on
   the King Ranch at this time. The wire used was shipped to this country
   [?] England. It came by boat to the King's place. The boat anchored in
   the Gulf and the wire was loaded on a barge and floated to the land.
   
   "The wire used by King was not real wire, but was a flat metal strand
   about 1/2 inch wide without barbs. The wire was run through holes
   which were bored in the post and not fastened with staples as wire is
   fastened to the post today. That fencing material was too expensive
   for practical use and the King fence was about the only fence put up
   of that nature.
   
   "The next step in the production of wire for fencing purpose was the
   flat strands twisted and barbs placed at short intervals. That wire
   proved very dangerous to cattle, because of its cutting
   001313qualities and soon became in disuse. Then followed the round
   strands of two wires twisted as it is today, but without barbs and
   then the barbs was placed between the strands as we see it today. This
   later wire was the Glidden and Edwards [wire?] and it met the fencing
   needs staisfactory. There was tons ofiit used after it survived the
   wire cutters.
   
   "I recall an incident which took place in Alvarado, Johnson co, which
   shows the intense feeling developed over fencing and wire cutting. A
   fellow was arrested for wire cutting and placed in the Alvarado jail.
   The jails was built of logs, which was the way jail in small town were
   usually built those days. The man who had his wire cut followed the
   sheriff to Alvarado and shot the accused after he was placed in jail.
   The shooting was done through the cracks of the logs. This, also,
   shows the nature of some of the forntier jails.
   
   "Now, I shall return to cattle raising. I remained with my father and
   assisted him with his herd until I was a young man. We never [?] a
   drive, but sold our cattle to drovers who came came through the
   country gathering cattle from small ranchers. The drover would gather
   cattle until they had a herd of from 2500 to 3500 head. Some of those
   cattle were sold in Fort Worth, after the meat packing industry was
   established in the city, some were shipped to Northern markets, and
   some were driven to Northern ranges far North as [?]., where the
   cattle were fattened and then sold for beef.
   
   "When I was old enough to engage in business on my own. I
   001414started a horse ranch and run a few cattle as a side line. I
   perfered horses, because the animal is easier to handle than the
   cattle. For instance, cattle would drift a hundred miles or more from
   their home range in front of a strom and remain where they stopped
   drifting. When a strom descended the riders would have to ride fast
   and long trying to hold a herd of cattle and then some would get away.
   During the general roundup, we frequently found cattle which belonged
   more than a hundred miles away.
   
   "Horses will drift to some extent, but riders can hold a herd of
   horses easily, compared with holding cattle. Horses will not roam away
   from their home range so long as there is plenty of grass and water.
   If they do drift away before a storm to find shelter, they will return
   to their range after the storm ceases.
   
   "The stallion running with a harem of mares will look after the herd,
   [?] watched the stallion and the stud attend to keeping the rest of
   the herd together and protect it from deperdations. A stallion will
   gather a herd of from 20 to 30 mares. To succeesfully handle a herd of
   horses on the range it is necessary to run a stallion with each 25 or
   30 mares. Each stallion will separate its harem from the others and
   keep his mares around him. With a herd of horses so blanced, very
   little trouble is given by the horses.
   
   "It may be of intrest to not the diffenence intthe nature of horses
   and cattle raised on the range, therefore, I shall speak of some
   characteristics.
   
   "The bulls running with a herd of cows will mingle with 001515each
   other and even go off in bunches away from the cows, except during
   breeding season. During breeding seasons the bulls would mingle here
   and there not paying any particular attention to any certain bunch of
   cows. On the other hand the stallion will not allow any other stallion
   to interfer with his harem.
   
   "It is necessary to castrate all male colts before the animal maturers
   [DEL: secually :DEL] sexually, in order to have the young horse [?]
   with the herd. When a young horse is castrated the stud will not drive
   the animal of, but if not, the stallion will drive the young horse
   away from the herd about the time it is matured sexually.
   
   "One of our jobs during the [?] roundup was to castrate all male
   colts, except a few we may wish to save for breeding purpose. Those
   colts which we saved had to be herded by theirselves.
   
   "If left alone a stud will remain with his harem until he dies, but
   when the animal becomes to old to defend itself in a fight with some
   younger stallion, there is always a younger stallion who discovers the
   fact and drives the old boy off. And, each fight is always a vivious
   fight. When an old stud is driven off it will go off to itself and
   die, I presume from a broken heart.
   
   "A stallion is rather constant with his harem, but will steal mare
   away from another harem if the opportunity is presented.
   
   "I remained in the hoss business until the [?] of 1893 and during that
   business slump I was caught unprepared and had to close out my
   business.
   
   "I got my business affairs settled by 1897 and went [?] to Nolan co,
   Texas, where I started a ranch for J. Edmonson, and adopted 'JE' as
   his brand. 001616"At the time I went West the country was just getting
   organised into counties at many sections. Dawson co, was then trying
   to get settled on the location for its county seat. The county seat
   then was at a place called Chicago, but there was agitation for [?] it
   at [?]. The question was submitted to a vote the [?] advorcates [?],
   in [?] of the fact that Chicago at that time was the larger place.
   However, the man who owned the land around Lamesa offered a lot free
   to the voters in the event the county seat was located at Lamesa, and
   the people of Chicago had no land to offer.
   
   Within a year after the town of Lamesa was made the county seat, about
   the entire town of Chicago moved to Lamesa and now the twon of Chicago
   is a ghost town.
   
   "The first teacher Lamesa had was Jim Garrett and he was elected and
   served as the first Treasure of [?] co,
   
   "I built the first fence in that section of the country. It was
   located between the railroad and Snyder.
   
   "The country was sparcely settled at that time, but settled rapidly.
   There was a block offschool and known as block 97 located [?] of
   Snyder and settlers located in that bolck by the score. This bolck of
   territory became the first farming community. Out side of bolck 97 the
   country was devoted to cattle ranges.
   
   "I spent several years ranching in that section and during my first
   few years there the range became fenced into separate ranges with
   farms scattered through out the territory.
   
   "I went to Graham in the early part of [?] and entered the horse and
   mule business, [?] the farmers with work stock. 001717"While at Graham
   I had an experience which I shall relate as it indicates some
   information on the life of the early days.
   
   "During the early days everybody rode or drove a horse for traveling.
   The people with any sporting blood, and there were many of them,
   attempted to own the fastes horse. One could watch a horse race most
   any day, if at some place where people congerated. The races were run
   on the strees of the towns or over a country trail, and [??] match
   races between two horses. Each horse would have more or less backers
   and at time considerable money would change hands as wagers.
   
   "While I was living in the Hill and Johnson counties a fellow from the
   North came to the section with several horses and settled and settled
   on a track of land. He appeared like a typical farmer and went to work
   breaking sod on his truck. He, also, would hire out to break sod for
   others.
   
   "This Yankee had one horse [??] run and he matched it against horses
   of others that thought they owned a runner. The Yankee was a shrewd
   racer and never drove his horse faster than was necessary to win by a
   close finish. However, he refused to race his horse against one horse
   in the community which had the reputation of being the fastest animal
   in the section. The boys were constantly [?] the Yankee about his
   horse being too slow for the fast animal. But, one day, while being
   taunted, by a crowd of men, he suddenly acted angerly and told the
   boys to p put up their money. He told the crowd that he would take all
   the wagers they offered and placed money with a banker with which to
   001818cover all offers.
   
   "Frank McKinney, [?] the town's merchants, was a thrifty person with a
   large sum of money and did money lending. He was a careful person with
   his money, but would always invest in a sure thing. He saw an
   opportunity to make some easy money, so put a large wager against the
   Yankee's horse.
   
   "The race was run and the boys discovered that the Yankee's horse had
   just cantered in the previous races.
   
   "Most of the crowd took their defeat in good grace, but McKinney was
   bitter over his loss.
   
   "Within a week following the race a couple men were passing a tract of
   land where the Yankee was breaking sod and saw his paraphernalia
   scattered in such manner as to indicate there was some trouble. The
   men went to the Yankee's shack and found from the way things appeared
   that the fellow had not been home for several days. Several days later
   buzzards were noticed flying around a cotton wood grove. In those days
   when buzzards congerated, folks investigated to learn if it was a man
   or beast the buzzards were congerating to feast on. So, this
   investigation resulted in finding the body of the Yankee hanging at
   the end of a rope. His work horses were tethered close by and had
   consumed all the grass within their reach and were famished for the
   want of water and feed. The race horse was gone and a thorough search
   [?] to locate any of the Yankee's money. The culprit was never [?].
   
   "Now back to Graham. When I was located at Graham it was 15 years
   later and McKinney was also located there then, but had 001919retired
   from active business, because of ill health. His mind was affected and
   the condition was progressive, which finally reached a stage which
   required someone to keep a general watch over him. He finally become
   so minded that no one could handle him but I. He seemed to have
   confidence in me and therefore it fell to my lot look after McKinney.
   
   "McKinney had a history of Hill and Johnson counties which had been
   published a short time and he would read the history constantly. There
   was some mention of the Yankee's murder and that part seemed to hold
   his attention more than any other part. I became curious about the
   attention McKinney was giving to the murder account and one day I
   saked him the followinf question:
   
   '"Who do you supposed killed that Yankee?'"
   
   "'Edward", he replied with a perplexed look. '"There are somethings in
   a mans life which is better to remain unsaid'".
   
   "I never pressed to question farther, because I was satisfied with the
   answer. I have never mentioned this fact to anyone since until this
   time and you are the first person I have told it to. McKinney was
   taken to the insane institution at [?] and there he died.
   
   "I spent several years in the horse and mules business and during the
   past several years I have delt in the realestate business.

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