Abstract of Court Minutes from "A HISTORY OF ROCKINGHAM COUNTY VIRGINIA" ************************************************************************ USGENWEB ARCHIVES NOTICE: These electronic pages may NOT be reproduced in any format for profit or presentation by any other organization or persons. Persons or organizations desiring to use this material, must obtain the written consent of the contributor, or the legal representative of the submitter, and contact the listed USGenWeb archivist with proof of this consent. ************************************************************************ A HISTORY OF ROCKINGHAM COUNTY VIRGINIA John W. Wayland, Ph.D. CHAPTER V. (Pages 65 – 111) THE NEW COUNTY AND THE NEW NATION. 1777-1820. In October, 1777, the Act providing for the creation of the County of Rockingham from Augusta was passed by the Virginia legislature; and early the next year, to wit, in April 1778, the first court for the new county was held. The board of justices was in session two days, and transacted a great deal of important business, not only in process of civil organization, but also in reference to various personal interests of individual citizens. The following paragraph, copied from the original minute-book of the court, will get the situation and the several actors on the scene clearly before us: Be it remembered that on the xxvii Day of April MDCCLXXviii a Commission of the peace and a Commission of Oyer & Terminer under the Hand of his Excellency Patrick Henry Esq. Governor in Chief, dated the xxiv Day of March MDCCLXXviii directed to Silas Hart, Daniel Smith, Abraham Smith, John Gratten, Josiah Davison, John Skidmore, George Boswell, Thomas Hewitt, John Thomas, William Nalle, robert Davis, James Dyer, Henry Ewing, William McDowell, Anthony Ryder, John Fitzwater & Isaac Hinckel Gent. Justices for the County of Rockingham being read, Daniel Smith & Abraham Smith having administer'd the Oath of a Justice of Oyer & Terminer to Silas Hart Gent. and then the said Silas Hart administered each of the said Oaths to Danile Smith, Abram smith, Johyn Gratten, Josiah Davidson, George Bowell, Thomas Hewitt, John Thomas, James Dyer, Henry Ewing, William McDowell, Anthony Ryder, John Fitzwater & Isaac Hinckle, aforesaid, who were sworn in the Commission of the peace & Justices of Oyer accordingly. Following out a commission issued March 24, 1778, by Governor Patrick Henry, Silas Hart was sworn in as sheriff, with Gabriel Jones and Robert Cravens as sureties. Gaven Hamilton qualifed as deputy sheriff. Thomas Lewis produced a commission as county surveyor, from the president and masters of "the Colledge of Wm & Mary," and was sworn into the office, having Daniel Smith and Abraham Smith as sureties. Peter Hog was unanimously chosen and appointed clerk of the peace. On this first day of the court, April 27, 1778, the following justices were present: Daniel Smith James Dyer Abraham Smith Henry Ewing John Gratten William McDowell Josiah Davidson Anthony Ryder George Boswell John Fitzwater Thomas Hewitt Isaac Hinckle John Thomas Various matters in the settlement of estates, etc., were transacted. The minutes are signed by Abraham Smith, but apparently written by someone else. The court resumed its session the next day, April 28, 1778. At the opening six of the justices were present, namely; Daniel Smith, Abraham Smith, John Thomas, John Gratten, Isaac Hinckle, and John Fitzwater; an hour or two later Thomas Hewitt and James Dyer came in, and later still Josiah Davidson. A great deal of important business was transacted this day, in addition to the formal provisions for the settling of several estates. The sheriff was ordered to summon 24 freeholders as a grand jury for the county; William Bush, Jeremiah Beasly, Henry Brewster, George Huston, William Magill son of John, Elliot Rutherford, John Fulton, Jr., John Bryan, Jr., Reuben More, Mathias Leas, Jr., Joseph Custard, William Dever, Beerton Blizard, Samuel Skidmore, and Jacob Ellsworth were appointed constables in their respective districts; Abraham Smith was recommended to the governor and council as a fit man for the office of county lieutenant; Daniel Smith was in like manner recommended for colonel, Benjamin Harrison for lieutenant colonel, and John Skidmore for major; John Gratten, John Thomas, and Daniel Smith were appointed coroners for the county; It was ordered that Gawen Hamilton, being first sworn, should run the division line between Rockingham and Augusta; also the "Length of the County from the said Line to Lord Farifax's Line, or run any other Line by the Direction of Mr. Lewis the Surveyor to enable him to make out a plan of the County"; Gawen Hamilton was recommended as a proper man to serve as deputy surveyor under Mr. Lewis, "if he is pleased to appoint him to that office"; Gawen Hamilton was appointed a captain of the militia in the county; Joseph Smith, 1st lieutenant; John Rice, 2d lieutenant; and Wm. Smith (3d lieutenant?); Wm. Herring was appointed 2d lieutenant, and Joseph Dictam, ensign, in Capt. Robert Craven's company; Richard Reagen ws appointed 2d lieutenant, and Joseph Smith ensign, in Capt. Daniel Smith's company; It was ordered that Daniel Smith draw from the treasurer of the Commonwealth 12 pounds, and "lay it out for the Support of Bridget Fowler the distressd Wife of John Fowler a Soldier in the continental Army from this County." Although Silas Hart had been sworn in as sheriff, under the governor's commission, he was not long permitted to enjoy the office; for in the record of the second day's session of the court we find a minute to the effect that Josiah Davidson, John Skidmore, and George Boswell were recommended to the governor as candidates fit for appointment to the position. This procedure is explained in the same minute. It appears that Silas Hart and Daniel Smith, having been senior justices in Augusta, and having thereby held the office of sheriff before the division of the county, had agreed to relinquish their claim to the office when they should fall within the new county of Rockingham. Accordingly, they now agreed, or were required, to allow the office to be handed down the line of seniority. Josiah Davidson, one of the three nominees, was commissioned by the governor, and was sworn in as sheriff at the next monthly session of the court. The court, on the second day of the first session, having taken into consideration the "properest place" for the holding of courts until public buildings could be erected, unanimously resolved to hold court at the house of Daniel Smith, Gent., until the said public buildings were completed. The court at the time of this resolution was doubtless sitting at the home of Mr. Smith; for the Act establishing the county had designated his house as the place for holding the first court. "Smithland," now the residence of Geo. W. Liskey, stands on the southeast side of the Valley Pike, just a mile or two below Harrisonburg. It is one of the finest old country homesteads in many a mile. Situated near the brow of a lofty eminence, it commands a splendid view of vales, hills, and distant mountains. At the sharp turn of the pike just below the house, on the high bank at the left- hand side, the site of an old building may still be discerned; there, tradition says, the first justices of the county sat in their initial sessions. At the same time that Smithland was selected as the temporary seat of justice, it was ordered that Daniel Smith and Josiah Davidson be empowered to contract with some person for building a "square Log Jayl or prison 12 feet square, laid with square Logs above & below, 8 inches thick at the least, with one Window & a Door made of Iron barrs so as to suit the public Jayl when built, with a good Lock & a Cabin roof over the upper flour, (sic) to be fixed on the most convenient spott of the sd. Daniel Smith's plantation, and in the meantime that the Sheriff be empowered to hire a Guard to watch such prisoners as are taken into his Custody." After this action the court was adjourned to the next monthly session. The minutes of the second day are signed by Daniel Smith. It is likely that he or Peter Hog made the entries on the pages that are now yellow with age and worn with much handling. The second court for Rockingham County was held on Monday, the 25th of May, 1778. Among other transactions, Josiah Davidson was sworn in as sheriff, under a commission from the governor dated May 7th 1778; Gabriel Jones was appointed deputy attorney for the commonwealth for Rockingham County, with a salary of L40 a year. Under commissions from the governor, Abram Smith took an oath as County Lieutenant; Daniel Smith, as Colonel; Benjamin Harrison, as Lieut.-Colonel; William Nalle, as Major. Anthony Ryder, Gawin Hamilton, Thomas Hewitt, Thomas Boggs (?), Reuben Harrison, and Daniel Smith,Jr., were appointed captains of militia, and took oath according to law. Felix Gilbert was bound to the governor in the sum of L1000, with two sureties in the sum of L500 each, for a year and a day, to perform his good behavior towards the State and all the good people thereof, he having been charged by Andrew Skidmore with having uttered "words inimical to the State" - words that tended to "sow sedition among the settlers on the western waters." Gilbert was the wealthy store keeper, east of Harrisonburg, with whom we became familiar in the preceding chapter. The next day a large part of the business consisted in the appointing of road masters for the new roads that were being marked out in various courses. A more particular account of these proceedings is given in Chapter XII. The sum of L20 was voted for the aid of Elizabeth Pennirey, wife of Thomas Pennirey, a soldier in the army of the United States. At the court held June 22, 1778, it was ordered that William Nalle, Gent., take the list of tithables (Footnote: The tithables were those persons upon whom the poll tax was levied.) in the companies of Capt. Coger and Capt. Frazier; George Boswell, Gent., in those of Capt. Hewit and Capt. Pence; Henry Ewing, Gent., in those of Capt. Cravens, Capt. Hamilton, and Capt. Hopkins; John Fitzwater, Gent., in those of Capt. Lincoln and Capt. Boggs; Anthony Rader, Gent., in those of himself and Capt. Harrison; Daniel Smith, Gent., in that of Capt. Smith; Isaac Hinckle, on the North Fork and South Branch; and James Dyer, Gent., on the South Fork. In following thus the official proceedings in the organization of the new county, one should keep in mind the cotemporary events that were marking the initial steps in the life of the new nation. It was a great and stirring time. Just a little over a year before the General Assembly of Virginia passed the Act creating Rockingham County, Jefferson, a son of Virginia, had written the Declaration of Independence, upon which thirteen young states rose up before the world in a challenge of hope that was a daring as it was splendid and courageous. The very same year and month (October, 1777) that the said Act was passed, the new nation scored a triumph at a crisis in the surrender of Burgoyne at Saratoga. In February following, just two months before the first court of Rockingham met at Smithland, France recognized the independence of the United States, and thus made a telling contribution to their success in the long struggle for freedom. Through all the first years of the county's history this struggle went on, with Fortune wavering near the point of balance, until finally the political independence of the young states was acknowledged by the mother country in 1783. At that time Rockingham County was six years old; the new nation, counting from 1776, was just two years older. From the records of the county court, a number of which are reproduced either in form or in substance in the following pages, it will clearly and repeatedly appear that Rockingham contributed in generous measure to the cause of American independence. Her soldiers fought on fields at home and abroad. Her citizens furnished supplies of varied kind and enormous quantity for military use. Her magistrates were liberal in providing for the wives and children of patriot soldiers, and alert in suppressing tories. In these records the student of government will read efficiency and equity; the industrial economist will observe many statistics of kind, measure, and value; the soldier will discern military organization and activity; the sociologist will find a people simple and frugal; and the genealogist will recognize many an ancestor in honorable service. August 24, 1778, George Rootes, Gent., took the oath of an attorney at law, which was ordered certified by the court. On the same day the court appointed John Hinton to draw L20 and lay it out for Bridget Fowler, wife of John Fowler, a soldier in the U.S. service, and her children. September 28, 1778, George Boswell and John Thomas were appointed to examine and receive the Jayl house built on Danl. Smith's plantation agreeable to a former order of court; whereupon the said gentlemen reported that they had viewed the said Jayl and found it sufficient, &c., except the iron door and window, which could not be procured. November 23, 1778, the court ordered L25 to be paid Mary Rupe, wife of Nicolas Rupe, a soldier in the continental army, to relieve the distress of herself and seven children. At a court held on Monday, March 22, 1779, a "Deed from Robt. Hill to the presbyterian Congregation was proved by the Witnesses & O to be recorded Tho. Brewster to pay fees." Mary Sybert, widow of Chas. Fred. Sybert, a soldier who died in the service of the Commonwealth, being in indigent circumstances, with one helpless child, was allowed L30. Elizabeth Shulenberger, widow of Geo. Shulenberger, deceased, late a soldier in the Continental service from this State, being in distressed circumstances, was allowed L30. George Ruddle and George Baxter, having produced commissions from the governor, were sworn in as captains of militia. John Herdman was sworn in as 1st lieut. and Thos. Gordon as 2d lieut. Upon information lodged by Jacob Plumb, Nicolas Weatherholt as bound in the sum of L2000, with Martin Witsell as surety in the sum of L1000, for the said Weatherholt to appear before the grand jury in May to answer the charge of "conspiring & consulting the Destruction of the Commonwealth." At the court continued March 23, 1779: Rachel Cash, wife of Jno. Cash, a soldier in the service of the United States from this Commonwealth, being in distressed circumstances with two small children, was allowed L30. Henry Peninger was bound in the sum of L5000, with Sebastian Hover and Henry Stone securities, each in the sum L2500, to appear before the grand jury in May to anser to the charge of throwing disgraceful reflections upon the Congress, and of speaking words tending to depreciate the Continental currency; and also to be of good behavior for a year and a day. Thomas Hicks and Nicholas Sybert were at the same time bound, each in the sum of L500, to appear personally before the said grand jury, to give evidence against the said Peninger. Robt. Davis, Robt. Cravens, Andrew Johnston, and John Rush, having produced commissions as captains of militia, were sworn in. Joseph Dictums was sworn in as ensign. The court proceeded to lay the ordinary [tavern] rates as follows, to wit: Rum by the gallon or French Brandy L10 - - - Whisky, per ditto, 4 - - - Wine, per ditto, 10 - - - Cyder & Beer, per ditto, 1 - 4 - Rum Toddy, per quart, with loaf sugar, 1 - 4 - Whisky ditto, per ditto, 0 -12 - Warm Breakfast, 0 - 9 - Ditto Dinner, with Beer, 0 -12 - A Bed, with Clean Sheets, per night, 0 - 5 - Oats or Corn, per gallon, 0 - 6 - Stableage, with Hay, a night, 0 -10 - Pasturage, a night, 0 - 6 - Monday, April 26, 1779. "On the complaint of Henry Brewster agt. Gabl. Jones Gent for threatening to shoot him for taking his Horse by Virtue of Authority of Capt. Rush without showing his warrant on hearing the Complaint & the answer of sd Jones the Court are of Opinion that the sd Brewster acted illegaly & therefore dismiss the Complaint." April 27, 1779. "Francis Stevins produced a Certificate of his Freedom from his master James Mcvey who acknowledged the same it is ordered to be certified." May 24, 1779. Andrew Bird took the oath "of a Captain of the militia in this County." Michael Bowyer produced a license from the governor, and took the oath of an attorney. May 25, 1779. Michl. Coger was appointed to take the list of tithables in his own company; William Nalle, in Capt. Frazer's company; George Boswell, in Capt. Rush's company; Wm. Herring, in Capt. Hewitt's and Capt. Cravens' companies; Gawen Hamilton, in his own company; Henry Ewing, in Capt. Baxter's company; John Thomas, in Lincoln's company; John Fitzwater, in Capt. Bogg's company; Anto. Reader, in Capt. Ruddle's company; William McDowell, in Capt. Bird's company; Daniel Smith, in Capt. Smith's company; James Dyer, in Capt. Davis' company; and Isaac Hanckle, in Capt. Johnston's company. "On a majority of the Justices being present & conformable to a resolution of the Court in March last, for fixing a place for the Court house, the several members having proposed three different places a majority were for fixing it on the plantation of Thomas Harrison near the head of the Spring." "John Davis, William McDowell, Jno. Fitzwater & Benj. Harrison Gent are appointed Commissioners to let out the building of a Court house of Stone 26 feet Long by 26 in Breadth one Story of 12 feet in higth with a partition at one End twelve feet wide to be divided into two Jury rooms with two angle fire places in each of the Jury rooms as also a prison built with Square Logs 12 Ins. thick in inside, 18 feet Square in the Clear & walled with stone 2 feet thick in the lower Story & the wall 18 Inches thick in the upper Story." June 28, 1779. Josiah Davidson, sheriff, being called on to undertake the collection of the taxes for the year, and having refused, was deprived of his office; and Abraham Smith, John Gratten, and George Boswell were recommended to the governor for consideration in filling the office. An express was to be hired to carry the recommendation to the governor, the expense to be paid by the sheriff out of the "Depositum" in his hands. The commissioners appointed to arrange for the building of the court house and jail were empowered to choose a site of not less than two acres for the public buildings, and take deeds for the same in the name of the justices and their successors from Thomas Harrison, the proprietor, together with the liberty of stone and timber from the said Harrison's plantation for the said buildings. On August 5, 1779, Thomas Harrison, Sr., and Sarah Harrison, his wife, in consideration of the sum of Five Shillings current money of Virginia, conveyed to Silas Hart, Gentleman, first justice "in the Commission of the peace" for Rockingham County, his associate justices, and thier successors, a tract of land containing Two Acres and a Half, for the sole use and behoof of the said county of Rockingham, upon which to build the Court House and other public buildings necessary for the said county. The tract of land in question had lately been surveyed by Mr. Gawin Hamilton, one of the deputy surveyors of the county, and was set and bounded as follows: Beginning at a Cedar Stump near a Small Cedar thence North ten Degrees East twenty poles to a Stake thence South Eighty degrees East twenty poles to two Spanish Oak Saplins thence South ten degrees West Twenty poles to a post thence North Eighty degrees West Twenty Poles to the Beginning. At a court held for Rockingham the 23d day of August, 1779, Thomas Harrison acknowledged the deed of bargain and sale for the lot in question, and the deed was ordered to be recorded. Teste Peter Hog, C.R.C. The record was made in Deed Book No. 0, page 291 - one of the volumes that were partly burned in 1864. (Footnote: For a copy of the original deed made by Thomas Harrison to Silas Hart and others for the county lot, I am indebted to Capt. Geo. G. Grattan, formerly judge of the Rockingham County Court.) July 26, 1779. Abraham Smith was sworn in as sheriff of the county, with John Gratten, Henry Ewing, John Henton, David Ralstone, George Chrisman, Francis Kirtly, and Jesse Harrison as securities. Gawen Hamilton and William Smith were sworn in as deputy sheriffs. Francis Mcbride was bound in the sum of L1000, with James Calhoon and George Chrisman, securities, each in the sum of L500, to appear before the grand jury in November to answer the charge of speaking "words disrespectful to the Government & present Constitution." John Brown, James Floyd, and John Hinton were bound, each in the sum of L100, to appear in person to testify in the case of the said McBride. The bond of John Hinton was to secure the evidence of his wife, Estor Hinton. The sheriff was ordered to pay the sum of L90 to James Butcher for going to Williamsburg and returning therefrom as express for the sheriff's commission - the said sum to be paid from the "Depositum" in the sheriff's hands. August 23, 1779. Upon information of Henry Peninger, Gerard Erwine was bound in the sum of L1000, with John Brown and Thomas Campbell, securities, each in the sum of L500, to appear before the grand jury in November to answer the charge of having "propagated some news tending to raise Tumult and Sedition in the State." The said Peninger was also bound in the sum of L500 to appear as a witness in the examination of Erwine. "Abraham Smith Gent Sheriff protested against the Sufficiency of the Jayl." Thomas Harrison acknowledged his deed of bargain and sale to Silar Hart and others, justices, on behalf of the county. The sum of L50 was placed in the hands of David Harnet for the relief of Bridget Fowler, wife of John Fowler, a soldier from this county "on the Continental Establishment," the said Bridget Fowler, with three small children, being in distressed circumstances. The sum of L20 was appropriated for Barbara Woolridge, and a like sum for Mary Rylie, wives respectively of George Woolridge and John Rylie, soldiers in the continental army. H. Dever and John Dever were fined "according to law" for breach of the Sabbath. August 24, 1779. William Nalle, with Gabriel Jones and Daniel Smith as securities, gave bond for the due execution of the office of escheator for the county. The sum of L30 was appropriated for Elizabeth Spikeard, whose husband, Julius Spikeard, and son George Spykeard, were soldiers in the U.S. army. Vali. Sevier (Footnote: This was eith the father or the brother of Gen. John Sevier.) acknowledged deeds of lease and release to Robt. Rutherford. The sheriff was ordered to pay to Wm. McDowell L93 15s. for the county seal. The sum of L40 was appropriated for Ann Gum, the wife of Claypole Gum, a soldier. The court proceeded to lay the levy: To James Dyer, for two old wolves' heads L1 - 5 - 0 " Sebastian Hover, one ditto, - -12 - 6 " James Davis, one ditto, - -12 - 6 " James Dyer, 2 old wolves, 1 - 5 - 0 " Charles Wilson, one old wolf, - -12 - 6 " Joseph Kester, two old wolves, 1 - 5 - 0 " Gabriel Jones, deputy atto., for his salary 150 - 0 - 0 " the Clerk for services, 1230 [lbs. tobacco?] " the Sheriff, for ditto, 1230 [lbs. tobacco?] " Gawen Hamilton, surveyor, per acct., 10 - 0 - 0 " Peter Hog, clerk, per acct., 270 [lbs. tobacco?] " Daniel Smith, per acct., 75 - 0 - 0 " Joseph Smith, William Crow, and Benj. Smith, as guards, 9 days each, on three tories in the county jail, 54 - 0 - 0 " Daniel Smith, for the use of his house, in holding 5 courts "since laying last year's levy," 100 - 0 - 0 " Daniel Smith, jailor, for committing and releasing of the tories, 2790 pounds of tobacco, at L5 a 100-wt., 139 - 0 - 0 " a depositum for building the court house, 1783 -18 - 0 " the Sheriff, commission on collecting L2466, at 6%, 147 -19 - 6 ------------ Total, L2466 - 0 - 0 By 1379 tithables, at six dollars, or 36 shillings, per tithable, L2466 - 0 - 0 Ordered that the sheriff collect six dollars, or thirty-six shillings, from each tithable in the county as the levy for the ensuing year. November 22, 1779. "The Court taking into Consideration the dangerous & malignant Fever that for some months past has raged in the Family of Daniel Smith Gent. & the Apprehension of the people that there is Danger of the Disorder being contagious, to remove any Obstruction to the Administration of Justice & to quiet the minds of the Suitors & others who may have Business at Court, are of Opinion that the Court should be adjourned to the plantation of Thomas Harrison & it is hereby adjourned accordingly." Signed by Daniel Smith. The sum of L30 was allowed to Anne McCoy, mother of William McCoy, a soldier. November 23, 1779. The sum of L20 was allowed Saml. Thornhill, father of John Thornhill, a soldier in the service of the States; and L30 was appropriated for Theodisia Maiden, wife of James Maiden, a soldier in the same service. It was ordered that the sheriff pay Gawen Hamilton L55 for a bookcase for the clerk's office. It was proved in court that Robert Menzies was a soldier in Capt. Hog's company of rangers in 1758, and that he had also served in Capt. Gist's company in the campaign of 1760, (Footnote: Capt. Gist was doubtless the famous scout and ranger, Christopher Gist, who accompanied Washington on his perilous journey to the French forts in 1753.) It was also established to the satisfaction of the court that John Smith, deceased, had been a lieutenant in Capt. John Smith's company of rangers in 1756, and had been killed at Fort Vause. Lieut. Smith was a brother to Abraham Smith. Claims for land were made upon the military service of Menzies and Smith. It was ordered that Benj. Harrison, William Herron, and John Davis, or any two of them, "let out the Building of a Courtho. of square Logs with diamond Corners Thirty feet Long by 20 feet wide from out to out with a partition twelve feet in the Clear across the house divided into two rooms on 12 feet wide & the other 8 feet wide, the room 12 feet wide to have a neat stone Chimney inside at the Gavle End of it the whole to be floored with Earth as far as the Lawiers Bar & then to be raised with a plank floor to the Justices Bench which is to be raised three feet above the floor & the Breast of the Bench to be studed with a railed Top, the pitch of the house to be 10 feet clear Ceiling & lofted with Inch plank with two window on each side of the ho. facing the Clks. Table & one in Each of Jury rooms the windows 18 Lights each Glass 8 by 10 Inches, with a Door on -- side just Clear of the Jury rooms." This order was evidently to take the place of the one issued May 25, preceding, as shown above. Accordingly, it appears that the first court house was built of logs instead of stone, and that in size it was 20x30 feet instead of 26x36. Neither the court house nor the jail seems to have been completed before the end of 1783 or the beginning of 1784. March 27, 1780 The following were sworn in as captains of militia: Josiah Harrison, Richard Reagan, Jeremiah Beasley. The following as lieutenants: Joseph Rutherford, Stephen Conrod, Robt. Smith. The following as ensigns: Jacob Havener and Elliot Rutherford. An allowance of L120 was made for the relief of Jemima Kelly, wife of Emanuel Kelly, a soldier from Virginia in the army of the United States. This allowance was made in accordance with a recent Act of the State Assembly, and was probably to be reimbursed from State funds. March 28, 1780 The court proceeded to rate the ordinary prices, for the articles named, as follows: West India rum or French brandy, per gallon, L48 - 0 - 0 Rye liquor or whisky, " 24 - 0 - 0 Wine, " 48 - 0 - 0 Strong beer, per quart 1 -10 - 0 Cyder, " 1 -10 - 0 Hot dinner, 3 -12 - 0 Breakfast, 3 - 0 - 0 A cold ditto, 2 - 2 - 0 A good bed, with clean sheets 12 - 0 Oats, by the gallon, 1 -16 - 0 Corn, by the gallon, 2 - 8 - 0 Stableage, with hay, per night, 2 - 8 - 0 Pasturage, per night, 1 -10 - 0 (Footnote: From the figures in the above schedule, as well as from other items preceding and following, it is easy to see how the purchasing value of the continental currency was decreasing. It thus continued to decrease until it had value only in the proverb: "Not with a Continental." And yet, by a fateful irony of circumstance, men were being arraigned, even in Rockingham, for speaking words tending to depreciate it.) David Laird proved that he had served as a corporal in Capt. Hog's company of rangers, from the time the said company was raised until it was discharged at Bedford, and that he had not received any warrant for land under the provisions of royal proclamation in 1763. George Huston and John Fitzwater were sworn in as captains of militia. Jacob Pence proved that he had served as a soldier in Capt. Hog's company of rangers from the beginning of the said company in 1757 until it was discharged at Bedford, making oath that he had never received any warrant for land, as provided in 1763. Robt. Minnis made it appear that he had served as a soldier in Collo. Byrd's regiment, &c. John Stephenson proved that he had been a soldier in the independent company under Capt. McClanahan, and also had served in Boqueter's (?) company, &c. April 24, 1780 Geo. Armentrout proved that he had served in Capt. Hog's company of rangers, &c. Daniel Grubb proved service in the same company. May 23, 1780 In the case of the commonwealth vs. McBride, the latter being adjudged guilty, was subjected to a fine of L250 and four days' imprisonment. June 9, 1780 At a special session of the court, called for the examination of John Davis, suspected of being guilty of treason against the State, and of "other misdemeanors," Daniel Smith, Henry Ewing, Reuben Harrison, Thomas Hewit, and Benj. Harrison, justices, being present, the said Davis was upon trial adjudged guilty of treason, &c., and was ordered sent to the general court to be tried for the same. Furthermore, Seruiah Stratton, James Rodgers, and William Gregg were bound, each in the sum of $10,000, to appear in the case as witnesses on the 6th day of the general court to be held at Richmond the following October. June 26, 1780 "Frederick Price, being bound over on Recognizance taken before Danl. Smith Gent for drinking the King of gt Britain's health & Huzzas for sd King," was tried and bound over to the grand jury court to be indicted, himself in the sum of L10,000, with Augustine Price and George Mallow, securities, each in the sum of L5000. John Nicolas, Abraham Hammond, and Jacob Arkenbright were bound, each in the sum of L1000, to appear in the above case as witnesses. "Ordered that Benja. Harrison & William Herring Gent be empowered to agree withthe Undertaker of Courtho to omit the partion of the East End of the house for the Hury rooms & to sink the Joyst of the upper room from Gavel of the sd East end to the Joyst over the front Door so as to make a Jury room above wi a pair of Stairs in the Corner, or two jury rooms if the space will admit of it." (Footnote: Evidently, as the process of building continued, the temple of justice was growing smaller. The burden of war was bearing heavily upon the young county.) August 29, 1780 Silas Hart, Henry Ewing, John Davis, and William Herring were appointed commissioners to let the building of a county jail, according to the plan agreed on by the court, to the lowest bidder, "between this & the Nov. Court, & to give publick notice thereof." October 23, 1780. "On the application of John Magill setting forth that he has kept Ruth McDonald Daughter of Randall McDonald a soldier from this County in the Army of the United States 18 months by agreement of the sd. Randall which being expired, & her Father still in the Service the Court are of opinion that the said Magill be allowed L35 for a barl of Corn & 200 Dolrs for 50 w of pork for the support of the said Ruth McDonald for 1 year." "The Court taking into Consideration the distressed Situation of Anne Gum & two young Babes widow & orphans of Claypole Gum a Soldier from this County who died in the service of the States recommend her to the board of Auditors for such relief as they think proper for her distressed circumstances." October 24, 1780. William Herring was sworn in as captain of militia: Joseph Dictam and Andrew Shanklin, as first lieutenants; Robt. Harrison as ensign. George Boswell, upon commission from the governor [Thomas Jefferson] was sworn into the office of sheriff. November 27, 1780 Zeruiah Stratton was sworn in as a captain of militia. "A sufficient number of the grand jury not appearing [24 had been summoned] O that the be discharged & the following persons being summoned & called & not attending O that they be fined according to Law towit Jas. Beard Jo. Rutherford Zeb Harrison Adam Reader Peter Conrod James Dever Francis Stewart Jacob Lincoln & Nico. Cairn." November 28, 1780 "Silas Hart John Davis Henry Ewing & Wm. Herring Gent Commissioners appointed to let the building the County Jayl reported that they had let out the building of the same to Cornelius Cain for Eleven Thousand nine hundred & Seventy three pounds, & retd. a Bond of Said Cornes. Cain wi security for the Due performance of said building." Abraham Smith, having resigned the office of county lieutenant, on account of "his Disorder & Infirmities," the court recommended Danl. Smith for appointment in his stead. The court allowed 3 barrels of corn, at L40 a barrel, and 150 pounds of pork, at 30 - -, to Frances Clough, wife of John Clough, a soldier in the service of the States. The sheriff was ordered to pay Thomas Harrison L100 for holding 3 courts in his house. March 26, 1781. Daniel Smith, Gent., was sworn in as county lieutenant of the militia; George Chrisman and Reuben More, as captains; Jacob Lincoln, as a lieutenant. "It is the Opinion of the Court that John Huston be allowed 60 dollars per Day from the 8th Jany till 18th Feby for acting as Dep. Comiss. to the militia sent down against Arnold." March 27, 1781. "O that the Clerk purchase a new Testament for the use of the Court & that the Sheriff pay him out of the Depositum." "It is the opinion of the Court that James Davis a Commissary for the militia of this County ordered to the Southard in Sept last be allowed 80 Dollars per Day from 22d Sept till the 3d Novr. being 51 Days." "Ordered that the late Sheriff [Abram Smith] pay Robt. Campbell the ballce due him for the original Contract in building the Courtho, being L187." April 23, 1781. Stephen Conrad was sworn in as a captain of militia, Capt. Jerema. Beeslie's company being divided. "Ordered that the Sheriff collect Seven Shillings & Six pence in the pound from every person within this County on each pound tax that the said person is now taxed at in the present assessment as pay for the Waggon found by this County for the State." "It is the opinion of the Court that Joseph Haines be allowed twenty pounds per day for acting as a Commissary to the prisoners Six Days when marching thro this, to Shandoah County." May 28, 1781. "Anderson Moffet an anabist Minister having satisfied the Court by a certificate from the Elders of his Sect that he is duely qualified to administer the Sacraments is licensed to perform the function of marrying by Banns or License in this County." "The Court proceeded to alter the Ordinary rates in the following particulars towit a hot Dinner for one person 30 Dollars strong Beer or Cyder, per Quart 12 Dollars pasturage, per night, 12 Dollars Whiskey or Rye Liquor, per Gallon, L57-12-0." May 29, 1781. Silas Hart was appointed to take the list of tithables in the districts of Huston and Young; Josiah Davidson, in the districts of Rice and Harrison; Anto. Reader, in the districts of Fitzwater and Ruddle; William McDowell, in the districts of Harrison and Dunlop; John Davis, in the districts of Herring and Magill; Michl. Coger, of his own company; Thos. Hewit, in Capt. Conrod and Capt. Beeslie's companies; James Dyer, in Capt. Johnson and Capt. Stratton's companies; Robt. Davidson, in his own company. This appears to be the first instance in which the term "district" is used, referring to a subdivision of the county. The original divisions, recognized for the purpose of listing the tithables, were evidently made according to the localities making up the several companies of militia. "The Court are of opinion that Henry Ewing be allowed twenty pounds per day for twenty-three Days that he acted as Commissary, of the provision Law & 100 Dollars for his Expences." August 17, 1781. Zeruiah Stratton produced an account in court for building a granary, and for receiving the grain tax, which was allowed and certified by the court. "Thomas Hewit Gent is appointed by the Court to the Office of Sheriff for the ensuing year. O to be certified to his Excellency the Govr." "It appearing to the Court that a traveller by the name of Moses Doughty with his wife & child was burnt up in the House of Adam Nelson & no relatives or other Connexions of the sd. Doughty appearing to claim administra. of his Estate consisting of a horse & a mare O that the Sheriff take the same into his possession being now in the Custody of Jno. Thomas Coroner & sell them at publick Vendue & make a return to the Court." William Nalle was sworn in as lieutenant-colonel of the militia. September 24, 1781. Isaac Hankle was sworn in as a captain of militia to succeed Andrew Johnston, resigned. Michael Baker was also sworn in as a captain of militia. The signature of Daniel Smith, presiding justice, appears under this date for the last time. He died before the next court, held in November. The next records are signed by John Grattan. November 26, 1781 "Leave is granted to Samuel Gay to keep Ordinary at his house in Harrisons burg for one year from this Date." A bill of sale of Moses Dougherty's estate was returned by the sheriff and admitted to record. The court made out the following budget: To Gabriel Jones, Deputy Atty., 4000 lbs. tobacco To Peter Hog, Clerk, for extra services, 1200 " " To " ", account 200 " " To the sheriff, for extra services, 1200 " " Total, 6600 lbs. tob. = at 10s. cwt., L33 To Cornelius Cain, for building the Jayl, for the blance due and the depreciation of the currency since it was undertaken, in specie, or in paper money at the depreciation fixed by the Assembly, L100 To Samuel Parrot, 2 wolves heads, L 1 - 5 - 0 To Robt. Campbell, as a gratuity for building the courthouse 3 - 3 - 0 To Robt. Campbell, for the additional work on the courthouse, 7 -19 - 0 For finishing the Jayl, &c., 40 - 0 - 0 ------------ L152 - 7 - 0 A depositum, 10 -13 ------------ ------------ L196 - 0 - 0 To the sheriff for collecting, 6% 11 -15 - 0 ------------ L207 -15 - 0 It was ordered that the sheriff collect 3s. in specie on every tithable in the county, as a levy for the ensuing year; or the equivalent value in paper currency, as fixed by the Assembly. Income from 1450 tithables, L217 -10 - 0 November 27, 1781. "Ordered that the late Sheriff [George Boswell] pay to Cornelius Cain the Money levied this last County Levy for building the County Jayl being L11973, the Commissioners who let the building of the same having reported that the it is finished according tot he plan." George Boswell, late sheriff, settled with the court, reporting a balance on hand of L580-7-0, on 1459 tithables, 8 supernumeraries, and 51 delinquents. "O that Andrew Shanklen keep the Courtho for the ensuing year & provide a Stock Lock for the fore Door & an Iron Bolt for the other Door & provide the Court with Fire & Candles." "Ordered that Robt. Campbell undertaker of the Courtho be allowed the further sum of L3.8 in Specie on the Depreciation as settled by the Assembly." "O that Henry Ewing & William Herring Gent be appointed as Commissioners to let out the finishing the County Jayl to the lowest Bidder to [be] finished by the May Court." February 18, 1782. The former clerk [Peter Hog] being reported dead, Thomas Lewis was appointed clerk pro tem. Benjamin Harrison, Bruer Reeves, and John Fitzwater were chosen, according to an Act of Assembly passed the preceding October, as commissioners to value the lands belonging to the sundry landholders of the county. February 25, 1782. Richard Matthews was appointed clerk pro tem., and Henry Ewing was elected to hold the office permanently. March 25, 1782. William Smith was sworn in as a captain of militia. At a court opened March 26, 1782, and continued several days for adjusting claims, agreeable to an Act of Assembly passed in October, 1781, the following claims were presented and approved. The services rendered and supplies furnished were for the United States in the War for Independence. Zebulon Harrison for 39 head of cattle, 24 hours at post, stableage for 2 horses 12 hours, corn and rations. Claim dated Dec. 4, 1781. Josiah Harrison, for 6 days with is team in conducting British prisoners from the South to "Shanado Courthouse." Claim dated March 1, 1781. Zebulon Harrison, for 700 lbs. of hay - clover and timothy - Feb. 24, 1781; 200 lbs. of beef for the use of British prisoners and guards, Aug. 20, 1781; for the use of the militia guard with British prisoners from this county to Shanado, 14 bu. of oats, at 1 s. 8 d., Dec. 4, 1781. Josiah Harrison, for bullock driving, 1 day, Jan. 16, 1781. Gideon Harrison, for bullock driving, 1 day, Jan. 18, 1781. Archibald Hopkins, for 2 bags for the use of the militia going to "Tyger Valley," April 30, 1779, 18 s.; and for 1060 lbs. of flour, at 15 s. cwt., for the use of the militia ordered on duty, May, 1779. These two items were charged against the State; all others herein recorded were charged against the United States, unless note is made to the contrary. Archibald Hopkins for 22 1/2 yds. of "Lining" [linen?] for a tent for the use of the milita ordered to Richmond on duty, at 2 s. a yard, Jan. 16, 1781; for 7 head of cattle, 3 years old, "Each Extraordinary large of that age Estimated at 400 lbs. Each," at 16 s. 8 D. per cwt., for use of the militia ordered on duty to Carolina, Oct. 3, 1780. (Footnote: A marked difference in the size of cattle has been registered since the 18th century. In 1710 the average weight of beeves sold in the Smithfield markiet was only 370 pounds. As late as 1795 the average weight of London beeves was only 800 pounds. See Bogart's Economic History of the United States, page 72. In recent years Rockingham cattle have reached a maximum weight of 2000 pounds or more.) George Baxter, for 24 yds of "lining" for use of the militia, ordered on duty to Richmond, at 2 s. a yard, Jan. 16, 1781. John Hopkins, for 4 head of cattle, estimated at 1900 gross, at 16 s. 8 d. per cwt. for use of the militia ordered on duty to Carolina, Oct. 3, 1780. John Hopkins, for 245 lbs. flour, at 15 s. per cwt. for the militia ordered on duty to "Tygers Valley," May 5, 1779, This item was charged against the State. John Hopkins, for the making of 7 tents, L2 10 s., for militia ordered on duty to Richmond, Jan. 6, 1781; for 21 4-3 yds. of "Lining," for the militia ordered on duty to Richmond, Jan. 6, 1781; for 1 1-2 bus. corn, at 2 s. a bushel, and pasturage for 7 horses, 1 night, at 6 d. each, Oct. 27, 1780. Marthew Smith, "for one Black Horse 14 Hands High Well Made five years Old one Halter and Bell at 25L for the use of ye Mal. Ord, on Duty to tygers," April 29, 1782; charged to the State. William Hook, for 21 3/4 yds. "lining," for the militia ordered on duty to Richmond, Jan. 18, 1781; for 3800 lbs. of "good timothy Hay," at 1 s. 6 d. per cwt., for the use of the guard removing prisoners from Albemarle barracks to Maryland, Jan. 20, 1781. - These prisoners were probably some of those taken at Burgoyne's surrender in October, 1777, and quartered for a year or two between Charlottesville and Ivy, in Albemarle County. (Footnote: For a detailed account of the sojourn of these prisoners in Albemarle, see Edgar Wood's History of Albemarle County, Virginia, pp. 31-44.) James Bruster, for 98 days' service with a team, at 10s. a day, employed for the use of the militia ordered on duty to Richmond; account dated April 25, 1781; for 3 days' service with his team, at 15s. a day, employed in removing prisoners from Albemarle barracks, Jan. 10, 1781. March 27, 1782. John Hinton, for acting as forage master 7 days, at 5 s. a day; account dated Jan. 1, 1781; for a balance on a receipt for bacon, 50 lbs., at 1s. per lb., and for wheat 35 1/2 bus., at 6s. per bu., April 30, 1779. The last two items were charged to the State. John Hinton was allowed other claims for cattle, flour, rye, flour casks, hay, corn, horse pasture, wagoner's rations, etc. Thomas Moore, for 1 bullock, weight 440 lbs. neat, at 2 1/2 s. a pound, Febr. 25, 1781; for 18 "Diets" at 6d. each, and 7 horses, 1 night, at good hay, 7 1/2d. per horse, March 4, 1781. James Bruster, for 9 days public service with his team, at 10s. a day; for feeding 1 public horse 3 days, at 1s. 3d. a day; for 1 horse in public service 38 days, at 1 s. 6 d. a day; for 4 four casks, at 2s. each; account dated Dec. 22, 1780. John Davis, for 12 yds of "Course lin'g," at 2s. 6d. a yard, Jan. 16, 1781. James Dunn, for 19 yds. "Course lining," at 2s. 6d. a yard, Oct. 5, 1780. Elizabeth Shipman, for making 1 tent, 6s. 3d., Oct. 15, 1780. John Crafford, for 16 yds. "lin'g" at 2s. 6d. a yard, Oct. 15, 1780. William Diver, for "1 Kittle 1 Do 10s. per kittle," Oct. 5, 1780. Ban. Wheton, for 10 yds. of coarse linen, at 2s. a yard, Jan. 16, 1781. George Gartner, for 1 blanket, "good in Quality," 20s., Oct. 26, 1780. Balser Counce, for 1 day public service with his team, Oct. 27, 1780. Ralph Lofties, for 1 iron pot, 20s., Oct. 9, 1780. France Ervin, for 919 lbs. flour, at 12s. 6d. per cwt., Nov. 7, 1780. Henry Stolph, for 8 yds. of "Wolling not full'd," at 5s. a yard, Nov. 9, 1780. John Bowman, for 9 yds. of "Do.," at 5s. a yard, Nov. 8, 1780. John Cring, for 13 yds. of "Do.," at 5s. a yard, Nov. 9, 1780. Daniel Love, for "4 Dozen of Oats," at 1s. 6d. a dozen, and 4 bushels of [oats?], at 2s. a bushel, Nov. 6, 1780 [?]. Margret Devier, for making 1 tent, 6s. 3d., Oct. 7, 1780. George Long, for 1 1/2 bus. wheat, at 3s. a bushel, Nov. 14, 1780. Godferry Hamileton, for 6 yds. cloth, at 5s. a yard, Nov. 9, 1780. Richard Mathews, for "halfe a bus of allum," L1 10s., Oct. 7, 1780. Thomas Shanling, for 3 days public service with his team, at 10s. a day, and for 4 1/2 bus. oats, at 1s. 8d. a bushel, Oct. 28, 1780. Jacob Seth, for 6 days public service with his team, March 1, 1781. William Devir, for 1 bell and strap and buckle, Oct. 13, 1780. Robt. Williams, for 6 days public service with his team, March 1, 1781. Isiah Shipman, for "1 Iron or Dutch oven, 1L," Oct. 6, 1780. David Harnet, for 200 lbs. hay, at 1s.3d. per cwt., Nov. 3, 1781; for 300 lbs. hay, Jan. 14, 1781."To the Above Ord. to be aded 31 Galls. of Corn at 4D per gall., and 30 Diets at 6 per Diet." "The aforesd. Receipts Granted to Mr. Harnet the Artickles Ware as appear to the Court for the use of the Mal. Called out by Col. Jno. Smith Lieut. of Frederick County In Order to Repulse the enemy When Makeing their Rout as Was Supposed toward the Albamarle Barricks To Retake the Con-n troops Whence the Immergency that Cased [?] Ocasion Every Man to ride [?] for Which." David Harnet, for 1100 lbs beef, Nov. 20, 1780; for 24 diets, 1s. each, Aug. 27, 1781; etc. Michael Couger, for 1000 lbs. beef, Nov. 20, 1780; for 24 diets, May 27, 1781; etc. Michael Roarick, for 11 yds. coarse linen, Jan. 19, 1781. William Donafin, for 1 gun, "Which Gun sd. Dunafin Lost In the Battle of Hot Water Being badly Wounded," L2 12s. (Footnote: The battle of "Hot Water" was fought, probably, on the 26th of June, 1781, not far from Williamsburg. If the engagement at the time and place mentioned was the "battle" named, Donafin was distinguished, since the Americans who took part therein were picked men, commanded by a Major Willis. See Waddell's Annals of Augusta, pp. 300, 301.) John Harrison, for 26 diets, 6d. each, Nov. 13, 1781; etc. John Armentrout, for 23 days with team, Dec. 11, 1780. Peter Sellers, for 5 bus. corn, at 2s., Nov. 14, 1780; 5 bus. rye, at 2s.6d., Nov. 10, 1780. Robt. Elliot, for 5 bus. corn, Nov. 14, 1780; etc. Frederick Rob, for 19 bus. corn, Febr. 23, 1781. Coonrod Fudge, for 96 lbs. pork, at 3d., Jan. 13, 1781. "The Same With Mr. Harnets from Shando." David Fudge, for 1 bu. corn and 3 suppers, at 6d. each, Jan. 13, 1781. William Young, for 130 lbs. hay, for 10 sheaves oats, 1s., and for 8 diets, at 6d. each, Jan. 13, 1781. "Same With Harnets." Adam Hansberger, for 52 bus. corn, Nov. 5, 1780; etc. David Fudge, for 1 bag, 6s., Febr. 19, 1781. John Fudge, for 1 pair "Stilards," 12s. 6d., Sept. 16, 1781. Coonrod Hansberger, for 87 yds. woolen cloth, colored blue, at 7s. 6d. a yard, Jan. 16, 1781. Adam Hansberger, for 1 "Waggoner Cover Very Good," 40 shillings, Oct. 8, 1780. Reis Thomas, for 1 good blanket, L1, Oct. 26, 1780. John Thomas, for 4 diets, at 6d. each, and 2 quarts whisky, 2s. Febr. 26, 1781. "Ord. that ye Sheriff summon Wm. Herring to attend Court tomorrow" March 28, 1782. Justices present: John Fitzwater Reuben Harrison William Nawl Wm. Herring Michael Couger Claims allowed: Leonard Herring, for 30 bus. corn, July 3, 1781. Frederick Armentrout, for 1 bag, and 2 bus. "Spotts," Nov. 15, 1780; for 1 bag, April 24, 1779; etc. Henry Miller, for 50 gals. whiskey, at 3s. a gallon, and casks, 6s., Sept. 14, 1781; 39 horses 1 night at hay, Jan. 14, 1781; and 1 bu. "Spels," 1s. 8d.; for 30 morning snacks and 30 gills whiskey, Jan. 15, 1781. (Footnote: "Spels" was doubtless spelt, a grain related to wheat and barley, much used for food in Germany and Switzerland. It is also called "German wheat." This is a circumstantial touch reminding us that most of the early settlers of Rockingham came from Germany and Switzerland. The "Spotts" sold by Fred. Armentrout were likely some grain or vegetable, also.) "This under the same Circumstances wt. harnets." Henry Miller, fro 1 ax, 5s., Jan. 19, 1781; for 437 lbs. beef, June 6, 1781. Jere Besselly, for 1 bu. corn and hay for 27 horses 1 night, Jan. 13, 1781. "Sam at harnet." Jere Beazle, for pasturing 5 horses 4 days, Sept. 22, 1781; Jere Beezly, for 1 gal. salt, 7s.6d., Jan. 13, 1781. George Kessle, for hay and oats, Jan. 1, 1782. George Kelsle, for 6 days with team, March 1, 1781. Gorge Kessle, for 8 days rations for 2 men, Feb. 23, 1778. Georg Kezle, for 2 days with team, Feb. 12, 1781. (Footnote: Kessle, Kelsle, and Kezle were obviously one and the same man, to-wit, George Keezell, for whom Keezletown is named.) James Laird, for 99 days public service with his team, acct. dated April 11, 1781. Alexander Miller, for 725 lbs. beef, Nov. 15, 1780. Frances Stewart, for pasturing 10 cattle 7 days, Nov. 2, 1781; etc. Jas. Rutherford, for 6 bus. rye, Nov. 17, 1780. Sam. Hamphill, for 22 1/2 lbs. bacon, at 9d., and 97 lbs. pork, at 3d., Feb. 4, 1781. Peter Nicholas, for 10 soldiers' diets, Febr. 25, 1781; to the same, for hay, diets, forage, oats, corn, &c., at various times. Jacob Nicholas, for 200 lbs. hay, and for pasturing 14 head of cattle, Nov. 12, 1780. Reuben Harrison, for 99 days public service with his team, acct. dated Dec. 12, 1781. Banabas Carpenter, for 1 beef weighing 287 lbs., at 2d. a pound, Sept. 16, 1781; and for 1350 lbs. hay, at 1s.6d. per cwt., Jan. 1, 1782. Barnabas Simmerman, for public service with his team, Jan. 20, 1781; to the same, for hay, corn, diets, lodging, etc., at various times; and "for Damage Done by Continental troops to the possessions of sd. Simmerm., 8 shillings," Dec. 4, 1780. John Brown, for 2 bus. rye, at 2s.6d. a bushel, Nov. 17, 1780. John Frazor, for 2 bus. rye and 10 bus. corn, Nov. 26, 1780. Nana Simerman, for 66 lbs. mutton, at 3d. a pound, Febr. 21, 1781. Pat. Guin, for 3 bus. corn, Dec. 7, 1781. Daniel Smith, for pasturing 34 troop horses 20 days, for beef, corn, and whiskey, July 21, 1781; for public service with his team, &c., Nov. 30, 1781. Michael Couger, for making 2 tents, at 6s.3d., Jan. 18, 1781. March 29, 1782. Accounts were allowed for military supplies furnished, for public service with teams, for horses lost in public service, etc., to the following: Reuben Harrison Adam Sellers John Weir Robt. Slaughter Peter Miller, Sr. John Branum Ester Stephenson Jacob Peters John Burk Woolry Hershman Peter Miller, Jr. Ben. White Leonard Miller Henry Long Robt. Hook Lawrence Slaughter Jacob Bear Ann Field Henry Miller Jacob Kiblinger James Bruster And. Hudlow Coonrod Hulvah Joseph Hannah Gabriel Jones Paul Lingal Peachy Gilmore Hans Magart George Mallow George Boswell March 30, 1782. Accounts were allowed for linen, making tents, for flour, beef, pasturage, rations, etc., to the following: William Snoding Henry Stone Sebaston Hoover Henry Dove Henry Harter Daniel Smith William Nall Edward Williams Jacob Baer Woolry Hershman Jacob Moyers Darby Ragon Felex Gilbert (For putting in a new axletree, and otherwise repairing a public wagon, 5s.) To the same, for corn, horse shoes, &c. John Perky George Pence Henry Pence (For 8 flour barrels.) John Smith (For 7 days wagoning, in assisting with the British prisoners from the south, to Shenandoah, March, 1781.) William Marshall Lewis Circle Zeb Harrison (For one "Brown Mare, 14 1/2 hands High Stout made 15 years Old 10L." To the same, "By a dutch Clark, ye hand not known, for 40 head of Bullocks at Pasture one Night at 3 per Head." Adam Argabright Martin Argabright Danl. Guin (For "1 Bay Mare 14 hands & 1 Inch High 5 years Old Well Made Lost in Publick Service twenty Pounds.") Brewer Reeves Isaac Wood Alex. Miller William Fitzwater Sarah Bags Jeremiah Ragon John Page John Ewin Wm. Stephenson Frances Erwin Gawin Hamilton Jacob Fowland Johnston Neilson (For "1 Riffel Gun Powder Horn and Shot bag Lost in ye Continental Service In ye year 76 In ye Expedition to Georgia L5 10s.") Jeremiah Harrison (By assignment from Conrad Smith, for 1 roan mare, with bell and pack saddle, lost in the State service in 1774, "In the Exp. to ye point Under Dunmore," L10.) Daniel Smith Handel Vance Nicholas Curry Michael Baker John Fitzwater Wm. Marshal Danl. Polser Wat. Crow James Elliot William Magill John Guin John Hemphill James Baird George Carpenter (For "1 Gun Lost In the year 81 In the Battle at Jas. Town gun Shot poutch and powder horn," L5 5s.) Wm. Smith (For acting as packhorse master in carrying provisions to "Tyger Valey," 40 days, at 6s. per day, "Who then Acted under the Direction of Wm. Boon accordg appt By Col. Abram Smith C L. sd Boon having someTime ago Retd his Papers By Col. Nawl," etc.) Jonathan Shipman Abijiah Warrin Jno. McGlahing Lind. Wade Jno. Armstrong Thomas Collick Jacob Glaspie William Rice James Bletcher John Rice Jeremiah Harrison Robt. Craveors John Deniston Abram Smith George Peirce William Young April 1, 1782 Benjamin Harrison took the oath prescribed by law for County Lieutenant of the militia. April 22, 1782 Will of Peter Hog, first clerk of the court, written in his own hand, proved by Richard Madison, one of the subscribing witnesses. Gabriel Jones and George Matthews gave bond as executors. Elizabeth Hog is mentioned as surviving widow. April 23, 1782. Accounts were allowed for service in the Revolution, as follows: Sept. 27, 1780. - "To Jas. Carrel for one Waggon, 3 Horses and Geers for four horses All lost in Publick Service Under Comd. of Genl. Stevans In Carolina Being first 52 Days in ye service 7 Day Retg home at 5s. 6d. Day and 10s. 6d. Day for sd. 52 Days in service." Carrel was allowed for his horses L25, L30, and L15, respectively; for the wagon, gears, &c., L18. To Wm. Magill, for 15 days serving as quarter master with the militia from this county, to "Head Qt. Mopin Hills," at 6s. a day. No date. To Wm. Hook, for 1 horse, lost in public service in 1779, L10. April 24, 1782. Accounts were allowed for service, supplies furnished, etc., during the Revolution, to the following persons: George Spears Sol. Mathews John Henton John Hopkins George Baxter Jeremiah Ragon Richard Mathews Archibald Hopkins Isiah Shipman Jonathan Shipman Archibald Henderson Silas Hart James Devier Hugh Devier Fred. Armentrout Mathias Kersh (For 3 beeves weighing nett 1750 lbs., at 2 1/2d. a pound.) George Weaver John Weaver Jacob Perkey Thos. Care Henry Monger Adam Sellers Col. Wm. Nawl Robt. Elliot Henry Armentrout Wm. White Martin Petro Wm. Davis Wm. Mills Jacob Nicholas David Laird George Mallow Ann Carpenter George Carpenter Adam Fought William Hook Thomas Harrison Frances Stewart John Miller George Huston ("For paying for Keeping 1 Horse His Own Property But Lost In the Ctry Service in Mcintosh Expd. Taken Up and Again Rd. to Him For Sixty Days 4 Dollars And pay 1s. 6d. for 106 Days Being ye Time of sd. Expt." Dated Feb. 18, 1779.) The sheriff was ordered to collect the window glass tax, agreeable to Act of Assembly passed in May, 1780, "Which Should Have Been Collected In Augt. 81." May 27, 1782. Frances Kees [?] took the oath of an attorney "in his Court." May 28, 1782. It was ordered that James Montgomery, son of Sam. Montgomery, deceased, be bound according to law, by the church wardens, "To Mr. Jno. Hicks To Learn ye silver smith Trade untill he Comes of ye Age of 21 years he Being 14 year Spt Ensuing and the sd. Hicks Learn him read Wright and Cypher." Accounts for services rendered, supplies furnished, etc., during the Revolution, were allowed to the following persons: James Grace Handel Vance John Davis Mary Cravens Henry Stone Margaret Cravens Frances Beaverly John Craig Henry Whisler Wm. Hook Fred. Keiler Abram Peters George Ruddle Nehemiah Harrison James Magill May 29, 1782. Accounts for services rendered, supplies furnished, etc., during the Revolution, were allowed to the following persons: John Shipman Jacob Coofman Reuben Harrison John Pence Thomas Harrison John Robison Robt. Harrison David Robison Robt. Hook John Thomas Walter Crow George Mallow Mathew Patton Augustine Price Robt. Davis Jacob Harmon James Dyer Jno. Bear Frederick Kester May 30, 1782. Revolutionary claims were allowed to Bethuell Herring Michael Stump France Irvine John Bullet David Ralston Charles Rush Robt. Slaughter Pasley Hover Jacob Moyer John Sellers Lewis Runckle Stephen Coonrod Henry Price Pet. Kize John Sword George Coonrod Hugh Dunahoe Pet. Coonrod Michael Carns Philip Long Thomas Hewitt William Pence Alex. Herring Lewis Rhinehart Frances Stewart John Fye Pet. Runckle Joseph Smith David Laird Thomas Harrison John Eddy June 7, 1782. Revolutionary claims were allowed to John Herdman Jacob Bear John Hinton Robt. Elliot John McWilliams James Dier John Ewins Easther Stephenson Chrisly Painter John Blain John Hopkins Jacob Warick Archibald Hopkins Joseph Strickler Robt. Dunlap Alex. Samples Ephraim Love John McDugal Brewer Reeves Henry Ewins Godfrey Bowman Wm. Hook Wm. Pettejohn Ezekiel Harrison August 28, 1782. "Came into Court Benj Crow & made oath that there was a Rifel gun powder horn shot pouch and knife taken from Him When a continental soldier In the year 1777 and put Into the Magn. for which he Recd a certificate Which he Lodged with Walter Crow who also came into Court and Made oath that He Has Lost the sd. Cera. and never Recd any value for ye same the Court Is therefore of the oppinion that ye sd. Benj Crow Be allowed L7 10s for sd gun powder horn shot Pouch and knife and the Same Is ord. to Be Cert." "Came into Court Walter Crow And Made oath that He Delivered 280 lbs. of Bacon To Mr. Tate Comg. at Albamarle Barricks In April 1779 for Which he has Never Rd. any Valy or Satisfan. the Court Is therefore of ye oppinion that He Be allowed 7 1/2 per lb. and ye same Is ord. To Be Cerd." "Came into Court Robt. Davis Gent. and Made oath the Hemshire Cty Mal When in this Cty supressing The Tories Red. of Him 30 Diets for Which he Red. no----- the Court Is therefore of ye oppn. that he Be allowed 6d. per Diet & S ord. To Cert." September 24, 1782. "To John Donaphan 1 Gun Lost in Hot water Battle a smooth Rhifle about 3 feet 7 Inches Long Brass mounted with Amidling Lock Vallued To L3 O & C. "The Sd. Donaphan was wounded in the Action." - Account dated July 26, 1781. October 29, 1782. "To James Reeves for One Rifle Gun Lost in Crossing James River at Sandy Point upon the March Against Genl. Arnold Valued at L5.0.0 Specie." November 27, 1782. James Devier was appointed to procure weights and measures for a standard in the county, according to law, "upon the best Terms he can as far as 40L Will Extend Having Regard To ye Purchassing of the sd. Measures In ye first Place." March 25, 1783. "Gawin Hamilton Gent. having advertised the Court of his intentions of removing from this State to the State of Georgia and as he is informed it is necessary for Strangers to carry with them a Certificate of their Character and Conduct from the place where they remove from prayed the Court would Certifie their Knowledge of him, The Court therefore taking the same under consideration and willing to do Justice as well to the said Mr. Hamilton as to their Fellow Citizens in the State where he is about to remove to, Ordered that the Clerk of this Court do Certifie that the said Gawin Hamilton hath been for many years past an Inhabitant of this County that he hath Acted therein in the public Character of an Assistant Surveyor of the aforesaid County, A Magistrate and a Lieutenant Colonel of the Militia, in all which said Capacities he hath demeaned himself with uprightness, integrity Spirit and Resolution, and Show'd by his Actions through the long Contest with Great Brittain that he possessed true Whiggish principles and upon all occasions exerted them for the Advantage of the United States." On April 29, 1783, certificates were granted to Ezekiel Harrison, Reuben Harrison, and Josiah Harrison, stating that they had been born and brought up in the county, and had behaved themselves as good, faithful citizens and soldiers in the contest with Great Britain, etc. They also were removing to Georgia. April 29, 1783. William Dunaphans was allowed L2 for a smooth bore gun lost "in Serving a Tour of Militia Duty under Colo. Naul, sd. gun was lost at Stomen [?] Mill Near Portsmouth in the Year 1781." (Footnote: The Dunaphan family seems to have had a persistent misfortune with guns. This makes three lost by William and John. It is possible, however, that the above item refers to the same gun mentioned in the record of March 27, 1782.) May 27, 1783. "On Application of John Brown Senr. on behalf of James Brown that he is Eldest Brother and heir at Law of John Brown deceased a Soldier in the 8th Virginia Regiment was in the Continental Service at the time of his Death - which is Ordered to be Certified." (Footnote: The 8th Virginia was the famous "German Regiment," commanded first by Muhlenberg, later by Abram Bowman. See Wayland's "German Element," pp. 143, 144.) June 23, 1783. "Capt. Stephen Coonrod came into Court and proved that he lost or mislaid a Certain Certificate granted by Col. Wm. Nall to John Fie so that it cannot be found for one old Wolfs Scalp and that the same is Ordered to be Certified." June 24, 1783. Agreeable to an order of the court in March preceding, for the sheriff to let the paving "of that part of the Court House from the Lawyers Barr to the Chimney Ordered that Andrew Shanklin Let the said work with an Addition of two Windows one of each side of the Chair containing Twelve lights each Eight by Ten to be finished in a workmanlike manner with Suitable Shutters &c. by August Court next." On September 23 this work was reported satisfactorily completed. "O That William Herring and Andrew Shanklin Gent. do lay off the Prison bounds." Pursuant to the above, Herring and Shanklin made report that the said prison bounds "do begin at a Walnut tree In the Corner of Reeves Lott, from thence to a Stone set up below the South East end of Deviers House, from thence to two black Oak saplins growing from one Root, in the North Side of Lanahans Lott, from thence to a Stone Set up at the West side of Rutherfords Kitchen and from thence to the Beginning." September 22, 1783. Daniel McKenley was granted a certificate, stating that he had been a resident of the county for "some years past," had been a person of sober conduct, had manifested true Whiggish principles in the long contest with Great Britain, and had been a good soldier, in the capacity of sergeant, in a long and tedious campaign. Mr. McKenley, like others already mentioned, was going to Georgia. October 28, 1783. Henry Ewin, William Herring, and Benj. Harrison, appointed by a former court, reported that they had viewed the work done by James Henton on the "Jayl, Pillory and Stocks," and had found it done according to contract. An order was entered directing the sheriff to pay the said Henton L35 15s. for the said work. Henton was allowed 20s. for a stock lock "now on the inside Door of Jail upon his furnishing a Lock for the Iron Door agreeable to Article." September 27, 1784. Gawin Hamilton and Ralph Loftus, having been appointed by a former court to examine Mr. John Lincoln in regard to his abilities as deputy surveyor of the county, reported that they had found nothing to hinder his being admitted to the office. ---------------------- After the successful close of the Revolution in 1783, Virginia bestowed a northwestern empire upon the new nation in 1784. In 1787 the famous ordinance for the government of the northwest and the new constitution for the nation were both drawn up. Two years later Washington was inaugurated first President, and the "tall young Adam of the West" began to stand erect. In 1793 Whitney invented the cotton gin; in 1798 Virginia and Kentucky passed their fateful resolutions in protest against the Alien and Sedition Acts; in 1803 Jefferson purchased Louisiana; and in 1807 came a trilogy of great events: The passage of the Embargo, the proof of Fulton's steamboat, and the birth of Robert E. Lee. During all this time progress was rapid in Rockingham, notwithstanding the fact that she surrendered a large part of her territory in 1787 in the formation of Pendleton County. The people were subduing the earth and replenishing it; they were clearing forests, building houses, laying out roads, and establishing schools, churches, and towns: they were marrying and giving in marriage. If any on doubts the last, he may abundantly satisfy himself by referring to the list of marriages in the Appendix. At the end of the century Rev. John Walsh, of the Methodist Church, seems to have been best man to Hymen. For the year ending in April, 1798 he reported 30 marriages to the county clerk, and for the next year, ending May 13, 1799, he reported 45. In 1781 there were about 1500 tithables in the county. Accordingly, there total population was probably about 5000. In 1790 there were about 2100 tithables, and a total population of nearly 7500. By 1810 the figures were about 3000 and 12,500 respectively. There was a variety of race elements: German, Scotch, Irish, English, Dutch, and Negro: but the negroes were remarkably few, compared witht the number to be found in the adjacent counties east of the Blue Ridge. The number of negro slaves reported for 1790 was only about 10 per cent. of the total population; the number in 1810 being about 11 per cent. of the total. Most of the taxpayers had horses, while but a few of them had slaves. In 1775 Felix Gilbert reported 12 tithables, and John Craig nine,- more than any one else in their district. The largest slave-holders in the county in 1788 were Peachey Ridgeway, John Mackalls, Thomas Lewis, and William Nall, with 12, 10, 8 and 7 slaves, respectively. At the same time James Dyer had 19 horses and one slave; George Crisman, 17 horses and 4 slaves; Gawin Hamilton, 16 horses and 3 slaves; and Jacob Coonrod, 16 horses and no slaves. Usually, however, those who had a large number of horses also had a considerable number of slaves, and vice versa. Another fact of special significance presents itself in this connection. In 1790 all the negroes in the county were reported as slaves: there were apparently no free negroes; but in 1810 there were 200 or more free negroes. This change was probably the result, in large measure at least, of the work done within this period by the Methodists and other religious bodies in behalf of emancipation. Particular instances of emigration, about he close of the Revolution, have been recorded. Many other instances might be found. Through the kindness of Mr. H.H. Strickler I am enabled to present the following paragraphs in point from two letters written by Mrs. Ryland Todhunter of Lexington, Mo. Under date of August 26, 1911, she says: Almost the entire settlement of Madison County, Kentucky, was made up by a concourse of people who left Augusta, Albemarle, and Rockingham County in a body for that new country about 1785-91. Again, under date of September 12, 1911, she writes: In 1810 there were 100 families who came at one time from Madison County, Ky., to settle in the new Missouri Territory. They were almost without exception the same names and children of the men who left Augusta and Rockingham County, Va. With them cam my Elliott family and the allied families of Glasgow, Wallace, Estill, Trigg, Rodes, Lewis, Turner, Kavanaugh, Oldham, and others. It is possible that Elliott's Knob was named for my family. August 11, 1911, Maj. W.P. Pence, of Fort Monroe, Va., who has spent much time searching records in the effort to get a complete history of the Pence family, told me that about 1805-1815 there was a notable exodus from Rockingham westward, specially into the northwest territories. In 1780 Harrisonburg was established as a town; in 1791, Keezletown; from 1801 to 1804 McGaheysville, Port Republic, and New Haven were laid out and named. The first Circuit Superior Court of Law and Chancery for Rockingham County was held in April 1809, Judge Hugh Holmes presiding. In April 1811, this court was put in charge of Judge Daniel Smith, to continue under his able direction till his death in 1850. Much of the work done in the magistrates' court during the later part of the 18th and the early part of the 19th century had for its purpose the improvement of facilities for travel and transportation: the laying out of roads, the clearing of fords, etc. Many details concerning this work may be found in Capter XII. Educational and religious work was not by any means neglected. The Lutherans, the Reformed, the Mennonites, and the Episcopalians had been in the field from the beginning; the Dunkers, the Presbyterians, the Methodists, and the United Brethren were becoming well established. There were perhaps a few Catholics, Quakers, and Moravians in the county. Particulars regarding these various churches are given in Capter XIV, while the subject of education receives special attention in Chapter XV. About 1809 George Rockingham Gilmer, later Governor of Georgia, visited Virginia, the home of his ancestors, and in particular the birthplace of his father in Rockingham County. He came up through East Virginia, stopping in Amelia, Cumberland, Albemarle, and other counties. He was in Charlottesville on the day of the election of members of the State legislature and Congress. Crossing the Blue Ridge, probably by Brown's Gap, he came into the beautiful Valley. Here I quote from his own account: I passed that evening the birthplace of my mother - then the residence of my uncle, Charles Lewis - and arrived at Lethe, the birthplace of my father - the residence of my uncle, George Gilmer. I remained two months at this beautiful place, with the best and kindest people whom I have ever known. The house was of brick, situated upon the descent of a hill, about three hundred yards from the Shenandoah River, which was seen over a beautiful meadow, and through thinly scattered sycamore trees, flowing away with a strong current. From the top of the hill, back of the house, might be seen exceedingly fertile fields, enclosed in a semicircle, formed by the river, and mountains extending in every direction. In the middle of the valley, between the North Mountain and the Blue Ridge, rose up almost perpendicularly, and to a great height, the Peaked Mountain. In a clear day, many excavations were visible on its side. Upon inquiring about them, I was informed that they had been made by the neighboring Dutch people in search of hidden treasure. A young fellow of he neighborhood, whose father was a man of some wealth and consequence, had a club-foot and was made a tailor of, as fit for nothing else. In following his trade, he went to many places, and became wise in the ways and some of the tricks of the world. After a while he returned to the neighborhood of the Peaked Mountain. The Dutch had heard, and were credulous enough to believe, that a wealthy lord was one of the first settlers of the Shenandoah Valley, had quitted the country a long time before, and returned to Germany, leaving his money behind, hid in the Peaked Mountain. There had been some effort to discover the treasure by digging several places in the mountain side. The tailor told them that, in his travels through Ohio, hehad been in a factory of spyglasses, which so added to the power of sight, that he could see several feet into the earth with one of them. Having excited great interest about these glasses and the hidden treasure by his tales, he proposed to the money-hunters that, if they would make up a sufficient sum, he would go with it to this factory, and buy them a glass, by which they could find the concealed gold. The required sum was collected, and the tailor went to Ohio. Upon his return, he informed his employers that he had purchased a glass better than he had ever seen before; that he had no doubt but that they could have seen through the Peaked Mountain, if he could have got it to them; but unfortunately, as he was traveling home with it, he was obliged to cross a rapid run, which proved more swollen than he supposed. He was washed down by the strong current, lost his saddlebags, with the glass in it, and came very near losing his life. Another sum of money was made up with which the Irish club-footed tailor left the neighborhood of the Peaked Mountain, never again to be seen there. He laid out the money in the purchase of a tract of land, whilst some had theirs sold to repay the money which they had borrowed to supply the tailor with the means to buy the wonderful glass. Whilst at Lethe, I witnessed an electioneering scene, equally interesting with the one I had been present at in Charlottesville. David Holmes, who had for twenty years immediately preceding, represented in Congress the district of which Rockingham County made a part, had been appointed Governor of the Mississippi Territory by Mr. Jefferson. A new member had to be elected. The republicans and federalistws were very equally divided in the district. Mr. Smith (now Judge Smith) became the candidate of the republicans, and Jacob Swope the candidate of the federalists. The Virginians vote viva voce. The candidates seat themselves during the day of the election on the judge's bench, in the courthouse, and as each voter names the person for whom he votes, he is bowed to, and thanked by the candidate voted for. I was in Harrisonburg, the court- house town of Rockingham, on the day of this election, and saw Mr. Smith and Swope, thus seated and occupied. Smith was of an old Virginia family; Swope was German, and could speak the German language. The farmers of the county were mostly Germans; the lawyers, doctors, merchants, sheriffs, clerks, &c., were Virginians. Mr. Smith and Swope addressed the people on the party topics of the day, British orders in council, Napoleon's edict restricting commerce, the embargo, and anticommercial system of Mr. Jefferson. After both candidates had spoken, Mr. Swope commenced addressing the people in German, in reply to Mr. Smith. A huge old German rose, and in broken English, said Mr. Swope should not talk German, because Mr. Smith could not talk German, and stopped Swope. Mr. Swope was a merchant, a handsome man, and usually well dressed. He resided in Staunton, Augusta County. He came to Rockingham dressed in German fashion. The German succeeded, though the Smith party had the majority in the district; and Mr. Smith was equal, if not superior to Mr. Swope in qualifications for Congressional service. (Footnote: From Gov. George Rockingham Gilmer's book on Georgians and Virginians, pp. 243-246) The new nation won political independence in the war from 1775 to 1783, but another hard struggle was necessary to secure commercial independence. The conspicuous part taken in the Revolution by the new county of Rockingham has already been indicated, and it may be shown that in the war from 1812 to 1815 it was not found wanting. In 1813 and 1814 no less than five companies, aggregating nearly 400 men, went into the military service of the nation from Rockingham County. The captains of these companies were Robert Magill, Thomas Hopkins, William Harrison, Robert Hooke, and Daniel Matthews; the names of their men may be found in the muster rolls in the Appendix. It is quite probable that other soldiers from Rockingham, not listed in these rolls, also took part in the second war for independence. For example, Col. Joseph Mauzy (1779-1863), who was for many years a prominent citizen of the county, was in command of a company at Norfold; and under date of January 11, 1861, the editor of the Rockingham Register made this statement: In 1812 we furnished more than enough men to form a regiment, yet our men served under strangers. But peace marks progress while war wins victory. During the war of 1812-15, as well as in the years preceding and following, progress in the new county was steady and substantial. Things intellectual and spiritual were not lost sight of in the growth of things material. As early as 1813 Davidson & Bourne had a printing establishment in Harrisonburg; two or three years later Lawrence Wartmann, whose publications were to become famous, had opened his press in the same town. Daniel Bryan was writing poetry; Joseph Funk was publishing music; John Brown was advocating missions; the Methodists and others were trying to get rid of slavery; the palaces underground were being explored, and the fountains among the hills were being sought for health and pleasure; the day was at the morn in Rockingham.